Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
RealVectorSpaces
Objective:
l Studymanyimportantpropertiesof
n
vectorsin R
l Acarefullyconstructedgeneralizationof
Rn
tomanyotherimportantvectorspace.
l Applicationofvectorspacetothelinear
systemandmatrix.
6.1.VectorSpaces
DefinitionofVectorSpace
Definition:
ArealvectorspaceVisasetofelements
togetherwithtwooperations,addition +and
scalarmultiplication .,satisfyingthe
followingproperties:
Letu,v,andwbevectorsinV,andletcand dbe
scalars.
Addition:
( a )Ifu andvareanyelementsofV,then
u +v
isinV(closed).
1.
u +v = v+ u.
2.
3. Vhasazerovector 0 suchthatforeveryu
inV,
u +0= 0+ u = u.
4. Forevery uinV,thereisanelement
V,
u+(-u)= 0.
-u
in
Scalarmultiplication:
( b )IfuisanyelementofVandcisanyreal
number, then cu isinV(closed).
5.
6.
7.
c(du)=(cd)u.
(c +d)u= cu+ du.
8. 1u = u.
Example:
V1 Rn together with standard vector addition and scalar
multiplication.Then, V1
is a vector space since for any two vectors u and v in Rn
and scalar c, both u +v and
Example:
V2 thesetconsistingofall m n matricestogetherwith
u +v
and
cu
arestillin V2 .Therefore,
Example:
V3 thesetconsistingofallpolynomialsofdegree2orlesswith
theformtogetherwithstandardpolynomialadditionandscalar
multiplication.Is V3 avectorspace?
We need to examine whether the conditions ( a ), ( b ), and the
conditions(1)to(8)aresatisfied.Let
u = a2 x2 + a1x + a0 ,
v = b2x2 + b1x + b0 ,
w = c2x2 + c1x + c0
andletcanddbescalars.Then,
Solution:
Addition:
( a ):
u +v= (a2x2 + a1x+ a0)+ (b2x2 + b1x+ b0)
= (a2 + b2)x2 + (a1 + b1)x+ (a0 + b0) V3
since u +v isapolynomialofdegree2orless.
Solution:
(1):
u +v= (a2 x2 + a1x+ a0)+ (b2x2 + b1x+ b0)
= (a2 + b2)x2 + (a1 + b1)x+ (a0 + b0)
2
Solution:
(2):
u + (v+ w)= (a2x2+ a1x+ a0)+[(b2 + c2)x2 + (b1+ c1)x+ (b0 + c0)]
= (a2 + b2 + c2)x2 + (a1+ b1+ c1)x+ (a0 + b0 + c0)
2
Solution:
(3):
Let 0=0x2 + 0x+ 0.Then,
u+0=(a2+0)x2+(a1+0)x+(a0+0)=(0+a2)x2+(0+a1)x+(0+a0)=0+u
=a2x2+a1x+a0=u
(4):
Let
Then,
Solution:
Scalarmultiplication:
( b ):
2
Solution:
(6):
(c +d)u= [(c+ d)a2]x2 + [(c+ d)a1]x+ [(c+ d)a0]
= [(ca2)x2 + (ca1)x+ (ca0)]+ [(da2)x2 + (da1)x+ (da0)]= cu+ du
(7):
c(du)=c[(da2 )x2 + (da1)x+ (da0)]= c(da2)x2 + c(da1)x+ c(da0)
= (cd)a2x2 + (cd)a1x+ (cd)a0 = (cd)u
(8):
2
Note:
Pn thesetconsistingofallpolynomialsofdegreen
orlesswiththeformtogetherwithstandard
polynomialadditionandscalarmultiplication.Then,
Pn isa vectorspace.Inaddition, P the set
consistingofallpolynomialswiththeformtogether
withstandardpolynomialadditionandscalar
multiplication.Then,
isalsoa vectorspace.
Example:
V4 thesetconsistingof all realvaluedcontinuous
functions definedontheentirereallinetogetherwith
standardadditionandscalarmultiplication.Is V4 avector
space?
Weneedtoexaminewhethertheconditions( a ),( b ),and
theconditions (1)to(8)aresatisfied.Let
Solution:
Addition:
( a ):
Solution:
(3):
Letthezerovector 0 = 0 .Then,
u +0= f(x)+ 0= f(x)= u
(4):
Let -u = - f(x).Then,
Solution:
( b ):
cu =cf(x) V4
since cf(x) isstillacontinuousfunction.
(5):
Solution:
(7):
Note:
Let
V4* the
definedontheentirereallineand
V4** thesetof
allintegrablefunctionsdefinedontheentirereal
**
*
V
V
line. Both 4 and 4 are vector space under
standardadditionandscalarmultiplication.
Example:
V5 the set consisting of all integers with standard
condition ( b ) isnotsatisfied.
u =1 V5,
and
Example:
V6 the set consisting of all vectors in R2 with
nonstandard
x1 cx1
c =
x2 0
.Is V6 avectorspace?
scalar
Solution:
V6 is not a real vector space since for
c1 ,c2 R,c2 0,
c1 c1 c1
1u = 1 = = u
,
c2 0 c2
condition(8)isnotsatisfied.
c1
u = R2
,
c2
Example:
V7
v =-x2
u + v = x2 + (- x2 ) = 0 V7 ,
condition( a )isnotsatisfied.
