Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2370.2007.00217.x
1460-8545
Blackwell
UK
Publishing
Publishing
Journal
of
Ltd
Management
Ltd 2007
Reviews management field
Introduction
Blackwell Publishing Ltd 2007, 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford OX4 2DQ, UK and 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148, USA
March
causes of this evolution. Second, these developments may also provide insights about the
future of the strategic management literature
by illuminating the nature and evolution of
the current debates in the area of strategy and,
more broadly, in organization science. They may
also indicate the presence of new challenges
and themes in the field.
To achieve this aim, the paper is structured
as follows. First, a brief overview of the
development of strategic management is
provided, and this is followed by a description
of the methods employed in the study. Second,
the results of the analysis of the content of the
strategic management literature and its evolution
over time are presented. The analysis of the
literature involves a classification of articles
that allows an evaluation of disciplinary trends.
Third, the most published authors and the
most cited papers in the strategic management field are examined and assessed. Finally,
the conclusions offer a discussion about the
future of the strategic management literature
and provide some insights into the possible
future development of the field.
Development of Strategic Management:
An Overview
2008
March
have also come from Barney (1991) and Grant
(1991b). This new emphasis in the strategic
management has even been seen as a paradigm
shift (Rouse and Daellenbach 1999). The
research focus shifted from the SCP
paradigm (Bain 1964; Mason 1939, 1949;
Porter 1980), where competitive advantage is
primarily determined by environmental factors,
to the resource-based theory, which highlights
how the possession of valuable, rare, inimitable
and non-substitutable resources may result in
sustained superior performance (Barney 1991;
Mahoney and Pandian 1992).
Two related streams have been developed in
parallel to the resource-based theory of competitive advantage (Barney and Arikan 2001),
namely, the theory of invisible assets (Itami
1987) and work on competence-based theories
of corporate diversification (Prahalad and Bettis
1986; Prahalad and Hamel 1990). Itami
(1987) argues that information-based invisible
assets, such as technology, customer trust,
brand image, corporate culture and management skills, are the real sources of competitive
advantage because they are hard and timeconsuming to accumulate, can be used in
multiple ways simultaneously, and are both
inputs and outputs of business activities.
With respect to competence-based theories of
corporate diversification, Prahalad and his
colleagues (Prahalad and Bettis 1986; Prahalad
and Hamel 1990) developed an approach to
corporate diversification, which emphasizes
the potential importance of sharing less
tangible assets across businesses and the role
that this sharing could play in creating value
through diversification.
This overview demonstrates how research
in strategic management grew from rather
simple concepts of strategy intended to give
practical advice to managers to a rigorous
search from a positivist perspective for
intellectual foundations with explanatory and
predictive power. Four leading journals, AMJ,
AMR, ASQ and SMJ have been crucial in
setting the academic tone for the field. A detailed
study of their developments over the 26-year
horizon from 1980 to 2005 is now provided.
2008
Method
AMJ
AMR
ASQ
SMJ
Total
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
Total
10
8
17
8
15
12
7
12
13
11
11
10
9
12
12
10
12
11
4
7
16
22
24
15
14
18
320
10
15
14
11
17
12
15
16
11
5
13
5
5
5
5
4
11
13
12
13
12
3
7
11
10
11
266
4
6
4
6
7
10
4
10
6
10
8
7
5
4
5
7
5
8
5
3
6
4
9
5
4
5
157
24
28
30
28
26
23
35
44
58
52
54
66
62
59
62
50
68
65
70
63
70
62
71
78
67
67
1382
48
57
65
53
65
57
61
82
88
78
86
88
81
80
84
71
96
97
91
86
104
91
111
109
95
101
2125
March
2008
No. of articles
Performance
Environment
Capabilities
Organization
Methodologies
International
Alliances
Corporate
Competition
Financial
Mission
Innovation
Growth
Top Management
Industry
Planning
Diversication
Decision
Restructuring
Fit
Typologies
Functional
Cognitive
Entrepreneurship
Leadership
Entry
19801985
19861990
19911995
19962000
20012005
Total
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
345
98
