CarolineOlsen

12/1/15
IndustryComeswithAge

TheIronColtBecomesanIronHorse
Whosupportedthisindustrialboom?

RailroadsskyrocketedaftertheCivilWar
Trackmileageincreasedfrom35,000miles
in1865toover192,000milesby1900.
Congressencouragedbygivingmillionsof
acresoflandtotherailroadcompanies
railroadcompanywouldthensellitfora
hugeprofit.
Peoplesaidgivinglandforrailroad
companiestoprofitjustwasn'tright>Pres.
GroverClevelandfellinthiscategoryfeltthis
systemwaswrongandendedit.
Otherssaidtherailroadswerewhatgave
thelandmostofitsvalueandvalueofthe
railroadsthemselvestothenationwas
undeniable

SpanningtheContinentwithRails
Whatbenefitswouldcomefromthe
transcontinentalrailroad?

ultimategoalfortherails=transcontinental
railroad(fromcoasttocoast)
question=NorthorSouth
Southsecedingfromthenation,theNorth
wouldgettherailroad
CongresscommissionedtheUnionPacific
RailroadtopushwestwardfromOmaha,
NebraskatoCalifornia
efforts=theUnionPacificgotpay,free
land,loansformorelandorbuilding.
CreditMobilieralsobribedCongressmento
looktheotherway
Irishworkers("Paddies")didmostofthe
laborontheGreatPlainsandclasheswith
Indianswerefrequent.
CentralPacificRailroadstartedinCalifornia
andpushedeastward.
LelandStanfordheadeduptherailroad
effortsfromCalifornia
Chineselaborersdidmostofthework
transcontinentalrailroadwascompletedin
1869nearOgden,Utah

BindingtheCountrywithRailroadTies
1900,fourmoretranscontinentallineshad
Whatwerethefourtranscontinentallinesand beenconstructed
whatweretheirdrawbacks?
NorthernPacificRailroadfromLake
SuperiortoPugetSound

Atchison,Topeka,andSantaFefrom
KansastoCalifornia
SouthernPacificlinewentfromNew
OrleanstoSanFrancisco
GreatNorthernlinkedDuluth,MNtoSeattle.
ThislinewasconstructedbyJamesH.Hill,
perhapsthegreatestrailroadconstructor>
builtrailroadswithasenseofpublicdutyand
shippedincattleforthelocals
drawbacks:communitieswagedalltheyhad
onarailroadlineincreasingthevalueofthe
town
trackswerelaidthatturnedouttogo"from
nowheretonothing.">Bankruptcyusually
followed
RailroadConsolidationandMechanization
Whatweretheresultsofrailroad
consolidation?

CorneliusVanderbiltbeganconsolidating
theNewYorkCentralline
heboughtupthelittlerailroadlinesintohis
onecompany
resultsofrailroadconsolidationwere
cheaperfares/ratesandfastertraveltimes.
Vanderbiltbegantousesteelrails,instead
ofiron>Steelwasstronger,lastedlonger,
anddidn'trustasfastasiron.
Astandardizedgauge(distancebetween
tracks)madethingsuniform
TheWestinghouseairbrakewasinvented
whichwasmuchmoreefficientandsafe.
PullmanPalaceCars(luxurypassenger
cars)werebuiltandwereverypopularfor
travelers.
Otherdevelopmentslikethetelegraphto
communicatewhentrackswereopen,
doubletracking,andthentheblocksignal
maderailroadtravelsafer
Despiteadvances,accidentsandtragedies
onthetrackwerenotuncommon

RevolutionbyRailways
Whatwasaffectedbytherailways?

physicallylinkingthenationand
psychologicallyimpactedthewaypeople
lookedatthecountry
impactthatrailroads=businessand
industrialization
Easternandwesternmarketslinked
Investorscouldpourmoneyintonew
markets

Travelwaseasedandthewideopenwest
beckonedsettlers
Farmersweretakenoutwestandoremined
fromthesoilwasshippedbackeast,cities
boomedoutwest,notablyChicago,andthe
citiesbackeastwerebroughtwhateverthe
Westhadtooffer
Fortunesandmillionaireswerealsomade
bytherailroads.
TheMidwesternplainsbecameMidwestern
cornfieldsandthegreatherdsofbuffalo
begantodieoff("gothewayofthebuffalo").
Beforetrains,citiesandtownssimply
operatedontheirownlocaltime.Since
accuratetimingwascriticalinsafelyrunning
trains,timezoneswerecreatedsothat
everyonewouldbecoordinated
WrongdoinginRailroading
Whatwerethewrongdoingsinrailroading?

