Full Text

2nd International Conference on Security Studies
16 July 2015, Town in Town Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand
Public Policies and Measures on Human Trafficking:

A Case Study of Edo State, Nigeria
Ubah O. Chika* and Assistant Professor Dr.Chaiyanant Panyasiri **
Abstract
This paper examines the phenomenon of human trafficking in Edo state Nigeria and provides the
policy recommendation based on the result of these findings. By investigating the causes and effect of human
trafficking situation in Nigeria, the researcher employed historical and documentary research methods. There
are some of the findings 1) the condition of human trafficking in Nigeria is on the increase in the year 2015
and although the government has set up motions to curb this crime but this is not yet as effective as should
be; 2) the root causes of these crimes were to be poverty, war, natural disasters, political instability and
unemployment; 3) the effect of this crime on the country and the victims are significant resources are lost and
gained from this crime, it also deprives the country of it human resources, and trauma to the victims.
This leads to the conclusion and recommendation for the Nigeria government and all the
stakeholders to collaborate on 1) Providing maximum protection for its citizens 2) Making stiffer laws to punish
offenders and 3) Equip the agencies in whose hands lies the power to arrest and prosecute offenders in order
to effectively combat the crime of human trafficking in the region.
Keywords: Public Policy, Human Trafficking, Nigeria
Condition of Human Trafficking In Nigeria

Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude, slavery and slave trade shall be prohibited in all there
form
(Universal declaration on human rights 1948, Article 3and 4)
*
**
Master of Arts Program in Peace studies and Diplomacy, Graduate School of Peace Studies and Diplomacy, Siam University
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Human trafficking is a phenomenon that is currently generating a lot of concern globally, especially in
countries like Nigeria, where it is highly prevalent. The United Nations which defines human trafficking as the
recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or the use of force or
other means of coercion, of abduction or fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or a position of
vulnerability or the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having
control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation (UDHR1948).
Nigeria is a source, transiting point, and destination country for women and children subjected to
trafficking in persons, specifically under the conditions of forced labor and forced prostitution. Trafficked
Nigerian women and children are recruited from rural areas within the countrys borders women and girls
for involuntary domestic servitude and forced commercial sexual exploitation, and boys for forced labor in
street vending, domestic servitude, mining, and begging. Nigerian women and children are taken from
Nigeria to other West and Central African countries.
Nevertheless, the Government of Nigeria fully complies with the minimum standards for the
elimination of trafficking. It demonstrated sustained progress to combat human trafficking during the reporting
period. In 2013, the government convicted 29 trafficking offenders and provided care for 1,539 victims,
increases over the previous reporting period. It also continued to undertake strong efforts to raise awareness
of human trafficking. In addition, its National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP)
formed a committee in mid-2009 to review victim care policies, aiming to strike a balance between ensuring
victims safety in shelters and promoting their freedom of movement.
The Root Causes of Human Trafficking In Edo State Nigeria

The root causes of human trafficking vary from country to country, culture to culture, and person to
person. But there are a few reasons that seem to be universal when it comes to human trafficking:
Chronic poverty: Parents inability to cater for their families give out there children to these so called
traffickers with the promise of the person working and bringing back remittance to assist the family thereby
exposing their young kids to harsh working conditions and other forms of risk.
War/Crisis: a lot of children are been trafficked because of war or crisis in their various regions or
locations, for instance, the Bornu State of Nigeria where a lot of families have been displaced because of
insurgency.
Lack of accessible education: High cost of education and lack of accessible education can also be a
factor for human trafficking, when kids are out of school due to one reason or the other, such kid is vulnerable
to be trafficked either by the parents or by the traffickers. Some are been given away as house help while
some are been sent to hawk on the streets etc.
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Political and/or civil unrest leading to a dangerous environment: This is another major cause of
human trafficking in Nigeria. The absence of peace and stable government tends to make people leave their
comfort zones with their families to places they feel and are safe.
Lack of economic opportunity: Unemployment and high rate of inflation in Nigeria is another major
cause of human trafficking, the absent of proper jobs couple with the high cost of goods and services leaves
parents and families with little chance of survival.
Problem of human rights:The absent of human rights which gives a child the right to live, to study and
to be a citizen entitles the possibility of human trafficking to thrive in such places
.
Effects of Human Trafficking in Nigeria

The worst impact of human trafficking on the victims and the country of Nigeria is that Significant
financial resources are gained from it as there has been a tremendous rise in trafficking from Nigeria to
Europe since the late 1990s. Human trafficking deprives the country of its human resources. Though majority
of the people trafficked are semi-literate or illiterate, some literate and talented people are also trafficked out.
Needless to say, talent and human resources are pushed out of Africa mostly by domestic conditions. Human
trafficking does not only affect victims, it takes a toll on the child or children of the victim.
Strategies for Combating Human Trafficking

To reduce the possibility of human trafficking in Nigeria, the government has set up machineries and
embarked on legislations while aligning with international protocols as both preventive and deterrent
measures. In 2011, it ratified the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in
Persons Especially Women and Children as well as passed a national law in 2003 -Trafficking in Persons
(Prohibition) Law Enforcement and Administration Act 2003. Through this act, the National Agency for the
Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons (NAPTIP) was established.
Policy Recommendations
Based upon the result of the study, there are several policy recommendations for all stakeholders, in
collaboration with the state, to combat the crime of human trafficking:
First, traffickers should be prosecuted to the full extent of the law. More effective strategies that will
combine and balance punitive measures with protection of human rights in order to make human trafficking
non-profitable and less interesting to criminal organizations.
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Second, it is mandatory for government to provide maximum protection and respect to the
personalities of each and every victim should be introduced.
Third, the Police officer on whom the primary responsibility for crime detection, prevention and
control need to be properly equipped, well trained and professionalized as the demoralized police and
immigration personnel would be incapable of providing efficient service.
Fourth, the government should also work towards the general application of biometric technology to
reduce visa fraud as well as the use of heat-sensitive scanners at the most used access points and key
transport routes.
Fifth, public opinion should be critically mobilized behind a concerted campaign to put a stop to the
inhuman trade. The public should be informed of the pernicious impact of human trafficking.
