PRogiem 2-37 Gwen: A system of Fixed mass ot constant pressure and teuperbe Find Equivalent system form of Egtn. 2.35 CFirt Lav) which is used to define the heot of reackon. AsSumPMOS* expansion/contraction of the system houndary '¢ a reversible process, only work clone by system is boundary expansion/ contraction rreoncn: ddeite the Gest law for the system, Stabstihade the epprpeiate expression fir conshont pressure work and solve for the specific heat transfer, a skeleh of system * I Sytem ni, First law for a system? Ga ~ bd, = m(u,-u) for a sSyotem at content pressure the reversile werk can he expressed as 2 to, § Pav = POY) = mPOe) ve specific ; volume Substihating inte He fest law Q — mP ARV) =m (ua-u,) 1a mls Py) = (ut Pr) =m Chy-h) a2 afm * hyohy 1G state Vis the readwets and shte 2 is the prducts then [az hprhe | <—— sme Gem as Sh 2.36 Comments + Ate thet fhe firet law far 0 contact pressure system has the same form as for a contra Valume, This it only true Gr consent pressure Also, the intecnal eneigies yard Ue ace minhure internal energies. Even assuinny eal gas behavior, Li) A Uz at concoct tonpembee if He compost hin changes. (see ies experiment coith gases and internal enemy)PROBLEM 2-38 GWEN! AIR > efi m8 ‘R= 00K (preheated) TEA FDR Se = 3500 T/ey-K a = R00 Tfag-K SP er Pe Si hs ys Nea Mp, =© Fee M6 T/emee FIND + Tet for P = satm ASSOMPTIOIS Air = 9%, [21% Ox 5 properties as Gin: SotuTreas + write (2 Mw (res basis ) recognGigg Tat Oye bprthe Oghy lip he = hy tie) hy, Divide by tip § Subshbrte propertios Ch = dnt Gi CE ~Tag)) 2 | : - BC+ ola ee) +Co] Hi oe Tet) | = (BB w/o ~ %5.(-Tep)] 16 (208 (t0~400)) + (se + 38% (750-30) ) = er) (00 (ak, -300)) Sole for GeFROREM 2-38 Ccontaued) 1080-57 + foSesite7 = 2.280% (Zz ~ 200) Fr = 2251 tBs0 Qe 2857 xq Comments + ¢) Use of srmplzfied properties Kcuses atenton 6A energg conservatism. » it) The. use af < mass— based 12 his smmpliffes The solution (Hy = th).PROBLEM 2-39 GIVEN: Adiabatic | const.-P crnbucthor + CIE}, = Ge i: Trek =Foo , Bah = Cook , simplified properties FInd: a) 4) AV® 60K ASSIMPTINIS § Air ia 79% Ka 21% On Solero + a) Ae Hh pee R Pe Stoidiometry, + (bgp +S bog > 4 bp, Hg inghp trek = mn We gt 44mg) ) * me Ch oe CTe-Ty)) Me lnne tne rte =n a) Subst tte Property vekues ¢ LE mM, a), Mas: y= 15 (0+ 1200 bo0-320)) + 1 (2107 +3500 (400-340) He = 5.4108 + 2.10510" = 26407 T by = 16 (nes + 1503(Fd.- 300)) a LLrC———C—C—CC HA hat, § Solve Lr Tee: 26450" = -2-107 # 2.4:00° CT - Foe) 0) GaoPROBLEM 2-89 (Continued) ) Ave Ap - Hp, far ky FuEL @ bose | From parta), Melee) = 2.648 10 "T (per Ze) =| 4, (600) = 16 %, 4 Gir (7- 7) Me (cL2S-10® + 1500 (600-8260) ) -1.28 oe aie (per Sap ) A, = HV= Hy- Hy = 264-07 ~ (-1.28707 ) HV. = 3925 yo" T (rere) Comment: This feeticiws feel wr te simplified properties hao a hes HV (2 4,600 4i/ks_) Compared te most real foals CHV & 45,00 2Sfly , of. Table 8./),PROBLEM 2-40 | GIVEN: Stealy flows reactor wih A-O, @D=0.5 , P= Satn, | | Q/nm = 187 aTlhg 5 ero-K reference. ATS Koy = = 238,000 HI /bmet Wow = 34,60 ET /b mek Fite: Muy Ceo dissociation J i 4) Yipr ed dissociatr on) | ) Tat bp dissec.) Pe Tn, = 300K , Mya = 700K, | all Gz = 10 BI/trok 2) Ald 0h & products ¥ wrik gpectons Neded t md Ty. | SOLeTIONS * 2) 2h, + $A > 2h0+ xd, O-babance + gran Ode | 5) Mp ZN Mlli /2 Mp | = 2(tB.olo) 4 (GLIA) © 20,68 & Jimot - coe | = 1, Mie ML il 31898 UM IU a = Sea = 0.470 | NOt eae ied 101 1.20 ty fayFROREM 2-4 (Continued ) 2 1 ht 6 - WE Oh, - hy) Gl, the = App _ 7 7 A, he = Yat + Yat, ot hy = gt = Mh “shen wae eee Reactants - | ENE ey) F Samet Ay. 2 OS 0+ 40(300-0) = TZ 000 02, 2 OS 0 + 40 (866-0) = 32,000 Mog = 2S (2.2/6) FOS (81997) = /7-00B h, Ip = 0.5 (12000) +O.5- (32000) = 22,000 1 femeb " 22,009. 