CrditMobilierscandalwhererailroadmen
subhiredthemselvestogetpaidtwiceand
boughtCongressmentogoalong
JayGouldboomedandbustedrailroad
stock,makingprofitforhimselfalltheway
along
commontechniquewas"stockwatering"
whererailroadswouldartificiallytalkupthe
companysothestockwouldzoomupward.
Frequentbribes(AKA"kickbacks")were
giventogovernmentalofficialsandmajor
customers.
formationof"pools"(formallycalled"cartels")
wherecompetitorsagreedtocooperateasif
theywereonemegacompany.
Rebatesweregiventolargecompanies
thatshippedlargequantitiesofgoods
acheaprateforthebigcompaniesandan
expensiverateforthelittleguy.Railroads
saidtheyweresimplyrewardingtheirvalued
customers.
Freepasseswereoftengiventomembersof
thepresstoensuregoodpublicity.

GovernmentBridlestheIronHorse
Whywerefarmersrebelling?

Americahasalwaysbelievedinfree
enterprisethenotionthatthegovernment
shouldstayoutofprivatebusiness.
Slowlythepeople/governmentdidrespond
totherailroads

Farmersledtheprotestintheeconomic
recessionofthe1870's.
GroupslikeTheGrangepushedfor
regulation.
Wabashcase,thesupremecourtsaidthat
statescannotregulateinterstatetradeonly
congresscan
anyregulationweretobedone,itwould
havetobebytheU.S.Congress,notthe
localstates.
CongresspassedtheInterstateCommerce
Act(1887)thatoutlawedrebatesandpools.It
alsorequiredratestobeopenlypublished
andbannedcharginglowratesforthelong
haul(tobigbusinessesthatshippedlarge
quantities)andhigherratesfortheshorthaul
(tosmallfarmerswhoshippedsmall
quantities).
Althoughthelawintendedtohelpthe
commoner,thepowerfulfoundwaysaround
it.
AlexanderGrahamBellinventedthe
telephoneasaparttimehobbywhile
teachingthedeaftospeak.
ThomasEdison,the"WizardofMenlo
Park,"cameupwiththelightbulbalongwith
many,manyotherinventions.
MiraclesofMechanization
Whatweresomebeneficialinventions?

Between1860and1984theU.S.rosefrom
the4thlargestmanufacturingnationtothe
1st
Liquidcapital(moneyoramillionaireclass)
emergedtobuildnewbusinesses.
Naturalresourceshadalwaysbeenagreat
assetinAmerica
MesabiironorerangeofMinnesotawas
poweringthenationalneedforironandsteel.
Immigrationonahugescalekeptlaborcheap
EliWhitneystartedmassproductionand
interchangeableparts.
Otherinventionsaidedbusinessand
included:thecashregister,thestockticker,
thetypewriter(whichbroughtwomento
work),therefrigeratorcar,theelectric
dynamo,andtheelectricrailway.

TheTrustTitanEmerges
Howwereworkerstreatedinthesystem?

Theriseofindustrymeanttheriseofthe
factoryworker
Thepositivewasthat(a)thereactuallywere
jobsand(b)thattheoverallstandardofliving
didinfactrise.
Therewerealsomanynegativeeffects
Immigrationwasincreasingwhichmeant
wageswerecheap.
Workersunitedinunionsinhopesoffinding
strengthinnumbers.
Employerscouldhirelawyerstowrangle
aroundtheissues.
"Scabs,"orparttimereplacementworkers
couldbebroughtinandunionleaderscould
beintimidatedorbeatendown.
Bigbusinesscouldcallonthecourtsto
orderstrikersbacktowork.
Bigbusinesscouldmandate"ironcladoaths"
or"yellowdogcontracts"whereworkers
pledgedtonotjoinaunion.
Bigbusinesscould"blacklist"troublesome
workersmeaningnootheremployerwould
hirethatperson.
Somebusinessesran"companytowns"
whereworkerswerepaid"scrip"(notreal
moneybutcompanymoneygoodatthe
companystore).Workerswerealsogiven
easycreditmeaningtheyusuallygot
themselvesintodebtandnevergotout.
Inabroadersense,theideaofSocial
Darwinismpervadedsocietyandlended
workerslittlepity.Itsaidaperson'slotinlife
wastheresultofhisorherowndoing(orlack
ofdoing)therichhadearnedtheirposition
andthepoorhadthesameopportunitytodo
so.way,heownedeachstepoftheprocess.
JohnD.Rockefellernearlymonopolizedthe
oilindustry.
Rockefeller'sStandardOilCompanyused
horizontalintegrationtotakeovertheindustry
TheStandardOilCompanycontrolled
9095%oftheoilintheU.S.Togetthat
large,hewasruthlessinhistactics.Itwas
saidthathisunofficialmottowas"letusprey"
(onthelittlecompanies).
Heusedatechniquecalledinterlocking
directorateswherehisownmenwouldbe