114
31
79
97
25
17
41
21
27
94
17
39
39
39
92
31
65
14
49
24
21
21
13
24
6
28.4
33.0
9.0
22.9
28.1
7.2
4.9
11.9
6.1
7.8
27.2
4.9
11.3
11.3
11.3
26.7
9.0
18.8
4.1
14.2
7.0
6.1
6.1
3.8
7.0
1.7
395
164
101
45
103
60
30
42
60
64
49
64
36
53
41
36
62
57
40
39
43
49
27
18
19
19
15
41.5
25.6
11.4
26.1
15.2
7.6
10.6
15.2
16.2
12.4
16.2
9.1
13.4
10.4
9.1
15.7
14.4
10.1
9.9
10.9
12.4
6.8
4.6
4.8
4.8
3.8
404
133
102
87
95
71
72
58
44
62
78
49
46
61
42
58
42
51
24
55
29
29
24
27
12
24
16
32.9
25.2
21.5
23.5
17.6
17.8
14.4
10.9
15.3
19.3
12.1
11.4
15.1
10.4
14.4
10.4
12.6
5.9
13.6
7.2
7.2
5.9
6.7
3.0
5.9
4.0
474
162
102
161
87
82
103
104
77
79
77
45
74
54
72
66
37
45
30
45
12
28
35
44
29
36
43
34.2
21.5
34.0
18.4
17.3
21.7
21.9
16.2
16.7
16.2
9.5
15.6
11.4
15.2
13.9
7.8
9.5
6.3
9.5
2.5
5.9
7.4
9.3
6.1
7.6
9.1
507
220
115
194
128
76
148
117
101
88
82
52
116
61
73
58
16
44
39
40
20
20
38
30
41
10
31
43.4
22.7
38.3
25.2
15.0
29.2
23.1
19.9
17.4
16.2
10.3
22.9
12.0
14.4
11.4
3.2
8.7
7.7
7.9
3.9
3.9
7.5
5.9
8.1
2.0
6.1
2125
777
534
518
492
386
378
338
323
314
313
304
289
268
267
257
249
228
198
193
153
150
145
140
114
113
111
36.6
25.1
24.4
23.2
18.2
17.8
15.9
15.2
14.8
14.7
14.3
13.6
12.6
12.6
12.1
11.7
10.7
9.3
9.1
7.2
7.1
6.8
6.6
5.4
5.3
5.2
(Barney 1991; Wernerfelt 1984), SCP paradigm (environmental modelling) (Bain 1964;
Mason 1939), and strategy and structure
(organization) (Chandler 1962). Methodologies
cover a range of academic research viewpoints.
The other keywords are specialty sub-fields
or particular points of view of strategic
management research, which is why they
are less represented.
Analyses and Results
March
2008
10
March
periods are represented, even though the
papers of all the five periods were used to
compute the positions in the map. In Figure 2,
arrows represent the direction of evolution
of the interrelationships between keywords.
One end of these arrows corresponds to the
position of the keyword during the first period
(1980 1985); the other (marked by a circle)
corresponds to the position of the keyword
during the fifth period (2001 2005).
Figure 2 shows an evolution toward two
poles: corporate-level strategy and competitive
strategies. This evolution corresponds not
only to the evolution of the topics studied
in the papers, but also to the evolution of
relationships between the keywords. This
evolution means that the research topics
represented by the keywords are actually
more and more studied through a corporatelevel strategy or a competitive lens, and less
and less through a managerial or a fit lens.
This is, for example, the case of all the studies
which have revisited the classical strategy
issue with a resource-based view or a shareholder perspective.
Summarizing these findings, the main
research topics covered were identified and
allowed the evolution of the research agenda
over time to be mapped. The main research
topics represent six main issues: strategy
and its environment, strategy process and top
management, corporate strategy and financial
models, growth and market entry, industry
and competition and the resource-based view
of the firm. A clear finding was that there was
an increase over time in the number of articles
concerning capabilities and alliances, and a
decrease in those concerning environment
and fit. Further, the evolution of research
agenda moved towards two poles: corporate-level
strategy and competitive strategies. This
evolution means that the research topics
represented by the keywords are more and
more studied through financial models or the
resource-based view of the firm (capabilities)
lenses, and less and less through the strategy
process and environmental fit lenses. The
findings reflect the paradigm shift from the
2008
Rank Author
Total
Adjusted
appearancesa appearancesb
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
28
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
31
23
11
20
19
10
25
22
17
16
17
9
16
14
11
16
12
13
11
8
11
10
9
9
13
10
9
7
7
11
11
10
9
9
8
7
6
Hambrick, D.C.
Miller, D.
Harrigan, K.R.
Mitchell, W.
Thomas, H.
Powell, T.C.
Hitt, M.A.
Hoskisson, R.E.
Venkatraman, N.
Hill, C.W.L.
MacMillan, I.C.
Nayyar, P.R.
Singh, H.
Zajac, E.J.
Fredrickson, J.W.
Lubatkin, M.H.
Eisenhardt, K.M.
Ghoshal, S.
Miller, K.D.
Greve, H.R.
Montgomery, C.A.
Gulati, R.
Ginsberg, A.
Barney, J.B.
Pearce, J.A. II
Bettis, R.A.
Chang, S.J.
Luo, Y.
Makadok, R.
Gomez-Mejia, L.
Dess, G.G.
Wernerfelt, B.
Chatterjee, S.
Helfat, C.E.
Mintzberg, H.
Schwenk, C.R.
Burgelman, R.A.