1994 8 hn 72.0 a Ths Prdecls yg BC» de + olT=2)) tahhnet ho 2% bebe —(- 238,000 4 40 F ) On | 0,333 (0 +40 % ) = ZUM. 0468 (234,000 n2% (40%, ) M Wp O2.62 h, = bis 410087 (1 Kg) Retursing 6 F lus + Ori the = Joe —IET + 1294 = - 6995.58 +1.7637 FGPROBLEM 2-40 Continued } Selling. foe Ty! |B. = #594 * | 2H + $ oO, = aho+ho, + cox 4) Element conservation. : rato of H-b-Catoms in reactants uals HO-8 ratio products , Le, Ly *tatms _ taupe 2%ho + ton *eatons + Vo + 2%, + Key “) Yon > To, + Aho — / & ailibrivm = ALO +ia, S204 wt) hy le) - Xu Gp) = a WL) the)” — Nap os ° where k, = em (-L6 /2,7) . oe ~ Chay P Fy ~ O53 7] Rar as (dé define The prodactimuture. Compes-tion , U0 To, ,% Kou. Kascsrr These. To 18 hes is formulated sam porte: wm) hh + tp = hyPeoBLem 2-40 (Continued ) The LUS of Gen. iw ia unchanged Prom Pate. The RS becomes he = foe = Tp A(T) 4% BD + Fo Rey) MWe Hg Mpg My, + Lou Mag where Ino? Kyy* OT BED i o> Ke G OTe) fat = Hoa + 5O-7og With the abooe sabstttrns mt & Oe) 6wR ga. set complete + Gal-inr with vaemoras Nee to tou, = 7. QMMGsTS + Parte L shoms, in a srmphe manner, hus dissociation of provacts % coupled & a (2 hw Gnalysis.Problem 2-41 Giver: The equilibeium reaction CO, > Co+ 203 Find? Verify that the results of table 22 satisfy Egtns 2.64 and 2.65 For the Fellewing conditions * a) 7 2000K, P*O.! aby 4) T> 2500K , 10 atm ¢) T? 000k, Ps Jatm eal gas behaviee (x; = PY) ASSuMProns + APPeoCH: Caleulele SGT Usry appendix A and compare ith able 22. Using OCF, calculate “Kp, Compare with the value of Kp calculated using the mole Fmetons listed jn table 2.2. a) Ts 2000 K, Pra.l atm -. -. sof = [2M 967, - (EN: Hi Te there Ny repeesents the shichiomebie eaeFicients of the equilibrium reacton O67 * Wl, + INF Ja, ~ (MG |a,* 198, 1846, Fen Er ee . wees with AGF = 1(- 238948) +40) - | (-HeH10) [nose ea “Tele = = 10462 36° Kpe &xp [-z7r J = exp Tears) aaa} | = /. 304 10 kp= Ya Xa £y = (0.08) (0.0188) aust) 1.3m «103 PX, CNR (0.4527) Tate 2 metheds of cletermsniny Ky match so the dota ia table 22 satishy Em 26 b) T= 2500 K , P= latm OGP= "Fees | ten - ' Feo, = 1322s) + $0) -1C-396152) = 68907 KT ~ 667 q_ = 68407 Ke e»[ ar |* ep (ean acca | aoe kp Xa%t (é)*- (0.02%) (0.006) * Xa, Vf = “T5560 = 0.03637 Ccontnued )Proseem 2-41 (conmuanon)) b (continued), The value of OGr caleulaled here mathes AGr rm table 22 so tn. 2.64 is saksfied and the ky calculated Grom SG? matches the Kp delermmel From the male fmekons in toile 22 sa Egtn. 2.85 x satisfied, ©) T= 3008 K, P=] adm aGl= 150 +4560, -1 Free, = 1(-367684) +3 (0) ~1(- 39562) = 27978 KT : BGP 9 __ 27978 Kye exp[- az Is ep| moa | = 6.32707 _ eae (éy = (0.388i)(o.1%0)"* [sts * = 0.32930 Keay R (0.4629) Tate Agar, these calculations show thet the resulfs m table 22. sabefy Eqtns. 2.64 and 2.65PRoBLEM 2-42 Given: A closed vessel contammg J Kmole of OQ, when there i no dissciekon FInd™ The male Fractions XX and Xe, at the fellawmg conditions a) T2800 K , Pt] atm by T# 200K | Pe3 atm Assumpnens: loleal ges, systen 15 im chemical egiliberiam APPREKC* There are Hoe unkrauns (Xearel Xx) So Z equation must be used. The fiest is the definthon of Kp and the second is EX=/ a) T#2800k 0, <> 20 467" br], - er], 2.48203) ~ © = IEHOE KI/ mole . 17606) = ke ep > exp [- Be = 206.3 x/0* 215)(2509) 2 x, Kp® 3a CK) = 206.3x/o6 = <—— Fiest Equanon Xt [PK << Steen. Cavanoy substttng the seed equation inks the First and renerengyng yee (Pre + ke%e - Kpro quedeabic. equatron Sobmg fr Xe. EVE HHCPRYG) tote Only + yields lysclly ~ 2(% realishe result T+2s0eK,Ps habm! Kye 206215, Thr 1 —a [Kee OMS Xe, # Mee ORT T+2800k, P=Zahm: kpr2a63xi6" fh, =3 ——> |¥,+0.00%26, Xo," [-X, = 0.997 Comments: Note haw this system Sillows the pemeiple of Le Chatelier. Increasmg the syshom peessuce causes the system to shift towards more Or, Hereby reducing the number of moles tx the system (NotNey)PROBLEM 2-43 Givew: The equilibriam reaction Oz © 20 in a closed vessel containing | Kmele of inert dilwent and I kmale of 02 with po dissociation Fuvd: The mele frachons %, and Xe. Compare