Managerial Economics

Session 4C

Theory of Production
Prof. Dr. Ferdinand D. Saragih, MA
University of Indonesia
1

Overview
Production Analysis
Total Product, Marginal Product,
Average Product
Isoquants
Isocosts
Cost Minimization
2

Production Analysis
Production Function
Q = F(K,L)
The maximum amount of output that
can be produced with K units of capital
and L units of labor.
Short-Run vs. Long-Run Decisions
Fixed vs. Variable Inputs
3

Mathematical relationships
The production function relates output to inputs.

The marginal product relates changes in output to changes in one input, holding the other constant.

The Total product of labor is the relationship between labor input and quantity output, given capital.

Total Product
Cobb-Douglas Production Function
Example: Q = F(K,L) = K.5 L.5
K is fixed at 16 units.
Short run production function:

Q = (16).5 L.5 = 4 L.5

Production when 100 units of labor are used?
Q = 4 (100).5 = 4(10) = 40 units
5

Marginal Product of Labor

MPL = Q/L
Measures the output produced by the last
worker.
Slope of the production function

Average Product of Labor

APL = Q/L
Measures the output of an average
worker.

Stages of Production
Q

Increasing
Marginal
Returns

Diminishing
Marginal
Returns

Negative
Marginal
Returns

Q=F(K,L)

MP

AP
L
8

Isoquant
The combinations of inputs (K, L) that
yield the producer the same level of
output.
The shape of an isoquant reflects the
ease with which a producer can
substitute among inputs while
maintaining the same level of output.

Linear Isoquants
Capital and labor are
perfect substitutes
K

Increasing
Output

Q1

Q2

Q3

10

Leontief Isoquants
Capital and labor are
perfect complements
Capital and labor are
used in fixedproportions

Q3

Q2
Q1

Increasing
Output

11

Cobb-Douglas Isoquants
Inputs are not
perfectly substitutable
Diminishing marginal
rate of technical
substitution
Most production
processes have
isoquants of this
shape

Q3
Q2
Q1

Increasing
Output

L
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Isocost
The combinations of
inputs that cost the
producer the same
amount of money
For given input prices,
isocosts farther from the K
origin are associated with
higher costs.
Changes in input prices
change the slope of the
isocost line

C0

C1

New Isocost Line for a

decrease in the wage
(price of labor).

L
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