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Kristina L. Blackburn
Professor Lynn Raymond
UWRT 1103
November 1, 2015
Annotated Bibliography-Sex Trafficking
1. "Sex Trafficking: The New American Slavery - CNN.com." CNN. Cable News Network.
Web. 30 Oct. 2015.
Sex trafficking and human slavery have been evident for centuries. In some way, shape or
form a figure with power takes control of someone weaker and uses them in a way in which they
cannot escape. The most relevant today is called sex trafficking. According to CNN Atlantas
illegal sex industry brings in nearly $290 million a year. More than 3,500 sex trafficking cases
were reported to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center last year alone( Sex
Trafficking: The New American Slavery). This source provides direct and recent statistics about
sex trafficking in the United States. This source can be used to provide numbers to show our
audience that this is a serious issue and is happening around you.
This source has a limitation and weakness because CNN does not give dates when these
statistics were taken. I think that this source has higher numbers than any audience member
would expect which will hopefully in return open their eyes to the dangers in the world today.
This source is a strong source with concrete evidence that sex trafficking is growing and
becoming more of a dangerous threat to our society and will be used in the project.
2. Pasquarella, Natalie "Human Trafficking Happening in Charlotte." 9 Investigates: Human
Trafficking Happening in Charlotte. < http://www.wsoctv.com/news/news/specialreports/9-investigates-human-trafficking-happening-charlot/nN2X4/ >9 WOSC,
Charlotte, 10 May 2012. Television.

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This news broadcast includes a personal interview from a victim of sex trafficking. We can
use the video with in our presentation to provide a legitimate source from Charlotte talking about
how serious sex trafficking is within the Charlotte area. During the interview Childs, a victim of
sex trafficking, says that the people who would participate in paying for sex would often include
Lawyers, doctors, businessmen, police officers -- the people that we trust with our
lives(Pasquarella, "Human Trafficking Happening in Charlotte"). This source can give an idea
about how serious this issue is. These men and women are being taken advantage of by the
people we should be able to trust in our community. These authoritative figures who take an oath
to protect and provide for our community, but instead are partaking in the corruption of the
community.
A strength of this source is that this source provides great interviews and information about
sex trafficking in the Charlotte area. I do not think there is a weakness for this source that would
prevent the use of it in our presentation. This source will be used as evidence to show that sex
trafficking can affect our lives because it is happening right outside our schools campus.
3. Harper, Kathleen. "108. Exploring the Hidden World of Human Trafficking in Our Own
Backyard a Look into the Fastest Growing Illicit Business Thats Alive and
Thriving in North Carolina." Elon Human Rights and Social Justice Writing
Contest. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.
Human trafficking is defined by the U.S. Department of State as being the recruitment,
transportation, transferring, harboring or receiving of individuals by means of threat, coercion,
abduction, fraud, deceit, deception or abuse of power in order to exploit this individual through
prostitution, pornography, sexual acts, forced labor, involuntary servitude, debt bondage or

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slavery (Harper).This source provides a legal definition, provided by the state, for the meaning
of human trafficking.
A weakness of this source is that there is no way of knowing how they came about defining
human trafficking and this source does not provide a date from the last time it was updated. This
can be used as a bases amongst which we can build our whole presentation on with the
knowledge of the legal definition behind human trafficking provided by the U.S. Department of
State. This source is a strong source form a legal perspective that will be used in the presentation.
4. "Homeland Security." Human Trafficking. Homeland Security.Web. 30 Oct. 2015.
What is law enforcement doing to stop sex trafficking? According to the Homeland Security
website in 2010, DHS launched the Blue Campaign, unifying the DHS components to more
effectively combat human trafficking through enhanced public awareness, training, victim
assistance, and law enforcement investigations. By expanding our collaboration within the
department, as well as among domestic and international governments, law enforcement, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector, DHS is helping to protect victims from being
trafficked both within the United States and around the world( Homeland Security). This Blue
Campaign provides knowledge and awareness about human trafficking. However, this website
does not combat the evidence that supports whether or not this campaign has helped stopped or
slow down sex trafficking since its launch in 2010.
I am hesitant to use this source because it has a weakness due to no evidence to whether
or not this movement has helped to stop sex trafficking.
5. "Federal Government Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking." Federal Government
Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking. 27 Sept. 2012. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.

