(-) Austro-Asiatic languages Langues austroasiatiques

Austro- Asiatic Languages

04
dialects
Vietnamese

Mon

Khmer

Munda
Mon- Khmer

Nicobarese

0444
53

Nicobar Islands

21

tone language

phonology

m,n

vocalic nasal

a,i,u
l,r

liquid

phoneme

aspirated

th

ph

Semelaic

Pearic

p. t. k
kh
Bahnaric

glottal
stop

Kattu

Kantu

020222

Korko

Katui
c

Kherwaria
n

Phuan
g

Santali

Bru

Mundari
Munda

Pacoh

Asuri

Lor

Bhumij
Hu

Leu
Tong

Birhor

So
Koda
Alak

Korwa
Turi

Stieng

Chrau

Kharia

Sre

Juang

Mnon
g

Sora

0020222

Loven

Gorum
Geta

Oi
Lave

Gutob

Sok

Remo

Sapua
n

Nahali
Car

Cheng
Bahna
r

Chorwra

Teressa
Renga
o

0222

Nicobar
ese
Bompaka

Sedan
g
Talua

Camorta

Cua

Nancowry

Pear

0220222

Trinkut

Samer

Katchall
Pearic

Angra
k

Nicobar
Coastal
Great

Chong

Khmer
Nicobar

Khme
r

0022022
2
Tonga

Shompe

0222
Kensi Jahaic
u

Jahai

Menri
q

Standard
Khasi

022022
2

Lyngnagg
am
Synteng

Khasi

Mon
Khmer

War
Mintil

0222

02

Che Jahaic
Wong

Senoic

Vietname
se

Moung
May

Temer
Lanoh

220222

Arem

Senoi
c

Semna
m

Semai

VietMuong

Tay Pong

Mon
Khme
r

Mon

022

Niakuol

Jah
Hut

Mon

Palaung

0220222

Mah
Meri
Wa
Semel Semel
ia
ai
Temo
q

RiangLang

Mon
Khmer
Palaungi
c

Danaw
Semaq
Bri
Lawa
Kawa
Khamet
Mang
Bulan
Angku
Khamu
Mal

Mrabi

Kham
uic

Yumbre
Khao
Tayhat
Tin

Kha
Kwang
Lim
voiced
bm

palatal

diphthongs

Dravidian languages
equational
be

Semai

pause

Pali

Sanskrit

taboo words

Alexander de
Rhodes
accent marks

2124
Wa
Mrabi

Puman

Lawa

Pacoh

- W.W.SKEAT & C.O.BLAGDEN, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (1906).

 (-) Australian aboriginal languages Langues aborignes

d'Australie

164

Australian aboriginal languages

Tasmania

Torres Strait

Arnhem land
cape
york

34

Mabuiag

03

10

Bidjandjara

12

m,p
(n,t) alveolar

interdental
y,k

b,p
r

kookaburra

wallaby

kangaroo
coolibah tree

T.A.SEBEOK (ed), Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol. 8,& Linguistics in

Oceania (The Hague, Mouton 1974).

