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STAGE ONE: DESIRED RESULTS!

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ESTABLISHED GOALS - State Content Standards: G!
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Grade: Grade 8
Domain: Expressions and Equations 8.EE
Area: Understand the connections between proportional relationships, lines, and linear
equations.
Standard:
5. Graph proportional relationships, interpreting the unit rate as the slope of the graph.
Compare two different proportional relationships represented in different ways. For
example, compare a distance-time graph to a distance-time equation to determine
which of two moving objects has greater speed.
Standard:
6. Use similar triangles to explain why the slope m is the same between any two
distinct points on a non-vertical line in the coordinate plane; derive the equation y =
mx for a line through the origin and the equation y = mx + b for a line intercepting the
vertical axis at b.
Area: Analyze and solve linear equations and pairs of simultaneous linear equations.
Standard:
7. Solve linear equations in one variable. a. Give examples of linear equations in one
variable with one solution, infinitely many solutions, or no solutions. Show which of
these possibilities is the case by successively transforming the given equation into
simpler forms, until an equivalent equation of the form x = a, a = a, or a = b results
(where a and b are different numbers). b. Solve linear equations with rational number
coefficients, including equations whose solutions require expanding expressions using
the distributive property and collecting like terms.
Standard:
8. Analyze and solve pairs of simultaneous linear equations. a. Understand that
solutions to a system of two linear equations in two variables correspond to points of
intersection of their graphs, because points of intersection satisfy both equations
simultaneously. b. Solve systems of two linear equations in two variables algebraically,
and estimate solutions by graphing the equations. Solve simple cases by inspection. For
example, 3x + 2y = 5 and 3x + 2y = 6 have no solution because 3x + 2y cannot
simultaneously be 5 and 6. c. Solve real-world and mathematical problems leading to
two linear equations in two variables. For example, given coordinates for two pairs of
points, determine whether the line through the first pair of points intersects the line
through the second pair
Standard for Mathematical Practice:
1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them. Mathematically proficient
students start by explaining to themselves the meaning of a problem and looking for
entry points to its solution. They analyze givens, constraints, relationships, and goals.
They make conjectures about the form and meaning of the solution and plan a solution

pathway rather than simply jumping into a solution attempt. They consider analogous
problems, and try special cases and simpler forms of the original problem in order to
gain insight into its solution. They monitor and evaluate their progress and change
course if necessary. Older students might, depending on the context of the problem,
transform algebraic expressions or change the viewing window on their graphing
calculator to get the information they need. Mathematically proficient students can
explain correspondences between equations, verbal descriptions, tables, and graphs or
draw diagrams of important features and relationships, graph data, and search for
regularity or trends. Younger students might rely on using concrete objects or pictures
to help conceptualize and solve a problem. Mathematically proficient students check
their answers to problems using a different method, and they continually ask
themselves, Does this make sense? They can understand the approaches of others to
solving complex problems and identify correspondences between different approaches.
Standard for Mathematical Practice:
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively. Mathematically proficient students make sense
of quantities and their relationships in problem situations. They bring two
complementary abilities to bear on problems involving quantitative relationships: the
ability to decontextualizeto abstract a given situation and represent it symbolically
and manipulate the representing symbols as if they have a life of their own, without
necessarily attending to their referentsand the ability to contextualize, to pause as
needed during the manipulation process in order to probe into the referents for the
symbols involved. Quantitative reasoning entails habits of creating a coherent
representation of the problem at hand; considering the units involved; attending to the
meaning of quantities, not just how to compute them; and knowing and flexibly using
different properties of operations and objects.
Standard for Mathematical Practice:
3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others. Mathematically
proficient students understand and use stated assumptions, definitions, and previously
established results in constructing arguments. They make conjectures and build a
logical progression of statements to explore the truth of their conjectures. They are
able to analyze situations by breaking them into cases, and can recognize and use
counterexamples. They justify their conclusions, communicate them to others, and
respond to the arguments of others. They reason inductively about data, making
plausible arguments that take into account the context from which the data arose.
Mathematically proficient students are also able to compare the effectiveness of two
plausible arguments, distinguish correct logic or reasoning from that which is flawed,
andif there is a flaw in an argumentexplain what it is. Elementary students can
construct arguments using concrete referents such as objects, drawings, diagrams, and
actions. Such arguments can make sense and be correct, even though they are not
generalized or made formal until later grades. Later, students learn to determine
domains to which an argument applies. Students at all grades can listen or read the
arguments of others, decide whether they make sense, and ask useful questions to
clarify or improve the arguments.

