MyPersonalFinancialPlan

by:_SolManuelGarza_

I.OVERVIEW:
A.College:
CollegeandMajor:

UCBerkeley,Bioengineer

Whydoyouchoosethiscollegeandmajor?

IthinkthatUCBerkeleyisthebestchoice.Itisthebestchoicebecauseithasahigh
graduationrateandalowcostof$14,800accordingtoaUCfinancialaidcalculator.
BerkeleyisalsoaUC,whicharepublicresearchbasedinstitutionsthatoftenpartnerwith
scientificorganizationsandcompanies.Finally,UCBerkeleyhasa9.9%rateofreturn,
higherthanbothUCRiversideandStanford.
However,becausemyfamilysIncomeisunder80,000Icanaquirealotoffinancialaid
fromStanford.ThismakesthetotalcostofStanfordminimal,about2,0007,200dollars.
TheproblemwithStanfordisthatithasaverylowacceptancerate.Eventhoughitmay
becheaperafterfinancialaidiscalculated,thelikelihoodofgettingintotheschoolis
verylow.Additionally,Stanfordhasalowerrateofreturn,7.8%.

FinancialAnalysisofCollege:
(InsertyourCollegeComparisonTablefromtheCollege
Decisionactivity)

Option1

Option2

Option3

NameofCollege

UCBerkeley

UCRiverside

Stanford

EstimatedCost

ExpectedFamily

ExpectedFamily

EstimatedParent

Contribution:$14,814

Contribution:$13,758

Contribution2,200

TuitionandFees:

Tuition&Fees:$14836 TuitionandFees:

+$13,432.00

Room&Board$15000 $45,729

Room/Board+$15,422

Books/Supplies$1700

Board$14,107

Books/Supplies$1,240

Other$2800

Personal/Booksand

StickerPrice$32,646.

StickerPrice$34336

Supplies5,064

GiftAid$9,882.00
SelfHelpaid$7,950

Selfhelpaid$5,500

StickerPrice64,900

EstimatedNet

SelfHelpaid$2,200

Cost:$22,764.00

EstimatedNetPrice
7,200
EstimatedParent
Contribution2,200

EstimatedSalary $71457
afterGraduation UCBerkeley
MechanicalEngineer
AverageSalary

$56000
UCRiverside
MechanicalEngineer
AverageSalary

$73520
Stanford
Mechanical
EngineerAverage
Salary

Returnon
9.9%annually
Investment(ROI)

7.3%annually

7.9%annually

GraduationRate

91%

66%

96%

Timeto
Graduate

4years

4years

4years

FinancialAidEstimates:
(InsertyourestimatedFinancialAidtablefromyourPayingfor
Collegeactivity)

Definition

Estimated
Amount

Costof
College

Tuition,Food,Housing,Transportation,
Books,Supplies,Fees

$32646

Scholarships

Ascholarshipisverysimilartoagrantbecausethe
moneydoesnothavetoberepaid.Themaindifference
isthatscholarshipsareprimarilyawardedforacademic
meritorforsomethingyouhaveaccomplished.There
arealsomanyneedbasedscholarships.
http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/thescholarshi
pcoach/2012/07/19/12collegefinancialaidtermsdefin
ed

WorkStudy

TheFederalWorkStudyprogramprovidesfundsto
eligiblestudentsforparttimeemploymenttohelpfund
college.Inmostcases,theschooloremployerhasto
payupto50percentofthestudent'swages,withthe
federalgovernmentcoveringtherest.Youcouldbe
employedbythecollegeitselforbyafederal,state,or
localpublicagencyaprivatenonprofitorganizationor

$1,465

aprivateforprofitorganization.
http://www.usnews.com/education/blogs/thescholarshi
pcoach/2012/07/19/12collegefinancialaidtermsdefin
ed

Federal
(Direct)
Subsidized
Loans

DirectSubsidizedLoansareavailableonlyto
undergraduatestudentswhoqualify.Yourschool
determinestheamountyoucanborrowbasedon
yourneedandyoucannotexceedthatamount.The
U.S.DepartmentofEducationpaystheinterestona
DirectSubsidizedLoanwhileyoureinschoolatleast
halftime,forthefirstsixmonthsafteryouleave
school(referredtoasagraceperiod*),andduringa
periodofdeferment(apostponementofloan
payments).
https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/subsidizeduns
ubsidized