 (-) Austro-Asiatic languages Langues austroasiatiques

Austro- Asiatic Languages

04
dialects
Vietnamese

Mon

Khmer

Munda
Mon- Khmer

Nicobarese

0444
Nicobar Islands

53
21

tone language

phonology

vocalic nasal

a,i,u
l,r

liquid

m,n

phoneme

aspirated

Semelaic

Pearic

p. t. k
kh

th

ph

Bahnaric
glottal
stop

Kattu

Kantu

020222

Korko

Katui
c

Kherwari
an

Phuan
g

Santali

Bru

Mundari

Pacoh

Asuri

Lor

Bhumij
Hu

Leu
Tong

Birhor

So

Koda

Alak

Korwa
Turi

Munda

Stieng

002022
2

Chrau

Kharia

Sre

Juang

Mnon
g

Sora

Loven

Gorum
Geta

Oi
Lave

Gutob

Sok

Remo

Sapua
n

Nahali
Car

Cheng
Bahna
r

Chorwra

0222

Teressa

Renga
o
Bompaka
Sedan
g
Talua

Camorta

Nicobar
ese

Cua

Nancowr
y

Pear

Trinkut

022022
Samer
2

Katchall
Pearic

Angra
k

Nicobar
Coastal
Great

Chong

Khme
r

Nicobar

Khme
r

002202
22

Tonga

Shompe

0222
Kensi Jahaic
u

Jahai

022022
2

Standard
Khasi
Lyngnagg
am

Mon
Khmer
Khasi

Menri
q

Synteng
War

Mintil

0222
Vietname
se

02

Che Jahaic
Wong

Senoic

Moung
May

Temer
Lanoh

220222

Arem

Senoi
c

Semna
m

Tay Pong

VietMuon
g

Mon
Khme
r
Semai

Mon
Niakuol

022
Jah
Hut

Mon

Palaung

022022
2

Mah
Meri
Wa
Semel Semel

Mon
Khmer
Palaungi
c

ai
Temo
q

ia
RiangLang
Danaw

Semaq
Bri
Lawa
Kawa
Khamet
Mang
Bulan
Angku
Khamu
Mal
Mrabi
Yumbre
Khao
Tayhat
Tin

Kham
uic

Kha
Kwang
Lim
voiced
bm

m
palatal

diphthongs

Dravidian languages
equational
be

pause

Semai

Pali

Sanskrit

taboo words

Alexander de
Rhodes
accent marks

2124

Mrabi

Puman

Lawa

Pacoh

Wa

- W.W.SKEAT & C.O.BLAGDEN, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (1906).

 ) (Africa Afrique

Sigismund Koelle

Friedrich Muller

Lepsius

Carl Meinhof

Dietrich Westermann

Joseph Greenberg

2165

05

16

01

a
ba

05

221

su
ki
ki+ su= kisu
vi
vi+ su= visu

ki -su ki- kali ki- moja ki- me- poya

ki

vi

vi- su vi- kali vi- name vi- me-potea

pata

patana
patanisha
patia
patiliza
patilizana

2
02

 (-) Caucasian languages Langues caucasiennes

langues caucasiennes ou caucasiques

52

Abkhaze
Tchtchne
Gorgien

2151 2122

cyrillique

oudi

phonmes
oubykh21

04

60
34
54

consonnes

24

voyelles

32

32

sonores

consonnes occlusives

sourdes aspires
sourdes

b
Ph
glottalises
consonnes

affriques

verbes ergatifs
structure ergative

indirectes

constructions affectives

A.BYHAN, La Civilisation caucasienne, Payot (Paris, 1936).

J.C.CATFORD, Mountain of Tongues: the Languages of The Caucasus, (Annual
Review of Anthropology,n6,1977).

 (-) Indo-Iranian languages Langues indo-iraniennes

Indo-Iranian Languages

Pisacha
Kohistani

Khowar

Dardic

Kashmiri

Kafiri
Romani

Pali

Indo-Aryan

Indic

Vedic
Bengali

Prakrit

Assamese
Bihari

Rajasthani
Sindhi

Gujarati
Punjabi

Eastern Indic
Khari

Western Indic
Urdu

Awadhi
Hindustani

Boli

Marathi
Pahari
(Sinhalese Singhalese)
Avestan

Iranian

Old Persian
Ossetic

Khwarezmian
Pushtu
Kurdish
Parthian

Pamir Dialects

Baluchi
Pahlavi

Middle Persian
Tajiki

(Farsi) Persian

- S. K. CHATTERJI, Languages and Literatures of Modern India (Calcutta 1963).

- W. B.LOCKWOOD, A Panorama of Indo-European Languages (1977).