hese results with these fuurd in problem 222. Discuss. Assuvbnens ideal ges behavior , system i= m chenveal eguilbrivm, snert dliluent (Ac dese not play & role in the eguiltbeiem resckon APRBCH Coleulate AGE and Ky. Using the deCmition of Kp and centervalson of elements, sole for The tue unkrons %, ard oy consecuation, of elements * 2. ° Ar Initial T 7 a equilibria Shift -2 +22 2 Frral stte. 1-2 22 T <— *or aes ole hans = = Nov = mile Fraching * 3g, 2 Ces ee x= Ne -— 7 ) Nar at T= 2800 K+ hooks Ar ts net part oF the equiitihesuns reaction Gr F (nq), - [8], = 2 [8203], - 1 [0] = 176406 “ende Ke eel =) oe[- oc = 206.3 x18 Ke Be ) = 206.3 x5 Xo, \P substihdng Fox, ad %, ie heme of 2 : br [202 ayeust Ge Pa Nabe [mye] eae -2K, = et KS 44 C26) (+g) 2 +Kp@ -2K, 70 —>2 Saar Yeas aaa Sor physveally reolishre results -kK 2 SOT ontmued)Prosiem 2-43 (continued) Selumg for % 2= 0, O01 - ERY Iroom . arn Ke* Te aaa = O49 Ko, = 0.492 Daj) ates aoe O01 Kat 0-01 ate 240.0101 2! = ONT Xae2 ONTH Xte* Zz * Tose Ta compare the results of problem 2-22 with the abkove results we must Took at number of eles melead of mole fmehonc since there is ‘argon preset ja this problem (ie.,even with no dissociation of 0, & Grn 0, the male Frachons would be different despik the fet that there would he Ikimdle of Oy presot im beth problems) Problem 2-22 Problem 2-23 No= Kose? X. (242) = 0.01 (2.01) =0.02 O: NF %oNrer = 014 No, * Xo, (22) = 0492 (2.01) = 0.187 Oy? Roy? Ko, Mex = 0.9926 Commersts: Note that the dlilent clees net affect AGP or the Formulation of Ky in deme of mole fection: smce it does net pockcipale in the eguilibriwm resection. The diluent dees, however, affect the system by altermg hoo the mole factions are ole Fred. For “example, the HHT number of moles om problem 2-22 could he written as 142 while m this problen Nap = 242 due tb the diluent, Thi result is consistent with Le Ghéfelter's princigle in Tee reducing the partial preesares (with the dilunt) reSatls In rove dissoblctan.,PROBLEM 2-44 GIVEN: At P= Metm, T= F000K: Nea = 0623 , Teg = 0.2144, Ke, = O.0072. Find: kK, fer C0r 2 CO +hOr AssomeTions | tech gar mocture SdLuTION + Jars is astraightBruad applrator of the definition of & Bp. 2.45) # ?. \" y bem Oey Be (rfp (2a/P*) ae a 6° oe (> oss anes) ie 3273 Comment + Note The influence of The otal pressare ca The resuté, Mote alsa “tat since The. Temperature ih given, we coald hue cleulated kp Fram. exp(-46- lar), & mare complicated approach. Flam Agpeatin A Tables 1,>,€H 1 MGs, = -367, 665+ 4l0)- C395, 502) = 71,477 Tlemoe. 5 ty = Cxp(~27977/8-3/S (2002) = 0.327, The same tesul-gs abave.PROBLEM 2-45. GIVEN! At P=O.9etm, Ko, Hy, 62 mucture foe The composition t Ay FOF, y= 0.03, g on eee Fisd: k fr Kot A+ho Assumemons + icbeab G48 mixture. Socerr0s | This ts a strarghtbruard application of the defmrition of he (Opn. 2.65) t ky = Cmte (Pab) ty, af : Cie” Pho fe") Te ee 0.03 (0, ) Se) (78) = 6.00805 (6.944) {= 0.00789 Comment + Note how The tal pressure enters inh This caleuloter.PROBLEM 2-46 Gwe: Water—gas shift actor @ 7 4 entralpies -of- torreon tT: Fe ge = 7 UTC Reco = —U€;100 ° ba ems We eos = -396,000 » HH 7 8 FIND + @) Effect of Pm alr var © 5) Cffat of T on ee Assomerons + ideal gas Behavior. Ittedel SOLOTINNI * oy) _ ») Kor = “Mea Me (pps Fn Teo The net exponent of Pipe is gero. Mere 75 No effect af P. 5 ee oe > ates HB - BeBe = -396,600 + © - (257,700) ~ Cut, 200 Alp = -26200 2 exoThermie © T Le Chafolier’s thus Thus vadreabes Tat the jeachen will Shree Ta ackeats s1de Pre ae ecole On commen This problem Lertonstates Tre appli cation off Le Chatelier's Frineiple ,PROBLEM = 2-47 GIVEN: The reachon H,+ 70, “HO and and a mbo of moles oF elemental Ht elementel O ejusl ¥ one Find* The ep librnam composition ot T=2000K amd P=] atm Assuspnars: The aboe renckon rs tle only reacke mudlving H #0 APPROACH = Evaluale SGr determme Kp) and lasing the defi hon of kp ond conservation of elements, delermue Xy, Xe, f Xyo Eechahor of 66° O6F= 109 )y, — IC5Er)y, ~ 296 t)0, Usng, Appendixc A Gr, = | Erasers) ~1 (0) - 20) = 135643 Ym Ke exp[- hen [asacea | = 3.486 xlo* In deems of 2; ye te (ey () 4h, Xo LR Consecvection of elements * #1, , Bho t ™ (2 FO Xo + Poy and, defini Fon 3 vy ae EX 212 Xyot Xn + %G, @ Salvin, (2) and (2) for Ky # Ayo Heme oF oe and Subsktilmg mb (i * 24%, (p\* Kas 3%,-1 5 k= me Xo? 2-4 Xa, *” Gx-l) Hy 7) Salumg For Moy by tral fencer Noy = O-F834 wath” PEP = Lede X47 3X71 FO 0003 Xo? 2- 4Xe, = 0. 