TNG LIN ON LAO NG VIT NAM

TRNG I HC TN C THNG

KHOA MI TRNG V BO H LAO NG

QU TRNH CNG NGH MI TRNG

CHUYN 09:

B LC NHANH TRNG LC
GVHD: Ts PHM ANH C
SVTH: L TH THU HNG
INH TH THU HNG
PHAN TH HNG

MSSV: 91202019
91202018
91202281

TP.HCM, thng 11 nm 2014.

Mc lc
K HOCH THC HIN.................................................................................... 1
1. Mc tiu v phm vi : .................................................................................... 1
2. Ni dung ......................................................................................................... 1
3. Phng php nghin cu............................................................................... 1
LI M U ........................................................................................................ 2
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN .................................................................................. 3
1.1. Lch s lc ................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Gii thiu v qu trnh lc .......................................................................... 3
1.3. Phn loi lc ................................................................................................ 4
1.3.1. Theo vt liu lc .................................................................................... 4
1.3.2. Theo dng chy qua lp vt liu lc...................................................... 4
1.3.3. Theo tc lc ...................................................................................... 4
1.3.4. Theo c ch iu khin dng chy ........................................................ 4
1.4. B lc nhanh trng lc ................................................................................ 4
1.4.1. Gii thiu v b lc nhanh trng lc..................................................... 4
1.4.2. C ch ca qu trnh lc: ...................................................................... 5
1.4.3. Vt liu lc ............................................................................................ 6
CHNG 2. LC CT NHANH TRNG LC ................................................ 7
2.1. Vt liu lc ................................................................................................... 7
2.1.1. ng knh hiu dng:......................................................................... 9
2.1.2. H s ng nht .................................................................................. 10
2.1.3. rng ............................................................................................... 11
2.2. Thit k b lc ct nhanh trng lc .......................................................... 12
2.2.1. c tnh su ca ct....................................................................... 13
2.2.2. Kch thc lp si : ........................................................................ 14
2.2.3. c tnh phn phi kch thc c ht : ............................................. 15
2.2.4. Tnh ton thit k mng nc ra ...................................................... 15
2.2.5. Thit k h thng thu nc lc bn di: ........................................... 16
2.2.6. Tnh ton tn tht p sut trong b lc ............................................... 17

2.3. Thau ra b lc ......................................................................................... 17

2.3.1. Gii thiu chung v thau ra b lc.................................................... 17
2.3.2. K thut thau ra b lc ( ra ngc). ............................................... 20
2.3.3. Quy nh i vi thau ra b lc. ....................................................... 21
2.3.4. Chu trnh ra ngc( thau ra lc).................................................... 22
2.3.5. Cc phng php thau ra lc ........................................................... 23
2.3.6. Tnh ton tc thau ra lc.............................................................. 24
2.3.7. Tnh ton gin n b lc ..................................................................... 25
CHNG 3. VN HNH V BO TR B LC ........................................... 26
3.1 Cc yu t nh hng n hiu qu ca qu trnh lc ............................. 26
3.2. Vn hnh v bo tr b lc: ...................................................................... 26
3.3. Cc vn trong vn hnh b lc ............................................................ 28
3.3.1. B sung ha cht trc lc ................................................................. 28
3.3.2. Kim sot lu lng lc ...................................................................... 28
3.3.3. Thau ra lc........................................................................................ 29
3.4. u v nhc im ca b lc ct nhanh trng lc .................................. 31
3.4.1. u im ............................................................................................... 31
3.4.2. Nhc im ......................................................................................... 31
CHNG 4. NG DNG CA B LC NHANH .......................................... 32
TRNG LC ...................................................................................................... 32
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................... 34