 (-) Austronesian languages Langues austronsiennes

Austronesian Languages
Malayo Polynesian

Proto- Austronesian

204
Palauan

144
Chamorro

Celebes

Lombok

Madura

Mon
Khmer

22

Malay
Malacca Straits

lingua franca

borrowing
Javanese
Bahasa

Madurese

Kinchai

Minangkabau

Toba- Batak

Gayo

25

30
Sanskrit

20
Roman Alphabet

Sudanese

23

Madurese

1
Sumenep

Bali

5
Sasak
Nagadju

Kutai

Brunei Malay
Kapuas

Banjarese
Kahyan

Iban

Malay

Malagasy
Merina

1
03

Chamic

14
Jarai

Curu

Rade

04

Visayan

Palawan

Mindoro

21
2106
34

Luzon
Tagalog

Bikol

Cebuano

21

Mindanao

3
Bohol

Ilongo

Hiligaynon

Cebu

Panay
Pampangan

Iloko
Ifugao

Ilocano

Bontoc
Pangasinan

Tiruray

Isneg

Gaddang

Tinggian

Maranao
Tagabili

Bilaan

Formosan Languages

Atayal
Tsou

Thao

Bunun

Paiwan

Ami
Kanabu

244
Doberai Peninsula

Aru Islands

Timor

Papuan languages
Less Sundas

Buginese
Sangir

Suwawa

04
Gorontalo

Seedik
Saarora

Sikka
Biga

Kendari
Buli

Muna
Ambonese

Duri
Sumba

Mandar
Havunese

reduplication

voiceless

(b,d,j,g) voiced stops

m,n,,

(p,t,c,k) stops

e o

544

Oceanic
Sorera Bay
Polynesia

Micronesia

Melanesia

26
20
Fijian

144.444

Sumoan

Tongan
Tahitian

16.444

New

Society Islands

244.444

Hawaiian

Zealand Maori

Magareva
Uvean

Cook

Futunan
Ellice

moa

Tuamotuan

kaka

kava

Tokelauan

kiwi
hula

function

particles
words

25
65.444

Mariana Islands
Palauan

25.444
344

Kapingamarangi

Nukuoro

2344

Ponape

Truk

Marshallese

54.444

Gilbertese
Truk

Gelbert Islands

36444

Hall

52.444

Mortlock

6444 0444
Carolinese

Korsae Island
Ulithian

Nauruan

Korsaean
Saipan

Yap

Yapese

velarized consonants
germinate

demonstrative pronouns

134
164.444
20444
Suau

Papuan

Motu
Moresby Port

Dobu
Wedau
Madang

Trobrian

Kiriwina

Morobe

Graged

Yabem
Kranket

13
64

Admiralty

New Britain

14

Tolai

04 Solomon
Nguna-

Mota
Tongoa

-T.A.SEBOEK. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.8, 1971 (The Hague, Mouton

1974).
-ISIDORE DYEN, A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian
Languages(1963).
-G.W.GRACE, The Position of the Polynesian Languages within the Austronesian
Malayo- Polynesian Language Family (1959).

 (-) Scandinavia Scandinavie

Scandinavian Languages
North Germanic

Faeroese

Runic

213

644 144
Alphabet

Proto Scandinavian

Eider

Jutes

044

Angles

344

Common Scandinavian

2434

044
Danelaw

Isle of Man

Hebrides

Shetland

Orkneys

0444

2034

2234
2134

Gutnish

vinum

caup

helviti
hellewite

2034 2134

2334 2034

helliwiti

-R.H.ROBINS, A Short History of Linguistics (Longman, London 1969).

 (-) Eskimo-Aleut languages Langues eskimo-aloutes

Eskimo Aleut Languages

03.444
20.444
144

Greenland

50.444

Chukchi

Bering Strait

2444
244

Aleutian Islands

Inuk
Inupik

Yupik

Yuk

2002
2214

Rasmus Rask

Hans Egede

2001
Samuel Kleinschmidt
q

K
K

.2244

Labrador

Ivan Veniaminov

2254

Cyrillic

2202

2135

2202

Edmund Peck

2102
2162
2102
2151
2150

u
e

i
u

12 25

54

2012

kayak

igloo

-T.A.SEBEOK,Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.10 (London 1971).

 (-) Eskimo-Aleut languages Langues eskimo-aloutes

Eskimo Aleut Languages

03.444
20.444
144

Greenland

50.444

Chukchi

Bering Strait

2444
244

Aleutian Islands

Inuk
Inupik

Yupik

Yuk

2002
2214

Rasmus Rask

Hans Egede

2001
Samuel Kleinschmidt
q

K
K

.2244

Labrador

Ivan Veniaminov

2254

Cyrillic

2202

2135

2202

Edmund Peck

2102
2162
2102
2151
2150

u
e

i
u

12 25

54

2012

kayak

igloo

-T.A.SEBEOK,Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.10 (London 1971).