$5,500

Federal
(Direct)
Unsubsidize
dLoans

DirectUnsubsidizedLoansareavailableto
undergraduateandgraduatestudentsthereisno
requirementtodemonstratefinancialneed.Your
schooldeterminestheamountyoucanborrowbased
onyourcostofattendanceandotherfinancialaidyou
receive.Youareresponsibleforpayingtheinterest
onaDirectUnsubsidizedLoanduringallperiods.If
youchoosenottopaytheinterestwhileyouarein
schoolandduringgraceperiodsanddefermentor
forbearanceperiods,yourinterestwillaccumulate
andyourinterestwillbeaddedtotheprincipal
amountofyourloan.
https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/subsidizeduns
ubsidized

$0

Perkins
Loans

Thesearefederalstudentloanswith5%interestfor
undergraduateandgraduatestudentswithveryhigh
financialneed.NotallschoolsparticipateintheFederal
PerkinsLoanProgram.Youwillmakeyourpaymentsto
theschoolthatmadeyourloanoryourschoolsloan
servicer.Fundsdependonyourfinancialneedandthe
availabilityoffundsatyourcollege.
https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/perkins

$0

PLUSParent
Loans

PLUSloansarefederalloansthatgraduateor
professionaldegreestudentsandparentsofdependent
undergraduatestudentscanusetohelppayeducation
expenses.Inordertotakeoutoneoftheseloansyou
needgoodcredithistory.Themaximumloanamountis
thestudentscostofattendance(determinedbythe
school)minusanyotherfinancialaidreceived.
https://studentaid.ed.gov/sa/types/loans/plus

$0

EFC
(Estimated
Family
Contribution)

Themeasureofhowmuchofyourcollegecostsyour
familyisabletooffer.Thisiscalculatedbasedona
specificformula,whichconsiderstaxedanduntaxed
income,assets,andbenefits,aswellasthesizeofyour
familyandthenumberoffamilymembersattending
collegeduringtheyear.

$11,314

Difference
(Youwill
mostlikely

$32646$182
79=$14367

coverusinga
PrivateLoan)

EstimatedMonthlyPaymentforCollegeLoans:
(InsertthattablefromyourPayingfor
Collegeactivity)

TypeofLoan

Principal(P)
(OriginalLoan
Amount)

(Yearlyloansx
4)

EXAMPLE

$5500x4=
$22000

Federal(Direct)SubsidizedLoans

$5500x4=
$22000

Federal(Direct)UnsubsidizedLoans 0
PerkinsLoans

PLUSParentLoans

PrivateLoans:

Totalforallloans

$14367x4=
$57468

$79468

Monthly
InterestRate
(r)
(Annual
Interest
Rate/12)

Numberof
Monthly
Payments
(n)
(#Years*
12)

3.86%/12
110*12=120
=.0032
4.29%/12=
0.3575%

15*12=180

Monthly
Amount
(Calculate
usingthe
formulafor
anannuity)

(A)

Total
Payments
(A*n)

$221.18 $26,541.60

$165.95 165.95*15=
$2489.25

$0

$0

$0

5.78%/12=15*12=180 478.14
0.4816%

TocalculateMonthlypaymentIusedthisformula:C=(PV*r)/(1(1+r)^n
C=monthlypayment
PV=presentvalue
r=interestrate
n=months

FederalDirectSubsidizedloan:
C=monthlypayment
PV=22000
r=(.0429/12)
n=180

C=(22000*(.0429/12))/(1(1+(.0429/12))^180
C=165.946979

478.14*15=
7172.10
9661.35

C=165.95

Privateloan(SallieMae):
C=monthlypayment
PV=57468
r=(.0578/12)
n=180

C=(57468*(.0578/12))/(1(1+(.0578/12))^180
C=
478.143742165
C=
478.14

B.Career
:
DesiredCareer:CivilEngineer

StartingJobinCareer:
CivilEngineer1,Level1(EntryLevel)

GrossIncome:
$61,641grossincome

EstimatedAnnualTaxes:
(FromCalculatingTaxesactivity)

TaxableIncome:
GrossIncome=61641
Minus6300
616416300=55341
TaxableIncome=$55,341

Federaltax:
Federaltaxrate:25%
Myfederaltaxbracket:$37,451$90,750sotaxdueis$5165.25+25%(taxableincome
$37450)
TaxableIncome=$55,341

$5165.25+25%($55,341$37450)=$6548
Ipay$6548inFederaltaxes.