Example:
V8 the set consisting of all realvalued continuous
functions such that f(1)=3. Suppose the operations are
standardadditionandscalarmultiplication.Is
space?
V8 avector
Solution:
V8
isnotarealvectorspacesincefor
u = f (x) V8 , v =g(x)V8
f (1)+ g(1) = 3+ 3= 6 3
u+ v = f (x)+ g(x) V8 ,
condition( a )isnotsatisfied.
Example19Page273276
Example1p273
n
ConsiderthesetRn togetherwiththe
operationsofvectoradditionand
scalarmultiplicationasdefinedin
Section4.2.Theorem4.2inSection
4.2establishedthefactthatRn isa
vectorspaceundertheoperationsof
additionandscalarmultiplicationsofn
vector.
Example2p273
n
ConsiderthesetVofallorderedtriples
ofrealnumberoftheform(x,yx,0)and
definetheoperations and by
(x,y,0) (x,y,0)=(x+x,y+y,0)
c (x,y,0)=(cx,cy,0)
Example3p273
ConsiderthesetVofallorderedtriplesof
realnumbers(x,y,z)anddefinethe
operations and by
1.(x,y,z)(x,y,z)=(x+x,y+y,z+z).
2.c (x,y,z)=(cx,y,z).
3.c [(x,y,z)(x,y,z)]=(c(x+x),y+y,z+z).
4.c (x,y,z)d (x,y,z)=((c+d)x,2y,2z).
n
Example4p274
n
ConsiderthesetM23ofall23
matrices.
Similarlytheserofallmnmatrices
undertheusualoperationsofmatrix
additionandscalarmultiplicationisa
vectorspacewillbedenotedbyMmn.
Example5p274
n
LetF[a,b]bethesetofallrealvalued
functionsthataredefinedontheinterval
[a,b].IffandgareinV,wedefinefgand
cfby
(fg)(t)f(t)+g(t).
(cf)(t)cf(t).
Apolynomial(int)isafunctionthatis
expressibleas
p(t)antn+ an1tn1++a1t+a0
a0,a0,a1,arerealnumbers.
Example6p274
n
n
n
n
n
Thefollowfunctionsarepolynomials
p1(t)3t42t25t1.
p2(t)2t1.
p3(t)4.
f4(t) 2 t 6andf5(t) 1/t22t1are
notpolynomials.
Example7p275
n
n
n
p1(t):degree4
p2(t):degree1
p3(t):degree0
Example8p275
n
n
n
Ifp(t)antn+ an1tn1++a1t+a0.
q(t)bntn+ bn1tn1++b1t+b0 .
p(t) q(t)
(an+bn)tn+(an1+bn1)tn1++(a1+b1)t+a0+b0
n cp(t) cantn+can1tn1++ca1t+ca0.
n (c+d)p(t)cp(t) dp(t).
Example9p276
n
n
Letuv uv,cucu,
Ifu3,v2,
uv1.vu1
Ifu4,c2,d3
(c+d) (2+3) 420
c u d v8 124
Theorem6.1:
(ImportantResult)
IfVisavectorspaceandletubeanyelementofa
realvectorspaceV.Then,
(a) 0 u = 0.
(b) c 0 = 0,c R, 0 V.
(c) cu =0. c = 0 or u = 0.
(d) (-1)u = -u.
6.2.Subspace
Definitionofsubspace:
WiscalledasubspaceofarealvectorspaceVif
1. WisasubsetofthevectorspaceV.
2. W is a vector space with respect to the
operationsinV.
Example1(Page279)
Example2(Page279)
Example1p279
n
Everyvectorspacehasatleasttwo
subspaces,itselfandsubspace{0}.
Thesubspace{0}iscalledthezero
subspace.
Example2p279
n
Letu(a1,b1,0),v (a2,b2,0)
uv(a1+a2,b1+b2,0)
cu(ca1,cb1,0)
Theorem6.2:(Important
Result)
WisasubspaceofarealvectorspaceV
1.IfuandvareanyvectorsinW,then u +v W .
2.If cisanyrealnumberand u is any vectorin W,
then cu W .
Example:
W1 the subset of
form,
a
0 , a R
,
0
togetherwithstandardadditionandscalarmultiplication.
3
W
Is 1 asubspaceof R ?
Solution:
Weneedtocheckiftheconditions(1)and(2)aresatisfied.
Let
a1
a2
u = 0, v= 0, c R
.
0
0
Then,
(1):
.
a1 a2 a1 + a2
u + v = 0 + 0 = 0 W1
.
0 0 0
Solution:
(2):
ca1
cu = 0 W1
.
0
W1 isasubspaceof .
R3
Example:
LettherealvectorspaceVbethesetconsistingofall
n n matricestogetherwiththestandardadditionand
scalarmultiplication.Let
W2 thesubsetofVconsistingofall n n diagonal
matrices.