 (-) Uralic languages Langues ouraliennes

Uralic Languages
Samoyed

Finno-Ugric

24

Kama
Ob

Hungarian
Ob-Ugric
Khanti

Mansi

Finno-Baltic

Karelian
Veps

Votic

Livonian

Ingrian

Lapp

Permian
Komi

Udmurt

Mari
Mordivan

Nenets
Naganasan

Selkup

Enets

consonants
p/t/k/s/S/O/e/r/m/n/y/j/v/t/s/O/l/n

b/d/z

p/t/s

vowels

stress

front

back
Assimilation

syntax & morphology

vocabulary

- Collinder, Bjorn, Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary, 2nd rev. ed. (Benjamins N. Am. 1977).
- Roheim, Geza, Hungarian and Vogul Mythology (1954 reprint, AMS Press 1988).

(-) Anatolian languages langues anatoliennes

Anatolian Languages

Asianic Languages

Indo-European
Languages

Hethitolog

Anatolia
Anadolu

1234

1534

Karum

Kanesh

2614

234
2121

H.Winkeler

13

2123

Rozny

Bogazky

2146

Hattusa

Hittite

William Wright

2201
Nesili

1
Alalakh

Ugarit

Palaic

Cuneiform Luwian

Hiroglyphic Luwian

2100
H.Bossert

Karatepe

2135

Lycian

Xanthos

234

Carian

Side

Sidetic
Pamphylia

Pisidian

Lydian

Sardes

Meriggi

wasser
neos

neu

water
new

water
mewa
novus

fetos
iter

wett
itar

Phrygian

Midas
Gordiun

134

244
Koine

Khattic

Khattian

2634
Khattsili

2344

Labarna

2144

2044

Mitanni

Hurrian
Subarian
Khurlili

2503
Urkish

044
Amenhotep III

agglutinatin

2044

Uratian
Van

Khaldi

- Handbuch, der Orientalistik, l.Abt.,2. Band, 1, und 2. Abeschn, LFG2;

altkleinasiatische Sprachen (Leiden 1969).

 (-) Italic languages Langues italiques

Italic languages

Apennine Peninsula
Po Valley
Faliscan

Latin

Oscan

Umbrian
Venetic

2000

Gubbio

Lucania

Bruttium

Iguvin Tables

Samnium
Campania

Abella

Nola

Batina

Latium

Celtic

Etruscan

phonetics
f
bhrtr
facio

dhe-k
fagsto

[gh] [dh] [bh]

frater
fakiiad

[v]
[f]

[g]

[d]

[b]

liberi
loferta

loufro

Louderobos

morphology

-r

[a]

Hittite
Tocharian
[]
[o]
[-oi]

[-eis]
[-s]
Sanskrit

[-t(t)]

-v

-u

duunated

donavit

s
donasto

vocabulary

animus
anamum
ignis
pr

pir

agni

ahwa

aqua

filius

fyr

utur
futir

arx

Gothic
puklo

veru

filia

porta

murus

moenia

ocar
feihuss

scriftas

scribere
legere
Lexe

344
consul
senatus

meddix

kumparakineis comono

comitia
kumbennieis
ceus

144

ceuis
ceivis civis

GUIITTON MANESSY, J. "l'indo-europen", dans: Andr Martinet,Le langage,

(Gallimard Paris 1968).
- C.D.,BUCK, A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian, (Boston 1904).

 (-) Papuan languages Langues papoues

Papuan Languages

Austronesian

Enga

Finisterre-Huon Phylum

Madang Phylum

stress

tone

 (-) Baltic languages Langues baltes

Baltic Languages

Lithuanian

1.064.444
044

Martynas Mazvydas

2300

Danielius Kleinas

2024 2020

2630 2635

Konstantinas

2611

Sirvydas

Latvian

236.444

2.500.444

2323
2652
2600
2203 2250

semigallian

2260 2251

selonian

- F.THOMAS & W.R.SCHMALSTEIG, Baltic Linguistics (Penn. State University

Press 1970).

 _ (-) American Indian languages Langues amrindiennes

Behring

American- Indian

Inuit
Aleut

Eskimo

Algonquin
Cheyenne
Pawnee

Blackfoot
Sioux

Muskogee (Creek)
Athabaska (Apache)

Arapaho

Crow

Hoka-Sioux
Iroquois (Cherokee)
Nadene
Penutian (Chinook)
Uto-Aztec

Macro-Otomanguean

Shoshonean (Comanche)
Macro-Chibchan

Ge-Pano-Carib

Andean-Equatorial

Araucan

Arawakan

- W. T. HAGAN, American Indians (1961).

