HowdidliberalismandnationalismdevelopedoutoftheFrenchRevolution?

ManyideologiesdevelopedoutoftheFrenchRevolution,wheremanyradicalchanges
werecatalyzedinFrance.Firstly,enlightenmentideassparkedbyEnlightenmentthinkers
encouragedpeopletoquestionthegovernmentsysteminFrance.Liberalismdevelopedthrough
theFrenchRevolutionsinceitwasoneofthemaingoalsofthehistoricalevent.Thus,itplayed
amainroleintheFrenchRevolutionbecausetheinequalitybetweentheThirdEstateandthe
FirstandSecondEstatewasdrastic.Forexample,theThirdEstateneededtopayheavytaxes
whiletheFirstandSecondestatepaidnonetorelievethedebtofFrance.Thisgraduallycaused
theThirdEstatetofightforreformsinFrance,whichmotivatedtheradicalstosupportthe
liberalstooverthrowthemonarchy.Inshort,withmonarchyrulingthecountry,citizensdidnt
receiveindividualfreedom,orliberalism:thekeytoallowingcivilizationtomakeprogresswhile
theyaresatisfiedthewaytheyretreated.Lateron,nationalism,orthefeelingofnationalpride
andidentity,developedasaresultoftheFrenchRevolutionaryWarsandtheNapoleonicWars.
DuringtheFrenchRevolutionaryWars,FrancefoughtagainstotherEuropeanmonarchiesin
ordertodefenditsradicalchangesofthegovernment,whereKingLouisXVIofFrancewasin
dangerfromlosingpower.ThefightagainstotherEuropeanmonarchiesunitedthepeopleof
Francetocontributetothewareffortandspawnedthefeelingofnationalism.AstheNapoleonic
warsensued,nationalismspreadthroughEuropeasthepeopleofEuroperemainedloyalto
theirmonarchsandresentedforeignrules.Thefollowingparagraphswoulddescribehow
Enlightenmentthinkerssparkedtheideaofliberalism,howitcausedthepeoplethatwere
treatedunfairlyrebelled,andhowradicalsreformedthegovernmentforliberty.Furthermore,the

essaywilldiscusshowtheFrenchRevolutionarywarsspawnednationalism,andhowthe
NapoleonicWarscontinuedandspreadnationalismthroughoutEurope.

FollowingtheScientificRevolution(1500s1600s)wastheAgeofEnlightenment
(1700s1800s),alsoreferredtoastheAgeofReason.Insteadofbelievingeverythingthe
Churchsaid,peoplebegantobelieveinnaturallaw,orrulesdiscoverablebyreasonsinsocial,
economic,orevenpoliticalfields.Enlightenmentidealssupportedequality,liberty,andgeneral
will.Buttheintroductionofreasoningalsomadepeoplequestionthesystemofabsolute
monarchy,whetherthekingshouldwielddivinepowerwhilemosthadlittlerightsatall.

FirstinfluentialEnlightenmentthinker,or
philosophes
(philosophersinFrench)was
JohnLocke
.Hebelievedthateverymanhadnaturalrightstolife,liberty,andproperty,orthe
rightseveryonehaswhentheywereborn.Hence,heclaimedthatthegovernmentshouldnot
violatethesenaturalrights.Healsosoughttochangethegovernmentfromasystemof
absolutismtorepresentativedemocracyundertheruleoflaw.

Slowly,theideasstartedtospreadthroughEurope,influencingotherphilosophesmore
philosophesstartedtoattackthegovernment,suchasBarondeMontesquieu,whostudied
aboutthegovernmentsystemsinEurope.Hewasbestknownforsuggestingtodividethe
governmentintothreebranches:legislative,executive,andjudicial,andthateachbranchwould
beabletoserveasacheckontheothertwo
.
AnothergreatphilosophewasFranoisMarie
Arouet,alsoknownasVoltaire.Hedefendedtheprincipleofthefreedomofspeech,freedomof
religion,anddenouncedtheCatholicChurchspower,whichoffendedtheCatholicChurchand

Frenchgovernment,resultinginhisimprisonment.
Mytrade,
saidVoltaire,
istosaywhatI
think.