Is W2 asubspaceofV?
Let
a11 0
0 a
22
u =
M
M
0 0
0
L 0
W2
O M
,
L ann
b11 0
0 b
22
v=
M
M
0 0
c R.
L 0
L 0
W2
O M
,and
L bnn
Solution:
(1):
0
a11 + b11
0
a22 + b22
u+ v =
M
M
0
0
L
0
W2
O
M
L ann + bnn
since u +v isstilladiagonalmatrix.
Solution:
(2):
ca11 0
0 ca
22
cu=
M
M
0
0
L
L
0
0
W2
O
M
L cann
since cu isstilladiagonalmatrix.
W2 isasubspaceofV.
Example:
Pn thesetconsistingofallpolynomialsofdegreenor
Example:
V4 the set consisting of all realvalued continuous
setofalldifferentiablefunctionsdefinedontheentirereal
linetogetherwithstandard
addition and scalar multiplication. Then, V4 is a real
vectorspace.Also.
V4*
isasubspaceof V4.
Example:
W3 thesubsetof
consistingofallvectorsoftheform,
R3
a
a 2 , a, b R
,
b
togetherwithstandardadditionandscalarmultiplication.Is
W3
asubspaceof
Solution:
(1):
a1
u +v = a12 +
b1
a2 a1 + a2 a1 + a2
a2 = a2 + a2 (a + a )2 W
2
2
3
2 1
1
.
b2 b1 + b2 b1 + b2
Therefore, u +v W3.
W3
is not asubspaceof R .
Example:
V3
thesetconsistingof allpolynomialsofdegree2orless
with the form together with standard polynomial addition
andscalarmultiplication. V3 isavectorspace.Let
W4 thesubsetof V3 consistingofallpolynomialsofthe
form
2
ax +bx+ c, a+ b+ c= 2.
Is W4 asubspaceof V3?
Solution:
Let
u =a2x2 + a1x+ a0 W4
and
Solution:
since
W4
is notasubspaceof
V3.
Example310(Page280282)
Example3p280
a1 b1 0
u =
0 c1 d1
a2 b2 0
v =
0 c2 d2
b1 + b2 0
a1 + a2
u +v=
c1 + c2 d1 + d2
0
ka1 kb1 0
ku =
0 kc1 kd1
Example5p282
n
Letu(a1,b1,1),v (a2,b2,1)
uv(a1+a2,b1+b2,2)
Example6p282
n
WeletPn denotethevectorspace
consistingofallpolynomialsofdefree
nandthezeropolynomial.AndletP
denotethevectorspaceofakk
polynomials.ItiseasytoverifythatP2
isasubspaceofP3 andingeneral
thatPnisasubspacesofPn+1.Pn isa
subspaceofP.
Example7p282
n
LetVbethesetallpolynomialsof
degreeexactly 2.VisasubsetP2 but
itisnotasubspaceofP2 ,sincethe
sumofpolynomials2t2+3t+1and
2t2+t+2,apolynomialofdegree1,is
notinV.
Example8p282
n
LetC[a,b]denotethesetofallreal
valuescontinuousfunctionsthatare
definedontheinterval[a,b].Iffandg
areinC[a,b]thenf+gisinC[a,b].
Example9p282
n
Considerthehomogeneoussystem
Ax=0,Aisanmnmatrix.Asolutionconsistsofa
vectorxinRn.LetWbethesubsetofRn consisting
ofallsolutionstothehomogeneoussystem.Since
A0=0,weconcludethatWisnotempty.Tocheck
thatWusasubspaceofRn,weverifyproperties()
and()ofThem6.2.Thusletxandybesolutions.
Ax=0andAy=0
A(x+y)=Ax+Ay=0
A(cx)=c(Ax)=0
Example10p282
n
Letv1 andv2befixedvectorsina
vectorspaceVandletWbethesetof
alllinearcombinationsofv1 andv2.
w1=a1v1+a2v2
w2=b1v1+b2v2
w1+w2=(a1+b1)v1+(a2+b2)v2
cw1=(ca1)v1+(ca2)v2
Definitionoflinearcombination:
Let v1,v2,K,vk bevectorsinarealvectorspaceV.A
vector v in V is called a linear combination of
v1,v2,K
,vk if
Example:
Let
0 2
- 1 3
- 2 0
0 8
v1 =
, v2 =
, v3 =
, v=
1
0
1
2
1
3
2
1
bevectorsinthevectorspaceconsistingofall
2 2
matrices.Then,
0
v =
2
Thatis,
8
0
= 1
1
1
2
-1
+ 2
0
1
3
- 2
+ (-1)
2
1
0
= v1 + 2v2 - v3
.
3
isalinearcombinationof v1,v2,v3.
Example:
Forlinearsystem
1 0 - 1 x1 1
Ax = 2 1 0 x2 = 1 = b
.
3 2 1 x3 1
2
x = - 3
1
Thus,
isasolutionfortheabovelinearsystem.