And finally, due to the transnational nature of human trafficking, countries of origin, transit and
destination must work in partnership to prevent it, protect its victims and prosecute those responsible.
Therefore, government should strengthen bilateral agreements to garner international co-operation and also
enter into new ones towards tackling the problems of human trafficking.
Conclusion
In Nigeria, human trafficking especially the cross-border trafficking is a fast growing international
organized crime. It is motivated and continues to thrive because of poverty, ignorance, selfishness, greed and
a lack of state capacity to implement policy into action. Nigeria is part of the global system and thus must
respond and be seen as responding country to combat to trends of any form. Failure to do so will in effect
expose the entire population to greater risk than has been experienced.
References
Abdulkadir, M. 2010. Economic Crises, Poverty, Unemployment, Slave and Human Trafficking in Nigeria. (A
paper presented at the international colloquium on slavery, slave trade and there consequences on
23-26 August 2010).
Dave-Odigie, C. 2008. Human Trafficking Trends in Nigeria and Strategies for Combating the Crime. Peace
Studies Journal 1 (1): 63-75.
Finkenauer, J. 2000. Meeting the Challenge of Transnational Crime. National Institute of Justice Journal 244:
2-7.
Universal Declaration on Human Rights. 1948.
Wikipedia. 2015. Human Trafficking. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_trafficking.
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The Study of the Quality of Life

among Cambodian Migrant Workers in Bangkok, Thailand
Phanith Heng*
Abstract
Differences in standards of living available in Bangkok Metropolis area are influential in encouraging
large numbers of Cambodian migrant workers to travel for work in Thailand. The unintended consequences in
the past showed that the Cambodian migrant workers in Thailand suffer mental and sexual abuse, a sense of
low value, and are forced to survive in hardship work conditions, and unsafe living environments. The
objective of this study was to assess the living condition, specifically, to identify how Cambodian migrant
workers define quality of life and find out what their potential needs are to advance their living conditions in
Bangkok. Using the in-depth interviews with Cambodian migrant workers in Bangkok metropolis, this study
found various categories of quality of life such as physical conditions, living conditions, working conditions,
sense of safety and security, and social environment. The researcher recommended a number of ways to
improve the quality life of Cambodian migrant workers. These included having a state of general well-being,
good health, financial security, housing and transportation, being employed, and being able to travel for
leisure and enjoyment. Implications of the findings on policy were suggested.
Keywords: Cambodian Migrant Workers, Quality of life, Living Conditions, Working Conditions, Sense of safety
and Security
Introduction
Today, the quality of life is one of the topical issues discussed in parts of the world. People
continuously seek to enrich themselves for development leading to better living. As for Cambodia, due to
insufficient job within country there is an exodus of Cambodian migrant workers into the neighboring country
Thailand to seek for employment to help them improve their lives. They feel that they can earn better wages
and salary than within their own country.
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Within these circumstances, Cambodian migration, mainly occurred under the form of labor migration
and political refugee, is one of the core consequences of globalization and political conflicts within Thailand.
An approximate over 200, 000 Cambodian migrant workers are working in Thailand (IOM, 2014), thus those
Cambodian migrant workers can possibly lead to violence, exploitation, discrimination or prejudices if it is not
well presented to local people in a well-rounded manner. Myths about an enhancement of quality of life
elsewhere are spreading, drawing more people to be on the move, even regular or irregular. Such perception
can mislead people, especially the Thai younger generation. On the other hand, the arrival of massive number
of Cambodia migrants can be possible in term of labour force to push the Thai industrial economy forward
and negative in term of controversies. Those migrants can threat to national security and some measure may
be developed to act against the newly arrivals, putting them into troubles because of prejudices or
discrimination. So, Information about Cambodian migrant worker will require a careful way of presentation,
making the public more aware and more prepared to envisage the phenomenon. It is hopeful that the people
in the region who have the opportunity to learn about international migration will become friendly people who
can live successfully and peacefully in a multicultural society with good understanding about themselves and
their relationship and duties to the others in the global settings/contexts in term of Cambodian migrant worker
who come to work in Thailand for enhancing quality of life as demanding of human being.
Objectives of the Study

The main purpose of this study was to assess the living condition of Cambodia migrant workers in
Bangkok metropolis. Specifically, the study aimed to 1) identify how Cambodian migrant workers define
quality of life and 2) find out what their potential needs are to advance their living conditions.
Scope of the Study

Only Cambodian migrant workers from selected occupational fields such as construction industries,
factories, housings were included.
Literature Review
Pheakdey Seng (2013), by interviewing 50 Cambodian workers in Kanchanaburi Province, he
analyzed push and pull factors contributing to workers decisions to work in Thailand. Wage differences and
family reunions act as push factors, while pull factors include better offers in jobs. For example, employment
offers often come with accommodation, food and expenses concerning the employees monthly border
crossing. It is noted that since there are many difficultly steps for applying documents, Cambodian workers
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entering Thailand with a tourist visa and have to leave the country through the border. In his study, however,
only focused on the living and working conditions of Cambodian workers in Kanchanaburi Province and paid
little attention to the poverty impact of migration remittances on the household and community of origin.
Around 80% of the Cambodian migrant workers faced discrimination in the workplace. They
generally felt discriminated against by contrast with both Burmese and Laotian migrants; the former were said
to have the benefit of numbers, of being better skilled and of having an association which helped them with
practical matters, while the latter had the benefit of speaking a language very similar to Thai. Although Khmer
and Thai have some similarities, most people grow up not learning any of the language of their neighbors and
tend to have very little knowledge of events or people across the border. Many respondents observed that it
was difficult for them to work properly until they were able to speak at least enough Thai as to be to
communicate to a reasonable extent (Makararavy, 2011).
Sai Ti (2007) studied about health related quality of life of Myanmar migrant workers in Thailand. His
study found that gender, migrants status, finance and police arrest were statistically associated with health
related quality of life by Mann-Whitney test. Marital status, educational achievement, number of children
staying together, safe from polices arrest, personal security and relationship with employer/supervisor
illustrated a statistically significant association with health related quality of life by Krusal-Wallis test. Although
they did not have much difficult in physical domain, they got some problems in mental domain. Generally, this
study looked through their health related quality of life, all parties concerned, including policy makers and
non-governmental organizations as well, should consider these issues carefully and thoroughly for the
betterments and interests of all parties involved.
