In a power system, voltage at various buses tends to increase or decrease
during its daily operation. To ensure constant voltage to consumers, various techniques are utilized. When the voltage is below the required level, reactive power produced by inductance needs to be offset by capacitance. -
Synchronous condensers : can be used to generate reactive power,
when they are operated as a motor. Shunt capacitance : capacitor banks can be connected in parallel to the transmission lines Series capacitance : capacitors connected in series, especially for long lines can be used to raise the voltage Tap changing transformers : transformer tappings can be automatically changed, to alter the voltage accordingly.
When the voltage is above the required level, reactive power produced by capacitance needs to be offset by inductance. -
Shunt reactors : inductor banks can be connected in parallel to the
transmission lines also known as reactors. Static VAR compensators Tap changing transformers : transformer tappings can be automatically changed, to alter the voltage accordingly.
The voltage compensation idea (a generalized An op-amp implementation of
the voltage circuit diagram) compensation idea
Example : COMPENSATION METHOD IN DIRECT CURRENT METHOD -
When the unknown voltage is compensated by an adjustable, known
voltage, the difference between the known and unknown voltages decreases during the procedure of adjustment. An instrument, sensitive for extremely small voltage difference will enable the compensation to be made to voltage differences which are many orders of magnitude smaller than the voltages themselves. Consequently, when maximum compensation has been reached, the system can be made very sensitive for any change in the balancing. For example, with a voltage sensitive galvanometer, voltage difference of the order of 10-8 volts may be detected in a normal equipment. The final result is independent of the absolute calibration of the zero instrument A great number of compensation methods has been developed, and old methods are improved and modified for special applications, especially in the field of modern radio and radar techniques.