CaliforniaStatetax:
CaliforniaStatetaxrate:9.30%
MyCaliforniataxbracket:$49,774$254,250sotaxdueis$2191.48+9.30%(taxableincome
$49774)
TaxableIncome=$55,341


$2191.48+9.30%($55,341$49774)=$2647.21
Ipay$2647.21inCaliforniastatetaxes.

FICA:
FICAtaxrate:7.65%
Flattaxrate:7.65%(taxableincome)
TaxableIncome=$55,341

7.65%($55,341)=$4233.59
Ipay$4233.59inFICAtaxes.

TotalTaxes:
$6548+$2647.21+$4233.59=$13428.80

NetIncome:
(SubtractyourEstimatedAnnualTaxesfromyourGrossIncome)

$61641$13428.80=$48,212.20

MathematicalModelforProgressiveTaxTable
(Insertapiecewisefunctionandgraph
thatmodelsthecurrentFederalTaxTableandexplainourProgressiveTaxSystemin
yourownwords.)

Theprogressivetaxsystemtaxespeoplewithdifferentincomesadifferentamountoftaxes.The
lessmoneyyoumake,thelessyouaretaxedandthemoremoneyyoumake,themoreyouare
taxed.Therearedifferenttaxbracketsintheprogressivetaxsystem.Forexample,aperson
whomakesbetween$37,451and$90,750istaxed$5165.25+25%(taxableincome$37450)
butapersonmakingbetween$90,751and$189,300istaxed$18,481.25+28%(taxable

income$90,750).Thissystemexistssothatwecangetmoretaxesoutofpeoplewhomake
moremoneywhilenottakingalloftheincomeofthepoor.

C.SavingsandInvestmentPlan

SHORTTERM(SpendingBucket)
ShortTermGoals:
(Whatdoyouwanttosaveforinthenext6monthsto2yearsand
why?)

IwanttohaveacarbythetimeIam21.AlthoughthatisaninvestmentforsomethingI
want5yearsfromnow,Istillconsideritashortterminvestment.IamwaitinguntilIam21fora
carbecauseofpracticalreasons.First,theinsuranceforteenagersisextremelyexpensive.This
ratestartstogodownalittlebitaroundyour20s.Also,mybrainwillbemoredevelopedwhenI
am21andamstatisticallylesslikelytocrashacarthenthanIamrightnow.Iwantacar
becauseIwillbeabletodrivetocollegeandthentowork.Itismucheasierandlesstime
consumingtodriveacarthantakepublictransportation.

EstimatedMonthlyShortTermInvestmentAmount:

ShortTermInvestments:
(Wherewillyouputthismoneyandwhy?)
ThecarIamgoingtobuyisa2011hondacivic.Iwillmostlikleypaylessthanthisamountfor
thiscarbecauseIwillbuyitused.Justtobeonthesafeside,Iwillsaveforthecarssticker
price$15,805.

IwillputmymoneyinasavingsaccountwithBankofAmerica.InCalifornia,
BankofAmerica'ssavingsaccountinterestrateis3%.Thisinterestrateishigherthan
anyotherbankoffers.Mostofthebankshadsavingaccountinterestratesof1%or
less.Thishigherinterestratewillmakemymonthlypaymentssmaller.

Calculations
FutureValue(FV):
$15,805
InterestRate(r):
3%yearlyor.0025monthly
NumberofMonthsSaving(n):
5yearsor60months
MonthlyContributions(C)

p[(1+r)n
1]
FV=
(r)

p[(1+.0025)60

1]
15805=
(.0025)


p(.1616)
15805=
(.0025)

15805=p(64.64)

64.6464.64

244.51=p

MathematicalModel

(Insertagraphtoshowhowyourmoneyisgrowingoverthe
MONTHS.)

MIDTERM(SavingsBucket)
MidTermGoals:
(Whatdoyouwanttosaveforinthenext320yearsandwhy?This
mightincludeadownpaymentforahome,weddings,orcollegesavingsforyourfuture
children.)