placedontheboardofdirectorsfor
"competitors."Theirdecisionswouldbeto
cooperatewiththeir"competitors",not
compete.
J.P.Morganwasafinancier,notan
industrialist,whogainedgreatpowerand
wealth.
TheSupremacyofSteel
Howdidsteelcontributetotheeconomy?

SteelbecamekingaftertheCivilWar.Steel
builttheindustrialrevolution.
RightaftertheCivilWarsteelwasexpensive
andusedsparingly,asforcutlery.
Within20years,theU.S.hadbecomethe
world'stopsteelproducerandby1900the
U.S.mademoresteelthanBritainand
Germanycombined.
ThemainadvancewastheBessemer
Processwherecoolairisblownoverredhot
irontoburnofftheimpuritiesandproduce
strongerandcheapersteel.
AsecondreasonforthegrowthofAmerican
steelwasthattheU.S.wasblessedwith
loadsofironandcoal,thetwomain
ingredientsforsteel.
WhentheBessemerProcessandthe
materialswereaddedtoaseeminglyendless
laborsupply,steelboomed.

CarnegieandOtherSultansofSteel
Whatinventionsweremadewithsteeland
arisinginthistime?

AndrewCarnegie,thesonofScottish
immigrants,wastheclassicragstoriches
story.
Heworkedhiswayupthroughgood
oldfashionedhardwork.
Hestartedasabobbinboyinacottonmill
making$1.20perweek.
Hisnextstopwasasatelegrapherrand
boy,thentelegraphoperator,thenasa
railroadexecutive'ssecretary.
Aftergainingsomecapitalinrailroading,
Carnegieenteredthesteelindustry.
Carnegie'sU.S.SteelCorp.became
dominantinsteellargelybecauseofhis
administrativeabilitiesandknackforhiring
excellentpeople.
By1900,U.S.Steelproduced1/4ofthe
nation'sBessemersteel.Carnegiemade$25

million,taxfree.
J.P.Morganwasthepremierfinancierofthe
day.Morganmadehismoneynotbymaking
anything,butbymakingdealsdealsin
railroads,insurance,banks,etc.
Carnegiewasreadytoretirein1900and
wantedtosellU.S.Steel.Adealwasmade
whereJ.P.MorganboughtCarnegie'ssteel
empirefor$400million.
Carnegiedevotedtherestofhislifeto
philanthropygivingthemoneyaway.He
gave$350milliontobuildlibraries,support
thearts,andtoothercharities.
J.P.Morganwastednotimeandquicklybuilt
U.S.Steelintotheworld'sfirstbilliondollar
company(itwasvaluedat$1.4billion).

RockefellerGrowsanAmericanBeautyRose "Drake'sFolly"startedtheoilboomwitha
WhatwereRockefeller'stactics?
gusherinPennsylvania.Kerosene(forlamps)
enjoyedaminiboombutitsdayswere
numbered.
Justaswhaling(aschronicledinHerman
Melville'sMobyDick)wasreplacedby
kerosene,kerosenewouldbereplacedby
electricityandtheelectriclightbulb.
Kerosenedidforeshadowtheageofoil,
however.Theinternalcombustionengine
wasbeingperfectedatroughlythesame
time.
Atfirsttheoilindustrywaswideopentoall.
But,JohnD.Rockefellergotaleguponthe
competitionwithhisStandardOilCompany.
StandardOileventuallysold95%ofalloil
soldintheU.S.
Rockefellerwascriticizedforhisbusiness
practicesasbeingruthless.
Heusedhorizontalintegrationtobuyup
competitors.
Or,hesimplydrovecompetitorsoutof
business."Undercutting",wherehecharged
lessforoilthanthemarketpricejusttodrive
competitorsunder,wasacommonpractice.
Thishelpedearnhimthenickname
"Reckafellow."
Histacticswereaidedby"economiesof
scale"wherelargecompaniesproducea

cheaperproductandthusputevenmore
pressureonthe"littleguy."
Othertrustsemergedaswellincluding
GustavusF.SwiftandPhilipArmour,the
meatpackersandhotdogmakers.