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Most of the governments around the world have only passed protection acts for illegal
human trafficking actions. None have solely focused on sex trafficking. According to the Office
of Refugee Resettlement The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA) called for the
creation of the President's Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons
to coordinate anti-trafficking efforts among various U.S. Federal government agencies. The
following Federal government agencies are implementing programs to protect and assist victims
of human trafficking and to capture and prosecute their traffickers (Federal Government
Efforts to Combat Human Trafficking"). A strength of this source provides concrete evidence
supporting the governments efforts to support those victims after they have been trafficked.
However, there has yet to be a protection act or bill enforced to protect citizens before they are
trafficked. Law enforcement is not as up to date on the threats of sex trafficking even though it is
taking place in their areas of patrol every day. A weakness of this source is the fact that this
source shows that the government has taken awareness of this issue of sex trafficking, but still
does not see it as a great issue in the U.S.
I do and do not think that this source can be used because it does not provide enough
evidence to support the legality issues involved with trafficking and what police and law
enforcement are doing to prevent these illegal actions.
6. "Human Trafficking FAQ'S." NYS Division of Criminal Justice Services. Web. 30 Oct.
2015.
What is Human Trafficking and what is sex trafficking? According to NYS DCJS There are
two types of human trafficking recognized by New York Law: sex trafficking and labor
trafficking Sex trafficking is when someone profits from or advances the prostitution of
another by certain methods (Human Trafficking FAQ'S).Both provide a distinct definition about

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what each title means in the state of New York. I think that it important to know what each title
means and what makes them similar and different. In most news stories you here human
trafficking used and even though it includes sex trafficking in the definition labor and sex
trafficking are distinct in themselves and are both different issues. In our project we are trying to
focus on sex trafficking. I think that this source is important and is an extinction of knowledge
about the topics at hand.
A weakness this source faces is the fact that is only mentions New York laws and does not
apply to any other state. A strength can be the idea that this source can serve as a strong platform
for the bases of out project presentation to make sure the audience knows what each topic legally
means. I think that this source would be helpful for the audience to hear about during our
presentation.
7. "How to Identify a Human Trafficking Victim." United Sates Conference of Catholic
Bishops. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.
According to the United Sates Conference of Catholic Bishops some red flags to look for when
youre suspicious of illegal sex trafficking include:

Seems anxious, fearful or paranoid. Avoids eye contact, fearfulness or signs of

depression, unexplained bruises or cuts or other signs of physical abuse, appears to be in a
relationship with someone who is dominating, etc.

Some questions you can ask if you can talk to them alone when and if they are willing include:

Where did you get those bruises or is anyone hurting you?

Do you get paid for your employment? Is it fair? How many hours do you work?

(If foreign national) How did you get to the U.S. and is it what you expected? Are you
being forced to do anything you don't want to do?

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If you suspect that someone you know or have talked to is a victim of sex trafficking you
can:

If they need time, create an action plan with them to get to a safe place when they are
ready.

Call and make a report to the human trafficking hotline at 1.888.3737.888. The hotline
has language capabilities, so any individual can call directly if they choose.

If you need more guidance, you can call and talk through the case with USCCB Antitrafficking program staff at 202.541.3357.