However, the researcher does not agree with some above-mentioned due to the face that these
researches did not compare with other migrant workers in other countries to ascertain the differences in
quality of life. Sometimes, the quality of life has not approved by current status but it need to compare the
satisfaction that it can be acceptable in their life. Even though, their living in any status they are satisfied with
it because they have peace of mind. For instance, some migrant workers from the developed countries may
need more demands of high salary than the migrations who come from the poor countries such as Cambodia.
Thailand can employ more and more of Cambodian migrant workers on cheaper bases which will enhance
more Cambodian migrant worker gain more opportunities to get work which lead to better quality of life.
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Conceptual Framework
Independent variables
Dependent Variable
Physical conditions:
-health status,
-nutrition,
-energy and fatigue
Living conditions:
-Housing
-Pollution
Quality of Life
Working conditions:
-Working hours per day
-Working day per week
-Working environment
-Monthly Income
Sense of Safety and Security:
-Personal safety
-Personal security
-Avoiding smoking, using drug
-Fear arrested by Thai police
Social Environments:
-Satisfaction with job
-Social welfare and public service
-personal value and spirit belief
-Relationship with community
-Time leisure
Figure 1 Conceptual Framework
Research Methodology
Methodology of the Study
The target area for the study is Bangkok metropolis and who lived at least about 3 years.
Data type and sources: The study shall make use of both primary and secondary data. Primary data
will be obtained through interviewing with the migrant workers of Cambodian who are working in Bangkok
metropolis.
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The secondary data will be collected from government and non-government establishments, social
sectors and as well as books, journals, articles that related the quality of life. The researcher will also collect
some information from the electronic sources such as the internet and social media.
Sampling Technique: This study used the judgmental sampling technique where the interviewees
were selected from place to place within the Bangkok Metropolis. The researcher interviewed 30 respondents
in Bangkok metropolis.
Research Findings
Physical Conditions: Health status and increasing age were regarded an important influence. Most
workers perceived their health status as integral to their quality of life; illness inevitably resulted in incapacity
to work. Several were confident that they were healthy and felt happy and satisfied with their health. One
worker said: Being healthy is very good; it makes me happy. I sleep and eat well. If I am ill, I cannot work and
eat. (Pov, male, Construction worker). However, others were concerned about their physical health and its
impact on their employment. Some worker health problems, such as musculoskeletal difficulties, and
respiratory illnesses like asthma and bouts of night time coughing, thereby lowering. Likewise, increasing age
and frailty were perceived as factors that adversely affected their future employment prospects. They were
unsure if they would be able to physically cope with the same work demands, when they became older and
frailer, as highlighted by one workers comments I am thinking all the time that when I become old, my
employer will not hire me because I cannot work very well (Pov, male, construction worker).
The workers highlighted several adverse health concerns that impinged on their quality of life,
including stress, poor or inadequate food preparation, low nutritional content of food intake, and getting sick.
They sometime felt stress from their work and their right to work in Thailand.
Most male workers engaged in risky behaviors that were potentially harmful to their health, such as
excessive alcohol consumption According to the workers, when intoxicated, they were able to forget the
difficulties of their day-to-day existence. Despite any perceived benefits of alcohol consumption, regular
abuse eventually took its toll on their general well-being of those who consumed excessive amount of alcohol,
many became ill or faced other negative consequence, such as headaches, vomiting, fatigue, inability to work
the following day, and domestic quarrels with their wives. Most male workers smoked tobacco to relax or out
of habit. While they were aware that smoking was bad for their health, they lacked a more substantive
appreciation of the adverse effects of nicotine consumption and tobacco smoking on their health.
Several workers became ill from fevers, muscular pain, peptic ulcers, coughing fits, or after
sustaining accidents. One female worker had been diagnosed with work-related lung disease. When illness
occurred, self-care was considered very important. Most male workers chose to care for themselves,
preferring not to be a burden to others. Some cared from themselves by purchasing over-the counter
medications or by resting. If they became more surely ill and self-medication or by resting failed to alleviate
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their ailment, they then resorted to visiting health care personnel at public health centers, private clinic or
hospitals. When I have a minor illness, I work. Then I can evaluate myself as to whether I can work or not. If I
cannot tolerate it anymore, I can take a rest I also purchase medicine from a drugs store to treat my illness.
If I do not get better, I go to the hospital (Righty, Male, Construction worker).
An additional benefit for workers registered to work in Thailand was being granted access to the
same health and welfare service as Thai citizens. By paying THB30 each time they visited a Thai government
hospital, they were eligible to receive health service in local government hospitals for almost any health
condition, illness and work related injury. Not only were recipients satisfied with gaining access, they were
content with the treatment they received. Most were happy with the skill of, and the manner in which they were
treated by, health care staff as well as the level of sophistication for the health service in Thailand. They use
the same instrument to examine Thai people and myself (Pov, male, construction worker). I am treated
equality by health personnel. I have never heard health personnel say that they wanted to treat Thailand
people first. Both Thai citizens and Cambodia have to queue (Chhay, Contruction worker).
However, there were three important limitations to the existing health services. First, the services
focused primarily on the treatment of illness and did not provide information about health promotion, safety at
work, prevention of work-related illness and their rights while working and living in Thailand. Second, the
spouses and children of registered workers were denied access to service. This, unauthorized migrant
workers were not given access to health cover and government hospitals. There are no health personnel to
provide suggestion about work safety for (Rom, male, sell worker). Health welfare done not very my family
when my child ill and admitted to the hospital. I had to pay for health care service. I borrowed money from
others to pay for it (Rim, construction worker).
Living conditions: About half the workers interviewed for this study lived in dormitories in the factory
grounds. In one work place, the workers said that all the workers lived in one hall, a common experience for
migrant workers in work place. Conditions in these dormitories are often crowded and unsanitary, with the
management doing little to improve things. Ironically, however, the poor conditions in this shared living space
can offer a sense of security from harassment. One worker working and living in a small seafood restaurant
said: I feel safe from the police since no one ever comes near our building as it is so smelly and ruined.