EstimatedMonthlyMidTermInvestmentAmount:
MidTermInvestments:
(Wherewillyouputthismoneyandwhy?)

Calculations
FutureValue(FV):
$476,000
InterestRate(r):
3%yearlyor.0025monthly
NumberofMonthsSaving(n):
years=38or456months

MonthlyContributions

p[(1+r)n
1]
FV=
(r)

p[(1+.0025)456

1]
476000=
(.0025)

p(2.1223)
476000=
(.0025)

476000=p(848.92)

848.92848.92

560.71
=p
Mymonthlycontributionis$
560.71.

MathematicalModel

(Insertagraphtoshowhowyourmoneyisgrowingoverthe
MONTHS.)

LONGTERM(InvestmentBucket)
RetirementGoals:
(Howmuchdoyouwanttohavewhenyouretireandwhy?)

WhenIdidthisworksheetIwastoldthatthewaytocalculatehowmuchmoneyyou
shouldhavewhenyouretireiseighttimesyourlastpaycheck.FidelityBankconductedastudy
andfoundthatifyoudiearoundage92andretireatage67,youwillneedeighttimesyour
salarytolivecomfortablyduringyourretirement.

Icalculatedmylastpaycheckbyusingthecompoundinterestformula.Theworksheet
saidthatIwouldreceivea2.5%raiseeveryyear,fromtheyearIstartmycareer,untilIretire.
Hereisthecalculation:

Iwanttoretireafter40years.sot=40years
A=p(1+r)^t
p=61,641
r=2.5%or0.025

A=61641*(1+.025)^40
FV=165,510.02
MoneyIshouldhavewhenIretire=165,510.02*8=
1324080.16.

DesiredWealth(SavingsandInvestments)AmountatRetirement:
1324080.16
DesiredAgeofRetirement:age65
NumberofYearsWorking:40years
EstimatedMonthlyLongTermInvestmentAmount:
664.70

CalculationsRETIREMENTGOALS
FutureValue(FV):
1324080.16
InterestRate(r):
6%annuallyor.005monthly
NumberofMonthsSaving(n:
40yearsor480months
MonthlyContributions(C):

p[(1+r)
1]
FV=
(r)

p[(1+.005)480

1]
1324080.16
=
(.005)

p[(9.96]
1324080.16
=
(.005)

1324080.16
=p(1992)

19921992
664.70=p

MathematicalModel
(Insertagraphtoshowhowyourmoneyisgrowingoverthe
MONTHS.)

LongTermInvestments:
(Wherewillyouputthismoneyandwhy?)

IhavelowrisktolerancebutatthesametimeIwanttomakealotofmoney.Therefore,Iwill
investinthestocksofsafe,established,companiesandputtherestofmymoneyinbondsand
CertificateofDeposits.ThecompaniesthatIwillinvestinare:ComcastCorporation,TheWalt
DisneyCompanyandTheCocaColaCompany.Theseare3enormouscompaniesthathave
beensteadilybeenmakingmoneyfordecades.
ComcastCorporationscurrentstockpriceis:56.54andisworth147.8billiondollars.
TheWaltDisneyCompanyscurrentstockpriceis:100.29andisworth179.5billiondollars.
TheCocaColascurrentstockpriceis:
39.63
andisworth179.9billiondollars.
Herearethecalculatedvaluesofallofmyinvestments.
STOCKS
(A=amount,P=principal,r=rate,t=time)
Iwillinvest$226.16,or4shares,inComcast,assumingarateofreturnof7%.
A=P(1+r)^t
P=226.16
r=.07
t=40
A=226.16(1+.07)^40
A=
3386.62
After40yearsofinvesting,providedthecompanysrateofreturndoesntchange,Iwillhave
$
3386.62

Iwillinvest$200.58,or2shares,inTheWaltDisneyCompanyassumingarateofreturnof7%.
A=P(1+r)^t
P=200.58
r=.07
t=40
A=200.58(1+.07)^40
A=
3003.58

After40yearsofinvesting,providedthecompanysrateofreturndoesntchange,Iwillhave
$
3003.58.