K HOCH THC HIN

1. Mc tiu v phm vi :
Mc tiu nghin cu : Tnh ton thit k b lc nhanh, ng dng ca b lc trong
i sng v qu trnh vn hnh, bo tr b lc.
Phm vi nghin cu : B lc nhanh trng lc.
2. Ni dung
Chuyn i su vo nghin cu v cch phn loi b lc, tnh ton thit k b lc
nhanh trng lc, qu trnh thau ra v vn hnh b lc. ng thi chuyn cn
nghin cu v u v nhc im ca b lc nhanh trng lc so vi cc loi b lc
khc trong x l nc.
3. Phng php nghin cu
- Hnh thnh tng dn bi, cc ni dng cn thit cho chuyn
- S dng cc bi bo nc ngoi c cng b, chn lc nhng thng tin hay,
mi, hiu qu xy dng chuyn . ng thi tham kho cc ti liu c lin quan
nhm h tr kin thc trong qu trnh thc hin. Kt hp s dng cc thng tin ph
hp, mi l, xc thc.
- Tham kho ti liu ting vit v ging vin nm chc thng tin.
- Chnh sa bi lm.

LI M U
Ti nguyn nc l thnh phn ch yu ca mi trng sng, gp phn vo s
thnh cng trong cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi,
bo m quc phng, an ninh quc gia. Hin nay, ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu
him v quan trng ny ang phi i mt vi nguy c nhim v cn kit. Nguy
c thiu nc, c bit l nc ngt v nc sch l mt him ha ln i vi s
tn vong ca con ngi cng nh ton b s sng trn tri t. Do , con ngi
cn phi c cc bin php bo v v s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn nc. Phi
gi cho ngun nc sch, thm ch hng tng git nc; ti ch nc bn thnh
nc sch. Vai tr ca nc i vi sn xut v i sng l v cng quan trng
nhng hin nay vn t ra vi chng ta l phi bo v ngun nc nht l nc
ngt mt cch trit nht v cuc sng ca chng ta v tng lai .Chnh v vy
p ng nhu cu s dng nc cho ngi dn th vic x l nc cp l ht sc quan
trng m bo cht lng ca b Y T quy nh. Hin nay c nhiu phng
php x l nc, bn cnh mt s phng php hin i nh tuyn ni, phng
php mng th phng php lc truyn thng vn c p dng rng ri cho cc nh
my x l nc v t hiu qu cao. cng l ni dung chuyn m nhm chng
ti hng n Nghin cu v b lc nhanh trng lc

CHNG 1. TNG QUAN

1.1. Lch s lc
Mt th k trc lc nc hu nh khng cn thit. Cc con sng thng sch s v
khng b nhim. Nc c ly t sng bng tay hoc bng my bm n gin v
c s dng bi con ngi m khng c bt k hnh thc thanh lc no. Do s gia
tng dn s v ngnh cng nghip nc sng tr nn nhim v thanh lc nc
tr nn cn thit. Ban u b lc ct chm c s dng. cc b phn ca b lc
bao gm v ln, c cha ct, vi mt ng ng thot nc pha di. Sau ,
mt lng nc khng l cn x l gy ra mt mong mun cho mt k thut lc
nhanh hiu qu hn.
K thut mi ny c gi l lc ct nhanh, trong yu cu b mt lc t hn rt
nhiu. Tuy nhin, phng php lc ct nhanh yu cu v ngi qun l nhiu hn v
lm sch cc b lc c thc hin bng cch ra ngc m i hi phi c my
bm nc v khng kh. Ngoi ra, vic xy dng cc nh my lc phi c thay
i cho php cc b lc ra ngc vi nc v khng kh.
1.2. Gii thiu v qu trnh lc
Lc l qu trnh truyn nc qua cc lp vt liu loi b cc ht v cc tp cht
khc, bao gm cc bng keo t t ngun nc a vo x l. Nhng tp cht bao
gm cc ht l lng ( bn mn v t st), vt cht sinh hc ( vi khun, sinh vt ph
du, bo t, u nang, hoc vt cht khc) v cc bng keo t. Cc vt liu c s
dng trong cc b lc cung cp nc cng cng bnh thng l lp ct, than ,
hoc cc dng vt liu khc). Qu trnh lc c th c phn thnh 2 loi ( theo vn
tc lc) l: lc nhanh v lc chm. Lc chm l hnh thc lc u tin. c xy
dng bi John Gibb ca Paisley, vo nm 1804 x l nc cho phn xng ty
trng khu vc Scotland. Lc ct chm c s u tin x l nc cho sng
Thames London vo nm 1820. T khong nhng nm 1930 x l nc bi keo
t v lc nhanh trng lc hoc lc p lc c xu hng thay th lc ct chm trong
mt nh my x l nc, trong mt s trng hp lc ct chm c thay th bng
b lc nhanh trng lc.
Lc c th c so snh nh mt ci ry hoc vi lc m gi li cc tp cht gia cc
ht lc ca lp vt liu lc. Tuy nhin, v hu ht cc ht l lng c th d dng i
qua khng gian gia cc ht ca lp vt liu lc, hp ph l qu trnh quan trng
nht trong lc.
Lc ch yu ph thuc vo s kt hp ca c ch vt l v ha hc phc tp, quan
trng nht l s hp th. S hp ph l qu trnh ca cc ht dnh vo b mt ca
cc ht lc ring l hoc vo cc vt liu lng ng trc . lc ht v gi cc ht
vo cc ht cng ging nh nhng ngi lm vic trong keo t v kt bng. Trong
3