Littlebylittle,philosophesstartedtoquestionthesocietymore,ratherthanquestioning
thegovernmenttheystartedtodefinewhatahumanis,andwhatrightshe/sheshouldhave.
The
Encyclopedia
waspublishedduringtheAgeofEnlightenment,byDenisDiderot,who
producedasetofbooksincludingalltheinformationhecollectedformanyyears.Itspurpose
wastochangethegeneralwayofthinkingbyexplainingideasoftopics.Lastbutnotleast,
JeanJacquesRousseaubelievedthatpeopleintheirnaturalstatearebasicallygood.Hefelt
thatsocietyplacedtoomanylimitationsonpeoplesbehaviour,suchaspublicpressure,
becausethereweretoomuchlimitationsonapersonwillcausethepersontogiveuponlifeor
turnbadbutthisisnothis/hernaturalstate.Hestillbelievedthatsomecontrolwasnecessary
though,buttheyshouldbeminimalandwillnotpressuretheperson.Furthermore,healso
believedthatonlyfreelyelectedgovernmenthastherighttoimposethesecontrols.He
dedicatedallhisfaithintogeneralwill,oragovernmentselectedbythepeoplewiththeirwill.
Thegoodofthecommunityasawhole,shouldbeplacedaboveindividualinterests,hesaid.
Theseachievementsofthephilosophesshowthepatternofhowtheideaofliberalism
transformedfromquestioningthegovernmentsystemtodefiningtherightseachindividual
shouldhave.

ThesecondfactorthatcatalyzedthedevelopmentofliberalismthroughtheFrench
RevolutionwastheincreasingdifferencesbetweentheThirdEstate(madeupmostlyof
peasants)andtheSecond(madeupofclergy)andFirst(madeupofnobles)Estatesduetothe
economiccrisisinFranceandspecialprivilegeswieldedbytheFirstandSecondEstates.The

debtwascreatedfromFrancesparticipationintheAmericanRevolutionandgovernmentdeficit
spending(governmentspendingmoremoneythanitearned),resultedintheThirdEstatetobe
taxedheavilyandunfairly.As
TheDeclarationoftheRightsofManandCitizen
statedin
Article14:

Allthecitizenshavearighttodecide,eitherpersonallyorbytheir
representatives,astothenecessityofthepubliccontributionto
grantthisfreelytoknowtowhatusesitisputandtofixthe
proportion,themodeofassessmentandofcollectionandthe
durationofthetaxes.

Itshowshowimportantequalityontaxationwas,sincethereisonly17articlesinthe
declaration,andonlyoneofthemstressedthisissueparticularly.Thiswasbecauseonlythe
ThirdEstate,thepoorestworkingclassestateofFrance,weretaxed,whiletheFirstandSecond
Estates,madeupofthewealthiestfewwhoincurredFrancesdebt,werenottaxedand
remainedrichitwasunjustthattheThirdEstatehadtopayforwhattheFirstEstate,Second
estate,andthemonarchspent.Despitethat,therewerevariouscategoriesoftaxeson
everything!Thereweretwocategories:directedtaxesandindirecttaxes.Directedtaxesare
taxesthatarepaiddirectlytothegovernment,forinstance,
taille
(ataxonpropertyandgoods).
Indirecttaxesaretaxesthatarepaidtothegovernmentbytheselleroftheproduct,wherethe
selleraddthatontothepricesoftheproductstheyresellingtotheconsumersanexampleis
gabelle
(ataxonsalt).Saltwasoneofthemostimportantspiceincooking,becausefoodwith
salttastedbetterwhilefoodwithoutsaltitwasbland.Buttherisingtaxwasthemainreasonfor
theThirdEstatesdissent,thatgaveitthenameoftheunpopulartax.