 (-) Austronesian languages Langues austronsiennes

Austronesian Languages
Malayo Polynesian

Proto- Austronesian

204
Palauan

144
Chamorro

Celebes

Lombok

Madura

Mon
Khmer

22

Malay
Malacca Straits

lingua franca

borrowing
Javanese
Bahasa

Madurese

Kinchai

Minangkabau

Toba- Batak

Gayo

25

30
Sanskrit

20
Roman Alphabet

Sudanese

23

Madurese

1
Sumenep

Bali

5
Sasak
Nagadju

Kutai

Brunei Malay
Kapuas

Banjarese
Kahyan

Iban

Malay

Malagasy
Merina

1
03

Chamic

14
Jarai

Curu

Rade

04

Visayan

Palawan

Mindoro

21
2106
34

Luzon
Tagalog

Bikol

Cebuano

21

Mindanao

3
Bohol

Ilongo

Hiligaynon

Cebu

Panay
Pampangan

Iloko
Ifugao

Ilocano

Bontoc
Pangasinan

Tiruray

Isneg

Gaddang

Tinggian

Maranao
Tagabili

Bilaan

Formosan Languages

Atayal
Tsou

Thao

Bunun

Paiwan

Ami
Kanabu

244
Doberai Peninsula

Aru Islands

Timor

Papuan languages
Less Sundas

Buginese
Sangir

Suwawa

04
Gorontalo

Seedik
Saarora

Sikka
Biga

Kendari
Buli

Muna
Ambonese

Duri
Sumba

Mandar
Havunese

reduplication

voiceless

(b,d,j,g) voiced stops

m,n,,

(p,t,c,k) stops

e o

544

Oceanic
Sorera Bay
Polynesia

Micronesia

Melanesia

26
20
Fijian

144.444

Sumoan

Tongan
Tahitian

16.444

New

Society Islands

244.444

Hawaiian

Zealand Maori

Magareva
Uvean

Cook

Futunan
Ellice

moa

Tuamotuan

kaka

kava

Tokelauan

kiwi
hula

function

particles
words

25
65.444

Mariana Islands
Palauan

25.444
344

Kapingamarangi

Nukuoro

2344

Ponape

Truk

Marshallese

54.444

Gilbertese
Truk

Gelbert Islands

36444

Hall

52.444

Mortlock

6444 0444
Carolinese

Korsae Island
Ulithian

Nauruan

Korsaean
Saipan

Yap

Yapese

velarized consonants
germinate

demonstrative pronouns

134
164.444
20444
Suau

Papuan

Motu
Moresby Port

Dobu
Wedau
Madang

Trobrian

Kiriwina

Morobe

Graged

Yabem
Kranket

13
64

Admiralty

New Britain

14

Tolai

04 Solomon
Nguna-

Mota
Tongoa

-T.A.SEBOEK. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.8, 1971 (The Hague, Mouton

1974).
-ISIDORE DYEN, A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian
Languages(1963).
-G.W.GRACE, The Position of the Polynesian Languages within the Austronesian
Malayo- Polynesian Language Family (1959).

 (-) Sino-Tibetan language Langues sino-tibtaines

Sino-Tibetan Languages

Sinitic Languages
Tibeto- Burmese Languages

 (-) Thai language Tha (langue)