Example:
2 1 0 - 1 2
1
0
- 1
A -3 = 2 1 0 - 3 = 2 2 - 3 1 + 1 0
1 3 2 1 1
3
2
1
1
= 2col1(A)- 3col2(A)+ col1(A)= 1 = b
1
Thatis,
ofA,
isalinearcombinationofthecolumnvectors
col1(A),col2 (A),col3(A).
Note:
For a linear system Am n xn 1 = bm 1 , the linear
system has solution or solutions
combinationofthecolumnvectorsofA,
col1(A),col2(A),L,coln (A).
Forexample,if
c1
c
2
c =
M
cn
Am n xn 1 = bm 1 ,
isasolutionof
is a linear
Note:
then
c1col1(A)+c2col2(A)+ L+ cn coln(A)= b.
Ontheotherhand,thelinearsystemhasnosolution
b isnotalinearcombinationofthecolumn
vectorsofA
Example:
4
v= 5
Isthevector
5 alinearcombinationofthevectors
1
-1
3
v1 =2,v2 = 1,v3 = 3
3
4
2 .
Solution:
Weneedtofindtheconstants
c1,c2,c3
suchthat
4
1
- 1
3
v =5 = c12 + c2 1 + c33 = c1v1 + c2v2 + c3v3
.
5
3
4
2
weneedtosolveforthelinearsystem
c1 1 - 1 3 c1 4
Ac2 = 2 1 3 c2 = 5
c3 3 4 2 c3 5 .
Solution:
Thesolutionsare
c1 =-2t+ 3, c2 = t-1, c3 = t, t R.
Thus,
v isalinearcombinationof v,v ,v
1
ofexpressions.
withinfinitenumber
Example:
3
v = - 4
Isthevector
- 6 alinearcombinationofthevectors
1
-1
1
v1 =2, v2 = -1, v3 = 4
3
- 2
5 .
Solution:
Weneedtofindtheconstants
c1,c2,c3
suchthat
3
1
- 1
1
v =- 4 = c12 + c2 - 1 + c34 = c1v1 + c2v2 + c3v3
.
- 6
3
- 2
5
Solution:
weneedtosolveforthelinearsystem
c1 1 - 1 1 c1 3
Ac2 = 2 - 1 4 c2 = - 4
c3 3 - 2 5 c3 - 6 .
Thelinearsystemhas no solution.
v is notalinearcombinationof v1,v2,v3
Note:
,vn and
Let v1,v2,K
be vectors in
Rm
Ax =v
v is a linear
,vn.
combination of v1,v2,K
Ax =v
has no solution
,vn.
combination of v1,v2,K
v is
not a linear
Definitionofspanningset:
Let S={v1,v2,K,vk} be a set of vectors in a real vector
space V.Then,thespan of S, denoted by span ( S) ,is
the set consisting of all the vectors that are linear
,vk.Thatis,
combinationsof v1,v2,K
span(S)={c1v1 + c2v2 + L+ ck vk |c1,c2,K,ck R}.
If span (S) =V ,itissaidthatVisspannedbySorS
spansV.
Example:
Let
1
0
e1 = 0 , e2 = 1 , e3 =
0
0
0
0 , and S = {e ,e ,e }
1
2
3
.
1
Then,
c1
c
3
Example:Example1(Page292)
Let
1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
1
1
0 , v =
3
2
3
span
(
S
)
=
R
Does
?
1
1 , and S = {v ,v ,v }
1
2
3
.
0
Solution:
span (S) = R3 Foranyvector
a
v = b R3
c
weneedtosolveforthelinearsystem
,there
Solution:
1 1 1c1 a
2 0 1c = b
2
1 2 0c3 c .
Thesolutionis
- 2a+ 2b+ c
a-b+ c
4a-b- 2c
c1 =
, c2 =
, c3 =
3
3
3 .
- 2a+ 2b+ c
a- b+ c
4a- b- 2c
v =
v
+
v
+
1
2
v3
3
3
3
Thatis,everyvectorin
v1,v2,v3
R3
canbealinearcombinationof
Example10(Page282)
Example11(Page283)
Example12(Page284)
Theorem6.3:(Importantresult)
Let S={v1,v2,K,vk} beasetofvectorsinarealvector
spaceV.Then, span ( S) isasubspaceofV.
Example13(Page285)
Example11p283
v1=(1,2,1),v2=(1,0,2),v3=(1,1,0),v=(2,1,5)
n Ifc1v1+c2v2+c3v3=v,findc1c2c3?
n c1(1,2,1)+c2(1,0,2)+c3(1,1,0)=(2,1,5)
c1+c2+c3=2
2c1+0c2+c3=1
c1+2c2+0c3=5
Soc1=1,c2=2,c3=1
n
Example12p284
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S =
,
,
,
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 a b 0
a
+ b
+ c
+ d
=
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
c
d
Wherea,b,c,anddarerealnumber
Section6.3
LinearIndependence
Definition:
Thevectorsv1,v2,, vk inavectorspaceVaresaidtospan Vif
everyvectorinVisalinearcombinationofv1, v2,, vk. Moreover,
ifS={v1, v2,,vk},thenwealsosaythatthesetSspans V,orthat
{v1, v2,, vk}spans V,orthat Visspannedby S,orinthe
languageofSection6.2,spanS= V.