thc t, keo t v kt bng c th xy ra trong cc b lc, c bit l nu keo t v

kt bng trc khi lc khng c kim sot ng cch. cha hon thnh keo t c
th gy ra vn nghim trng trong hot ng ca b lc.
1.3. Phn loi lc
1.3.1. Theo vt liu lc
- Vt liu lc n (ct hoc than)
- Vt liu lc kp (than v ct)
- a vt liu lc (than, ct, garnet)
B lc a lp vt liu lc l loi lc tt hn ht trong cc loi lc.
Khi lng l rng c sn l ti a u lc v gim dn n mc ti thiu ti
di cng ca b lc.
1.3.2. Theo dng chy qua lp vt liu lc
B lc trng lc: M ca cho khng kh. Dng chy qua lp vt liu lc t c
bng trng lc
B lc p sut: Lp vt liu lc c cha trong bnh chu p sut. Nc c
chuyn giao cho b cha di p lc.
1.3.3. Theo tc lc
- Lc ct nhanh
- Lc ct chm
1.3.4. Theo c ch iu khin dng chy
- Tc khng i (p sut lin tc hoc p sut thay i)
- T l gim dn ( p sut lin tc hay p sut thay i)
1.4. B lc nhanh trng lc
1.4.1. Gii thiu v b lc nhanh trng lc
Cc b lc nhanh trng lc thng c s dng trong x l b mt ngun cung
cp nc. N bao gm mt cu trc cha cc n v, cc lp vt liu lc b, mt
h thng thot nc pha di, mt h thng ra lc, v mt h thng x l cht
thi. Din tch lc nn c chia thnh t nht hai n v ring bit cho php hot
ng linh hot. Mt s hnh thc tin x l nc th, nh lng ng trm tch,
thng l cn thit.
Trong qu trnh lc, nc chy ln trn cng ca cc lp vt liu lc v c iu
khin thng qua bng trng lc. Trong khi i qua khng gian nh hp gia cc ht
4