Siamese

Thai

Proto Tai

Thailand
Family

Lao
Upper

Burma

Shan

Tai Lue

Laos
Yunnan

Tai Dam

Sipsong Panna

Iowa

Bangkok
Chiangmai
Korat

Isan
Chumpon

Lahu

Hmong
Malay

Yuan

Khmer

Kam Muang
Phuthai & Phuan

Tonal Language

2333
Pali

Sanskrit
Indic
William Gedney

2060 2534
Khun

 (-) Altaic languages Langues altaques

Altaic Languages
Mongol

Mongolian

Turkic

Manchu-Tungus
Altai Mountains

2122

2600

Turkish
Uzbek
Azerbaijani

Turkmen
Tatar
Kazakh
Kirghiz

63

Yakut

Mongol
Kalmyk
Monguor

Daghur

Buryat

Tangus
Lamut

Evenk

Nanai

phonology
vowels
consonants

front vowels
unrounded vowels

back vowels
rounded vowels

syntax and morphology

suffixes

agglutinative languages
roots

grammatical gender

coordination

subordination

vocabulary

phonemes

writing system

2111

 (-) Caucasian languages Langues caucasiennes

langues caucasiennes ou caucasiques

52

Abkhaze
Tchtchne
Gorgien

2151 2122

cyrillique

oudi

phonmes
oubykh21

04

60
34
54

consonnes

24

voyelles

32

32

sonores

consonnes occlusives

sourdes aspires
sourdes

b
Ph
glottalises
consonnes

affriques

verbes ergatifs
structure ergative

indirectes

constructions affectives

A.BYHAN, La Civilisation caucasienne, Payot (Paris, 1936).

J.C.CATFORD, Mountain of Tongues: the Languages of The Caucasus, (Annual
Review of Anthropology,n6,1977).

 (-) Dravidian languages Langues dravidiennes

Dravidian Languages

114

Indo-European

Irula

Malayalam

Kannada

Tamil

Kodagu

Badaga

Kota

Toda
Tulu

Gondi

Telugu
Manda

Parji

Naiki

Pengo

Kuwi

Kui

Kolami
Ollari

Kurukh

Malto

Brahui

Konda

655

034

suffixes
Indo-Aryan

prefixes

134

:
- DAVID CRYSTAL, An Encyclopedia Dictionary of Language & Languages
(Blackwell Publishers 1992,1993).
- KIRSTEN MAMKJAER (ed.),The Linguistics Encyclopedia, Routledge
(London and New York 1996).

 (-) Romance languages Langues romanes

langues romanes

225

errege

rege

genre neutre

o
a
e
e
s
o
e

ille
le

ille caballus
il cavallo

o cavalo

el caballo

cheval

calul

ille caballus
caballus ille

un mur

murus
un

amavi

amai
ho amato

A.MARTINET, dir., Le Langage, Encyclopdie de la Pliade (Paris 1968).

D.LINCOLN CANFIELD & J. CARY DAVIS, An Introduction to Romance Linguistics (Southern Ill.Univ. Press 1975).
WILLIAM ASHBY, et al., eds., Linguistic Perspectives on the Romance Languages (Benjamins N. Am. 1993).

 (-) Uralic languages Langues ouraliennes

Uralic Languages
Samoyed

Finno-Ugric

24

Kama
Ob

Hungarian
Ob-Ugric
Khanti

Mansi

Finno-Baltic

Karelian
Veps

Votic

Livonian

Ingrian

Lapp

Permian
Komi

Udmurt

Mari
Mordivan

Nenets
Naganasan

Selkup

Enets

consonants
p/t/k/s/S/O/e/r/m/n/y/j/v/t/s/O/l/n

b/d/z

vowels

p/t/s

stress

front

back
Assimilation

syntax & morphology

vocabulary

- Collinder, Bjorn, Fenno-Ugric Vocabulary, 2nd rev. ed. (Benjamins N. Am. 1977).
- Roheim, Geza, Hungarian and Vogul Mythology (1954 reprint, AMS Press 1988).

 (-) Semitic languages Langues smitiques

Hamito-

Semitic Languages
Afro-Asiatic
A.von Schlzer 2241

Semitic Languages

2053

Akkadian

1444

344

1544

1044

Eblaite

2344

1444

Amorite

Ugaritic

Canaanite

2344
Punic

Phoenician
Hebrew

Ammonite

Edmonite

2262

Moabite

204

Hebrew

11

Aramaic

234

113

Syriac

11

2
Arabic

134

12

534.444

Maltese

4
South Arabic

2544

244
Ethiopian Languages

2444
Geez

2444

Amharic
Cushitic

23
23
55

Tigrinya
Tigre

CRYSTAL DAVID, An Encyclopedia of Language and Languages (Blackwell

1992).
W.RANDALL CARR, Dialect Geography of Syria - Palestine, 1000-586 B.C
(Univ. of Pa. Press 1985).