Furthermore,theThirdEstate,whichconsistedofeightypercentofthepopulationin
France,wasfacinggreatfamine.ThisangeredthepeopleintheThirdEstate:


EverythingconspirestorenderthepresentperiodinFrancecritical:
the[lack]ofbreadisterrible:accountsarriveeverymomentfromthe
provincesofriotsanddisturbances,andcallinginthemilitary,to
preservethepeaceofthemarkets.
ArthurYoung,TravelsinFranceDuringtheYears17871789

Thestarvationwascausedbypoorharvestthroughouttheyear,resultingintheriseof
thepriceoffood(priceinflation),especiallybread,whichwastheonlyfoodthepeasantsand
mostotherpeopleoftheThirdEstatewereabletoaffordandconsume.Beingvirtuallyunableto
affordfoodfortheirfamilyirritatedtheThirdEstateevenmore.Riotssetoff,demandingbread
fromtherich.Agreatexampleofthiswas
theWomensMarchonVersailles,
wherewomen
fromthemarketplacesinParisrampagedoverthehighpriceandtheshortageofbreadand
marchedtoVersaillestodemandtheKingtohandoutbreadandmovetoParis.Moreover,
rumoursabouttheextravaganceoftheroyalfamily,ofhowtheroyalfamilypartiedalldaylong
withoutneedingtowork,spreadamongtheThirdEstate.Ontopofthat,eachmealwasserved
totheRoyalFamilywithanexceedingamountoffood.Thus,theuneatenfoodwasofteneither
thrownawayorfedtothedogsinsteadofbeinghandedtotheimpoverishedThirdEstate.In
short,theinequalitybetweentheThirdEstateandtheroyalfamilycausedtheThirdEstateto
startprotestingandrevoltingtofightforequalityandfreedomfromthegovernments
restrictionsonthem,morepreciselythegovernmentstaxationonthemtopayofftheroyal
familysexpense.

Lastbutnotleast,liberalismdevelopedasradicalistwhoalsosupportedittookpowerin
theNationalAssemblyandpushedforreformsthatliberalizedFrance.Thesereformsincluded
theDeclarationoftheRightsofMan,eradicationofnobilityandspecialprivileges,theCivil
ConstitutionoftheclergythatputtheFrenchCatholicChurchunderstatecontrol,andthe

establishmentoftheFrenchRepublic.Thesansculotteswasagroupofworkingclassmenand
womenintheFrenchsocietywhosupportedradicalactionsoftherevolution.Thesansculottes
supportedtheJacobins(arevolutionarypoliticalclubmadeupmostlyoflawyersand
intellectuals).TheJacobinsspreadtheirinfluenceandradicalideasbymeanssuchasusing
pamphleteersandsympatheticnewspapereditorstopushfortherepublicancause,controlling
theConvention
(theelectionofanewlegislativebodyformedbytheradicalists)tosetoutandto
erasealltracesoftheoldorder.Forexample,theyseizedlandsfromnoblesandabolishedtitles
ofnobility.TodealwiththethreatsFrancewasfacing,
theConventionestablishedthe
CommitteeofPublicSafety
.Theyplayedtheroleofacourtsystembeinginchargeofallthe
trialsandexecutionsandalsoissuedamasslevy(tax),
leveenmasse,
thatrequiredall
citizenstocontributetothewareffortagainsttheEuropeanstateswhodenouncetheFrench
Revolutionandenlightenmentvalues.

Lateron,theReignofTerrorbegunastheCommitteeofPublicSafetywasinstalled,
whichvirtuallywieldedabsolutepoweramongtheFrenchgovernment.Oneofthechief
architects(EllisandEsler,2015,Pg.225para.6)oftheReignofTerrorwasMaximilien
Robespierre,whobelievedthatitwasnecessarytogetridoftheobstacles,ortraitorslikeLouis
theXVI,thatpreventFrancefrombecomingarepublic.Asthespectatorsofexecutionskepton
shouting:
HailtheRepublic!
or
Deathtothetraitors!
Asshown,theradicalssuchasthe
JacobinstookpowerintheLegislativeAssemblytopushthroughradicalchanges,fromthe
issuingoftheDeclarationoftheRightsofMentothesettinguptheCommitteeofPublicSafety
toexecutetheenemiesoftheRepublic.Thereasonbehindthetrialsandexecutionsofthe
CommitteeofPublicSafetywerentjusttokilltraitorsthatdisagreewiththeRepublic,buttoalter
Francefromtheabsolutemonarchyintoarepublic(agovernmentruledbyelected

representatives).Thispresentshowtheradicalistsoverthrowoftheabsolutemonarchyand
takeoverofthegovernmentallowedreformstobepushedthroughinFrancethatprovided
equalityandlibertytothepeopleofFrancethisisthespreadofliberalism.Nationalismwould
soondevelopasFrenchpeopleunitedtofightagainstEuropeanmonarchieswhodespisedthe
spreadofliberalism.