Theproceduretocheckifthevectorsv1,v2,, vk spanthevector
spaceVisasfollows.
Definition:
Step1.Chooseanarbitraryvector vin V.
Step2.Determineif visalinearcombinationofthegiven
vectors.Ifitis,thenthegivenvectorsspan V. Ifitisnot,
theydonotspan V.
Example26(Page292294)
Question:
Let S={v1,v2,K,vk} and span (S) =W . Is it possible to
find a smaller (or even smallest) set, for example,
S ={v1,v2,K,vk-1},suchthat
*
span ( S) =W = span (S ) ?
Toanswerthisquestion,weneedtointroducetheconceptof
linearindependenceandlineardependence.
LinearIndependence
Definition of linear dependence and linear
independence:
The vectors v1,v2,K,vk in a vector space V are
calledlinearlydependentifthereexistconstants,
c1,c2,K,ck,notall0,suchthat
Definitionoflineardependence
andlinearindependence:
v1,v2,K,vk arelinearlyindependentif
,vk are
Theproceduretodetermineif v1,v2,K
linearlydependentorlinearlyindependent:
Definitionoflineardependence
andlinearindependence:
1. Form equation c1v1+c2v2 +L+ ckvk = 0, which lead to a
homogeneoussystem.
2. Ifthehomogeneoussystemhasonlythetrivialsolution,
then the given vectors are linearly independent if it
has a nontrivial solution, then the vectors are linearly
dependent.
Example:
1
0
e1 = 0 , e2 = 1 , e3 =
0
0
0
0 , and S = {e ,e ,e }
1
2
3
1
Are
Solution:
1
0
0 1 0 0 c1
c1e1 +c2e2 + c3e3 = c10 + c21 + c30 = 0 1 0 c2 = 0
0
0
1 0 0 1 c3
Therefore,
independent.
e1, e2
c 1
c
2
c 3
and
0
0
0
e3
.
are
linearly
Example:
1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
3
- 2
1 , v =
3
1
8
6 .
10
linearlyindependent?
. Are v1, v2
and v3
Solution:
1
- 2
8 1 - 2 8 c1
c1v1 +c2v2 + c3v3 = c12 + c2 1 + c3 6 = 2 1 6 c2 = 0
3
1
10 3 1 10 c3
c 1
c
2
c 3
4
= t - 2 , t
- 1
Example:
Determine whether the following set of vectors in
the vector space consisting of all 2 2 matrices is
linearlyindependentorlinearlydependent.
2 1 3 0 1 0
S ={v1,v2,v3} =
,
,
0 1 2 1 2 0 .
Solution:
2
c1v1 +c2v2 + c3v3 = c1
0
1
3
+ c2
1
2
0
1
+ c3
1
2
0 0
=
0 0
0
0
Thus,
2c1 +3c2 + c3 = 0
c1
= 0
2c2 + 2c3 = 0
c1 + c2
= 0
2
3
1 0
1
0
0 0
c1 + c2 + c3 =
0
2
2 0
.
1
1
0 0
Solution:
Thehomogeneoussystemis
2 3 1
0
c
1 0 0 1
0
c2 =
0 2 2
0
3
1
1
0
Theassociatedhomogeneoussystemhasonlythetrivial
solution
c1 0
c = 0
2
c3 0
Example:
Determine whether the following set of vectors in
the vector space consisting of all polynomials of
degree n is linearly independent or linearly
dependent.
Solution:
) (
) (
Thus,
c 1 + 2c2 + 3c3 = 0
c1 + c2 + 2c3 = 0
2c1 +
+ 2c3 = 0
1
2
3 0
c11 + c21 + c3 2 = 0
2
0
2 0 .
Solution:
Theassociatedhomogeneoussystemis
1
1
2
1
0
3 c1 0
2 c2 = 0
2 c3 0
Thehomogeneoussystemhasinfinitenumberofsolutions,
c 1
1
c = t 1 , t R.
2
c3
- 1
Example712(Page295296)
Example7p295
-1
- 2
1
0
and
0
1
0
1
-1
- 2 0
1
0 0
c1 + c2 =
0
1 0
0
1 0
c1=c2=0.thevectorsare
linearindependent.
Example8p295
n
Arethevectorsv1=(1,0,1,2),
v2=(0,1,1,2), v3=(1,1,1,3)independent?
c1+c3=0
Theonly
c2+c3=0
solutions
c1=c2=c3 =0.the
c1+c2+c3=0
vectorsare
2c1+2c2+3c3=0
linear
independent.
Example9p295
n
Arethevectorsv1=(1,2,1),v2=(1,2,1),
v3=(3,2,1),v4=(2,0,0),independent?
c1+c2+3c3+2c4=0
2c1+2c2+2c3=0
c1+c2c3=0
Theonlysolutions
c1=1,c2=2,c3 =1.
c4 =0or
c1=1,c2=1,c3=0.
c4=1sothe
vectorsarelinear
dependent.