 (-) Slavic languages Langues slaves

 (-) Celtic languages Langues celtiques

Indo-

celtic languages
European

Bretagne

Gatalian

1
Gaelic

Brythonic

Wales

Cornwall

Isle of Man
Breton

Cumbria

344.444
Cornish

Welsh

644.444

Manx

Scottish

Irish

14.444

034.444

map

mac

2144 144

t
z

Ulster Cycle
Cuchulain
Fenian Cycle
Finn MacCool

Lowland Scottish

2503

Bruce
Robert Henryson

John Barbour
Gawin Douglas

Chaucer

William Dunbar

James Macpherson 2065 2064

Walter Scott

Taliesin

Aneurin

Merlin

Owain Cyfeiliog 2210 2204

Dafydd

ap Gwilym
John
Daniel Owen

John Johns

Hughes

Kate Roberts
Dylan Thomas

Richard Llewellyn

Saunders Lewis
Emlyn Williams

Jean

2252 2003
2212

2240

Franois Le Gonidec

2262

Roparz Hmon

Tangi Malmanche

Gwalarn 2113

- COMRIE BERNARD ed., The Worlds Major Languages (Routledge 1987, 1989).
- DAVID CRYSTAL,An Encyclopedia of Language and Languages (Blackwell
1992).
- DOUGLAS B.GREGOR, Celtic: A Comparative Study (Oleander Press 1980).

 (-) Austronesian languages Langues austronsiennes

Austronesian Languages
Malayo Polynesian

Proto- Austronesian

204
Palauan

144
Chamorro

Celebes

Lombok

Madura

Mon
Khmer

22

Malay
Malacca Straits

lingua franca

borrowing
Javanese
Bahasa

Madurese

Kinchai

Minangkabau

Toba- Batak

Gayo

25

30
Sanskrit

20
Roman Alphabet

Sudanese

23

Madurese

1
Sumenep

Bali

5
Sasak
Nagadju

Kutai

Brunei Malay
Kapuas

Banjarese
Kahyan

Iban

Malay

Malagasy
Merina

1
03

Chamic

14
Jarai

Curu

Rade

04

Visayan

Palawan

Mindoro

21
2106
34

Luzon
Tagalog

Bikol

Cebuano

21

Mindanao

3
Bohol

Ilongo

Hiligaynon

Cebu

Panay
Pampangan

Iloko
Ifugao

Ilocano

Bontoc
Pangasinan

Tiruray

Isneg

Gaddang

Tinggian

Maranao
Tagabili

Bilaan

Formosan Languages

Atayal
Tsou

Thao

Bunun

Paiwan

Ami
Kanabu

244
Doberai Peninsula

Aru Islands

Timor

Papuan languages
Less Sundas

Buginese
Sangir

Suwawa

04
Gorontalo

Seedik
Saarora

Sikka
Biga

Kendari
Buli

Muna
Ambonese

Duri
Sumba

Mandar
Havunese

reduplication

voiceless

(b,d,j,g) voiced stops

m,n,,

(p,t,c,k) stops

e o

544

Oceanic
Sorera Bay
Polynesia

Micronesia

Melanesia

26
20
Fijian

144.444

Sumoan

Tongan
Tahitian

16.444

New

Society Islands

244.444

Hawaiian

Zealand Maori

Magareva
Uvean

Cook

Futunan
Ellice

moa

Tuamotuan

kaka

kava

Tokelauan

kiwi
hula

function

particles
words

25
65.444

Mariana Islands
Palauan

25.444
344

Kapingamarangi

Nukuoro

2344

Ponape

Truk

Marshallese

54.444

Gilbertese
Truk

Gelbert Islands

36444

Hall

52.444

Mortlock

6444 0444
Carolinese

Korsae Island
Ulithian

Nauruan

Korsaean
Saipan

Yap

Yapese

velarized consonants
germinate

demonstrative pronouns

134
164.444
20444
Suau

Papuan

Motu
Moresby Port

Dobu
Wedau
Madang

Trobrian

Kiriwina

Morobe

Graged

Yabem
Kranket

13
64

Admiralty

New Britain

14

Tolai

04 Solomon
Nguna-

Mota
Tongoa

-T.A.SEBOEK. Current Trends in Linguistics, Vol.8, 1971 (The Hague, Mouton

1974).
-ISIDORE DYEN, A Lexicostatistical Classification of the Austronesian
Languages(1963).
-G.W.GRACE, The Position of the Polynesian Languages within the Austronesian
Malayo- Polynesian Language Family (1959).