Workers who live in dormitories in the factory grounds are subject to a range of unexplained deductions from
their wages. They sometimes receive dockets with a handwritten figure apparently meant to signify a bill for
electricity, food or rent. Most of the workers interviewed did not understand any breakdowns of their pay. For
workers living outside the factory complex, conditions were better. One workers said that workers living in
apartments near the work place paid 1,500 baht (roughly $50) a month in rent. She had her own room with a
bathroom, and was happy living alone. However, the majority of workers living offsite share a room and any
associated costs to save money, with each paying 300 baht (just over 9$) a month. One worker shared a
single room with eight other people. In her words, the room was big enough to put eight mats in. We use
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curtains to separate our spaces. Overall, the Cambodian migrant workers live in isolated migrant
communities. Only one of the worker interviewed said that had Thai friends, and even then only in the
workplace. Only one or two could communicate effectively in Thai. Their opportunities to meet and mingle with
Thai mainstream society are very limited due to the excessive working hours and restrictions on their mobility.
However, there are affected their perceptions of quality of life. There were concerns about several aspects of
their living circumstance, such as the number of people who shared dwelling, unhygienic conditions, and the
close proximity of their homes to their places of work. In relation to the level of occupancy, some lived in
overcrowded conditions lacking in privacy. For instance, two families who shared a small room had to take
turns to carry out personal activities like dressing and undressing. With regard to their concerns about
hygiene, most homes lacked proper cooking facilities; food was prepared and cooked on the ground. For
some, sanitary facilities in their home were either inadequate or absent. Several residences lacked proper
sewage systems and, as a result, the workers had to pour raw sewage onto the ground, while others were
forced to share a toilet. Two families did not have a toilet; instead, they went to the nearby field. In relation to
the proximity of their homes to their places of work, some accommodation was situated close to the dusty and
polluted factories where they worked. If their children lived with them, they were also at risk. The children
frequently developed respiratory illness, such as common colds and coughs, and when they took them to
local hospital for treatment, the doctor informed them that the childrens illness were probably attributable to
dust emitted from the construction.
Working conditions: Thailands Labour Protection Act (1998) regulates working conditions and limits
a working day to eight hours, or 48 hours a week. After eight hours, overtime should be paid at the rate of 1.5
times the normal wage. However, in reality this is far from the case. In Bangkok, Some districts, the
interviewed averaged 8-9 working hours a day with an unpaid hour off both at lunch and at dinner. Some
factories gave nun paid day off every Sunday; some only twice a month. Overtime payment only starts after
these 8-9 hours, and overtime is mandatory, not optional, according to the migrant workers themselves. The
Cambodian workers worked in building construction in Bangkok received only 300 baht a day (about 9.5) for
8 or 9 hour working day. The legal minimum wage in Bangkok at the time of the interviews was 300 baht
(About $9.5) a day. (IOM, 2013) Thailands daily minimum wage in seven provinces as of April 2012 was 300
baht (THB), or KHR 39,380 (US$9.78). At the same time, the minimum wage rose by 40 per cent in the other
Thai provinces. While the Thai labour law and the MOU guarantee the minimum wage to migrant workers as
well, they often earn significantly less. The nature of the work environment and the type of work undertaken
affected the workers perceptions of their health. As noted earlier, the migrants worked in a range of
occupational setting, including small scale cotton mattress or noodle production, building construction and
sell worker enterprises, sand digging company and animal slaughterhouses. Several of these enterprise,
especially the mill and cotton mattress factories, were particular larly dusty work environments, found that the
amount exceeded the levels approved by the US Occupational safety and health Administration (US
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Department of Labor, 2006), the same safety levels which have also been adopted by Thailand. The workers
in these enterprises felt that they were at risk of developing respiratory problems such as lung disease. I
work in building construction. I fear that we are at risk of illness due to hazardous work. Thai was because
there is a lot of dust when I am working (Panny, female, construction worker). Factory machinery often lacked
proper safety guards, exposing workers to jury likewise, sitting for prolonged periods at equipment
contributed to problems with posture.
Sense of Safety and Security: Some Cambodian migrant workers reported that, for fear of
discrimination from other people including customers, they hid their nationality and would not speak to other
Cambodians in public and not in the Khmer language at all. One respondent who worked in a market reported
not speaking to other Cambodians who were working in the same area, for fear of revealing their identity.
Discrimination might occasionally manifest itself in terms of physical abuse. Some male employees reported
being subjected to verbal and physical abuse; one woman respondent reported that when she was delivered
via intermediary to her future employer, she was unable to resist his sexual advances and subsequently
accepted money for the process.
Social Environments: Most workers simultaneously experienced happiness and sadness in their
lives. As one worker mention: My life is happy but the same time it is full of torment. I feel happy that I have a
job and I am able to earn money, but I feel sad to be so far away from home (Phany, male, sell worker). The
workers were happy for various reasons. Some were pleased they had employment and able to earn money
for their families. They were content to live in Thailand, which they perceived as offering easier life style,
greater access to public hospital, better communication and more enjoyable internment than in Cambodia.
Despite the face they all had entered the country illegally, most were happy because since 2012, the Thai
government permitted them to register for work at local employment office.
Although, most workers indicated they were happy with their situation, number expressed concern
for family members still residing in Cambodia, particularly when these members became ill. A female worker
stated: I think of my children in Cambodia while my husband and I work and stay in Thailand (Rithy, male,
construction worker) several became tearful when interviewed, and some felt deeply dejected as a result of
their experiences as migrant workers in owning their own home and land and continuing to be indebted to
others. They also occasionally bore the brunt of verbal abuse and insults from employers and people in the
community where they lived as migrant workers, as highlighted in the following account:
It was stated that discrimination means that Cambodian workers were paid around 20% less than
Burmese and Laotian migrants. They were also less likely to suffer from isolation and psychological problems
brought about from not being able to communicate with other people.
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Conclusion
This study found that such as a poor job prospect in Cambodia and good paid in the Thailand is root
of push of pull factors in influenced the Cambodian labour. Migrant worker of Cambodia to Thailand has been
significant for the Cambodian economy over the past few years. Despite its mostly risky nature, it has
provided employment and earnings to a large number of the poor in Cambodia, especially in Bangkok,
Thailand.