3.1 Apply the method of mathematical induction to prove general statements about the
positive integers. (CA Standard Algebra 2 21.0)
3.2 Write geometric proofs, including proofs by contradiction. (CA Standard Geometry 2.0)
3.3 Give proofs of various formulas by using the technique of mathematical induction.
(CA Standard Math Analysis - 3.0)
Standard for Mathematical Practice:
4. Model with mathematics. Mathematically proficient students can apply the
mathematics they know to solve problems arising in everyday life, society, and the
workplace. In early grades, this might be as simple as writing an addition equation to
describe a situation. In middle grades, a student might apply proportional reasoning to
plan a school event or analyze a problem in the community. By high school, a student
might use geometry to solve a design problem or use a function to describe how one
quantity of interest depends on another. Mathematically proficient students who can
apply what they know are comfortable making assumptions and approximations to
simplify a complicated situation, realizing that these may need revision later. They are
able to identify important quantities in a practical situation and map their relationships
using such tools as diagrams, two-way tables, graphs, flowcharts and formulas. They
can analyze those relationships mathematically to draw conclusions. They routinely
interpret their mathematical results in the context of the situation and reflect on
whether the results make sense, possibly improving the model if it has not served its
purpose.
Standard for Mathematical Practice:
5. Use appropriate tools strategically. Mathematically proficient students consider the
available tools when solving a mathematical problem. These tools might include pencil
and paper, concrete models, a ruler, a protractor, a calculator, a spreadsheet, a
computer algebra system, a statistical package, or dynamic geometry software.
Proficient students are sufficiently familiar with tools appropriate for their grade or
course to make sound decisions about when each of these tools might be helpful,
recognizing both the insight to be gained and their limitations. For example,
mathematically proficient high school students analyze graphs of functions and
solutions generated using a graphing calculator. They detect possible errors by
strategically using estimation and other mathematical knowledge. When making
mathematical models, they know that technology can enable them to visualize the
results of varying assumptions, explore consequences, and compare predictions with
data. Mathematically proficient students at various grade levels are able to identify
relevant external mathematical resources, such as digital content located on a website,
and use them to pose or solve problems. They are able to use technological tools to
explore and deepen their understanding of concepts.
Standard for Mathematical Practice:

6. Attend to precision. Mathematically proficient students try to communicate precisely


to others. They try to use clear definitions in discussion with others and in their own
reasoning. They state the meaning of the symbols they choose, including using the
equal sign consistently and appropriately. They are careful about specifying units of
measure, and labeling axes to clarify the correspondence with quantities in a problem.
They calculate accurately and efficiently, express numerical answers with a degree of
precision appropriate for the problem context. In the elementary grades, students give
carefully formulated explanations to each other. By the time they reach high school they
have learned to examine claims and make explicit use of definitions.
Standard for Mathematical Practice:
7. Look for and make use of structure. Mathematically proficient students look closely
to discern a pattern or structure. Young students, for example, might notice that three
and seven more is the same amount as seven and three more, or they may sort a
collection of shapes according to how many sides the shapes have. Later, students will
see 7 8 equals the well remembered 7 5 + 7 3, in preparation for learning about
the distributive property. In the expression x2 + 9x + 14, older students can see the 14
as 2 7 and the 9 as 2 + 7. They recognize the significance of an existing line in a
geometric figure and can use the strategy of drawing an auxiliary line for solving
problems. They also can step back for an overview and shift perspective. They can see
complicated things, such as some algebraic expressions, as single objects or as being
composed of several objects. For example, they can see 5 3(x y)2 as 5 minus a
positive number times a square and use that to realize that its value cannot be more
than 5 for any real numbers x and y.
Standard for Mathematical Practice:!
8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. Mathematically proficient
students notice if calculations are repeated, and look both for general methods and for
shortcuts. Upper elementary students might notice when dividing 25 by 11 that they
are repeating the same calculations over and over again, and conclude they have a
repeating decimal. By paying attention to the calculation of slope as they repeatedly
check whether points are on the line through (1, 2) with slope 3, middle school
students might abstract the equation (y 2)/(x 1) = 3. Noticing the regularity in the
way terms cancel when expanding (x 1)(x + 1), (x 1)(x2 + x + 1), and (x 1)(x3
+ x2 + x + 1) might lead them to the general formula for the sum of a geometric
series. As they work to solve a problem, mathematically proficient students maintain
oversight of the process, while attending to the details. They continually evaluate the
reasonableness of their intermediate results.

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UNDERSTANDINGS: U
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Students will understand patterns and relationships can be represented graphically,


numerically and symbolically.

Students will understand that connection between proportional relationships, lines and
systems of linear equations.

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Students will understand solutions can often include no solution.
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KNOWLEDGE: K
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Students will know how to derive the slope intercept form, Y=mX +b, from any two
distinct points on a non vertical line.

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Students will know that slope is the constant rate of change between two variables.
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Students will know the different representations of bivariate data (equation, context,
graph or table).

Students will know how to solve systems of equations through elimination, substitution
or graphing.

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Students will know key vocabulary.
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ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: Q
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How do we use equations to illustrate patterns?
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How can the same mathematical idea be represented in a different way? How would
that be useful?

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Where do you see slope expressed in the real world?
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How is the solution to a system of linear equations similar to a social date in your
calendar?

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SKILLS: S
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Students will be able to find unit rate of change.
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Students will be able to calculate the rate of change from a table, graph, equation or
context.

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Students will be able to determine proportional quantities in representations.
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Students will be able to describe the relationship between symbolic expressions and
graphs of lines.

Students will be able to solve linear equations with one variable as one solution,
infinitely many or no solution.

Students will be able to solve systems of linear equations using elimination, substitution
or graphing and express answer as coordinate pair, same equation or no solution.

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STAGE TWO: ASSESSMENT EVIDENCE
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PERFORMANCE TASKS (STUDENTS WILL DEMONSTRATE STANDARD BY): T
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Dressing up a Linear Equation - Student groups visit learning stations to collaborate and
practice at expressing the same data set in one of four forms - graph, equation, context
or table. The activity contains movement, peer to peer learning and allows the teacher
to give small group instruction or guidance during the activity.

Find Your Equals - Student collaborative practice that is social as students interact
trying to discover their matches in all four forms of a linear equation. Peer to peer
learning as they guide each other to find their similar expression. Safe engaging
activity.

Murder Mystery - Student centered learning activity focused on critical thinking,


analyzing and solving systems of linear equations resulting in correct solution to a
crime.!

Writing for Understanding - Students create their own story that must reference the
two linear expressions they create and their relationship. Students will include the
representations of the equations along with the story that includes two of the four
representations. Scaffolding would be provided for ELL students.!

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OTHER EVIDENCE (FORMATIVE): OE!
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Daily homework to be completed in unit packet.!
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Daily Do-Now to assess what students recall from previous class and what challenges
homework may have presented.!

Equity sticks to keep student engagement and guide their understanding of critical
concepts through student participation in arriving at solutions.!

Exit tickets to assess students understanding of daily lesson.!

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Constant paired and group practice of concepts.!
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Quizzes to test vocabulary understanding and how the vocabulary applies to solving
problems. Format of test will allow for multiple ways to express student understanding.
Student grading allows for instant feedback and assessment.!

Unit Test allows students to clarify their understanding and format allows for multiple
forms of intelligences to express their comprehension of concepts within unit.!

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STAGE THREE: LEARNING PLAN (UNIT SEQUENCE)!
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LEARNING ACTIVITIES (WHERETO): L!
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1.

Review concepts students learned before summer break as necessary to restart

before proceeding. Then start new concept to class with Y=mX + b humorous video
hook (kids asked about it rest of semester!) to introduce students to slope intercept
form. (H)!

2.

Introduces Essential Questions to preview for students what they are expected to

understand by the end of Unit. (W) !

3.

Every class in Unit will begin with short Do-Now quiz containing brief mix of

multiple-choice, true-false and short problems displayed on overhead. Student pairs


will grade each others quiz for instant feedback. They will be encouraged to share their
understandings. (R, E-2)!

4.

Instruct through guided practice how to convert standard form equations into the

slope intercept form learned in the video. (E)!

5.

Introduce similar triangles as alternative visual representation of the concept of

slope allowing Think-Pair-Share time to further student understanding and practice


problems together. (E)!

6.

Perform collaborative problems as a class using equity sticks for participation and

to keep students engaged. I will guide the students on note taking for critical concepts
and stop to allow for reflection. (E, R)!

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7.

Students will perform homework most nights as Math requires practice and

reflection. (E, R, O)!