 (-) Austro-Asiatic languages Langues austroasiatiques

Austro- Asiatic Languages

04
dialects
Vietnamese

Mon

Khmer

Munda
Mon- Khmer

Nicobarese

0444
53

Nicobar Islands

21

tone language

phonology

m,n

vocalic nasal

a,i,u
l,r

liquid

phoneme

aspirated

th

ph

Semelaic

Pearic

p. t. k
kh
Bahnaric

glottal
stop

Kattu

Kantu

020222

Korko

Katui
c

Kherwaria
n

Phuan
g

Santali

Bru

Mundari
Munda

Pacoh

Asuri

Lor

Bhumij
Hu

Leu
Tong

Birhor

So
Koda
Alak

Korwa
Turi

Stieng

Chrau

Kharia

Sre

Juang

Mnon
g

Sora

0020222

Loven

Gorum
Geta

Oi
Lave

Gutob

Sok

Remo

Sapua
n

Nahali
Car

Cheng
Bahna
r

Chorwra

Teressa
Renga
o

0222

Nicobar
ese
Bompaka

Sedan
g
Talua

Camorta

Cua

Nancowry

Pear

0220222

Trinkut

Samer

Katchall
Pearic

Angra
k

Nicobar
Coastal
Great

Chong

Khmer
Nicobar

Khme
r

0022022
2
Tonga

Shompe

0222
Kensi Jahaic
u

Jahai

Menri
q

Standard
Khasi

022022
2

Lyngnagg
am
Synteng

Khasi

Mon
Khmer

War
Mintil

0222

02

Che Jahaic
Wong

Senoic

Vietname
se

Moung
May

Temer
Lanoh

220222

Arem

Senoi
c

Semna
m

Semai

VietMuong

Tay Pong

Mon
Khme
r

Mon

022

Niakuol

Jah
Hut

Mon

Palaung

0220222

Mah
Meri
Wa
Semel Semel
ia
ai
Temo
q

RiangLang

Mon
Khmer
Palaungi
c

Danaw
Semaq
Bri
Lawa
Kawa
Khamet
Mang
Bulan
Angku
Khamu
Mal

Mrabi

Kham
uic

Yumbre
Khao
Tayhat
Tin

Kha
Kwang
Lim
voiced
bm

palatal

diphthongs

Dravidian languages
equational
be

Semai

pause

Pali

Sanskrit

taboo words

Alexander de
Rhodes
accent marks

2124
Wa
Mrabi

Puman

Lawa

Pacoh

- W.W.SKEAT & C.O.BLAGDEN, Pagan Races of the Malay Peninsula (1906).

 (-) Indo-Iranian languages Langues indo-iraniennes

Indo-Iranian Languages

Pisacha
Kohistani

Khowar

Dardic

Kashmiri

Kafiri
Romani

Pali

Indo-Aryan

Indic

Vedic
Bengali

Prakrit

Assamese
Bihari

Rajasthani
Sindhi

Gujarati
Punjabi

Eastern Indic
Khari

Western Indic
Urdu

Awadhi
Hindustani

Boli

Marathi
Pahari
(Sinhalese Singhalese)
Avestan

Iranian

Old Persian
Ossetic

Khwarezmian
Pushtu
Kurdish
Parthian

Pamir Dialects

Baluchi
Pahlavi

Middle Persian
Tajiki

(Farsi) Persian

- S. K. CHATTERJI, Languages and Literatures of Modern India (Calcutta 1963).

- W. B.LOCKWOOD, A Panorama of Indo-European Languages (1977).

 _ (-) Indo-European languages Langues indo-europennes

Indo-European

W.Lockwood

Dardic
Indic
Gujarati

Sindhi

Punjabi

Bengali
Rajastani

Old Persian
Pushtu

Avesta
Pamir

Khwarazmian
Kurdish

Thraco-Phrygian

Baluchi

Thraco-Illyrian

Sogdian

Tokharian

- JOHN P. HUGHES, The Science of Language (1962).

- W.B.LOCKOOD, A Panorama of Indo- European Languages (1977).

 ( -) Greece Grce

20

Mycenaean

25

Linear B

20

Cyrillic

5 Aeolic
Cypriot

1 Doric
Arcado

dialects

0 Attic

Ionic

:Hellenistic

Koine

23

:Byzantine

23
Koini Neoelliniki

Demotic Greek

Katharevusa
Demotic

2160

2444