From Physical conditions, due to most Cambodian labour have limited knowledge, understanding or
low choice, were decided to work in risk and poor lifestyle perceive that their health was poor. Mostly
Cambodian workers are contractions who face many problem such dusty, heavy stuff and not enough time for
sleep. This study showed that affected their Quality of life by enabling or denying access to health related
services. They are entirety worker to gain access to health and welfare service when ill. However, it is
supported for a whole family. Most Cambodian workers are happy with the food even it is difficult in the first
time, but they easy to adapt themselves with Thai food.
From Living conditions, were also detrimental to their quality of life. Most of Cambodian migrant
workers shared a room with their family or friends. They have no choice and decided to live with a little space.
While they are facing to a lot of difficulties such as changing cloth, take a bath or sleeping.
From working conditions, in this study, the workers working conditions too far from the concept of
quality of life. Most Cambodian workers are at risk of work due to they have no choice and limit of knowledge.
It was apparent that some workers were employed in hazardous work settings in which Thai workers in
general were reluctant to seek employment. The work compromised several aspects of the migrant workers
quality of life, putting them at risk of succumbing to various medical illnesses, such as lung disease,
musculoskeletal ailments and sexually transmitted diseases.
From Sense of Safety and Security, in this study find that most Cambodian migrant workers feel
threat of arrest by the Thai authorities even they are legal status. Some interviewers said that they dare not to
travel to anywhere a lone due to afraid of Thai polis arrest them. Sometime they were warned by local people.
From Social Environments, good relationships with others, including friends and Thai people living in the
community, as well as being treated fairly by employers, raised the workers perception of their quality of life.
Conversely, poor treatment by some employers and Thai villagers contributed to migrant workers sense of
inferiority, undermining their quality of life. Some interviewers said that they are closely with their employers
due to both countries have similar language and culture.
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Recommendation
Most Cambodian migrant workers are scared of Thai police no matter what status they are. However,
with this reason, Cambodian government or private agency employer should make them understand about
what they should and should not do in Thailand while they are working.
- Cambodia migrant workers should be promoted by supporting from both governments, Thailand
and Cambodia, in terms of exemption of Visa, work permit, health examinations. With the past experience, the
migrant workers have to pay high price to register as labor.
- Cambodian migrant workers sometimes are cheated by their boss in term of lack of knowledge and
understanding of labor laws. So, labor principle laws are very important putted into course training before they
come to work in Thailand.
- Low of assessing information and help when they are in the trouble. Most of the Cambodian migrant
workers complained about hardly connect with the Embassy due to nobody pick up their call or sometime
they do not know what they should do if they have a problem.
- Most migrant workers are poor. The Thai government should collect a registration fee to work in
Thailand based the migrant worker income rather than a fixed price. For example, those in lower income band
should not have to pay the total cost.
- The Cambodian should train worker to have more skills before they come to work in Thailand. As a
consequence they will earn more money and employer will happy to hire them. Thus the Thai government
whole inform its Cambodian a counterpart what kinds of labour skills are required in Thailand help them to rain
Cambodia worker.
- Agencies responsible for migrant worker should have only on database which provide information
about migrant workers, making it convenient to get the same accurate information.
- Both should reconsider charging a registration fee to work in Thailand, as well as Visa and passport
fee, since it is expensive for migrant workers. They are not able to afford them. For example, migrants who
would like to come to work in Thailand to pay about 15, 000 Baht or more than to private employment
agencies in Cambodia.
- Government should have seminar that allow those migrant to participate and follow up the
progressive of their working in Thailand.
References
Cambodia Daily Newspaper. August 03, 2014.
Cohen, L. & Manion, L. 1994. Research Methods in Education. 4th ed. London: Routledge.
International Organization for Migration. 2014. Thailand Migrant Report 2013-2014. Bangkok: IOM.
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Ministry of Labor. 2005. Summary report of the employers demand to hire migrant workers (Myanmar,
Laotians and Cambodians) and the number of existent migrant workers classified by all agencies in
Thailand during July31, 2004- March 17, 2005. Bangkok: Ministry of Labor.
Nilvarangku et al., 2006. Enhancing Laotian migrant workers quality of life within Thai-Lao Border Area. Khon
Kaen: Faculty of Nursing Research and Development Institute, Khon Kaen University.
Nishihara, M. 2007. Quality of life of Migrant Labour in Samut Sakhon Province, Thailand. Nakhon Pathom:
Mahidol University.
Pheakdey, S. 2013. Push and Pull Factors contributing to workers decisions to work in Thailand. Phnom
Penh: Royal University of Phnom Penh.
Rungreangkulkij, S. (2008). Health-Related Quality of life of Laotian Migrant Workers in Thailand. Khon Kaen:
Khon Kaen University.
Ti, S. 2007. Health related quality of life of Myanmar migrant workers in Thailand. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn
University.
Ty, M. 2011. Migration patterns in Cambodia-Causes and consequences. (A paper presented at the Ad Hoc
Expert Group Meeting on Migration and Development, Bangkok).
United Nation. 1995. Quality of life in ESCAP region.
WHOQOL Group. 1995. The World Health Organization quality of life assessment (WHOQOL). Journal
Social Science Medicine 41 (10): 1403-1409.
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Battambang Province Residents Opinions on the Impact of Post-Election Conflicts

on Peace in Cambodia: A Comparison of the 1993 and 2013 Elections
Sarun Pov*
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to examine the opinions of Battambang provincial residents on the
impact of post-election conflict on peace in Cambodia after the elections in 1993 and 2013. It took into
account the opinions of Battambang residents who had experienced both the 1993 and 2013 elections. Field
research was conducted and the feedback of 50 respondents to questionnaires and 30 interviews formed the
basis of this study. A standard data collection methodology was utilized to gather and process the
information.
The findings were as follows: Firstly, the main causes of post-election conflict were attributed to (a)
election problems of fraud and irregularities and (b) power struggles amongst the main political parties. For
instance, conflicts emerged between the Cambodian Peoples Party and National United Front for an
Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia party in 1993, and the CPP and the Cambodian
National Rescue Party (CNRP) in 2013. After the 1993 and 2013 elections, the losing parties rejected the
election results. Thereafter the losing parties gathered their supporters to protest against the winning parties
and initiate violence. Other causes of post-election conflicts were (c) social problems existed before, during,
and after the elections, such as land disputes, labor migration, poor working conditions and insufficient
workers rights in the garment industry, etc., (d) human rights violations, and (e) National Election Committees
(NEC) poor performance. The survey found that, according to the Battambang province residents opinions,
conflicts in 2013 were higher than in 1993, and the campaign and vote count in 1993 were fairer than in 2013.