*ask audience to pull out phone and plug in sex trafficking hotline into contacts*
This source is the most important source we could include in our presentation. All, if not
most of the bullet points above should be presented to create an awareness with the audience so
they know what to do when they come in contact with a sex trafficking or labor trafficking
victim. Then there are further instructions on how to help them in the case that they are willing
to accept help.
A strength of this source is just the information itself. We could not have a presentation
without this information. The questions and numbers above allow for the audience to develop
an idea of what to look out for in the world and who to contact if they believe they have come
in contact with a victim. I have yet to find a weakness to this source. This source will be used in
the presentation at the end to include the audience and share the most important piece of
information for the audience to take with them as they go into the world and could possibly
interact with a victim or see illegal activities.
8. "Articles: Human Trafficking Estimates and Statistics." Articles: Human Trafficking
Estimates and Statistics. American Thinker 2014. Web. 2 Nov. 2015.

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According to the American thinker During the past decade, the State Department
estimated 14,500 to 17,500 people are trafficked into the U.S. each year (TIP Report 2004) and
the Justice Department estimated 293,000 minors in the U.S. were at risk [emphasis mine] of
commercial sexual exploitation (U.S. Attorneys Bulletin, 2004) ( "Articles: Human
Trafficking Estimates and Statistics"). This source can be used to narrow trafficking down from
a foreign worldwide problem to support that this problem occurs in the United States as well.
A strength of this source are the concrete facts and statistics that it provides to prove that
this issue is a serious amongst the United States population. However, a weakness of this source
is these statistics are very dated. This source will not be used, even though the statistics show
numbers so the amount of people can be visualized in the presentation this information is too
dated.
9. "11 Facts About Human Trafficking." 11 Facts About Human Trafficking. Do
Something.org. Web. 11 Nov. 2015. <https://www.dosomething.org/facts/11-factsabout-human-trafficking>.
According to Do Something.org the following are some important facts about human
trafficking.
3. According to some estimates, approximately 80% of trafficking involves sexual
exploitation, and 19% involves labor exploitation.
5. According to the U.S. State Department, 600,000 to 800,000 people are trafficked
across international borders every year, of which 80% are female and half are
children.
7. California harbors 3 of the FBIs 13 highest child sex trafficking areas on the
nation: Los Angeles, San Francisco and San Diego.
11. The International Labour Organization estimates that women and girls represent
the largest share of forced labor victims with 11.4 million trafficked victims
(55%) compared to 9.5 million (45%) men

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These facts can be used in the presentation based on what we need. Each fact provides
different knowledge and support for different discussions. Fact number three is a well written
source because most of my research has been bulked under the title of human trafficking.
Although sex and labor trafficking fall under human trafficking fact number three shows just
how different sex and labor trafficking are through numbers. I think number five is also an eye
opening source because very little sources talk about who is trafficked so the details about the
amount of women AND children trafficked will provide as a useful source in our presentation.
Fact number seven is also detailed in narrowing down the highest areas in the nation. Finally,
number eleven is a great fact to include because men often tend to write off trafficking as just
harboring female victims, but that is not the case. This fact provides data and numbers that
show just how many men are trafficked today.
The weakness of this source is the lack of dates and years in which these statistics were
taken. So when we present these facts we cannot determine how recent these sources and facts
are. I think that this is a great source with great detail about many aspects and topics involving
sex traffickers and their victims which proves a strength. I dont think that all of it will be
included in the presentation. However, the few facts that I listed above will provide as great
statistics and facts to present to our audience about the topic.
10. Counts, Glenn. "Charlotte Hotel at Center of Sex Trafficking Allegations." WCNC.com.
< http://www.wcnc.com/story/news/crime/2015/09/16/charlotte-hotel-at-center-of-sextrafficking-allegations/32529109/>Web. 2 Nov. 2015.
WCNC states that according to the Department of Justice, Charlotte is in the top 10
nationally for sex trafficking. Experts say that many of the victims are as young as 12-years-old
and have been brought to this area from other states to work as prostitutes (Counts). This news