ca b lc, cc tp cht c loi b. Nc tip tc ng i thng qua cc si h

tr, i vo di h thng thot nc h thng, v sau chy vo h cha. N l
lp vt liu lc, bao gm ct hoc than antraxit, m thc s loi b cc tp cht
khi nc. Cc lp vt liu lc thng xuyn c lm sch bng mt qu trnh ra
ngc.[3]
1.4.2. C ch ca qu trnh lc:
C ch sng:
- Ht> khng gian l rng ca lp vt liu lc th cc tp cht chn p ra khi lp
vt liu lc bng phng php c hc.
- Ht < khng gian l rng ca lp vt liu lc th cc tp cht b mc kt li trn
lp vt liu lc bi s tip xc ngu nhin.
Lng ng trm tch
Ht nh c trn cc phng tin lc.
S va chm
Ht nng s khng tun theo cc dng chy.
Ngn chn
Cc ht di chuyn dc theo dng nc c loi b khi chng tip xc vi b mt
ca mi trng lc
bm dnh
Cc ht keo t gn lin vi lp vt liu lc khi chng i qua lp lp vt liu lc.
S hp ph (ha hc hoc vt l hoc c hai):
Khi mt ht c a vo tip xc vi b mt ca lp vt liu lc hoc vi cc
ht khc.
Keo t
Ht ln vt qua cc ht nh hn, gia nhp vo nhau, v hnh thnh nhng phn t
ln hn.
Tng trng sinh hc
Tng trng sinh hc trong b lc s lm gim khi lng l rng v c th tng
cng vic loi b cc nhng ht vi bt k c ch loi b trn.
Cht tp trung trn b mt ca mi trng lc + cht dinh dng c sn Sinh vt
bt u pht trin trn b mt ca b lc. Mt tm thm c hnh thnh c cha
cht nht '' zoogleal '' sinh vt c gi l '' Schmutzdecke ''.[9]
5

1.4.3. Vt liu lc
Bng 1.1: c im ca cc vt liu lc in hnh
Vt liu

Phm vi kch Trng lng ring

thc (mm)

Ct thng thng

0.5-0.6

2.6

Ct th

0.7-3.0

2.6

Than antraxit / than

1.0-3.0

1.5-1.8

Si

1.0-50

2.6

Hai yu t quan trng nh gi v la chn vt liu lc:

- Yu cu v thi gian loi b c thng qua cc b lc.
- Thi gian cn thit cho cc b lc hn ch c tn tht ban u.
Nu tn tht p lc c hn ch thng xuyn v c tng t ngt him khi x
ra th kch thc vt liu lc ln c th c xem xt. Nu c thng xuyn
tng t ngt v tn tht ban u l him khi gp phi th kch thc vt liu lc
nh c th c xem xt.

CHNG 2. LC CT NHANH TRNG LC

Lc ct nhanh trng lc l mt phng php vt l lm sch nc ung trn mc
tp trung ( hoc bn tp trung).
2.1. Vt liu lc
Cc vt liu lc ph bin trong lc nhanh trng lc l ct, trong pha trn c mt
lp nguyn liu than hoc lp tng t nh ct nhm cung cp khong khng gian
trng lu tr cc tp cht trong nc. Hn hp lp vt liu lc nng cao hn na,
trong 1 lp granet hoc cc vt liu tng t c t dy t di ct. Vt liu
tr khc cng c th c s dng nh: than hot tnh, si thng c s dng
h tr cc phng tin truyn b lc, c tnh mong mun cho cc vt liu lc nh
sau:
c im thy lc tt (thm);
Khng phn ng vi cc cht trong nc (tr v d dng lm sch);
Cng v bn cao;
Loi b tp cht;
Khng tan trong nc.
Si c s dng h tr cc b lc ct v cng cn phi c nhng c im nh
trn. N c ty chnh cho ng nht vi b lc ct nhanh chng c v quy m v
hiu qu. Mt tiu chun Anh cho cc c im k thut, ph duyt v th nghim
cc nguyn liu lc nhanh trng lc c cng b bi ngi Anh. Hip hi nc
v nc thi ra 6 tiu chun nhm mc ch bao gm tt c cc vt liu dng
ht c s dng trong lc nhanh trng lc, v cc thng s cn thit cho thnh
cng trong hot ng ca h thng lc bao gm lc ngc.