Secondly, the negative impact of post-election conflict on stability in Cambodia could be mitigated through
the use of political negotiations. Assertive security measures and grassroots development projects were
required to promote peace after the elections in 1993 and 2013. Accordingly, a level of pacification was
achieved in the aftermath of both the 1993 and 2013 elections. The researcher was of the opinions that the
conflicts that erupted after both elections were not solely the result of individual factors, but were a
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combination of different conditions that influenced the extent of peace and stability across Cambodian
society.
The researcher concluded with a recommendation that Cambodia required more peace and security
throughout the whole country in order for democracy to take hold. Particularly important, all political parties
must have a greater mutual understanding, respect and tolerance toward each other to avoid disputes and
debilitating political crises. With that aim in mind, Cambodia should raise its level of democratic governance,
mainly on responsiveness, accountability and transparency.
Keywords: Elections, Political Parties, Human Rights Violation, Power Struggle and Conflicts
Introduction
Post-election conflicts have been topical issues in many parts of Cambodia since the first democratic
election in 1993 to the fifth democratic election in 2013. The main conflicts came from the disagreements of
political parties who rejected the election results.
Elections held as part of a peace deal following a violent conflict highlight several crucial dilemmas
of democratization in post-war societies. Such post-election conflicts are now a feature of almost all efforts to
democratize war-torn regions, with peace agreements routinely including provisions for elections be held as
part of the process of conflict termination, often with the assistance, supervision, or sometimes direct control
of the international community. But while post-conflict elections have become an integral element of
contemporary peace agreements, they can also themselves become the focus of increasing tension and
renewed conflict violence. As Stephen Heder (1998: 10) has noted, elections were held even under the most
undemocratic governments, but they were aimed at bolstering the legitimacy of the incumbent regime and
consolidating its power. Elections are often conducted under repressive conditions. Additionally, the
opposition is hampered by serious legal and physical harassment.
After decades of conflict, Cambodia has made some progress in building democratic institutions and
practices, particularly with a strong and vocal civil society that emerged after the countrys UN administered
peace process in the early 1990s. However, the long-standing dominance of the ruling Cambodian Peoples
Party over all aspects of society has limited transparency of government activities, and suppressed free
speech and access to information. Despite these constraints, the opposition Cambodia National Rescue Party
made a surprisingly strong showing in the countrys 2013 National Assembly elections, winning enough seats
to deny the CPP the legislative supermajority it previously enjoyed. Yet the CNRP rejected these results, citing
widespread irregularities on Election Day, and has boycotted the National Assembly.
Since Cambodia organized the first national election that was managed by the United Nations
Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in 1993, Cambodia organized the fifth national election of the
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National Assembly in 2013 under management by the National Election Committee, an institution that was
established to oversee the elections. However, voters support for the CPP has remained steady over the last
decades. This is owed in part to the fact that in the last two decades, PM. Hun Sen effectively centralized
power in Cambodia. Even though, the campaigning in 1993 was conducted in a fair, problems emerged after
the election. Election 1993 was noted by the older generation, but in the 2013 election, almost all those of the
young generation voted for CNRP, which was different from the 1993 election. The younger generation
seemed to appreciate and enjoy the economic gains under the CPP in recent years; however, they wanted to
see more improvement with the new government from a new political party in the 2013 election. This election
was fought on local issues, which included mounting anger over the granting of land concessions to Chinese
and Vietnamese companies, which were indebted to cronies of the ruling elite. At the same time, there were
lots of frustrations over a widening wealth gap between the rich and the poor and the prevailing corruption
that favors the power-connected people. Mounted on their scooters, armed with social media on their
smartphones, the kingdoms young people voted for change, and in the process reduced the government-run
papers and television to the role of a state-propaganda machine capable of impressing only its own
supporters.
Literature Review
Cambodia has a long history of political conflicts and violence from the French colonial era to the
present day. After achieving independence from France in 1953, Cambodian history has been characterized
by deep conflict, social fragmentation and political turmoil. The arrival of the Khmer Rouge regime began a
genocidal period, from 1975-1979, in which the vast majority of Cambodian people faced unspeakable
suffering, and nearly two million people were killed (Chandler, 1991; Kiernan, 1993). This history has been
deeply embedded in the opinions of Cambodians from generation to generation. Unfortunately, these conflicts
have made Cambodian society unstable and un-peaceful for many decades. The events of the last three
decades stand out as extreme, threatening the very existence of the Khmer nation as well as its social fabric.
The conflicts were protracted, multi-dimensional, and shifting in nature during the course of the conflict
throughout history. However, Cambodia organized the first democratic election in 1993 led by the United
Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Unfortunately, the losing parties did not accept the election results
and initiated the conflict against with the winner parties resulting in the death and injury of many people.
This historical review revealed that Cambodia has been affected by two primary factors: Firstly, the
country has experienced many different political regimes and parties with differing and competitive theories
and ideology over a short period of time. Secondly, each political regime has not been transformed by
democratic power, but has instead been overthrown quickly and violently, leaving the new regime without a
legacy of legitimacy. Hence, the regimes position has remained in question and loyalties to the old regime
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have remained alive. In fact, in the pre-1993 era, Cambodia lacked experience in competitive politics; hence
the transformation from authoritarian rule to democracy is likely to remain a slow process (Kim, 2012: 7).
Cambodias 2013 national elections of the National Assembly were the fifth to be held since the first
national elections were organized by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in 1993.
Both the 1993 and the 2013 elections were different according to the perspectives of voters. Conflicts
occurred among political parties after the elections and the losing parties rejected the election results
The numerous election irregularities observed in year 2013 election plus the relative narrow electoral
victory of the CPP compared to the 1993 election, left with the perception of the opposition CNRP no other
option than to reject the election results and to boycott the formation of a new National Assembly and
government until election irregularities are investigated. The CPP criticized the rejection of the election results
as a maneuvers and tricks (Office of the Council of Ministers-Quick Press Reaction Unit: 17/09/2013),
accepted the election results and congratulated the NEC for the conduct of the parliamentary elections. The
CPP responded to the pressures of the CNRP only with negotiation offers, but proceeded at the same time to
form a new National Assembly and government in September 2013 which was backed by King Norodom
Sihamoni after he had appealed for negotiations between the CPP and CNRP. No agreement reached in 2014
to end the political stalemate jeopardizing the democratization process.
Previous studies have found various causes of post-election conflict Yakubu (2012) found political
parties differences, election fraud, and use of foul languages as main causes of political violence before,
during, and after elections. Yakubu further indicated a negative association between conflict and peace.
Peace level was also found to be affected by security level.
Gallup (2002) indicated that if electoral system is strengthened, so will the prospects for Cambodian
democracy and a peaceful and prosperous future. Those Accords represented a comprehensive attempt to
end prolonged conflict. But the fate of Cambodia, in terms of peace, justice and prosperity, depends on
Cambodians at every level in society, from the top leadership down to the humble rice farmers. After all, this is
what nascent democracy is all about and that is recipe for avoiding a repetition of the tragedy of the past.
Hensengerth (2008) wrote the book about Transitions of Cambodia: War and Peace, 1954 to the
present. He indicated that the trace of the socio-economic conditions for Cambodias civil war in order to
supplement the vast literature that has explored the domestic and international arenas. The author of this
book therefore looked at concurrences between actors and as a consequence of the failed implementation of
the liberal peace paradigm that surrounded the UNTAC mission by 1992-1993. In addition, the violent political
contest continued, pitting the various parties against each other, including the continuation of a violent antiVietnamese sentiment, which until today is present in the political pronouncements of Sam Rainsy.
According to Robert Powell (2009), elections are particularly worrisome in post-war situations
because they implied a shift of political power often among warring parties. Powell (2009) identified three
patters of shifting power that have a different degree of impact on the incidence of fighting. If the power is
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shifted slowly than the state can be consolidated without fighting. The second pattern refers to a rapid
change of power (such as in elections) which gradually slows down as the state consolidates and can lead to
persistent fighting. The last pattern identified is a varying shift of power during the consolidation process
which triggers persistent recurrent fighting.
Krishna Kumar (1998) focused on the role of international community support in his book on post-war
elections as a case study in Cambodia. Kumar (1998) argued that international electoral assistance is
essential in preventing widespread electoral irregularities and fraud, strengthening the legitimacy of newly
formed democratic groups, mediating between major contestants, exerting pressure for free and fair
elections, and persuading candidates to accept the election outcome.
Objective of the Study

The main objective is to study the impact of post-election conflicts on peace after the 1993 and the
2013 elections in Cambodia. There are two specific objectives:
1) To study the causes of post-election conflicts in Cambodia after the 1993 and 2013 elections.
2) To examine the impact of post-election conflicts on peace in Cambodia
Research Questions
The question is, do post-election conflicts have an impact on peace in Cambodia after the 1993 and
the 2013 elections? Two main questions that should be asked:
1) What are the causes of post-election conflicts in Cambodia, comparing the 1993 and 2013
elections?
2) What impact do these conflicts have on peace in Cambodia, comparing the 1993 and 2013
elections?
Conceptual Framework
Independent Variables
Post-Election Conflicts
Election Problems
Political Parties Conflicts
Social Problems
Human Rights Violations
NECs Poor Performance
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Dependent Variable
Level of Peace
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The relationship between the dependent and independent variables is illustrated above. Election
problems of fraud and irregularities, political party conflicts, social problems, human rights violations and
NECs poor performance are the independent variables whereas the peace level is the dependent variable.
When elections were held in both periods of 1993 and 2013 and the winner parties were declared, the losing
parties did not want to accept the results because they felt there were several instances of election
malpractice with fraud and irregularities, such as over voting, over counting, vote buying and selling, double
votes, controversy over the use of ostensibly indelible ink, etc. So, they insisted the election should be
conducted again and they wanted other international communities like the UN or civilian organizations to help
and to solve these problems. This was accompanied by protests and use of abusive language which in some
instances led to violent conflict. When this violence and conflict became more serious again, it resulted death
and some injury to some people. Subsequently some human rights violations occurred between protestors
and the police or security forces. However, when the violence occurred, it took Cambodia security personnel
like the police and the army several days and weeks to calm the situation down. Seeing this turbulent situation
in Cambodia in the world media such as CNN, BBC, Aljazeera, etc., prospective international investors were
scared to invest in Cambodias fragile economy for fear of losing their capital and even lives. Some already
existing companies packed their bags and fled Cambodia to other neighboring countries where peace
existed.
In the nutshell, both elections caused a lot of violent situations, which affected peace in Cambodia.
Hence, there is the need for the political parties to always put the citizenry first and to try to fulfill their
campaign promises of providing quality services to the citizens of Cambodia in the areas of health care,
better roads, support for agriculture, industries, companies, and other infrastructural development. This
cannot be done by the government. However, there is a need to give peace a chance, which m ay result,
foreign investors into the country which may create more jobs for the Cambodian people and ultimately solve
some issues of peace in the future.
Research Methodology
The researcher used primary data and secondary data. Primary data were obtained from interviews
and questionnaires administered to Battambang province residents. Secondary data were collected from
sources such as published and unpublished books, newspapers, magazines, Phnom Penh Post, Cambodia
daily, journals, articles, Aljazeera, internet services and other local news regarding electoral conflict in
Cambodia purely for literature review and analysis.
This study used judgmental sampling techniques in which some respondents were chosen to
respond to the questionnaires and interview questions of the 1993 and 2013 elections. Fifty general,
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respondents were selected to answer the questionnaires. Thirty respondents out of fifty respondents were
chosen to answer the interview questions.
Research Findings
This study of the post-election conflicts on peace in Cambodia had two main aims: the first was to
find the main causes of post-election conflicts in Cambodia between the 1993 and 2013 elections, and the
second was to examine the impact of post-election conflicts on peace in Cambodia between the 1993 and
2013 elections.
The causes of post-election conflicts in the study area, according to the interviews and questionnaire
respondents, were: Political party disagreements, social problems, and NECs poor performance.