TheGospelofWealth
Whatweresomeofthenewviewson
wealth?

Asafilthyrichclassemerged,sotoodid
variousviewsonwealth
Some,likeRockefeller,felttheirwealthcame
fromGod.Thiswassimilartotheold
divinerightmonarchiesofEurope.
CarnegiespokeofaGospelofWealthsaying
therichhadamoraldutytospreadthe
wealth(likespreadingtheGospel).
PerhapsthemostcommonideawasSocial
Darwinism.
SocialDarwinismtransposedCharles
Darwin'snewevolutionand
survivalofthefittesttheoriesfrombiologyto
society.
TheSocialDarwinismideasaidthatthe
reasoncertainpeoplewereatthetopoftheir
businesswasbecausetheywerethebest
adaptedatrunningthatindustry.The
opposite,ofcourse,wouldapplytoanyoneat
thebottomofthesocialoreconomicladder.
Strangely,itwasaministerthatdidthemost
topromoteSocialDarwinism.Rev.Russell
Conwellbecamerichhimselfwhiledelivering
hissermon/lectureAcresofDiamonds
thousandsoftimes.Histhemewasthat
peopleearntheirlotsinlife,eithergoodor
bad.
Bythelater1800's,aplutocracyorruleby
richplutocrats,hadreplacedtheold
slavocracyofantebellumdays.
TherulingsthatonlytheU.S.Congresscould
regulateinterstatetradeleftbigbusiness
largelyunregulated.Thebusinessescould
easilybribestatelegislatorstovote
probusiness.
Also,corporatelawyersusedthe14th
Amendmenttothebenefitofthecorporation.
Theamendmentwaswrittentogiveformer
slavescitizenshiprights,butcorporate
lawyersgotcorporationsclassifiedaslegal

peoplewithfullcitizenshiprightsaswell.

GovernmentTacklestheTrustEvil
WhywastheAntiTrustActnoteffective?

TheShermanAntiTrustAct(1890)was
enactedinattempttooutlawtrustsor
monopolies.
Thelawforbade"combinations"suchas
"pools"orcartelswhere"competitors"got
togetherandbehavedasone
megacompany.
interlockingdirectorateswherethesame
peoplesatontheboardofdirectorsof
"competitors",thenmadethesamedecisions
foreachcompany,andthusthe"competitors"
behavedasonemegacompany.
holdingcompanieswheretheholding
companyboughtupcontrollingsharesof
stockinagroupofcompetitors,then
managedeach"competitor"asone
megacompany.
TheShermanAntiTrustActwasnoteffective
because(a)provingcombinationsexist,
especiallywithpools,canbedifficult,and(b)
itlackedrealteethinenforcement.
In1914theantitrustmovementfinallygained
realmuscletoenforceitsprovisions.

TheSouthintheAgeofIndustry
WhywastheSouthstillstruggling?

WhereastheIndustrialRevolutionmostly
benefitedtheNorth,theSouthby1900was
stillstruggling.
TheSouthstillproducedlessthanbeforethe
CivilWarandthefarmingwassplitupinto
smallchunks,oftendonebysharecroppers
who"rented"theland.
JamesBuchananDukegavetheSoutha
boostwhenthecigaretteindustrytookoff.His
AmericanTobaccoCompanymadehima
fortune,enoughtoearnhisnamesakeDuke
UniversityinDurham,NC.
HenryW.Grady,editoroftheAtlanta
Constitution,urgedSouthernerstobeatthe
Yankeesattheirowngameofindustry.Still,
oldwaysdiehardandindustrywasslowto
growintheSouth.
TherailroadswerestackedagainstSouthern
industryaswell.Ratesformanufactured

goodsgoingsouthwardwerecheaperthan
northward.Ratesforrawmaterialsfavored
theSouth.
CottonmillsdidbegintoemergedownSouth.
Thebenefitsofthemilljobsweremixed.It
meantjobs,butitalsomeantcheaplaborand
thedesiretokeeplaborrateslowoftenhalf
ofwhatNorthernmillhandsearned.Still,the
millswereathankfulblessingtomany
Southerners.