Iwillinvest$
158.52
intheCocaColaCompany,assumingarateofreturnof7%.
A=P(1+r)^t
P=
158.52
r=.07
t=40
A=1
58.52
(1+.07)^40
A=
2373.75
After40yearsofinvesting,providedthecompanysrateofreturndoesntchange,Iwillhave
$
2373.75

BOND
(A=amount,P=principle,r=rate,t=time)

Iwillput$100inaSeriesISavingsbondwitha1.94%interestrate.
A=P(1+r)^t
P=100
r=.0194
t=40years
A=100(1+.0194)^40
A=
215.67
After40yearsofinvesting,providedthecompanysrateofreturndoesntchange,Iwillhave
$
215.67
.

CertificateofDeposits
(A=amount,P=principal,r=rate,t=time)

Iwillput$100inaNationwideBankCertificateofDepositswitha1.14%interestrate.
A=P(1+r)^t
P=100
r=.0114
t=40years
A=100(1+.0114)^40
A
=
157.36
After40yearsofinvesting,providedthecompanysrateofreturndoesntchange,Iwillhave
$
157.36
.

ThecombinedamountofmoneythatIwillhavefromallofthesedifferenttypesofinvestments,
after40yearsandwithatotalinitialinvestmentof$
785.26acrossallofthedifferentstocks,
bondsandcertificateofdepositsIwillhaveagrandtotalof$9136.98.

Iwillalsoputmoneyinbonds.IwillputmoneyinaSeriesISavingsbond,whichhas1.94%
interestrate.Thisisagovernmentbondthatisprotectedfrominflation.

II.REFLECTION
1. Whatdidyoulearnornoticeasyoucompletedyourfinancialplanandbudget?

IlearnedthatitcanbeastruggletolivecomfortablyevenIfyouhaveagrossannualincomeof
$61,641.Savingisalsohard.Savingjustunder$1,000eachmonthfeelslikewastingmoney
thatIcouldbeusingrightnow.ItishardtosavebecauseoftheimmediateneedsthatIhavebut
theoutcomesareworthit.Also,howmuchmoneyyoureallyhaveiscloselyrelatedtohow
manydebtsyouhavetopayoff.Ifyoudonthaveanydebts$61,641ismorethanenough
moneybutwithpayingbackcollegeloansandotherdebtsitcanbealothardertolive
comfortably.

2. Lookbackthroughalltheactivitiesinthispersonalfinanceproject.Whichactivitydid
youfindthemosthelpfuland/oruseful?Whatdidyoutakeawayfromthisactivity?

IfoundtheSavingsandRetirementPlanincrediblyuseful.BeforeIdidthisactivity,Ihadnever
heardoftheThreeBucketSystemandhadntreallyconsideredsavingalittlebitofmoney
everymonthforalongtermgoal.BeforeIdidthisactivity,myideaofalongterminvestment
wassavingforsomethingbetween6monthsand2yearsinthefuture.Afterthisactivity,I
realizedthat6monthsto2yearsinthefutureisashortterminvestment,alongterminvestment
isforsomething20to60yearsinthefuture.Irealizedthatitispossibletosave,littlebylittle
andthenhaveenoughmoneytoachieveyourgoalofbuyingacar,ahouse,orsavingfor
retirement.Ialsolearnedhowtocalculateannuitiesandcompoundinterest,whichisvery
useful.Thisactivityalsohelpedmetounderstandalotofeconomicterms,thatwereunknown
tomebefore.Forexample,Inowknowwhatacertificateofdepositsisandhowitisdifferent
thanasavingsaccount.

3. Didthisprojectchangeorsolidifyyourviewsabouthowyouwillbehandlingyour
personalfinances,career,collegeorotherfuturedecisions?Pleaseexplain.

Yes.Beforecreatingthisfinancialplan,IhadnoplanofhowIwouldhandlemypersonal
finances.Mymainfocuswastryingtofindoutwhatcollegetogotoandhowtopayforit.Ihad
notreallythoughtofmyqualityoflifeaftergraduating.Now,Iknowhowmyincomewillbetaxed
andhowmyexpenseswilluseupmymoneyeachmonthifIpursuebecomingaCivilEngineer.
IstillwanttobecomeaCivilEngineerbecausetheypayisgood

4. Comparethegrowthofyourmoneybetweentheshortterm,midtermandlongterm
investments.Discusstheeffectsoftimeontheexponentialgrowthofmoney.