Example10p296
n
1 0
A =
0 1
WeformthematrixA,whosecolumnsarethe
givennvectors.Thenthegivenvectorsare
linearlyindependentifandonlyifdet(A) 0.
Example11p296
n
n
n
n
n
Considerthevectors
p1(t)=t2+t+2,p2(t)=2t2+t,p3(t)=3t2+2t+2
c1+2c2+3c3=0
c1=1,c2=1,c3=1.
c1+c2+2c3=0
Lineardependent
2c1+2c3=0
Example12p296
n
Ifv1,v2,v3,vk arekvectorsinandy
vectorspaceandvi isthezerovector.
ThenS={v1,v2,v3,vk }islinearly
dependent.
Note:
In the examples with
1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
3
- 2
1 , v =
3
1
8
6 ,
10
or with
examplesarelinearcombinationsof v1, v2 ,
Note:
8
1
- 2
v 3 = 6 = 4 2 - 2 1 = 4v3 - 2v2
10
3
1
and
2
) (
Theorem6.4:(Important
result)
The nonzero vectors v1,v2,K,vk in a vector space V
are linearly dependent if and only if one of the
vectors vj, j2, is a linear combination of the
precedingvectors v1,v2,K,vj-1.
Note:
Every set of vectors containing the zero vector is
linearly dependent. That is, v1,v2,K,vk are k vectors
inanyvectorspaceand vi isthezerovector,then
v1,v2,K,vk arelinearlydependent.
Example13onpage298
Example14onpage299
Example13p298
n
Ifv1,v2,v3,v4 areasinEx9,thenwe
findthatv1+v2+0v3v4=0
Sov1,v2,v3,v4 arelineardependent.
Wethenhacev4=v1+v2
Example14p299
1
1
v1 = , v2 =
0
0
1
0
, v3 =
1
0
0
1
,v4 =
1
0
2
1
letw = span S.Since v4 = v1 + v2
1
0
WeconcludetharW=spanS1 where
S1={v1,v2,v3 }
6.4.BasisandDimension
Thevectors v1,v2,K,vk inavectorspaceVaresaidto
formabasisofVif
(a) v1,v2,K,vk spanV(i.e., span(v1,v2,K,vk )=V ).
(b) v1,v2,K,vk arelinearlyindependent.
Example1(Page303)
Naturalbasisorstandardbasis
Example1p303
n
Thevectore1=(1,0)ande2=(0,1)from
abasisforR2.Eachofthesesetof
vectorsiscalledthenaturalbasisor
standardbasis.
Example:
1
0
e1 = 0 , e2 = 1 , e3 =
0
0
0
0 , and S = {e ,e ,e }
1
2
3
.
1
Are e1, e2
Solution:
e1, e2 and e3 formabasisin
R3
since
3
Example:
1
v1 = , v2 =
0
0
1 , v3 =
3
4 .Are v1, v2
[solution:]
and v3 are not abasisof
linearlydependent,
v1, v2
R2
since
v1, v2
3v1 + 4v2 - v3 = 0.
2
span
(
v
,
v
,
v
)
=
R
1
2
3
Notethat
.
and v3 are
Example:
1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
3
- 2
1 , v =
3
1
3
R
basisin
?
8
6 .
10 .
v3
Solution:
v1, v2 and v3 are not a basis in R3 since v1, v2 and
arelinearlydependent,
8
1
- 2
v 3 = 6 = 4 2 - 2 1 = 4v3 - 2v2
.
10
3
1
Example2(Page303)
Example3(Page304)
Example4(Page304)
v3
Example2p303
n
n
n
n
S={v1,v2,v3,v4}where
v1=(1,0,1,0),v2=(0,1,1,2)
v3=(0,2,2,1),v4=(1,0,0,1)
ShowthatSisabasisforR4
part1
n
n
n
n
c1+c4=0
c2+2c3=0
c1c2+2c3=0
2c2+c3+c4=0
Theonlysolutions
c1=c2=c3=c4=0,
ShowingthatSis
linearindepeddent
part2
n
n
Letv=(a,b,c,d)beanyvectorinR4.
Wenowseekconstantsk1,k2,k3,k4
suchthatk1v1+k2v2+ k3v3+ k4v4=v
Substitutingforv1v2v3v4andvwefind
asolutionfork1,k2,k3,k4totheresulting
linearsystemforanya,b,c,d.HenceS
spansR4 andisavasisforR4.
Example3p304part1
n
n
n
n
n
ToshowS={t2+1,t
1,2t+2}isabasis
forthevector
spaceP2.
at2+bt+c=a1t2+(a2+
a3)t+(a1a2+2a3)
a1=a
a2+2a3=b
a1a2+2a3=c
a 1 = a,a2 =
a + b - c
c + b - a
,a3 =
2
4
given 2t2 + 6t + 13
a1=2,a2=5/2,a3=17/4
a1(t2+1)+a2(t1)+a3(2t+2)=0
Example3p304part2
Thena1t2+(a2+2a3)t+(a1a2+2a3)=0
a1=0
a2+2a3=0
a1a2+2a3=0
Theonlysolutionsa1=a2=a3=0,
Sislinearindepeddent
Example4p304
n
n
n
n
n
n
FindabasisforthesubspaceVof
P2 ,consistingofallvectoroftheform
at2+bt+c,wherec=ab.
at2+bt+ab
a(t2+1)+b(t1)+c
Sothet2+1andt1spanV.
a(t2+1)+b(t1)=0
Sincethisequationidtoholdallvaluesoft,
wemusthavea1=a2=0.
Example:
Let
1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
1
1
0 , v =
3
2
3
AreSabasisin R ?
1
1 , and S = {v ,v ,v }
1
2
3
.
0
Solution:
(a)
span (S) = R3 Foranyvector
a
v = b R3
c
,there
Solution:
weneedtosolveforthelinearsystem
1 1 1c1 a
2 0 1c = b
2
1 2 0c3 c .
Thesolutionis
- 2a+ 2b+ c
a-b+ c
4a-b- 2c
c1 =
,c2 =
, c3 =
3
3
3 .
Solution:
Thus,
- 2a+ 2b+ c
a- b+ c
4a- b- 2c
v =
v1 +
v2 +
v3
3
3
3
.
3
R
Thatis,everyvectorin
canbealinear
combinationof
v1,v2,v3
and
Solution:
(b)
Since
c1 + c2 + c3 0
c1v1 +c2v2 + c3v3 = 2c1 + c3 = 0 c1 = c2 = c3 = 0
,
c1 + 2c2 0
v1,v2,v3 arelinearlyindependent.
3
v
,
v
,
v
R
.
By(a)and(b), 1 2 3 areabasisof
Theorem6.5:(Importantresult)
If S={v1,v2,K,vk} is a basis for a vector space V, then
every vector in V can be written in an unique(one
and only one) way as a linear combination of the
vectorsinS.
Example:
1
0
e1 = 0 , e2 = 1 , e3 =
0
0
0
0 , and S = {e ,e ,e }
1
2
3
.
1
S is a basis of
v= b
R3.Then,foranyvector
c ,
a
1
0
0
v = b = a 0 + b1 + c 0 = ae1 + be2 + ce3
c
0
0
1
isuniquelydetermined.
Theorem6.6:(Important
result)
Let S={v1,v2,K,vk} be a set of nonzero vectors in a
vectorspaceVandlet
W =span{v1,v2,K ,vk}.Then,
somesubsetofSisabasisofW.
Example:
Let
1 0 2 0 1
S={e1,e2,a1,e3,a2} = 0, 1, 3, 0, 3
0 0 0 1 2
formabasisof R3.
Solution:
We first check if e1 and e2 are linearly independent.
Sincetheyarelinearlyindependent,wecontinuetocheckif
e1 , e2 and a1 arelinearlyindependent. Since
2e1 +3e2 - a1 = 0,
Solution:
wedelete a1 fromSandformanewset S , S1 ={e1,e2,e3,a2}.
Then,wecontinuetocheckif e1, e2 and e arelinearly
independent. Theyarelinearlyindependent.Thus,wefinally
1
arelinearlyindependent. Since
e1 +3e2 + 2e3 - a2 = 0,
wedelete a fromSandformanewset S2 ,
Therefore,
1
S 2 ={e1,e2,e3}.
3
R
isthesubsetofSwhichformabasisofformabasisof .
Howtofindabasis(subsetofS)ofW?
Therearetwomethods:
Method1:
Theprocedurebasedontheproofoftheabove
importantresult.
Method2:
Step1:Formequation
Howtofindabasis(subsetofS)ofW?
Step2:Constructtheaugmentedmatrixassociatedwiththe
equationinstep1andtransformthisaugmentedmatrix
tothereducedrowechelonform.
Step 3: The vectors corresponding to the columns
containingtheleading1sformabasis.Forexample,if
k =6 andthereducedrowechelonmatrixis
Howtofindabasis(subsetofS)ofW?
1
0
0
M
0
0
0
0
M
thenthe1st,the3nd,andthe4thcolumnscontain
aleading1andthus
v1,v3,v4
areabasisof W =span{v1,v2,K,v6}.
Example:
Let
1 0 2 0 1
S={e1,e2,a1,e3,a2} = 0, 1, 3, 0, 3
0 0 0 1 2
3
(
)
span
S
=
R
and
.PleasefindsubsetsofSwhich
formabasisof R3.
Solution:
Method1:
We first check if e1 and e2 are linearly independent.
Sincetheyarelinearlyindependent,wecontinuetocheckif
e1 , e2 and a1 arelinearlyindependent. Since
2e1 +3e2 - a1 = 0,
Solution:
wedelete a1 fromSandformanewset S1,
S1 ={e1,e2,e3,a2}.
e1 +3e2 + 2e3 - a2 = 0,
Solution:
wedelete
a1
from
S1
andformanewset S ,
2
S 2 ={e1,e2,e3}.Therefore,
isthesubsetofSwhichformabasisofforma
3
basisofR .