666% Comments *PROBLEM. 2-48, evens: Epuilibriom: HO 2A +L. @ 2000K, vate : # h- : rie: Ky %o, We when heaters 9 OS 92 ASSUMeTIOOS > ehacl gas behauion SOLu770N) ¢ Ane chpwA wrsevatiin : Afoeloms Ny 2% @2)= ho tT #B~ aloms 2e, + to Rearrangin a7? 224+ Mo) - 2M o-ehye pa ) E-2)dyo + 22%, -2%y = 2 CO) Myn + Mo, +t -/ =o Apps ail brium ¢ q, ad [ Leb ty fey s 465 aa Tho (B) => -w( a | Use. i) 9 U) G oliminAe Uy, « epress Ty, -£Cm): iw) Myo = & - OG, Similordy jw is) Begpress Uy a onchin of Foy i vy) + te 2H, Nous substtute ev) s zw) ine wt):PROKLEM 2-48 Ceontinued) aba Reis - ages a, ~2& =o =f.) vi) Te salt@ The above Transcendenbl >” fox Aon > w= opely Pre Neuton—Raphsor iterator ethed ; “) wie) nn * ae oa " | Ch or Whe Pr derivatoe £' (= “fA, ) cS uit) 4th) = 4/22 2a > zz yp eg + 2Ceti) « We evobite AGP= Lie 4G, - Fg, ( TH ee = 4 /356€3 KThnet Kp = ‘eep[- SS = | mrp] 7 (35, 643 a3IT Fe Bae) | 4 pF ances? io” oO +$ C0) - ee 643) Gn eit) wae applied cteraky a gronishect- CoGhim The. He has tesutts + rPROBLEM 2-48 (continued ) 2 tt os 0.6000 0.000/4¢48 0.39762 10 2. 333¢ 4. 00033 6.6662 20 0.00273 0. 00S4#S 0.99/82 Comment: As tre *H-abas te 8 -ahms mereases , both Wy and Me TNCreOh ee - Foo B= 7 Gro ca roan bg ontge, & neal al of The f vind Oa sine a/ ratic , ore tontirnad wh. water.PROBLEM 2-49 GWEN; ail reet® 40 2H tldn @ 72 200K Bie 7 >?) FI Ne ony Lllyg KR 9) P20Tahoe , b) Palate, 2) P= Date assompnions + tdee® ee be havior SoLvrien ¢ he spreadsheet ckeveloped. ia proglat Z-4e 15 usel here ufo a changes Par Tron, Mus, P 7s patted, Whi & to firbde. Pal dn Tan as 0, 0°3¢3 0.06686 6.97897 [| “40 0, 00273 000877 0, 99#/B 2 2o 0. C027 0, 00433 0. F43S50 LoMmESTS : As expected, The dissecrator of MO decieases ag The pressure ncrtishs At 22005 we expect That afher~ dissociation Hectes. - shewkl be melulad ee anbysis , tn pouticalor , OH, ©, end MH.Progiem 2-50 Givens: The species H,,O,, OH,0,H ard Ho Find? The selution formulation , incl vex He equations thet will be used fe find the unknowns , The number of unkmewns and. AssumPnens: ideal gas behavior, syrtem m chemical equilibrium ApPRAACH These are 6 species ancl consequently & unknowns. Thee fore there must be 6 equations find a “Solution One equation comes From conservation of elements, one Frm 22:21 , and the other four From the defmibin of equilibrium constants kp consecvaten of elemts? Fate 2 2% + Hy + Xa t 2%Xno #0 eos 2Xoq + Xan + Ket Hye oo Summation of Kj Ex = Ky + Xo + Xoy $M Hy # Xe =H equ Iberian reactions ® tht 40, <> Ho Kong” be ho ea : _ (6)y ep a oa ° O, $20 (6), + ep [- 2 lo Xo, Ho > of (day? el: EF ~ Xa pty" BT lon Xy Xe (x) © Equctione 1-6 com be sSelved fo fad the sre Unknouns Xa, Koy, Xe, Xo, Xu, Xiyo Comments: Note thet other equilikeiam resections inuelvme the spectes oF inferest could have heen chosen fir equations 3-6.” For example, the equilibrium peackonc OH FH > Ho “or FH, HoH <> Ho have ‘been equally valid cherces. wouldPROBLEM 2-5} GIVEN: An H-O system containing one mole each of elemental hydrogen and oxygen at a temperature of 2000 K and pressure of 1 atm FIND: The complete equilibrium of the syste APPROACH: Using STANJAN with the appropriate inputs Computed properties Independent population element atom potential a 1. 