Nationalismisthefeelingofnationalprideandidentityforthepeopleofacountry.
BeforetheFrenchRevolution,mostpeopleinFranceandEuropetendedtofeelclosertotheir
localruler,nobles,orbishopratherthanthekingorcentralgovernment.AstheFrench
Revolutionunrolled,thepeopleofFranceunitedasawholetofightagainstFrenchMonarchto
establishenlightenmentvaluesoflibertyandequalityformeninthegovernmentandlateron
EuropeanmonarchytodefendthenewFrenchgovernmentthatmaderadicalchangesincluding
theweakeningofthepowerofmonarchandchurch,demonstratingFrenchnationalism.The
NapoleonicWarscontinuedFrenchnationalism,wherethepeopleofFrancecontinuedto
contributetothewareffort,whiletheconquestofforeignlandssparkedresentmentfromthe
nonFrenchpopulation.Nationalismgrewasaresult,wherethepeopleoftheconqueredstate
remainedloyaltotheirmonarchsandunitedtofightagainstNapoleonsforces.Hence,
nationalismdevelopedthroughoutEuropeoutoftheFrenchRevolution.Theparagraphsbelow
willexaminemultipleprimarysourcesandeventsduringtheFrenchRevolutionaryWarsandthe
NapoleonicWarsthatwillevidentlyshowthegrowthofnationalismthroughouttheperiod.

TheFrenchRevolutiongrewfromtheThirdEstates,ormostoftheFrenchpopulations
hatredofinequalityandspecialprivilegeswieldedbytheFirstandSecondEstates,composed
ofnoblesandclergy.TheRevolutioncatalyzedgreatchangesinFrance,wherenobilitywas

eradicated,equalityofallmalecitizensbeforethelawwasdeclared,andthesettingupofa
limitedmonarchyalongwiththeLegislativeAssemblywhoselawmakerswereelectedbymale
taxpayers.(EllisandEsler,2015,pg.220para.1)ThisseriesofeventsduringtheFrench
Revolution,alongwithLouisXVIfailedattempttoescapefromFrancetootherEuropeanstates
demonstratedthattheprivilegesandpowersofthemonarchsandnobles,undertherevolution,
whollydisappeared.ManyrulersinEurope,includingCatherinetheGreatofRussiawhofeared
ofthespreadofrevolutionandKingLeopoldIIofAustriawhosupportedtheFrenchmonarch,
turnedhostileonFrance.MostofThirdEstate,thelargestgroupofpeopleinFrancebyfar,
supportedtherevolutionnationalismgrewinFranceasmostofitspeopleunitedunderthe
causeoffightingotherEuropeancountrieswhodenouncedtheirrevolution,bycontributingto
thewareffort,suchasjoiningtheFrenchArmy.

ThecausesfortheinitialgrowthofnationalismwerelaidbytherulersofEuropewho
denouncedtheFrenchRevolutionandturnedhostileonFrance.CatherinetheGreat,whoonce
wasanenlightenmentdespot,oranabsoluterulerwhoacceptedenlightenmentsideasand
usedherpowertobringaboutsocialorpoliticalchange,burnedthelettersofVoltaire(aFrench
Enlightenmentthinker)andlockeduphercriticsinresponsetotheFrenchRevolution,which
intimatelyreflectedenlightenmentvaluessuchasnaturalrightsandgeneralwill.(Ellisand
Esler,2015,Pg.220para.6)CatherinetheGreatandmanyotherEuropeanrulersdenounced
theFrenchRevolutionandtriedtopreventsuchkindofeventsfromhappeningintheirstate
becausetheybelieveditsradicalchangesthreatenedtheirauthority.Moreover,KingLouisXVI
andhisroyalfamilysinterceptionatVarennesduringtheirschemetoescapeshowedthe
powerlessnessofmonarchsunderthenewgovernmentoftherevolution.Itcausedthebrother
ofMarieAntoinette,thewifeofLouisXVI,LeopoldIItheEmperorofAustria,toissuethe

declarationofPillnitzalongwithKingFrederickWilliamIIIofPrussia.Thefollowingisanexcerpt
fromthedeclaration:

...usethemostefficientmeansinrelationtotheirstrengthsto
placetheKingofFranceinapositiontobetotallyfreeto
consolidatethebasesofamonarchicalgovernmentthatshall
beasamenabletotherightsofsovereignsasitistothe
wellbeingoftheFrenchnation.Inthiscasethen,theirsaid
Majesties,theEmperorandtheKingofPrussiaareresolved
toactquickly,inmutualagreement,andwiththeforces
necessarytoachievetheproposedandcommongoal.
Meanwhile,theyshallissuetheirtroopsthenecessaryorders
topreparethemforaction.(FrederickWilliamIII,2015,Para
1)

Inthedeclaration,AustriaandPrussiamakeknownthattheywilluseforcewhennecessaryto
consolidatetheFrenchMonarchspower,whichfurtherincreasedthetensionsbetweenFrance
andAustria,Prussia.Francetookthedeclarationasacallforwar,andsoon,theFrench
LegislativeAssemblydeclaredwaronAustriaandPrussiathenonBritainandtheNetherlands.
Asshown,theEuropeanrulershostileactionstowardstheFrenchRevolutionandthenew
FrenchgovernmentresultedFrancetodeclarewar.Forexample,AustriaandPrussiasupportof
KingLouisXVI,unpopularamongtheThirdEstate,thelargestestateinFrancebyfar,is
virtuallyworkingagainstthegovernmentandpeopleofFrance.Asthewarwasdeclared,the
CommitteeofPublicSafetyofFranceissuedLeveeenMasse,whichpreparedFranceforwar
againstPrussiaandAustriabyestablishingamilitaryconscription.(FordhamInternetHistory
Sourcebook,2015,Para.1)ThiswillsparknationalisminFranceastheFrenchpeopleare
calledontofightwarsandcontributetothewarefforttodefendtheirnationfromtyranny.

AsFrancedeclaredwaronotherEuropeanstatesinresponsetotheirhostility,the
governmentofFrancecalledonitspeopletouniteandcontributetothewareffort.Onefamous

exampleofsuchdocumentistheLeveeenMasse,whichwasissuedbytheCommitteeof
PublicSafety,themostpowerfulcommitteeoftheFrenchgovernmentatthetime.Itcalledfor
themilitaryconscriptionandnationalunityofFrance,asshownbyitsfirstclause:

1.Fromthismomentuntilthatinwhichtheenemyshallhave
beendrivenfromthesoiloftheRepublic,allFrenchmenarein
permanentrequisitionfortheserviceofthearmies.Theyoung
menshallgotobattlethemarriedmenshallforgearmsand
transportprovisionsthewomenshallmaketentsandclothing
andshallserveinthehospitalsthechildrenshallturnoldlinen
intolinttheagedshallbetakethemselvestothepublicplacesin
ordertoarousethecourageofthewarriorsandpreachthe
hatredofkingsandtheunityoftheRepublic.(France
CommitteeofPublicSafety,2015,Clause1)

TheLeveeenMassedemonstratedFrenchnationalismthroughthecallingofallFrenchpeople
totheirduty,whethertheyareyoungmen,marriedmen,women,children,oroldpeople.Asa
result,FrenchnationalunitygrewasallFrenchpeopledevotedthemselvesforthecauseof
helpingFrancewinthewarwhilefeudalscompletelydisappeared.TheLeveeenMassewas
successfulinprovokingnationalprideandcommitmentnationalismburgeonedamongFrench
people.ThiscanbeshownbyasongFrenchrevolutionariessangwhenmarching,
La
Marseillaise
:
Letusgo,childrenofthefatherland
OurdayofGloryhasarrived.
Againstusstandstyranny,

Theroarofthesesavagesoldiers
Theycomerightintoourarms
Tocutthethroatsofyoursons,
yourcountry.
Toarms,citizens!

