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Pioneers of Sociology:
1. Auguste Comte (Dynamics and Statics) - Comte argued that society needs scientific knowledge based on facts and
evidence to solve its problemsnot speculation and superstition,
a. dynamics = or the study of the processes by which societies change;
b. statics = or the study of the processes by which societies endure.
2. Herbert Spencer (Survival of the Fittest) - Spencer suggested that society will correct its own defects through the natural
process of survival of the fittest"; the rich endures and the weak dies.
a. Compared society to a living organism with interdependent parts.
b. Change in one part of society causes change in the other parts, so that every part contributes to the stability and
survival of society as a whole. If one part of society malfunctions, the other parts must adjust to the crisis and
contribute even more to preserve society. Family, education, government, industry, and religion comprise just a
few of the parts of the organism of society.
3. Karl Marx (Exploitation of the poor) - Marx claimed that social conflict, especially class conflict, and competition mark all
societies.
a. observed society's exploitation of the poor by the rich and powerful
b. Bourgeoisie (rich and powerful) versus proletariat (poor)
4. Emile Durkheim (Suicide / Scientific Methods / Objective Evidence) - Durkheim stressed the importance of studying social
facts, or patterns of behavior characteristic of a particular group.
a. The phenomenon of suicide especially interested Durkheim.
b. Durkheim certainly advocated the use of systematic observation to study sociological events, but he also
recommended that sociologists avoid considering people's attitudes when explaining society. Sociologists should
only consider as objective evidence what they themselves can directly observe. In other words, they must not
concern themselves with people's subjective experiences.
5. Max Weber (Subjective Evidence) - Weber believed that sociologists must inquire into people's thoughts, feelings, and
perceptions regarding their own behaviors.l
a. Weber believed that individuals' behaviors cannot exist apart from their interpretations of the meaning of their
own behaviors, and that people tend to act according to these interpretations. Because of the ties between
objective behavior and subjective interpretation.
Sociology - study of human behavior in a society
Sociological Perspectives
1. Symbolic Interaction: using symbols to behave
a. Library bell - silence
b. Room bells - end of class
c. TIP Uniform - students
d. In a school - act like a students
e. When you go to a school, you're not expected to do bible study.
2. Functionalism: a person has its own function
a. Student in a school, son or daughter in a house
b. Christian in a church, professor in a school
3. Conflict: You have a symbol and your own function, hence, conflict may arise when the two do not match.
a. Very shy at home, but totally talkative outside.
Participant Observation: researchers systematically observe people while joining in their activities
Experiment: research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
Survey: research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview
Secondary analysis: research method in which a researcher utilizes data collected by others
III Culture
What is culture? The way of life
Sociology Page 1
Types of Socialization:
1. Primary socialization: Based on the family
a. The culture of how you communicate based on your understanding of the family.
b. Whatever you have learned from your family going out to the society
2. Secondary socialization: things you do outside the house
a. "Mahiyain sa family, pero madaldal sa labas"
3. Gender: masculinity or femininity
a. Masculine in nature (not biological) tend to socialize in a masculine way (e.g tibo = laklakan or brasuhan)
b. You expect masculine ones to comment on beauty or sexiness of the Miss universe contestants, while
females look at the perfection of the answers.
4. Anticipatory: You know what will happen.
a. In school, when you see a teacher, you anticipate that he will teach.
b. You won't expect a teacher to teach in the study area.
5. Re-socialization:
a. When you are grouped for the first time, everything is okay. But when you belong to a new group, you will
see new people hence, you have to re-socialize.
6. Group Socialization: People who socialize according to groups
a. If you don't know each other, are you comfortable to tell your personal life? No.
b. We tend to socialize with people who know like friends.
7. Organizational: More formal / professional
a. Like on project, we socialize in a formal way.
8. Natural: Your own. Natural state.
a. Jolly person tends to socialize in a jolly way.
9. Positive or Negative Socialization
a. Positive: socialization wherein the outcome is always pure positive (pure benevolence, positive outlook in
any situation)
b. Negative: outcome is always negative in nature (intentional crime)
Six Thinking Hats - a mind of a respondent can be classified into six different thinking hats in every situation
1. Yellow: Kahit pangit ang situation, remains positive.
2. White: Focuses more on facts
3. Black: Focuses on negative sides.
4. Green: Possibilities. Focuses on solutions.
Sociology Page 2
V. Deviant Behavior
Deviant: disturb or violates norms (standards)
When deviant behavior shows up, the other people will either
(1) be affected
(2) accepts the deviant behavior
Sociology Page 4