00000000E+00 13.7382 ° 1,00000000E+00 14.9286 Products at T= 2000.00 KP = 1.000E+00 atmospheres species mol fraction [mol fraction] mass fraction mols* in the ph in mixture in mixture phase molal mass = 22.635 kg/kmol z +29482E-04 ~29482E-08 131298-05 -2.215258-05 HO +58544E-02 +58544z-02 -43988E-02 —4.39892E-03, #2 +331398-03 +33139E-03 -29515E-04 2. 48999E-04 #20 :66217E+00 =66217E+00 +52704E+00 © 4.97540E-01 ° +38202E-03 +38202E-03 :27003E-03 -2.87042E-04 02 +331248+00 +331248+00 -46826n+00 2. 48887E-01 * Species mols for the atom populations in mola. Mixture properties: molal mass = 22.635 kg/kmol 2000.00 K P= 1.0133E405 Pa V = 7.2503E+00 m**3/kg 7B62E+06 S/kg «= ~4.0516E+06 J/kg S = 1,1988E+04 J/kg-K Made 0 (T,P) iterations; 4 equilibrium iterations; v 3.95 TBM-PC COMMENTS: Compare these results with those obtained in problem 2-24 to see the effects of incorporating the additional species H, O, and OH.FROBLEM 2-S2 GIVEN * propane -air combasthor. products at (ahi, FIM 1 The approximate pole frachras of Cox, Co, KO, #, H, OH, 02,0, Na ,NO md NM. fr Te blleomy cond tins ' List Nhe ecves from highes hwest yn Fraction. a) Grog | T=he b) B=/2,7= Fe Assumes 4 To. prodack ere m chemral gpuilibiva. Amkopot + Use. PRAMS rode whe Meche = —/05,24¢7 2T/kmole feel Solu : P08 Tye OK G- 2, hr & Species (1 Species Nz, 6.737 Na 069 Ayo 01s 4o Oss lop. OY Qe 6.0% co 0.0S¥ Oo 0.036 ~o Bxayn rt 2072 NO 250 gern OH ~~ Beoperk minor oH (800 eer H 2 porn pees | oO 20 ppm 40 24D pow be 252 gpm Oz 77 ppm D 7o ppm O° "2 ppt Ht BY pm N 1 ppb N Onl ppb Commas; Ueto the wlat Maaga-concentrat on 5co for Dane ond ot. D=0.8.problem Title: PROBLEM 2-57 PART A Data below are as read from the input file. Compare with INPUT.HP. If they do not agree, your input data have not been entered correctly. CARBON ATOMS 3.0 HYDROGEN ATOMS 8.0 OXYGEN ATOMS 0:0 NITROGEN ATOMS 0.0 EQUIVALENCE RATIO 0.800 ‘TEMPERATURE (K) guess 2000.0 PRESSURE (Pa) 101325.0 ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS (KJ/Ianol fuel) -103847.0 PLAME TEMP, & COMBUSTION PRODUCTS PROPERTIES Flame Temperature {K] = 2042.03 Mixture Enthalpy [J/kg] = ~0,11512+06 Mixture Specific Heat, Cp [J/kg-K] = 0,160011E+04 Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv = 1.2282 Mixture Molecular Weight [kg/Jaol] 28.3900 Moles of Fuel per Mole of Products = 0.03146029 ‘he mole fractions of the product species are: Hz 0,00003419 0: 0.00017639 N: —0.00000000 H2: 0,00025351 OH: 0.00180270 co: 0.00088887 NO: 0.00372180 02: 0.03750533 #20: 0.12466922 C02: 0.09349201 N2: 0.73745598 Problem Title: PROBLEM 2-§Z PART B Data below are as read from the input file. Compare with INPUT.HP. If they do not agree, your input data have not been entered correctly. CARBON ATOMS 3.0 HYDROGEN ATOMS. 8.0 OXYGEN ATOMS 0.0 NITROGEN ATOMS 0.0 QUIVALENCE RATIO 1.200 ‘TEMPERATURE (K) guess 2000.0 PRESSURE (Pa) 101325.0 ENTHALPY OF REACTANTS (KJ/kmol fuel) -103847.0 FLAME TEMP, & COMBUSTION PRODUCTS PROPERTIES Flame Temperature [K] = 2201.09 Mixture Enthalpy [J/kg] = -0.1685E+06 Mixture Specific Heat, Cp [J/kg-K] = 0.166262E+04 Specific Heat Ratio, Cp/Cv = 1.2304 Mixture Molecular Weight [kg/kmol] = 27.1613 Moles of Puel per Mole of Products = 0.04407123 ‘The mole fractions of the product species are: 0.00080465 0: 0,00002376 N: 0.00000001 0.02031565 OH: 0.00085746 CO: 0.05358114 0.00024014 02: 0.00007722 H20: 0.15513821 co2: 0,07863255 N2: 0.69032921PROBLEM 2.53 cronzz Tad K) hake) UA”) cp/ev vinx NE/Nprod mix xH xo xno Xow xo xno x02 xw20 xco2 Na, cronez Ted niris) ure) cpvev Moric NF /Nprod mix KH xo XN xHe Kou xco xno xo2 xH20 xooz ‘COMMENTS: PH = 0.75 1973.2 0.386408 1518 1239 28.67 .00962 1436-05 1186-08 5256-10 136-08 1266-03 4556-04 3516-03 004787 0.1051 0986 0.7458 Pa = 1.25 21799 1.386405 1608 1238 2726 ooras, 7506-08 1406-05 a.01e09 02331 6.096-08 o.0sea7 1546-08 3546-05 ses ores 0.6888 Pa = 0.75 P= 10atm e785 0.306404 1462 1248 23.68 o.00862 2.708-06 3.396-05 1.806-10 