Hnh 2.1. Vt liu lc

Bng 2.1. c im ca vt liu lc
Vt liu

Hnh
dng

Mt

tng i
rng
(%)

ng knh
hiu dng
(mm)

Ct silic

Trn

2.65

42

0.4-1.0

Ct silic

Gc cnh

2.65

53

0.4-1.0

Ct ottawa

Hnh cu

2.65

40

0.4-1.0

Si silic

Trn

2.65

40

1.0-50

Hng ngc(garnet)

3.1-4.3

Than antraxit nghin nt

Gc cnh

Nha

La chn c im bt k
8

1.50-1.75

0.2=0.4
55

0.4-1.4

Thng thng,vt liu lc ct nhanh chng l ct. Tuy nhin, hnh thc vt liu lc
khc c s dng v nhng l do c th.
Ct c xc nh bi:

H s

Khong cht - thng l silic (cn gi l thch anh)

Kch thc ti thiu - tt c cc ht c gi li trn mt ci ry c bit
Kch thc ti a - tt c cc ht lt qua sng kch thc khu c bit
d60 - ng knh trong 60% (theo khi lng) ca cc ht nh hn
d10 - ng knh trong 10% (theo khi lng) ca cc ht nh hn

Tnh ng nht t l d60 / d10

hnh dng ht - thng l ph gc hoc trn
2.1.1. ng knh hiu dng:
Kch thc ht l yu t c trng chnh nh hng n hot ng ca b lc. N
nh hng n tn tht p sut trong qu trnh lm sch nc, s tch t ca tn tht
p sut trong vn hnh b lc

Hnh 2.2 .Lp vt liu lc trong lc nhanh trng lc

Hnh 2.3. Phn phi tn s tch ly

2.1.2. H s ng nht
Hiu qu kch thc v h s ng nht b b qua v tham s mi, kch thc thy
lc, c xc nh. Cc tham s ny c th c s dng trong tnh ton cc
ngng tng si, cc im ra ngc ni thy lc ( p lc) mt qua vt liu lc.
Phn tch ry sng:
Tm sng c t trong th t tng dn vi m ln nht trn u v m nh
v pha di.
Va c t trn ry trn v cc ngn xp chng ln nhau rung chuyn
trong 1 thi gian quy nh.

Vo cui giai on run khi vt liu gi li trn mi sng c xc nh

Khi lng tch ly c ghi li v chuyn i thnh t l phn trm theo
khi lng bng hoc nh hn kch thc chia tch ca ry nm pha trn.
Bng cch phn tch ry sng ta c:
d10 (kch thc hiu dng): kch thc m sng trong cho php 10% cc ht
i qua lp vt liu lc.
d60 (kch thc hiu dng): kch thc m sng trong cho php 60% cc ht
i qua lp vt liu lc.
Vy h s ng nht (d60 / d10) .

10

2.1.3. rng
Thng s quan trng khc l tnh ton c mt vt cht hoc rng ca vt
liu lc v n c bit n mt cch ph bin hn. rng ph thuc vo hnh
dng ca cc ht. Ht trn thng c rng nh hn v c th c ra sch tc
ra ngc thp. Than antraxit l mt loi vt liu nghin nt, l mt v d tt v
vt liu lc c xp cao, n c s dng t lu.
Trong qu trnh lc, ra ngc c th quan trng hn so vi giai on lc v pha
trc. Nu tc ra ngc l qu cao, vt liu lc c th b mt nhanh chng. Nu
n qu thp, hiu qu lm sch s gim t ngt, b lc s khng cn c lm
sch ng v hiu sut lc s nhanh chng xu i. Trnh t ra ngc phi c la
chn ph hp vi vt liu s dng, nhit nc ra ngc, trnh t ra ngc phi
c iu chnh nu vt liu lc c kch thc, mt hoc t l l rng khc nhau.
La chn vt liu lc thch hp lc trng lc nhanh chng ph thuc vo ngun
nc, cht lng thit k b lc v d on tc . Nhn chung, vt liu lc ng
nht tch t tn tht ban u chm hn. Truyn b lc vi tnh ng nht vi h s
di 1.5 l d dng .Vt liu lc vi tnh ng nht t hn 1.3 ch c vi chi ph cao.
c im ca vt liu lc in hnh c a ra trong bng sau.

