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32
Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
What Is A Mineral?
A naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite
chemical composition and molecular structure. The latter
two is what gives a mineral a set of unique properties.
Minerals can consist of elements (i.e. native elements) or
compounds. The majority of minerals are compounds.
Examples include galena (PbS) and pyrite (FeS2).
Native Minerals consist of only one type of element.
Examples include Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Sulfur (S),
Diamond (C), Copper (Cu).
To be a mineral, a substance must satisfy the following:
1) Occur in nature
2) Inorganic
3) Solid
Mineral Groups
Nearly 4000 minerals have been discovered and named;
however, no more than a few dozen are abundant. These
few dozen makes up most of the rocks that comprise
Earths crust. This is why we call them the rock-forming
minerals.
Minerals that form the rocks within Earths crust
belong to seven (7) main mineral groups, which include:
1) Silicates
2) Carbonates
3) Sulfates
4) Oxides
5) Halides
Reference:
6) Sulfides
Tarbuck and Lutgens
7) Native Elements
Pages 44 - 55
Do You Remember?
Do you remember the eight elements that
make up more than 98 % of Earths crust
(i.e. continental crust)? List them.
Which two elements are most abundant in
Earths crust? Oxygen and Silicon.
Both comprise nearly three-fourths of
Earths continental crust. Both elements
combine to form the framework of the most
common mineral group (i.e. the silicates).
The framework is called the silicon-oxygen
tetrahedron.
Mineral groups
Hints!
Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4
Sulfates = S + Oxygen
Barite
BaSO4
Carbonates = C + Oxygen
Calcite
CaCO3
Hematite Fe2O3
Sulfides = Metal + S
Pyrite
Fluorite
FeS2
CaF2
Mineral Groups
1) Silicates
Examples include:
Quartz
Mica (Muscovite)
Feldspar
Mineral Groups
1) Silicates (Continued)
Simatic Silicates
Examples include:
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Mineral Groups
2) Carbonates
compounds consisting of an atomic structure
of one carbon and three oxygen (CO3).
most common carbonate mineral is calcite (Ca
CO3), which makes up the chemcial sedimentary
rock called limestone as well as the metamorphic
rock called marble.
3) Sulfates
Mineral Groups
4) Oxides
5) Halides
compounds consisting of an atomic structure of
chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br) or fluorine (F) with sodium,
potassium, or calcium.
Halite (NaCl) is the most common halide. It is
often referred to as table salt.
Mineral Groups
6) Sulfides
compounds consisting of an atomic structure
of one or more metals combined with sulfur.
examples of minerals include: pyrite (FeS2), galena
(PbS), and sphalerite (ZnS).
7) Native Minerals
elements that occur uncombined in nature.
commonly called native elements.
examples include: gold (Au), silver (Ag),
copper (Cu), and sulfur (S).
NOTE
Note that an ore mineral is any mineral that
has enough of a particular element in it to
be mined at a profit.
Sample Problem
Which is an example of a halide?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
barite (BaSO4)
calcite (CaCO3)
fluorite (CaF2)
hematite (Fe2O3)