3.73608 7206-04 1S1E-08 315603 0.04706 ‘0.2085 0961 07461 pia = 1.25 P= 10am 2ra82 1.386405 1525 1251 27.28 ors 2506-04 1548-08 2776-098 0.02326 2.088-08 ose 5.23605, 3.93.06, 0.1391 0.0794 0.6893 Problem 2.55, PHI=0.75 P= 100 atm 19008 0.506404 1441 1282 23.69 0.00963 4936-07 1.25608 sa7eat 1.206-05 ASE08 438-05, 3.59603 0.04786 0.1057 ‘10362 7462 Palm 1.25 P= 100 am 21885 1.356405 1500 1.285 2728 0014s 8.02.05 1.596-07 9.0010 o.023es 657605, o.06848 1696-05 4.08607 0.1393 00796 06898 pia =1.0 Pata 22766 “1.106805 2287 1.163 2037 oorzsa 4.69608 3428-04 2576-08 302-03 0.00320 0.01380 00263 0.00634 0.1325 oan o7e67 Pal=1.0 Patoatm P 23201 “1106405 1981 1188 28.48 coors 1496-08 1116-08 1486-08 1756-03 0.00193 2.00850 ooze 0.00861 0.1351 ones 07298 1. AtTean,sticiometl rch condition, the effect of inereasing Pe to suppress Co, + Hy combustion equation * CyHy +402 43.2haN, > b60, +60 +d H,0 + 2H, 4 FO, 13.%ahy ae KAM _ 10+ 7%/u @ Tas 2/24 Pareto by = will sae far using water -gas shift Kp < ct xb eS d= 2a-2b-c = 2a-b-x H et Wz-Ad ~ We -lathex FO since combustion is Fuelrich leoKing act wacker -qas equilibrium CO+H,O > CO,t+ he Kp 2% 2 he {hm} - be Xeo Me Cd Vane od kp b(A-ath+x) 6e-b) (2a-b-X) rearranging 4 (Ik) b+ (ar 2a4 2aky HL +6Pkp- 2axkp) =o Solving this quadeatte equation for b* (raltc+x+ Va) tf [ral + xt ¥ HY (kon) k (axe) 2 kp-)) where only the negative Coot yields « physically realishe value of h (eb must he! pesidve) ” PE Gon tinued)Progiem 2-54 (contmued) the preceding, equation cam be selveh ly subshbing for A, x,y and Ky (hh mad ahll be dehernmal 4 : _ OCF Kp> cop [> ia Gpressng am approximate flame temperate of 2260 K gud assuming thet “Ky dosen't vary mach ever ® few hundrel degrees K 26: Fa, Fa, “OF, FE, at 2200 K+ OG, =€3%6346) r 0 - © 3ers%)-C n4ore) = 30260 se _ Boo Kp= exp [- aril ol (821209) | = 0.1925 Solving for be arid, KO Y= 2A, Ker o1Ws be S31 C= K-bt jo-SKl = 4.638 A® Zacbex? 24) - $3 -102 F484 = Wa ~ 2a tht x = M2) + 5.36 40 #1561 KeorX4, (©079G.02i) Check* Kp* Fo” 6.06% (0.138) Krol Comments + Fron this pblem we see that dissociation plays an important rele in determining the combustion product and Here fare, adiabake Flame temperatuce im a fuel-rich process, Compare these resulls ta problems 211 and Z20 where only slight disseciation decreased the adiabatic Flame temperature by approximately 130KPRoBiem 2-55 Given? A nehural ges Fired industrial boiler operates with excess air such thet the 0, concantration in the flue qases is 2% (val) offer remeval of the meictace in the combustion products, The Flue gas tenperctue witha air preheat js 700 k. Fwd: 2) equivalence ratte of system assummg natural gas if CH, 8) thermal efficiency of the huiler if air and fuel enter at ZPK (ne air. preheat) 2) With air preheat, the flue gases exit the prehecter at 433 K. Determine the thermal efficiency if fuel enters at 28K and aie enters the prehenter ot 248K A) assuming premned burner optratin,estimate the maximum Peaperaare in the combustion space with aie prehect (Pt) atm) ASSUMFTONS= no product dissiciachon, all energy lost by flue gases in preheater is transfered to air embers beiler, SKE F OPE are neqlibible, steady estate, Appromey + Determine the Ae rato ftom element conservation then use conservation of energy te oletermme the siler efficiency CH #20, 43.%aN, —e CO.+2H20 + 40, + 3%, Bag ie + O:,* Np, eee oe ©) combushon equation in. products Xo, = O-OR = Semel © atom conservation he a-i-t = a-2 i oO, He note hat the water is still meludeR jn te — O-atom conservation ever though it is not included in the measued O, mole fimehen substihatma ta-2 iwhe the definition of the 0, mle fFmehon az az OEY et el y pee > pe = AR Od4 ¢ Mb tog? Ta * 10.4 ' (ContinuedProbiem 2°55 (contraued) 1) defn He ile themal Fteny 2 = Gate 7 where Goyer is He heat trncfered by the boiler ah Queen fepresents the marciman possible heat trasfer (products at 29% K) schematic for first law analysis? ~~ ‘ 7 ee a i ' > ! ped, Tred ed boner OFSS@ | Teak! 2 L Prge , Te 288K 1 J ' t PREMEATER, ' i 1 ' 1 Fiest aw $20 condral volume t OW [EUR Ic -L0b Jpg ~ Ch Daw Lope : : 1 hee * Rag lM rpm ~ hres 7 Pose bose Me eas rat) eee ie Fir Ge Tod te) bs hp + G-he) = he Nie ro re ie i: zy be they, +2 _ + bh, + 3.