Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
1
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
2
Fall 2010
Conservation of mass:
H
V ndA=0= 0 Udy 0
udy
CS
UH udy U u U dy UY u U dy
Note:
* Lam=/3
* Turb=/8
Udy udy
Udy
Udy
udy
1
0
0
0
0 U dy
*
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
3
Fall 2010
Conservation of x-momentum:
Fx D
CS
force on CV (fluid)
Y u
H
2
U
u
Y u
0 1
U
U
dy
2D
2 1
CD
Cf
1
U 2
2
d C f
dx
2
Cf
d
xCD 2 d
dx
dx
w U 2
d
dx
Special case 2D
momentum integral
equation for px = 0
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
4
Fall 2010
u U (2 y / y 2 / 2 )
u(0) = 0
u() = U
uy()=0
no slip
matching with outer flow
Use velocity profile to get Cf() and () and then integrate momentum
integral equation to get (Rex)
* = /3
= 2/15
H= */= 5/2
w 2U /
2U /
d
d
Cf
2
2 (2 / 15);
2
dx
dx
1 / 2 U
15dx
d
U
30dx
2
U
/ x 5.5 / Re1x/ 2
Re x Ux / ;
* / x 1.83 / Re1x/ 2
/ x 0.73 / Re1x/ 2
C D 1.46 / Re1L/ 2 2C f ( L)
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
5
Fall 2010
y
x
u=v=0
1 p
(u xx u yy )
x
1 p
vt uv x vv y
(v xx v yy )
y
ut uu x vu y
Re
U
p p0
p*
U 2
Re UL /
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
6
ut uu x vu y px
For large Re (BL assumptions) the underlined terms drop out and the BL
equations are obtained.
Therefore, y-momentum equation reduces to
py 0
i.e. p p ( x, t )
px (U t UU x )
2D BL equations:
u x v y 0;
ut uu x vu y (U t UU x ) u yy
Note:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
neglected.
Due to (2), the equations are parabolic in x. Physically, this
means all downstream influences are lost other than that
contained in external flow. A marching solution is possible.
Boundary conditions
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
7
Fall 2010
matching
inlet
Solution by
marching
y
x
X0
No slip
(6)
Curvilinear coordinates
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
8
Fall 2010
py
u 2
R
dp U 2 y 2
dy
R 2
p( ) p(0)
U 2
3R
Or
p
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
9
Fall 2010
(7)
(8)
px
px
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
10
Inflection point
ux vy 0
uu x vu y UU x u yy
BCs:
u x,0 v x,0 0
u x, U x
+ inlet condition
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
11
Fall 2010
y
u x, y
F
g x related to x
For Similarity U x
g x expect
Or in terms of stream function :
For similarity
u y v x
U x g x f
u y Uf ' v x
y g x
(U x gf Ug x f Ug x f ' )
BC:
U x ( x) g ( x) U ( x) g x ( x) f (0) 0
f (0) 0
u x, U x U ( x) f () U x f () 1
yy Uf '' g
yyy Uf
'''
xy U x f ' Uf ''g x / g
Assemble them together:
UU x U f ''' g 2
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
12
Fall 2010
U
UU x f '2 UU x ff '' U 2 g x g ff '' UU x 2 f '''
g
U
U
UU x f '2 Ug x ff '' UU x 2 f '''
g
g
f
'''
Ug x
ff
''
C1
g2
U x 1 f
'2
C2
x , g x can be found
f u x, y ,
u
w
y
Uf '' 0
g
, , *,, H, Cf, CD
0 C2 0
d 2 2C1
g
dx
U
Let
g x 2C1x U 1 2
C1 1 , then g x 2x
U
U
2x
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
13
Fall 2010
Blasius equations
for Flat Plate
Boundary Layer
f ''' ff '' 0
f 0 f ' 0 0, f ' 1
Solutions by series technique or numerical
0 1 U
0
U
5
Re x
Re x
2x
'
dy 0 1 f d
U
Uf '' 0
u
w
y w
2x U
CD
D
1
U 2 L
2
Cf
0
v f ' f
1
U
2 Re x
Cf
dx 1.328
L
Re L ;
for
Re L
UL
1
U 2
2
Re x 1
' ' 2x
d
dy 0 1 f f
U
U
*
H 2.59
So,
Ux
1.7208
Re x
0.664
Re x
0.664
Re x x
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Oseen
Blasius
Chapter 7
14
Fall 2010
CD
3-226 (3rd
edition,vicous
flows)
ReL
<1
100<Re<Retr~3
106
LE Higher
order
correction
C D 1.328 / Re L 2.3 / Re L
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
15
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
16
Fall 2010
f f
C1
Consider
Ug x
Ug
2
C2
g2
y g x
u U f '
Ux
2Ugg x g 2U x
2Ugg x 2 g 2U x g 2U x
2 g Ug x g 2U x
2C1 C2
Hence
Ug x 2C1 C2 ,
2
C2
C g Ux
Ug 2 2 C x
Ux
C 1
U 2C x
ln U
Then
C
ln x k
2C
U x kxC 2 C
g x
Similarity
form of BL
eq.
2 C
k
1C
x 2 C
g2
Ux
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
17
Fall 2010
Change constants
U x kx m
f ff 1 f
'''
''
y
m 1 U
y
g
2 x
'2
0 ,
f 0 f ' 0 0
2m
m
2
m 1 ,
f ' 1
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
18
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
19
y 0
d
w
dU
1
C
H
f
dx
U dx
U 2 2
dU
0
For flat plate equation
dx
u
1 dy;
U
0U
*
H ;
u
dy
U
p 1
Momentum: uu x vu y
x y
The pressure gradient is evaluated form the outer potential flow using
Bernoulli equation
p
1
U 2 constant
2
1
px 2UU x 0
2
p x UU x
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
20
Fall 2010
u U u x v y uu x uv y Uu x Uv y ,
Continuity
uu x vu y UU x
y uu x uv y Uu x Uv y 0
y 2uu x vu y UU x uv y Uu x Uv y
uU u 2 U u U x vU vu
x
y
y dy ( w ) / u U u dy U x U u dy vU vu 0
x 0
0
0
w 2 u u
U 1 dy U x U u dy
x 0 U U
0
U 2 x 2UU x U x *
Cf
2
1 dU
d
2 *
dx
U dx
Cf
d
dU
*
,H
2 H
2
dx
U dx
H
Ux
f
x
2
2
U
U
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
21
Fall 2010
w U d 2 dU
2 H
U dx dx
LHS and H are dimensionless and can be correlated with pressure
2 dU
as shear and shape-factor correlations
gradient parameter
dx
w
S ( 0.09)0.62
U
5
H * / H ai (0.25 )i
i 0
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
22
Fall 2010
dU
2
Define z
so that z
dx
dz
dU
0.45 6 0.45 6 z
dx
dx
dz
dU
U
6z
0.45
dx
dx
1 d
6
i.e.
zU
0.45
5 dx
U
U
zU 0.45 U 5 dx C
0
0.45
5
U
dx
U 0
x
2
0
2 dU
dx
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
23
Fall 2010
w
S
U
* H
Accuracy: mild px 5% and strong adverse px (w near 0) 15%
i. Pohlhausen Velocity Profile:
u
f a b 2 c 3 d 4 with y
1)
y 0 u = 0, u yy
2)
y u U , u y 0 , u yy 0
Ux
F 2 2 3 4
G
1 3
separation
u
F G , 12 12
U
2 dU
2
px
dx
U
pressure gradient parameter related to
2
37
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
24
Fall 2010
x
b) C f 0.1
Note Ux = -U0/L
Solution
0.45
5
U
1
0
6
x 0
U 06 1
L
L x
x
0
.
075
dx
1
L
U 0 L
5
0 x 0,
)
xL
x 6
2 dU
0.0751 1
dx
L
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
sep 0.09
Chapter 7
25
Fall 2010
X sep
L
0.123
L
0.0661
1
S 0.099 C f Re
2
2(0.099)
Cf
Re
2 0.075
L
U0
1 0.1
1 0.0661
L
U0
L 0.0661
0
.
0661
2
Re L
U
L
0
0.257
L Re 12
L
Re
Re L 0.257 Re L 2
L
1
20.099
Cf
Re L 2 0.77 Re L1/ 2
0.257
To complete
solution must
specify ReL
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
26
Fall 2010
a
2
a
ImF z r 2 sin 2
2
ReF z r 2 cos 2
: asymptotes y = x
: asymptotes x=0, y=0
1
V r er e
r
v r ar cos 2
0 (flow direction as shown)
v ar sin 2
90 )
90
2) let U x vr at x=L-r:
vr aL x cos(2 90) U ( x)
U
x
Or : U ( x) a( L x) 0 ( L x) U 0 (1 )
L
L
U0
L
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
27
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
28
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
29
Fall 2010
u u u ;
v v v;
w w w;
p p p ;
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
30
Fall 2010
u v w
0
x y z
0
x y z
DV
p ij
Dt
Where
ui u j
ui' u 'j
ij
x j xi
Laminar
Turbulent
Assume
a.
x x which means v u ,
x
y
w 0 , z 0
'2
Note the mean lateral turbulence is actually not zero, w 0 , but its z
derivative is assumed to vanish.
Then, we get the following Reynolds averaged BL equations for 2D
incompressible steady flow:
u v
0
x y
dU e 1
u
u
v
Ue
dx
y
x
y
p
v '2
y
y
Continuity
x-momentum
y-momentum
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
31
Fall 2010
u
u 'v '
y
Note:
The equations are solved for the time averages u and v
The shear stress now consists of two parts: 1. first part is due to
the molecular exchange and is computed from the time-averaged
field as in the laminar case; 2. The second part appears
additionally and is due to turbulent motions.
The additional term is new unknown for which a relation with
the average field of the velocity must be constructed via a
turbulence model.
Integrate y- momentum equation across the boundary layer
p p e x v ' 2
So, unlike laminar BL, there is a slight variation of pressure across the
turbulent BL due to velocity fluctuations normal to the wall, which is no
more than 4% of the stream velocity and thus can be neglected. The
Bernoulli relation is assumed to hold in the inviscid free-stream:
dpe / dx U e dU e / dx
u x ,0 v x , 0 0
u x, U e x
d
dU e
2 H
w2 f
dx
U e dx
2
U e
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
32
Fall 2010
2 dU e
dx
u /u
*
ln
yu *
u *
U e / u ln
B
However:
1/ 2
U e / u * U e / w
1 / 2 U e 2 C f
U e /
C
u * U e u *
Re f
Ue
2
C
f
1/ 2
C
f
1/ 2
1/ 2
1/ 2
Cf
ln Re
2
1/ 2
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
33
Fall 2010
C f 0.02 Re 1 / 6
b. Use
d 1
C f U 2
dx 2
d
or : C f 2
dx
w U 2
1 / 6
7
u
u
(1 )dy
72
Ue
Ue
0
d
7
2 d
Cf 2
0.02 Re1/ 6 2 U e
dx
72
dx
d (Re )
d (Re )
1
Re1/ 6 9.72
d (Re x )
1 / 6
d (Re x )
Re
9.72
u /Ue ( y / )
1/ 7
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
34
Fall 2010
Other properties:
C f 0.027 / Re1/x 7
0.0135 1/ 7 6 / 7U 13/ 7
w,turb
x1/ 7
7
CD 0.031/ Re1/L 7 C f ( L)
6
1
*
8
H * / 1.3
c. Influence of roughness
ln
yu *
B ( )
B B ( )
ln(1 0.3 )
u* /
A complete rough-wall analysis can be done using the composite loglaw in a similar manner as done for a smooth wall i.e. determine Cf()
and () from and equate using momentum integral equation
C f ( ) 2
d
( )
dx
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
35
Fall 2010
x
C f (2.87 1.58 log ) 2.5
L
CD (1.89 1.62 log ) 2.5
Again, shown on Fig. 7.6. along with transition region curves developed
by Schlichting which depend on Ret = 5105
3106
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
36
ux vy 0
1
uu x vu y ( p / )
y
x
u
u v
y
The pressure gradient term has a large influence on the solution. In
particular, adverse pressure gradient (i.e. increasing pressure) can cause
flow separation. Recall that the y momentum equation subject to the
boundary layer assumptions reduced to
py= 0 i.e. p = pe = constant across BL.
That is, pressure (which drives BL equations) is given by external
inviscid flow solution which in many cases is also irrotational. Consider
a typical inviscid flow solution (chapter 8)
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
37
y 2 x
pe
dU e
- Ue
where
x
dx
which, shows that the curvature of the velocity profile at the wall is
related to the pressure gradient.
Effect of Pressure Gradient on Velocity Profiles
Point of inflection: a point where a graph changes between concave
upward and concave downward.
The point of inflection is basically the location where second derivative
2u
of u is zero, i.e. y 2 0
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
38
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
39
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
40
Fall 2010
6. -Method
dU e
d C f
2 H
2
dx
U e dx
(I)
where
ln y B
f ( )
y /
f ( ) sin 2 ( ) 3 2 2 3
2
A/ 2
exp( B 2 )
a ( )
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
41
Fall 2010
2
/
2
/
[
(
)
]
C
a
f
H 1
2 3.179 1.5 2
a ( )
(1 )
U 1
exp( B 2 )
Re
(II)
dp
)
dx
* dp
dU e
2 H
U e dx
w dx
is called Clauser's equilibrium parameter.
Das (1987) showed that EFD data points fit into the following
polynomial correlation:
0.4 0.76 0.42 2
Therefore:
dU e
2 H
0.4 0.76 0.42 2
U e dx
(III)
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
42
Fall 2010
Re
1
exp( B 2 ) ,
H
we obtain
2
another relation among C f 2 / , H and .
Equations (I), (II), and (III) can be solved simultaneously using say a
Runge-Kutta method to find C f , H , . Equations are solved with initial
condition for (x0) and integrated to x=x0+x iteratively. Estimated
gives Re and , gives H. Lastly Cf is evaluated using Re and H.
Iterations required until all relations satisfied and then proceed to next
x.
p
, which is imposed on BL from the
z
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
43
( p / ) u yy (u v);
x
y
uu x vu y wu z
closure equations
Differential methods have been developed for this reason as well as for
extensions to more complex and non-thin boundary layer flows.
7.7 Separation
What causes separation?
The increasing downstream pressure slows down the wall flow and
can make it go backward-flow separation.
dp dx 0 adverse pressure gradient, flow separation may occur.
dp dx 0 favorable gradient, flow is very resistant to separation.
Previous analysis of BL was valid before separation.
Separation Condition
u
w 0
y y 0
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
44
Notes:
1. D to E, pressure drop, pressure is transformed into kinetic energy.
2. From E to F, kinetic energy is transformed into pressure.
3. A fluid particle directly at the wall in the boundary layer is also
acted upon by the same pressure distribution as in the outer flow
(inviscid).
4. Due to the strong friction forces in the BL, a BL particle loses so
much of its kinetic energy that is cannot manage to get over the
pressure gradient from E to F.
5. The following figure shows the time sequence of this process:
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
45
1. Plane wall(s)
Thin wall
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
46
Fall 2010
2. Diffuser flow:
(b)
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
47
Fall 2010
CFDSHIP-IOWA
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Fall 2010
Chapter 7
48
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
49
Fall 2010
Separations in diffuser
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
50
Fall 2010
058:0160
Professor Fred Stern
Chapter 7
51
Fall 2010