TheImpactoftheNewIndustrialRevolution
onAmerica
HowdidtheNewIndustrialRevolutionimpact
America?

Despiteitsdrawbacks,theIndustrial
Revolutioncausedtheoverallstandardof
livingforAmericanstoimprove.
TheoldJeffersonvs.Hamiltondisputehad
alsobeensolved:Jefferson'sidealsof
smalltownagriculturewasbeingtrumpedby
Hamilton'sbigcitybusiness.
Lifestyleschangedaswell.The"cansee,'til
can'tsee"farmerbecameafactoryworker
thatlaboredfromwhistletowhistle.
Womengainedincreasingrolesinbusiness
aswellassecretariesandinclericaljobs.
This"newwoman"wasidealizedbythe
"GibsonGirl,"illustrationsbyCharlesDana
Gibsonofattractive,stylish,andathletic
womenactiveoutsideofthehome.
Still,thisincreasedroleintheworkplace
shouldn'tbeoverstated.Thetraditionalrole
ofwomenasmanagerofthehouseholdwas
stillthetop"job"forwomen.
Societyhadbeentransformedfrom
selfemployedfarmerstoemployed
wageearners.
TheIndustrialRevolutionfloodedthe
Americanmarketsobusinessesbeganto
lookoverseasAmericanimperialismwould
soonfollow.

InUnionsThereisStrength
Whatweretheeffectsofimmigration?

Theriseofindustrymeanttheriseofthe
factoryworker.Thisyieldedbothgoodand
badresults.
Thepositivewasthat(a)thereactuallywere
jobsand(b)thattheoverallstandardofliving
didinfactrise.
Therewerealsomanynegativeeffects

Immigrationwasincreasingwhichmeant
wageswerecheap.Foremployers,
replacementof"uppity"ortroublesome
workerswaseasyenoughwitheager
immigrants.
Workersunitedinunionsinhopesoffinding
strengthinnumbers.Theunion'smain
weaponofstrikingwasstillnotveryeffective
because
Employerscouldhirelawyerstowrangle
aroundtheissues.
"Scabs,"orparttimereplacementworkers
couldbebroughtinandunionleaderscould
beintimidatedorbeatendown.
Bigbusinesscouldcallonthecourtstoorder
strikersbacktowork.
Bigbusinesscouldmandate"ironcladoaths"
or"yellowdogcontracts"whereworkers
pledgedtonotjoinaunion.
Bigbusinesscould"blacklist"troublesome
workersmeaningnootheremployerwould
hirethatperson.
Somebusinessesran"companytowns"
whereworkerswerepaid"scrip"(notreal
moneybutcompanymoneygoodatthe
companystore).Workerswerealsogiven
easycreditmeaningtheyusuallygot
themselvesintodebtandnevergotout.
Inabroadersense,theideaofSocial
Darwinismpervadedsocietyandlended
workerslittlepity.Itsaidaperson'slotinlife
wastheresultofhisorherowndoing(orlack
ofdoing)therichhadearnedtheirposition
andthepoorhadthesameopportunitytodo
so.
LaborLimpsAlong
Werelaborunionsevidenceofcorruption?

Laborunionsbegantogrowinnumberafter
theCivilWar.
TheNationalLaborUnion(1866)lasted6
yearsandhad600,000membersskilled,
unskilled,andfarmers.
Parforthetimes,blacksandwomenwere
onlyslightlysoughtafterandChinese
immigrantswereexcluded.
Theirgoalswere(a)arbitration(settlementby
amediator)ofworkercomplaintsand(b)an8
hourworkday(whichwasgrantedto

governmentworkers).
The1873depressionruinedtheNational
LaborUnion.
TheKnightsofLaborbeganinsecrecyand
thencameoutin1881.
Itwelcomedskilledandunskilled,womenand
blacks.Theonlypeoplebannedwere"non
producers":liquordealers,professional
gamblers,lawyers,bankers,and
stockbrokers,
TheKnightssoughtworkers'cooperatives(to
pooltheirmoneyandresources),better
workingconditions,andthe8hourworkday.
Theyhadsomesuccess,ledbyTerenceV.
Powderly.Theygotthe8hourdayinseveral
placesandpulledoffasuccessfulstrike
againstJayGould'sWabashRailroad(1885).
Afterthistheirnumbersbloomedto750,000
members.