%6ahe,, — From conbuaon equation = | Fans] + 2[2997) +0 Fo = -9772%0 Wun ey LE Be ee ee [-431) - 1o42 (e) for ro preheat (Toa? 700K)! h = he #(hohe) Nee cS Nea hie tf arse mya), t 2 E2400 + 14209) + 0.9 [o+ rset), + 2:23 [o ene), = 7304S Grste-fuel) (contmued]Rowen 2-SS (continued) Memtrual)? Gaueg* ~ TROIS = [- 4431] - 10.42 (2) =~ 655554 Yote Gel Bose. Jomee 2 — 65558 = 0,92 7 Brn Gees ~For4O4 2 ORZ] —witest pechest Oeuy eepeeh Giet ack eh an he) yh . he - Phare Dace + IP-arasict Sai), +2 Famers Mor], + ogo +4er8), + rabean] 7" hs 2 = = $2938) ncle-Fudl) amen? ~ 929357 ~[- 4B] e | = 10 (Dace = > 7545 "Thasere = — 7s 2 644 a “901407 4 | with preheat d) Estmate the waxmam gas tempembue in the combustton space with air preheat. Assume that this temperchut 's the adababic Flame temperature and thet the Flue gas Femporatue befor enbtrng entermg the preheater ic 700K (ie., fhe fenperafue of the Flue gas evdng the boiler remems coastat, weganlless of whether air pre-heat is used} First law for the preheater Ae + Hoe tng t Hose * Hew * bare Maia = Meg Hog t+ Hare per kwsle of fuel burned! Gourmuso) ahs, + 37%bahy = =PROBLEM 2-55" (continued) abe, + 3%ahy, = -73041s —[- 979357) = 99942 Yonde-fel) TU (These-fee) Aetermie adiahatic Flame temperature * Hp= Hae Hea + Have Hp= [-74831 40) + 99742 ote-Gel = Z4u "Yt foal Hp? Nhe t Zhyg + othe, + 92th, = IP 39396 + Ohya], + 2E2Hen tehs dy, $019 [orchan],, +823 [o¥sho) hans c*2th ans no + 0.91 thans,0, + 8.23 Shes, ~ 0135! "Sou Foal * R where Oheens = h-he and R=O fer correct selution Using pendix Ai TAK) R (endef) 200 97329 2300 - $0028 2400 = 2505 {Linear inherpalafion 2S00 423% J fe R20 welds T= 2405 K Commenrs: Measured conbushon product mele frachos are bpreally based on a “dey” mirtice since Ho is usually condensed out of the mixtue before the mixtue enters the measucng inshumentr. This t& Ho Fem cordening i the instruments an aang ig them, Also noke that the temperature im part ol is the upper lnmit > smce dissociakin 16 neslecka and He embushn prcees is assumed b le adiabakic :PROBLEM 2-56 GWEN: Cg tig products + Vey, = 0,06 lu) 5 Neg = 0-07 (uct) Finds ay @ 4) Yo, ASSuMATIONS & All of he Carbon The fuel is conerted G CDE Cty and all of the hydrogen te AO, Zé1, SOLLTIOW ig HX Ye = B+ 84 = DS 2)Ghs + BE Ora 7% mas|— £00, +100 +dhOr fOe + (2/876 (35) C-balance: Yes CH! (Ris = j0o mobs ) r= 7% We balence Zlse ad sp dm Ge 767 O-balance ¢ Fz spr + Br re L) (AEE = + tI tk Orerall ! By = 100 Be +s4 Beh «Ze WE = po or ff = 6S. RS ~ 4h) a) Substitute tb)» ti) a) CBE pape = one Whe Bb) f= ssies- HEE = 9.6360 [ Fd], | COMMENT + Wht-IS The corce cf Com alan produ mrtun ? | Perhaps irtanplete auxinge or insuffi efron regjlowee tim | Seonrut CO > 00, (See ch. 5) |PROBLEM 2-57 GEN: CHy [og burned t yield Co, Cor 0, He Dare FIND 2 & Mysture Cempesifin far T> /S0K 4 Mivbuedempeson for T= 25006 AssumeTions ; (look Ge mietyre popeomch + “hater gee shite" epurlibrism will control Tha Srnposifon % getie UPA Tex. relator Pprhios ia 4, $0 Da betetard sTreame . ch + F Oo > 62+ cCO+dKO+ eH Fb trary a é Beaters tog + Mon Helms Fy, #2 + oly, £ wy oe MO a Ne retort dens FBS ag aK Wi) 1 = n+ Tor + Mo ay Golibrinn corho Sc rh i) hes Neat 4) Fimablansoudly Zolre. x joie fr Ord evaded oA-T= '300K. Fam Table 2.3, Kp (iso d= 0.3887,PROBLEM = 2-S7 Ceoatinues ) Alternadivels MS. 2,72 2,73, 2,7#, 275 276 can be ee Solve. this prilen. “Ch,22) Using spreadshee& seftumre > we CO Tre Siloomg _ TE} %& Blo, 0 B40 BK | 1500 0. 