Thattheirimpureblood
Shouldwaterourfields
Sacredloveofthefatherland

Fightwithyourdefenders.
Underourflags,sothatvictory

Willrushtoyourmanlystrains
Thatyourdyingenemies
Shouldseeyourtriumphandglory
(
ClaudeJosephRougetdeLisle,2015,Song)

Thesong,writtenbyClaudeJosephRougetdeLisle,originallynamed
WarSongfortheRhine
Army
,waslaterdubbed
LaMarseillaise
asitwassungbyrevolutionarysoldiersmadeupof
volunteersastheymarchedfromtheportcityofMarseillaisetoParis.
Thelyricsurgedthe
Frenchpeopletouniteandfightagainsttyrannyandincludedmanypatrioticwordssuchas:
Againstusstandstyranny,Sacredloveofthefatherland,andUnderourflags.
La
Marseillaise
,asymbolofnationalismsinceitdemonstratesrevolutionariespassiontodefend
FranceagainstEuropeantyranny,demonstratedthegrowthofFrenchnationalismandwaslater
sungbythesonsanddaughtersofFrancemarchingofftowardsthebattlefronts.Itwaslater
adoptedastheFrenchNationalanthem.Overall,FrenchnationalismgrewasEuropeanhostility
increasedthetensionsbetweenFranceandEurope,resultingintheFrenchRevolutionaryWars
whereFranceinitiallyfoughtagainstAustriaandPrussia,butlateronotherEuropeanstates.
Underthewar,LeveeenMassecalledonallFrenchpeopletounitetodefendtheRepublicfrom
otherEuropeanstates.LaMarseillaiseisanexampleoftheresultingFrenchnationalism,which
patriots,volunteers,andsoldierssingtoexpresstheirFrenchnationalprideandhatredof
tyrannythecausetheyfightfor.AstheFrenchRevolutionaryWarsdraggedon,the
NapoleonicWarsensuedinwhichFranceratherthandefendingitself,beguntoconquerforeign
states.AsFrenchnationalismburgeoned,nationalidentityspreadthroughoutEurope.

NapoleonBonaparte,amilitarygeneralwhobecameaFrenchemperor,continuedthe
wars,whereFrance,ratherthandefendingitself,startedtoinvadeotherEuropeanstates,with
Napoleonhimselfleadingthewaytoconquest.NationalismwasevidentinFrance,asthe

peoplefeelproudofFrancesexpandingpowerwhereitconqueredBelgium,Netherlands,and
partsofGermanyandItaly(EllisandEsler,2015,Pg.232para.4)whilecontrollingSpainand
theHolyRomanEmpire.TheNapoleonicWarsfurtherstrengthenedFrenchnationalismwhile
spreadingitthroughoutEurope,asthepeopleoftheconqueredstatesunitedasanationto
overthrowforeignrule.

FrenchnationalismsgrowthunderNapoleoncanclearlybeseenthroughtheFrench
peoplessupportofNapoleonuniformlyandNapoleonsuseofnationalpridetoencouragehis
soldierstobattle.First,Napoleonwongreatpowerashesuccessfullywonmanybattlesfor
France.Frenchpeopleprovidedtheirsupportforhimbyvotingtoelevatehispower,
demonstratingnationalisminwhichpeoplefeelprideintheirnationssuccessfulwarsagainst
therestofEurope.Second,nationalismisprevalentamongFrenchsoldiers,whichiswhy
Napoleonoftenusedpatrioticwordstoraisehistroopsmorale,urgingthemtofightferventlyfor
theirnation.ThefollowingisanexcerptfromaspeechNapoleongavetohistroopsinItaly:

Inafortnightyouhavewonsixvictories,takentwentyone
standards,fiftyfivepiecesplainsintheworld.Richprovinces,
greatofartillery,severalstrongpositions,andconqueredthe
richestpartofPiedmont[aregioninnorthernItaly]youhave
captured15,000prisonersandkilledorwoundedmorethan
10,000men....Youhavewonbattleswithoutcannon,crossed
riverswithoutbridges,madeforcedmarcheswithoutshoes,
campedwithoutbrandyandoftenwithoutbread.Soldiersof
liberty,onlyrepublicanphalanxes[infantrytroops]couldhave
enduredwhatyouhaveendured.Soldiers,youhaveour
thanks!Thegrateful
Patrie
[nation]willoweitsprosperityto
you....(Bonaparte,2015,Para1,2)

Napoleoniswellknownforhisgreatskillsonhowtomaneuverpeoplesemotions.Inhis
speech,heusedthegratefulnationtoexpressappreciationforhissoldiershardworkon

fighting.Napoleonsuseofthegratefulnationasawaytoencouragesoldiersshowshow
nationalismispresentinFrenchsoldiers,sinceonlywouldusingfightingforonesnationbea
reasonablecauseifthesoldiersarepatrioticandwieldnationalpride.

AsNapoleonconqueredotherEuropeanstates,nationalismworkedagainsthimasit
spreadthroughthenonFrenchpeopleunderhiscontrol.TheSpanishsupportedtheirformer
monarchswhiletheGermanpeopleresistedtheFrenchimpositionofFrenchcultures.(Ellisand
Esler,2015,Pg.234para4,5,6)ThespreadofnationalismencouragedrevoltsagainstFrench
control.First,thePeninsularWarwasprovokedinSpainwhenNapoleonreplacedtheSpanish
monarchwithhisbrother,JosephBonaparte.Nevertheless,theSpanishpeopleremainedloyal
totheformerSpanishkingandconductedrevoltsagainstFrenchsoldiers.Somerebelsfought
guerrillawars,whichismadeupofsmallscale,inconsistentattacks,andhidingfromtheenemy
aftertheattack,whichweakenedNapoleonstroops.ThePeninsularWarwasaresultof
nationalisminSpain,wheretheSpanishunitedtofightfortheirindependence.Second,asthe
manystatesofHolyRomanEmpireunitedtorepelFrenchrule,nationalismgrewintheempire.
Asaresult,thestatesoftheHolyRomanEmpireeventuallyofficiallyunitedduringtheCongress
ofViennaundertheGermanConfederation.Asshown,theNapoleonicWarsnotonly
strengthenedFrenchnationalism,butfurtherspreaditasthepeopleoftheconqueredstates
unitedasanationtorepelforeignrule.

Inconclusion,bothliberalismandnationalismdevelopedoutoftheFrenchRevolution.
LiberalismdevelopedfromtheAgeofEnlightenmenttotheFrenchRevolution.DuringtheAge
ofEnlightenment,theideaofliberalismsuchasthequestioningofthegovernmentsystems,
naturalrights,andsocialequalityweregraduallybuiltupbytheEnlightenmentphilosophes.

Meanwhile,throughouttheFrenchRevolution,theThirdEstatestartedtorealizethesituation
theywerein,anddecidedtopushthroughreformsbydemandingequalityandnaturalrights.
Lastly,liberalismdevelopedbytheradicalistswhotookpowerintheFrenchLegislative
Assemblyandtookactiontoreformthegovernment,suchasconvertingFranceintoarepublic
whichallowedalltaxpayingmentovote.Ontheotherhand,nationalismdevelopedfromthe
FrenchRevolutionaryWarsandtheNapoleonicWars.DuringtheFrenchRevolution,European
rulersturnedhostiletowardFrancewhileFrancerespondedbydeclaringwarinitiallyonAustria
andPrussia.FrenchnationalismgrewduetoitspeoplessupportoftherevolutionandRepublic
otherEuropeanstatesdenounced.AstheLeveeenMassewasissued,itcalledonmilitary
conscriptionandcontributiontowareffort.Frenchpeoplesangpatrioticsongsandmarched
bravelytowar,showingtheirnationalpride.AstheNapoleonicWarsfollowed,French
nationalismcontinuedtobuildinFrancewhileitspreadtoNapoleonoccupiedstatessuchas
SpainandtheHolyRomanEmpire,wherepeopleremainedloyaltotheirformermonarchs,and
foughtwarsasastatetoregainindependence.Insummary,liberalismdevelopedthroughthe
establishmentofEnlightenmentvalues,theinequalityinFrancebetweentheEstatesbeforethe
FrenchRevolution,andtheradicalreformsoftheJacobinsandotherradicalpoliticalfactions
ontheotherhand,nationalismdevelopedinFrancefromtheFrenchRevolutionaspeople
unitedagainstEuropeanstates,whiletheNapoleonicWarsspreadnationalismthroughEurope
asEuropeanstatesfoughtwarstoregainindependence.Liberalismandnationalismare
importantbeliefspresentinmoststatestoday,butdidnotmatureuntiltheFrenchRevolution.

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