Solution:
Method2:
Step1:
Theequationis
1
0
2
0
1
c1 0 + c21 + c33 + c40 + c52 = 0
.
0
0
0
1
3
Solution:
Step2:
Theaugmentedmatrixanditsreducedrowechelonmatrixis
1 0 2 0 1 0
0 1 3 0 2 0
0 0 0 1 3 0 .
The1st,the2ndand4thcolumnscontaintheleading1s.
Thus,
Example5p309
n
n
n
n
S={v1,v2,v3,v4,v5},v1=(1,2,2,1),
v2=(3,0,4,3),v3=(2,1,1,1),v4=(3,3,
9,6),v5=(9,3,7,6).
FindasubsetofSthatisabasisfor
W=spanS.
Step1:
c1(1,2,2,1)+c2(3,0,4,3)+c3(2,1,1,
1)+c4(3,3,9,6)+c5(9,3,7,6)=0
Step2:
0
0
1
0
2
1
1 -
2
0 0
0
3 3
0
2 2
3
5
0
2
2
0 0 0
0 0 0
Step3:
n
Theleading1sappearincolumns1
and2,so{v1,v2}isabasisforW=span
S.
Theorem6.7:(Importantresult)
Let S={v1,v2,K,vn} be a basis for a vector space V and
let
vectorsinV.Then, r n .
Corollary6.1:
Let S={v1,v2,K,vn} and T ={w1,w2,K ,wm} be two
basesforavectorspaceV.Then,
n = m
Note:
ForavectorspaceV,thereareinfinitebases.But
the number of vectors in two different bases are
thesame.
Example:
3
R
Forthevectorspace
,
1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
1
3
1
0 , v =
3
2
1
1 , S = {v ,v ,v }
1
2
3
isabasis
0
for R (9094).
Example:
previousexample).Also,
1
e1 = 0 , e2 =
0
0
1 , e =
3
0
0
0 , T = {e ,e ,e }
1
2
3
1
isbasisfor R .
Thereare3vectorsinbothSandT.
Definitionofdimension:
ThedimensionofavectorspaceVisthenumber
ofvectorsinabasisforV. Weoftenwritedim(V)
forthedimensionofV. dim({0})=0.
Example:
1
e1 = 0 , e2 =
0
0
1 , e =
3
0
0
0 , T = {e ,e ,e }
1
2
3
1
Thedimensionof R3is3.
Example68(Page310)
isbasisfor R3.
Example6p310
n
n
n
ThedimensionofR2 is2
ThedimensionofR3 is3
ThedimensionofRn isn.
Example7p310
n
n
n
ThedimensionofP2 is3
ThedimensionofP3 is4
ThedimensionofPn isn+1
Example8p310
n
ThesubspacewofR4consideredin
Ex5hasdimension2.
Theorem6.8:(Importantresult)
IfS isalinearlyindependentsetofvectors ina
finitedimensionalvectorspaceV,thenthereisa
basisTforV,whichcontainsS.
Example9(Page311)
Example9p311
n
n
n
n
n
FindthebasisforR4 thatcontainsthe
vectorv1=(1,0,1,0)andv2=(1,1,1,0).
Let{e1,e2,e3,e4,}bethenaturalbasis
forR4 where
e1=(1,0,0,0),e2=(0,1,0,0)
e3=(0,0,1,0)e4=(0,0,0,0)
c1v1+c2v2+c3e1+c4e2+c5e3+c6e4=0
Example9p311
1
0
0 0 1 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 -1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
Since leading1sappearincolumns1,2,3and6we
concludethat{v1,v2,e1.e4}isabasisforR4 containing
v1andv2
Theorem6.9:(Importantresult)
Let V be an ndimensional vector space, and let
S={v1,v2,K,vn} beasetofnvectorsinV.
(a) IfSislinearlyindependent,thenSisabasisfor
V.
(b)IfSspansV,thenSisabasisforV.
Example:
Is
1
v1 = 2 , v2 =
1
3
for R ?
1
0 , v =
3
2
1
1 , S = {v ,v ,v }
1
2
3
0
a basis
Note:
n
Solution:
3
R
Since
is a 3dimensional vector space, not like
Example:
1
v1 = 3 , v2 =
- 1
Is
3
R ?
2
1 , v =
3
0
4
2 , S = {v ,v ,v }
1
2
3
1
a basis for
Solution:
3
R
Since
isa3dimensionalvectorspace,weonlyneedto
examine whether S is linearly independent or S spans R3.
Because
Example10(Page 312)
Example10p312
n
InEx5.W=spanSisasubspaceofR4,so
dimW 4.SinceScontainsfivevectorswe
concludebyCorollary6.1thatSisnota
basisforW.InEx2,sincedimR4 =4,and
thesetScontainsfourvectors,itispossible
forStobeabasisforR4.IfSislinearly
independentorspansR4,itisabasis
otherwiseitisnotabasis.Thusweneed
onlycheckoneoftheconditionsinThm9.6
notboth.