38387 IB 20/0 422 245° 2500 0.622 ga 24.3 465 20.2 ComMEsTs : Rolefr vely Ange amoonts CO and. A are preducet Le ae cond is - The. effet of temperature is rot partreula ty hong,PROBLEMS 2:58 —Q6rX THIS SERIES oF PROBLEMS CAN BE USED AS & SNe PROTECTPeokiem 2-63 Guev: A furnace utliamg preheated air and operalmg at a mass air-fuel rato of Ib. The air is preheated to 600K and the fuel enters at Bao k. FInd: the adishatte Flame temperatire Assonmness + The Fillauny simplified Hermedynamse propeches apply Tref = 330K Mudg = MWg # Midagk = 29 Yes Ge> Pair * Crpak = 1200 Ykak héaie * Weprah =O hee 2 4x10” Yey jmae | Tpred APPRRCH: The a Gest lew analysis ov Ls w Wate TTod AGE tye, —> tht for Bare Para * te (1# Me) Fae = ig (M) mer rig (1) ths fy Tag hy? teby Hehe —* ony) [0%6 Cet» (M6) [016 Cha-Tedl, + mL he +6. (GT) (J#18[0 # Roo(y.-300)) = (6) [04200600 -305)) + (1) [410? + 1200 (300-309) solving foe Tog Tea = 2543 K comments: Beause of te singlified thermodynamic properties and tha fack heck iaplictlly there is mo disSecechon., redesing The air (AT=300) results in Ta bern. ‘ nearly 300K Ayfher (Shy = 263K), 26 the fuel were preheated Bo, then ATy =B00K voactig,PROBLEM 2-64 Nove? This problem an be used as a small pryect GEN)! Tey, = 296K 5 Ge HRSOK; Ke, = 0% AND ¢ Combinations o€ 6 FER 4 Tan Wick result ia Ty = SDK. ASSOMPTIONS ¢ FER composrhor. Based ot. ro lie soctation. 5 ratureh gas a Cy 5 Tran, mak = 100K. PPFRoACH tL) Use Vo, & determine. shithiomotry 4) Parla I fy (Eqn 24a) Ay debanne. reg ‘Le enthalpy of FER ut) Rlde Hien & Br t Fey Sotution) + For 10 dissociation, flue get compositor can be. obtened : CHy t FO45:7b Me) > Ca, + 20+ a+ E57 o-talime! 2(F)aararea ,a7B-2 (=) Giver Bf o,0n= A/C) tater Z0%)) @) Sinwtfaneous soleion gr r gielle t a= 0.93255 Q = 0.0458 N, = = 2(376) fot. = Neo +Nizo +N tM = / ea 4 02325 + 210Peoeiem 2-64 (continued) Nye FUG27 => FGR composibar + 0.2377 Neo = = 20,0860 Ne= Weeez = 0/0200 < Sos ~ BRS lige o.172D W- 22S, = omso Ih, hy + Map Age Thm) = Ay, yl MOe) ty (om) Mus My depente on bot The ombuctoe of The fuel ond Neer , a) Me () a2 "oe We use TREQUIL to determme Mep/Ae : output from TPBQUIL Bquil. Cale. for Specified Fuel, Phi, 7, & P Using Olikara/Boman Code Data below are as read from the input file Compare with INPUT.TP. If they do not agree, your input data have not been entered correctly. CARBON ATOMS 1.0 HYDROGEN ATOMS, a0 oxvcen 0:0 NITROGEN At 0.0. RLENCE RATIO 0.5858 ‘TEMPERATURE (K) 1950.0, PRESSURE (Pa) 301325.0 (CALCULATED COMBUSTION PRODUCTS PROPERTIES Mixture Enthalpy (J/ka] = 0.53285+06 Mbreure Specific Heat, Cp (s/ks-K) = 0, 158621E004 Specific Heat Ratio, 1.2360 Hiscure Polecula: Weight. Cka/imw] = 27.7295 Moles of Fuel per Mole of Products ovoasseas = AY, / No,PRoeem. 2-L4 (Continues) or Mere = 116357 ak Ner/Nrge = ess? =/0001 ~ Substitute UL thy IL § solve fer Mrge/Ne Neg _ (Medble) by, — Aal 2708) - rte) hin) a 8 bee ee es . rom — (Me Moon. ya See TPEQUIL. where ee Ot (MeL Me) ig 4502 ~(4e] Nee) bye, Ml = 6357 © 832.8 a) arias $4) = 11909 10> RI rane. 5 = Kee (29) = -74,23/ — STfhmee (Bible Bi). o,21(189 ) 7079(783 ) = 643 Zu 2 Cables 547) (Melber, = Cyl sse.8 )27295-= -14, 774 8T/hoee MY, = 20476) 2 AKT) = 10,62 Nye > 04h8 10,829 A. han Substtshag pomerseal values from absve ints Le Nese. 171909008 = (214,481) — 0627(73) _— — jos, 418 Ne Pre — (14774) Tyo + ST (@)PeoBiem 2-64 (contrsedt) Te complete ove Slrbot., we calealide Iygy Br 2. rage of tenperafures (330-00) 5 We. pat Maple 5 and cooly The dotinthon f F7% t Ce = M4 7Mp Aha wn =Crseliie) ffi ~ 64(Srea/tp) PrsaFon.) = ZU 4; Fae) Por example, at /200K , Aeaplieeoxd = 0,0860(- 373,546 + 44, Hee) + 0.1720 (- 241, YS + 34 VED + 0,020( 6 + 293775) + o.7L20 (0 + 24,1€ ) =~ 44782 KT omed Fan’) ak Fse) “hn Mele FRR, 330 —T4, bo 1-168 ISL 600 — 6S, $58 2.0 64 27 joo - SS) o6y 2.578 22,2 1/200 — 44, 18> BZ 50, LE Comm 7 es expected, less BFBR /'s copuired br cooler reeled gases.