18.42
15.17
11.00
10.50
9.70
9.00
8.78
8.50
8.50
8.50
8.33
8.00
7.83
7.83
7.83
7.33
7.33
7.00
7.00
6.83
6.50
6.50
6.50
6.33
6.25
6.25
6.00
6.00
6.00
5.83
5.67
5.67
5.58
5.50
5.50
5.50
5.50
March
2008
Article
No. of citationsa
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
1757
1464
774
1098
373
448
356
419
374
523
239
675
571
726
399
337
429
446
697
530
360
441
223
359
273
371
632
423
188
398
323
250
217
217
324
193
272
225
121
242
358
116.5
91.5
86.0
49.9
46.6
44.8
44.5
41.9
41.6
40.2
39.8
39.7
38.1
36.3
36.3
33.7
33.0
31.9
31.7
31.2
30.0
29.4
27.9
27.6
24.8
24.7
24.3
23.5
23.5
23.4
23.1
22.7
21.7
21.7
21.6
21.4
20.9
20.5
20.2
20.2
19.9
March
2008
March
2
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2008
19
20
March
2008
Capabilities,
competencies,
and resourcebased view
of the rm
Cognitive
modelling
Competition
and competitive
analysis
Concept of
strategy as t
Corporate
restructuring
Corporate
strategy
Decision-making
Diversication
strategy
Entrepreneurship
Environmental
modelling:
governmental,
social, and
political
inuences on
strategy
21
Functional
strategies
Global,
international,
and multinational
strategies
Growth models
Industry analysis
Leadership,
management
style, and
learning
Methodologies,
theories, and
research issues
Organization:
structure, strategy,
and change
22
Agency theory, anti-takeover amendments, capital market, capital structure, CAPM, contract
risk, dept, efcient market, family stockholding, nancial ratio, nancial systems, free cash
ow hypothesis, golden parachutes, investment strategies, managerial entrenchment
hypothesis, market efciency hypothesis, market imperfections, mutual funds, option theory,
risk and return, risk measures, risk reduction, risk/return, risk/return paradox, shareholder,
shareholder value maximization hypothesis, shareholder wealth, shareholder wealth creation,
stock market reactions, stockholder suits, stockholders, systematic risk, value, venture capital
Accounting principles, exible manufacturing, manufacturing strategy, manufacturing
trade-off, marketing, marketing competencies, marketing strategy, marketing/R&D link,
optimal plant size, pricing strategy, product strategies, segmentation, strategic markets
Culture, cross-country analysis, cross-country management, export control, export
performance, foreign direct investment, foreign market entry, global competition, global
competitiveness, global corporation, global integration, global market competition, global
strategy, globalization, international competition, international competitiveness,
international strategy, multinational corporation, multinational management, multinationals
Adaptation, business cycle, business survival, decline, disequilibrium phenomena,
development, dynamic theories, economies of evolution, economies of scale, ecosystems
theory, evolution, evolutionary biology, experience, experience curve, rm size, growth
characteristics, growth industry, growth rate, growth risks, growth strategies, growth-share
matrix, industry evolution, industry growth, industry life cycle, inertia, life cycle theory, low
share businesses, models of change, market cycle, market growth, market share growth,
market share leader, market share strategies, mature industries, mature businesses, mature
rms, organizational ecology, organizational evolution, organizational growth,
organizational inertia, organizational life cycle, organizational size, population ecology,
process models, product life cycle, scale, scale economies, stage models, stages of
development, stages of growth theory, strategy through process, sustainable growth,
technology life cycle
Bargaining power, buyer power, competitor analysis, customer analysis, entry barriers, exit
barriers, rm power, industrial organization, industrial policy, industry attractiveness, industry
change, industry concentration, industry consolidation, industry effect, industry evolution,
industry growth, industry life cycle, industry structure, industry typologies, intra-industry
prot differentials, market power, market structure, mature industries, mobility barriers,
monopoly power, power dependence, PIMS study, SIC codes, supplier power, strategic
industry factors
Conict resolution, co-ordinating mechanisms, co-ordination, group norms, individual
learning, leadership, management development, management by objectives, management
style, management system, manager typologies, managerial choice, managerial objectives,
managerial perspective, middle management, quality of management, reward systems, roles
and tasks of managers, visionary leaders
Agency theory, annual report studies, Bayesian methods, canonical correlation analysis, case
analysis, chaos theory, contingency theory, cross-sectional analysis, cross-tab comparison, data
base issues, design school, discriminant analysis, empirical methods issues, entropy measure of
diversication, event study, expectancy theory, factor analysis, eld research, eld study,
institutional theory, journal ratings, journals, Markov processes, mathematical modelling,
measurement issues, meta-analysis, methodological issues, metric conjoint analysis, modelling
issues, multiple regression analysis, neo-institutionalism, non-linear models, paradigm
evolution, partial least squares, path analysis, policy research, philosophy of science,
philosophy of strategic management, questionnaire study, research issues, research
philosophy, scenario method, simultaneous equation model, simulation models, statistical
power, strategic theory, teaching issues, temporal perspectives, theory development, theory
of the rm, variance component estimation
Bureaucracy, complex organizations, control system implementation, decentralization,
efciency, exibility, franchising, functional relationships, heterarchy, hierarchy,
implementation, incrementalism, industry change, inter-organizational learning, learning
curve, learning myopia, learning traps, M-form structure, organizational change,
organizational evolution, organizational learning, organizational mutation, organizational
pathology, organizational typologies radical change, social learning theory, strategic change,
strategy implementation, technological change
March
2008
Appendix 1. (Continued)
Performance
23