Hnh 2.4. Lc ct nhanh trng lc

11

2.2. Thit k b lc ct nhanh trng lc

Mt ct ca mt b lc trng lc c th hin trong hnh bn di. Trong lc,
nc i vo pha trn lp vt liu lc thng qua mt mng vo. Sau khi i xung
thng qua cc lp vt liu dng ht (24-30 inch dy) v lp si h tr, n c thu
thp trong h thng rnh ngm v thi qua cc ng rnh ngm. Trong qu trnh ra
ngc, nc ra i ln trn qua b lc ni cc tp cht tch ly trong lp vt liu .
Sau khi i vo ng ng rnh ngm, n c phn phi bi rnh ngm chy tr
ln, bng thy lc m rng lp vt liu. Cc nc c thu gom trong cc mng ra
nc x vo mng u ra. Trong ra ngc, tay khuy xoay v phun nc vo
lp vt liu lc m rng, ni lng lp vt liu lc.
Xy dng h thng lc trng lc in hnh ca mt mt nh my x l nc c
minh ha trong hnh bn di. Cc b lc c t trn c hai mt ca mt hnh
lang ng c cha u vo v u ra ng ng, ng dy u vo ra nc, ra
nc cng rnh. Hnh lang c trang b bi mt tng iu hnh, ni kim sot
bng iu khin t gn b lc. Nc x l sch c lu tr di mt phn ca
khu vc lng lc.

12

Hnh 2.5. H thng lc nhanh trng lc in hnh trong x l nc

2.2.1. c tnh su ca ct
su ca lp ct nn c m bo sao cho cc bng keo t khng vt qua lp
ct lc. Thng thng, su ca ct thay i t 60 n 90 cm.

13

Hnh 2.6. Lp ct v si trong b lc

Cc bc c tnh thit k su ca ct:
su ca ct c th c i chiu vi s tng cc bng keo t qua lp ct lc,
tnh ton su ti thiu theo yu cu ca cng thc Hudson:

Q*D3*H / L = Bi * 29.323
Trong :
Q = Vn tc lc, m3 / m2 / h
D = ng knh ct, mm
H = Tn tht p lc giai on cui, m
L = chiu su ca lp ct, m
Bi = ph v ch s c gi tr dao ng trong khong 0,00004-,006 ty thuc
vo phn ng n ng t v mc tin x l trong b lc chy n.
2.2.2. Kch thc lp si :

Vt liu ct lc c nng bi lp si pha di. Si phi l cc ht c

dng khi a gic, hoc hnh cu; c bn, cng khng l gim cht
lng trong qu trnh bc xp v s dng . Si khng c ln t st, dip

14

thch hoc cc tp cht hu c . Tng chiu su ca lp si thay i 45- 60 cm

v thng c cu to t cc lp sau y:
Bng 2.2: Kch thc v chiu su ca lp si
Lp

su

C ht

Lp trn cng

15 cm

2mm 6mm

Lp gia

15 cm

6mm 12mm

Lp trung gian

15 cm

12mm 20mm

Lp di

15 cm

20mm 50mm

hn ch s xo trn ca lp si do tc ra lc cao trong sut thi gian ra

nn c mt lp c dy t 6cm n 8cm c t trn ca lp si.
2.2.3. c tnh phn phi kch thc c ht :
Kch thc gi thit ca ht l 2mm lp trn v 50mm lp pha di. su
cn thit ( l ) tnh bng cm ca mt lp si thnh phn v c ht ( d ) tnh bng mm
c th c xc nh t cng thc thc nghim sau y:
l = 2.54 * k * ( log d )
Trong k thay i t 10 n 14
2.2.4. Tnh ton thit k mng nc ra
Mng nc ra c cung cp trn cng ca b lc thu li nc ra sau khi n
ni ln t ct v tin hnh thu n vo cng hoc rnh nc ra. Chng l mng RI
hoc mng RCC ko di theo chiu ngang hoc chiu di ca b cha. y ca
mng c gi trn nh ca ct m rng ngn chn kh nng mt mt ca ct
ct trong ra ngc. ng thi mp trn ca mng nn c t gn b mt ca
ct mt s lng ln nc bn c a ra ngoi hon ton sau hon thnh ra
.Cc mng phi ln thu nhn tt c cc nc gi n. Bt k s ngp nc
ca rnh nc s lm gim hiu qu ca ra. y ca mng c gi t nht 5cm
trn nh cao nht ca ct .Cc khong cch ca mng nc ra nm trong khong
1,5-2 cm.

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Hnh 2.7. Khong cch mng ra

Khong cch gia cc mng = chiu rng ca mng / s mng
X mi mng = tng lu lng / s lng mng
su lp nc pha trn c a ra bi
Q = 1,376 * b * y3 / 2
Trong :
y: su ca lp nc
b: Chiu rng ca mng
su ca y = chiu cao t do + su ca nc
2.2.5. Thit k h thng thu nc lc bn di:
H thng thu nc lc pha di c nhim v sau:
Thu v phn phi nc lc trn ton b din tch b.
Cung cp v phn phi nc cho qu trnh ra lc m khng lm xo trn
lp vt liu lc v lp si .
C rt nhiu loi mng thu, nhng trong chuyn ny ta thit k cho h thng
phn phi nc lc bng h thng ng c l. H thng ny bao gm mt ng
chnh v cc ng nhnh hai bn. Trong bi ny, s chnh lch phn trn ca b
c gim thiu bng cch gi vn tc trong ng ng v ng dn trong khong
thch hp v ng knh , s lng v khong cch gia cc l phi thch hp.
Khong cch gia cc trc ca ng nhnh ly t 15 n 30cm . ng knh cc l
t 6 n 12mm, cc ng nhnh c khoan hai hng l phn phi so le na bn
di v c hng to thnh mt gc 300 vi phng thng ng. t h thng ng
c l pha di lp si v trn khi b tng cch khong 4cm so vi y b lc.
H thng ny c tc dng chy khong 700 l/ pht. m2 ra ngc.

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Hnh 2.8. H thng thu nc lc pha di.

Gi tr ca cc thng s trong h thng thot nc pha di:
T l gia chiu di v ng knh ca ng nhnh khng c vt qu 60 .
Khong cch gia cc ng nhnh ly t 150 n 300mm.
ng knh l phn phi ly t 5 n 12mm.
Khong cch gia cc l thay i t 80mm n 200mm.
T l tng din tch l phn phi trong h thng thot nc so vi tng din
tch mt ct ngang ca ng nhnh khng nn vt qu 0.5 0.25.
T l tng din tch l trong h thng thot nc trn ton b din tch b lc
thp t 0.002 0.003.
Din tch ng phn phi tt nht l t 1.5 n 2 ln tng din tch ng nhnh
nhm gim thiu tn tht ma st v nc c phn phi tt nht.
2.2.6. Tnh ton tn tht p sut trong b lc
Tn tht p sut trong thau ra b lc c tnh ton bng cch s dng phng
trnh sau y:

h=

)(

Trong :
Le = Chiu su gin n lp vt liu lc, m
e =Gin n rng ca lp vt liu lc, khng th nguyn
= T trng nc; kg / m3
s = T trng cc ht lc; kg / m3 [8]
2.3. Thau ra b lc
2.3.1. Gii thiu chung v thau ra b lc
Khi b lc bt u tc nghn t cht rn tch ly, nc i qua s gim. Vo mt lc
no , vic thau ra lc phi c tin hnh. B lc hot ng bnh thng trc
khi lm sch l t mt vi gi n 2 ngy. Lm sch c thc hin bng cch o
ngc dng chy ca nc b lc, hoc ra ngc.

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