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article also included a video clip of the news report that could be used in our presentation. This
news story covers a recent break in a case in Charlotte, NC where a local hotel was being used to
house sex trafficking criminal activities. It also goes on to report facts and statistics about
Charlottes ranking in the United Sates for sex trafficking. This source can be used as a concrete
source to break through to the audience that this is not only not a foreign issue, it happens in the
United States, but also occurs right down the road from the campus of UNCC. In fact, the Red
Roof Inn located at 3300 Queen City Drive where these sex trafficking crimes were committed is
only twenty minutes up the road from campus.
I think that source is a great eye opener and slap of reality for not only the audience, but for
myself. This news report was broadcasted only two months ago which is a strength because it is
a relevant and scary source that can prove useful in many ways. The fact that this was occurring
while we were only twenty minutes down the road is terrifying and should be shared. However, a
weakness of this source is the idea of media coverage on this topic and how trustworthy this
source will be. This source will be used in the presentation because it hits close to home in many
ways.
11 Kara, Siddharth. "Preface." Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New
York: Columbia UP, 2009. Print.
I knew only that truths of the scores of sex slaves I met in brothels, massage parlors, street
corners, and apartments across the worldThese sex slaves are forced to service hundreds, often
thousands of men before they are discarded, forming the backbone of one of the most profitable
illicit enterprises I the worldWhips, cigarette burns, broken bones, starvation- every slave has
suffered these tortures, but sex slaves suffer each of these as well as innumerable counts of rapeten, fifteen, twenty or more times per day(Kara).I think that this book source proves as a visual

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for the audience of what these victims go through on a day to day basis as a sex slave. This
source does not dance around the idea of the torture that is endured in these situations, but
instead goes into great detail about what being a sex slave exactly entails.
A strength of this source is the amount of detail it goes into. The images it creates are brutal,
but need to be presented as a realistic eye opener for our audience. A weakness of this source is
that the author of this book is painting these pictures of what it is like to be a victim of sex
trafficking based on personal accounts and stories so the author could include some bias or
exaggeration to this source. I think that this source will be useful serving as an eye opener for our
audience and this source will allow for the audience to envision for a split second what it is like
to be in the shoes of a sex trafficking slave.
12 Soderlund, Gretchen. "Running from the Rescuers: New U.S. Crusades Against Sex
Trafficking and the Rhetoric of Abolition." NWSA Journal Volume 17 (2005): 6487. Project Muse. Web. 9 Nov. 2015.
The team had learned earlier that police receive kickbacks from brothel mangers in return for
not interfering with the sex rackets operating in and around the city(Soderlund, 70). This quote
from this journal is just one more source to prove that even those who we expect to protect and
defend us against these illegal actions are not doing their jobs. These police officers are
witnessing and experiencing firsthand the abuse and forced actions placed upon these victims
and are doing nothing but supporting the actions of these sex traffickers. Who can we trust to
keep these people, us safe?
I think that source is a decent source. However, a weakness of this journal is that it does
not give me much detail about this incident and the officer. I think a strength of this source is that
it proves that there is in fact corruption in this field, but cannot provide the support and evidence

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that we need to include it in our presentation. I do not think that this source can be used in the
presentation because there is only a short portion that could prove worthy to include, but it is still
not too strong of a source that is backed up with enough evidence to be included.
13. Clark, Gaye. WORLD Magazine 31 Aug. 2015. Print.
A Chicago judge last week sided with Sheriff Tom Dart in his fight with the classified
website Backpage.com, ruling the outspoken lawman didnt have to retract statements he made
to Visa and MasterCard about the sites alleged role in sex trafficking(Clark, Chicago Sheriff
wins first round in legal fight over Back page sex ads). This magazine article talks about illegal
advertisements on a website where people could pay with credit cards for services from women.
I is believed that some of these women on the site could be sex trafficking victims. The site is
also facing repercussions for posting ads for sex with minors.
This source is weak on the topic of sex trafficking itself, but does focus on the idea that
some prostitutes could be victims of the sex trafficking industry. A strength of this source is
another real example of this issue in todays society. I think that this is a great source to again
plant the seed in our audiences head that a prostitute does not always choose that lifestyle, but
yet is forced into that field of work. I do not think that this source will be used in our
presentation for lack of detail and sex trafficking information.