8.

Introduce converting equations in the standard form to the slope intercept form

guiding student note taking to critical concepts. Allow time to reflect with students on
what if anything changes and the reasoning behind converting to Y= mX +b. (E, R)!

9.

Think-Pair-Share practice converting to slope intercept form and

extracting critical components allowing for student practice of solutions and applications
of the concept. (E)!

10.

Student groups work in collaborative groups using critical thinking to solve multi

faceted problem using all four formats for two variable data through engaging i-tunes
music problem based on Kayne West music sales. (E, H)!

11.

Dressing up a Linear Equation activity where well crafted groups visit assembled

learning stations gaining practice deriving slope intercept form given one of four
representations of two variable data. Student groups will record answers and share
with fellow classmates when called upon after regrouping. I will circulate between
stations giving guidance and help if needed to the smaller group format. (E, H, R)!

12.

Review all concepts learned in Unit allowing student questions and guiding

the critical concepts they need to review and remember for not only the Quiz tomorrow
but for the rest of the Unit. (E, R, O, W)!

13.

Quiz for formative assessment of understanding of critical vocabulary and

application of concepts. Based on simple design, I will be able to collect the quizzes
and redistribute to students for correcting almost immediately after making visual scan
assessment of their answers. (E, E-2, O)!

14.

Transition from Quiz using Kahn Academy video on examples of solutions to

linear equations in one variable. (H, E)!

15.
Student centered practice in solving equations in one variable. Regroup often as
is the custom to allow students to reflect and allow me to assess student
understanding. (E) !

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16.

Find Your Equals activity allows for critical thinking, problem solving and

collaboration in a peer to peer learning centered environment. Class will receive credit
when all groups are matched correctly and those completed groups cannot assist
allowing for self discovery. I will engage as guide and help as needed circulating and
observing. (H, T, R, E-2)!

17.

Review of concepts and understandings using Poll Everywhere will allow simple

safe environment to assess and possibly review more before proceeding to next
concept, solving systems of linear equations. (E, E-2)!

18.

Introduce solving systems of equations with short video collage of nature, sport

clips and life of two systems interacting (predator-prey, pass in sports and dramatic
human rescue). Ask students to describe the two actors performances in the videos.
Rotate with equity sticks to ask about the viewed examples. Students will transition to
graphing two systems to find the solution in pairs. (E, H, W)!

19.

Start discussion with real world connections concerning substitution. Peer to

Peer practice graphing solution to systems of linear equations. I circulate to check for
understanding or provide further clarity. (R, E-2)!

20.

Instruct students to solve systems of linear equations using substitution. Provide

guided practice to class before allowing group work practice as substitution often is
more difficult concept to grasp. Each time students will be refocused up front to keep
on task and check for understanding. (E)!

21.

Finally provide last method, elimination, to students through guided student

centered working through of problems and concept. On each of these days learning a
new concept allow students to become the teacher to the class on overhead during any
of these multiple student teaching moments Math presents. (E-2, R, E)!

22.

Review the three methods to solve systems of linear equations learned over last

three lessons before proceeding to engaging activity. (R, E-2, E)!

23.

Murder Mystery activity using previously practice and learned concepts of

graphing, substitution and elimination to solve a system of two linear equations. Critical

thinking activity will allow students to analyze, inquire, be creative in how to solve the
many pieces of the murder mystery puzzle. (H, T)!

24.

Students take home second Quiz following similar format as first regarding

assessment and student grading feedback before review and Unit Test. (R, E-2)!

25.

Review will follow the self graded quiz. An equity stick based rapid review of

concepts, strategies for solving Units problems and vocabulary along with guided
organized note taking review for the Test. Help the students prepare for exam and
teach skill in preparation. (R)!

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26.
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Extra day, practice time or paired review depending on pace of class. (O)!

27.

Unit Test 10 self generated solution problems, 5 multiple choice and two short

response questions describing concepts learned in students own words.!

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REFLECTIONS
Describe how you anticipate measuring the effectiveness of this lesson in helping students
meet the learning goals.
I will assess the work in packet handed in for credit, including the observations and informal
assessments of their understandings during class time along with the results of Quizzes and
Test.
Once I have assembled all of this and using each individual lens I will rate the effectiveness
versus learning goals. With each unit taught, the reflective process that encourages revision
will allow me to better serve all student learning goals. Practice makes perfect, like in well
guided math.

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