Myshortterminvestment,acarthatcosts$11,314.Requiresmetosave$
244.51
eachmonth
for9years.BecausethetimeIwanttohavethemoneysavedissoclosetoshort,interesthasa

smallereffectandthegrowthlooksmorelinearthanexponential.
Mymidterminvestment,a$470,000houserequiresmetosave$560.71for38yearsinorderto
haveenoughmoneytobuythehouse.However,becausesomuchmoretimepassesinterest
accumulatesmoreandthegrowthbeginstolookmoreexponential.
Mylongterminvestment,of$
1324080.16
requiresmetosave$
664.70
for40yearsinorderto
haveenoughmoneytoretirecomfortably.Becausesomuchmoretimepassesinterest
accumulatesmorethegrowthlookslikeanexponentialgraph.
Itiscleartomethatthelongeryousaveyourmoneythemoreyoucantakeadvantageof
exponentialgrowth.Thismakessenseifyoulookatanexponentialgraphwhichstartsoutflat
andverysimilartoalineargraphbuteventuallystartstoshootupandgrowatanenormous
rate..IfIsaved$100eachmonthfor5yearsmygrowthwouldlooklinearbutifIsaved$100for
50yearsmygrowthwouldlookexponential.

5. Reflectontheideaofprivilege.Inlookingatyourcurrentandfuture(planned)
situation,howdoesthiswordapplytoyou?

Myfamilymakesgoodmoney.Wearemiddleclassandcanlivecomfortably.IfIendupwiththe
jobIwant,Iwillcontinuethistrendandendupmakingagoodamountofmoney,atleast
$61,641.Iamluckytohavebeeninasupportivefamilywithenoughmoney.Growingupinthis
environmentmakesiteasiertoachievemygoalsandmakegoodmoneywhenIgrowup.

6. Reflectontheideaofwealthaccumulation.Whatareeffectsofhavingmorevs.less
money(principle)toinvest?Inotherwords,dotherichgetricherandthepoorget
poorer?

Iknewthatthatincomeinequalityandthelackofupwardmobilitymadeitincrediblyhardforthe
poortoachievetheamericandreamwhilesettingupthosewhoarealreadyrichupforsuccess.
Aftercreatingthisfinancialplan,Iamcompletelycertainthatthepoorgetpoorerandtherich
getricher.Youcannotaccumulateanywealthwhenyouarepoorbecauseyouareusingallof
yourmoneytosurvive.Whenyouarerichyoucaninvestyourmoneytomakeevenmore
money.Becausetherichhavetheabilitytosaveandinvesttheywillcontinuetogetricherand
becausethepoordonottheywillcontinuetogetpoorer.

7. Whatdoyouthinkarethefactorstothecurrentstateofwealthdisparitiesinoursociety?

First,theabilitytosaveisnecessarytomakemoremoney.Youcanonlysaveifyouhavea
substantialamountofdisposableincome.Thepeoplewhohaveasubstantialamountof
disposableincomearealreadyrich.Theydonthavetoworryaboutthenecessitieslikeputting
foodonthetableorhavingenoughmoneytobuyanewpairofshoes.Becausetheyalready
havemorethanenoughmoneytomeettheirneedsandlivecomfortably,theycanputtheir
moneyinsavingsaccountsorthestockmarketandmakemoremoney.Iknowfrompersonal
experienceaswellasfromcalculatingtheminimumwagebudgetthatitisliterallyimpossibleto
savemoneywhenyouarestrugglingtomakeendsmeeteveryday.


8. Whatquestionsorwonderingsdoyoustillhaveaboutpersonalfinanceand/orconcepts
ofwealth?Whattopicswouldyouhavelikedtolearnmoreabout?

OnebigunexploredquestionIhaveishowthegovernmentcalculateswelfare.Howmuch
money/EBTdoesthegovernmentgivepeopleandwhatisthissupposedtodo?Manypeople
whoareonwelfareoruseEBTarestillatorbelowthepovertyline.Isthepointofwelfarejustto
preventpeoplefromstarvingorisitsupposedtohelpthemgetoutofpoverty?

III.ATTACHMENTS
MonthlyBudgetSpreadsheet
CalculatingTaxesWorksheet
SavingsandInvestmentSpreadsheets
Definitions(Optional)
Copyandpasteallofthewordsthatyoudefinedinthe
worksheets.