UnhorsingtheKnightsofLabor
TheKnightsbecameactiveinaseriesofMay
Whatweresomeofthestrikesthatoccurred? Daystrikes.Thestrikeshadmixedresults.
butmoreimportantly,thestrikeshurtthe
Knightspublicimage.
The"HaymarketSquareIncident"occurredin
Chicagoin1886.Therestrikerswere
intermingledwithahandfulofanarchists
callingforoverthrowofthegovernment.
Abombingtookplaceandahandfulof
bystanders,includingpolice,werekilledor
injured.Theanarchistswerethelikelyculprit,
butthepublicplacedblameontheKnights
andunions.
Eightanarchistswerearrestedfivewere
giventhedeathsentenceandtheotherthree
weregivenheftysentences.Theywere
eventuallypardonedbyGovernorJohnP.
Atlgeldin1892.Theseactionswere
unpopularandcosthimreelection.
TheendresultoftheHaymarketSquare
incidentwasadistrustinunionsanda
declineintheirmembership.

TheAFofLtotheFore
WhatwastheAFofL?

TheAmericanFederationofLabor(calledthe
"AFofL")wasstartedbySamuelGompersin

1886.
TheAFofLwasmadeupofsmall,
independentunions.Theyweretiedtogether
bytheirassociationwiththeAFofL.
Gompersdesireforworkerswassummedup
simplyas"more."Hesoughtwhatunions
alwaysseek:betterwages,shorterhours,
betterworkingconditions.
Gomperswanted"tradeagreements"toallow
the"closedshop"(businessesclosedto
nonunionmembers,orinotherwords,you
mustjointheunioninordertoworkthere).
Hismainweaponsweretheboycottandthe
strike.Toboycott,"Wedon'tpatronize"sign
wouldbeplacedonunpopularbusinesses.
Tostrike,uniondueswouldbuildupfundsto
hopefullyseethemthroughthestrike.
TheAFofLwasmadeupofskilled
craftsmen.Unskilledworkerswerenot
includedbecausetheyweretooeasily
replacedandthusweakenedtheunion.(This
exclusionofunskilledworkersisanotable
differencefromtheCIOwhichcamelaterand
includedtheunskilled).
Theyeventuallygarnered500,000members
andwerecriticizedasthe"labortrust."Still,
thisamountedtoonlyabout3%ofthelabor
forceintheU.S.
Around1900,viewsonlaborunionsbeganto
turnforthebetter.Workerswereallowedto
organize(unionize),collectivelybargain,and
strike.Themostsymbolicachievementfor
workerswasthepassageofLaborDay
(1894)whereworkers,ironically,taketheday
offfromwork.
Theriseofunionscouldbesummedupasa
longbattlethatwasjustbeginning.
Strikes,negotiations,firings,hirings,etc.
weretostillverymuchtocome.
Inthegrandschemeofthings,despite
unions'constantefforts,laborunionsinthe
1800'swerelargelyineffectivemostlydueto
theneverendingstreamofimmigrantswhich
alwaysassuredaneagerlaborforce.
CLASSNOTES:

CorruptioninthisGildedAgenamedbyMarkTwainforitbeingshinyontheoutsideand
corruptbelowthesurface
Immigrantsaregonnaaffectcapitalismmoney,somethingcreatedbyhumans
aneconomicandpoliticalsysteminwhichacountry'stradeandindustryarecontrolledby
privateownersforprofit,ratherthanbythestate.
Capitalismwillonlyworkwhenthereareoptions
Whenyouhaveamonopolyasaconsumeryourepowerless
corruptionmessesupchoice
Consumershavetheabilitytocreateunionsbutiftheyleave,theimmigrantsaremorewillingto
workforlesspay
Can'tquitbecauseimmigrantswillhappilytaketheirplace
Consumerslosetheirpower
Someoneneedstostepinandestablishtherulestoensuretherewillbechoicesandoptions=
federalgovernment
Federalgovernmentneedstoensureequity/equality
FedGov=referee
FedGovbefore=laissezfairetoleaveitalone
Justlettingequalityoccur
http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/whiskeywarsleftbrooklynruins180953352/?noist
relatetothingstoday: