Master Gramar Notes Etapa

Preliminar
Subject Pronouns
yo= I

nosotros=we

t = you (familiar)
(vosotros=yall)
l, ella, Ud.= he, she, you (formal)
ellos, ellas, Uds.= they (m,f), you all
Describing People Ser to be
Yo soy

Nosotros somos

T eres

(Vosotros sois)

l, ella, Ud. es

Ustedes son

Adjectives In spanish, adjectives match the gender and number of the nouns
they describe.
Adjectives
Ending in o
Singular
Plural
Ending in e
Singular
Plural
Ending in a
consonant

Masculine
El chico alto
Los chicos altos

Feminine
La chica alta
Las chicas altas

El maestro
inteligente
Los maestros
inteligentes
El amigo joven
Los amigos jovenes

La maestra
inteligente
Las maestras
inteligentes
La amiga joven
Las amigas jovenes

Examples of describing people:

1. My mom is blonde Mi mam es rubia
2. My sisters are inteligent Mis hermanas son inteligentes
To tell someones eye color or hair color you can use tener (to have):
1. I have blue eyes and brown hair (Yo) tengo los ojos azules y el pelo
castano.
2. My dad has blonde hair and green eyes Mi pap tiene el pelo rubio y
los ojos verdes.
*In Spanish can say I am blonde/red-headed (Yo soy rubio/pelirrojo), but you
cannot say you are brown-haired or black-haired. Instead you would say I
have brown/ black hair (Yo tengo el pelo castano/negro)

Master Gramar Notes Etapa

Preliminar

Tener to have, also used to talk about how old someone is and certain
emotions/conditions
Ex. Tenemos un perro We have a
dog
Tengo
Tenemos
Tienes

(Teneis)

Tiene

Tienes quince aos You are 15

Ella tiene miedo She is scared

Tienen

Gustar

Use gustar to tell what people like.

Gustar has 2 forms:
o gusta and gustan
Use gusta when what they like is singular.
Use gustan when what they like is plural.

me gusta(n)
(I like)

nos gusta(n)
(we like)

te gusta(n)
(you like, fam)

[os gusta(n)]
(yall like)

le gusta(n)
les gusta(n)
(he/she likes, you like, formal)
(they like,

you all like)

To clarify the subject with le/les gusta(n), you can include the persons
name or a noun by putting a before it.
Ex. A Juan le gusta la pizza.
Ex. A Juan y a Sara les gusta la pizza.
Ex. A los estudiantes les gusta la pizza.
To say that someone doesnt like something like something, put no
before the pronoun.
Ex. No me gusta el helado.
Ex. A Juan no le gusta el helado.
My friends like sports.
A mis amigos les gustan los deportes.
I like adventure books.
Me gustan los libros de aventuras.
Samuel likes hamburgers.
A Samuel le gustan las hamburguesas.
Gustar with Infinitives:
Gustar can be used to tell things people like (nouns) or what people like to
do (verbs).

Master Gramar Notes Etapa

Preliminar
When telling things that people like, there are 2 forms of gustar to use:
gusta and gustan.
When telling what people like to do (verbs), ONLY use gustano
matter how many things the person likes to do!
When you are telling what someone likes to do, use an infinitive after
gusta.
An infinitive means to and in Spanish will end with ar, -er,
or ir
You must still follow the rules we have already learned for choosing the
gustar pronoun (me, te, le, nos, os, les) and for including subjects (A
Juan)
Examples:
I like to swim. - Me gusta nadar.
Clara and Andrea like to run. - A Clara y a Andrea les gusta correr.
Do you like to sing and listen to music? Te gusta cantar y escuchar
msica?
Ser/Estar both mean to be, but are used to express different things in Spanish

Ser To be
Caractersticas Use ser to talk about physical characteristics and personality
1. I am tall Soy alto
2. We are artistic Somos artsticas
Hora Use ser to tell time
1. Its 2:00pm Son las dos de la tarde
Origen Use ser to tell where someone is from
1. She is from Venezuela Es de Venezuela
Profesin occupation
1. I am a student Soy Estudiante
Estar To be
Estoy Estamos
Ests Estis
Est

Estn

Posicin Where something is positioned

1. The table is close to the chair La mesa est cerca de la silla
Locacin Where someone is located
1. I am at school Estoy en la escuela
Accin - What someone is doing (present progressive)
1. I am talking Estoy hablando
Condicin A temporary condition ex tired, sick, busy
1. I am sick Estoy Enfermo
Emocin An emotion, something you feel temporarily
1. You are happy Ests content

Master Gramar Notes Etapa

Preliminar
(Dont have to know the two highlighted ones for the test)
Ir to go
1. Conjugation of ir

When
o
o
When
o
o

voy

vamos

vas

vais

va

van

you talk about where someone is going you use ir + a + the place:
Voy a la tienda, - I go to the shop
Elisa va a su casa Elisa goes to her house.
you talk about going to a masculine place a + el combine to for al
Marcos va a + el parque = Marcos va al parque
Luisa y yo vamos a + el cine = Luisa y yo vamos al cine

Immediate Future - Ir

You can also use Ir to tell what is going to happen

Ir + a + infinitive
Examples * Be careful NOT to conjugate the infinitive!
o I am going to sing. - Yo voy a cantar.
o We are going to study.
o Nosotros vamos a estudiar.
Negative - To tell what you are NOT going to do, put no before the
conjugation of ir.
o I am not going to dance. - (Yo) no voy a bailar.
Conjugation Regular verbs
In Spanish, the different verb forms tell you who or what the subject is.
The process of changing a verb to match the subject is called
conjugating.
These conjugations will match the subject pronouns chart that we have
learned.
To make a sentence negative, put the word no before the verb.
Infinitives - All verbs in Spanish (and English) begin as infinitives that mean
to.
You know that a verb is an infinitive in Spanish because it will end in: -ar,
-er, or -ir.
To change the infinitive to agree with different subjects, you must
conjugate the verb.
*Remember, you can tell the subject by the ending on the verb!
Each verb consists of 2 parts:
the stem and the ending
The infinitive ending is the ar, er, or ir and everything else is the stem.
Example: patinar
Ending=-ar
Stem=-patin
All regular verbs follow the same pattern and steps

Master Gramar Notes Etapa

Preliminar
1. drop the infinitive ending (-ar, -er, -ir)
2. write the stem
3. add new ending to the end of the stem

AR Vebs
-o
-amos
-as
-is
-a
-an

-IR Verbs
-o
-imos
-es
-is
-e
en

Ex: Hablar = to speak

Hablo
Hablas
Habla

Hablamos
Hablis
Hablan

-ER Verbs
-o
-emos
-es
is
-e
-en
Ex: Correr = to run
corro
corres
corre

Ex: Escribir = to write

escribo
escribimos *
escribes
escribe
escriben-

escribs *

corremos
corris
corren

Stem-Changing Verbs

Have a spelling change in the stem.

3 types: o-ue, e-ie, and e-i
Change occurs in all forms EXCEPT the nosotros and vosotros forms
(lines 4 & 5).

e-> ie
Querer to want
Quiero

Queremos

Quiere

Queris

Quiero

Quieren

e->i
Servir to serve
Sirvo Servimos
SirvesServs
SirvesSirven
o->u

Master Gramar Notes Etapa

Preliminar
duermo

dormimos

duermes

(dorms)

duerme

duermen

u->ue
Jugar to play
Juego Jugamos
Juegas

Jugis

Juega

Juegan