Disagreements of political parties after the elections were between CPP and FUNCINPEC parties in 1993 and
CPP and CNRP parties in 2013. The losing parties rejected the election results. They certified that the
organizers of the elections (UNTAC or NEC) were not fair and some things were irregular during the elections.
Then the losing parties protested against the winning parties. Social problems existed before and after
elections. These social problems included human rights violations, corruption, land grabbing, poor conditions,
and others. Social problems were more serious after the election in 2013. The majority of respondents said the
2013 National Assembly elections were not fair and that there were significant problems in the elections were
conducted by the National Election Committee (NEC). The problems were over voting, double votes, some
were not in the list of names, controversy over the use of an ostensibly indelible ink, etc. In the respondents
opinions, the NEC performed poorly in their management of the situation in the election.
As for the impact of post-election conflicts on peace, the researcher could say that peace occurred
whenever conflict and violence were reduced or ended. Moreover, conflict could affect peace as well when
solutions are found from the disagreement of factions or parties. By way of solution, negotiation was the best
solution among political parties after the elections in 1993 and 2013. If the solutions were effective, it would
make Cambodias development, stability, and the security of the citizens not to worry or fear. Moreover,
assertive security measures and grassroots development projects were required to promote peace after the
elections in 1993 and 2013. It should be said that the 1993 election resulted in a negative peace, because
conflict among political parties was delayed until the second election in 1998. The 2013 election resulted a
positive peace, because conflict among political parties ended with peace negotiations among the parties in
the year 2014.
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Conclusion
The conclusion of this study was on the Battambang province residents opinions on the impact of
post-election conflicts on peace in Cambodia between the 1993 and 2013 elections. Based on the
respondents opinions, the main causes of post-election conflicts in Cambodia were political parties
disagreements, social problems, and NECs poor performance. After the elections in 1993, two main political
parties (CPP and FUNINPEC) in 1993 and two main political parties (CPP and CNRP) in 2013 disagreed on
the election results. The losing and winning parties were arguing with each other and militaries force and
security guards were used against each other till both sides got injury and death. Social problems were
significant for Cambodian society. Social problems included social injustice, poor conditions, worker protests,
corruption, rampant land grabbing, and human rights violations, etc. And then the National Election
Committee (NEC) did not provide a good performance for the election in 2013. Nearly all respondents had
heard that the NEC was not providing a good atmosphere during the election. Names lost from the elective list
were by far the most common problem cited with the 2013 national elections.
It can be seen that the post-election conflicts in Cambodia have impacted on peace and security.
When conflict is reduced, then peace will be achieved. Before gaining peace in Cambodia, all political parties
must have mutual understanding, respect, tolerance and political dialogue to void arguments and conflicts.
Hence there is the need for the political parties to always put the citizenry first and try to fulfill their campaign
promises of providing quality services to the citizens of Cambodia. These may be in the areas of health care,
better roads, support for agriculture, industries, companies and other infrastructural development. This cannot
be done by the government. There is a need to give peace a chance to allow foreign investors into the
country; this would create more jobs for the Cambodian people, would solve some issues of peace in the
future.
Comparing conflict levels in both elections, twenty-three respondents answered high conflict in
2013 while thirteen respondents answered high conflict in 1993. So conflict in the 2013 election was higher
than in 1993. Twenty-eight respondents answered that the 1993 election was a fair election, while twenty-four
respondents answered that it was a fair election in 2013. Comparing both elections, 1993 election was fairer
than the 2013 election, according to the Battambang residents opinions.
It must be said that some respondents felt the 2013 was better than the 1993 election. This was
because the 1993 conflict was more serious since the country was not yet at peace and still in a state of
instability. On the contrary, Cambodia was in full peace and stability in 2013 as the military force was only
under the Governments control. Anyway, after the election 2013, Cambodia had also been under an alert for
almost one year. Cambodian people enjoyed peace after the 2013 election more than after the election in
1993. This was because the conflict that occurred after the 1993 election had generated a lot of clashes
between the military of both parties who owned the majority vote in the parliament.
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Recommendations
The objective of reducing conflicts should be to overcome the political stalemate and develop
workable procedures in the political process leading to a political dialogue of mutual understanding, respect
and tolerance for differences and a constructive political competition. Election reforms will be an essential
part of this reform process, but this alone cannot be sufficient to resolve the political conflict between CPP
and CNRP. The NEC needs to reform in order to obtain peaceful, free and fair elections. Without reform,
smooth power transition will always be a difficult task and Cambodia will continue to face political instability
and disunity.
Both opposition and government will increase the accountability, transparency, and responsiveness
of the executive directing it toward democratic governance and help foster a more socially sustainable and
equitable development of Cambodia.
Further recommendations are listed below:
- The government or ruling party should provide strong laws and human rights in the whole country to
avoid social instability and human right violation.
- The government needs to give peace a chance to allow foreign investors into the country which will
create more jobs for the Cambodians, especially the youth. This will solve the issue of brain drain in the
country in the future
- Incorporating civic education into the national education system will increase the youths
participation and representation in politics.
- Both power parties (CPP and CNRP) have the same opportunity to choose an election as a means
to solve the political, environmental and economic crises.
- The NEC should be reformed to ensure the independence of its members and to reduce election
irregularities.
- The next election in 2018 needs to implement electoral reform to guarantee the minimum conditions
for free and fair elections and to avoid repeating post-election disputes and future political crises.
- Expand this study to other Cambodian provinces, so that more opinions on peace and conflicts in
Cambodia can be found.
References
Chander, D. 1991. The Tragedy of Cambodia History. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Gallup, J. 2002. Cambodia: A Shaky Start for Democracy. in J. Hsieh and D. Newman (eds.). How Asia
Votes. New York: Chatham House Publishers of Seven Bridges Press, pp. 165-185.
Heder, S. 1998. Democracy: A Historical Perspective, Phnom Penh Post, 30 January-12 February.
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Hensengerth, O. 2008. Transitions of Cambodia: War and Peace, 1954 to the present. Retrieved from
www.postwar-violence.de.
Kiernana, B. (ed.). 1993. Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Kim, S. 2012. Democracy in Action: Decentralization in Post- Conflict Cambodia, PhD dissertation in Peace
and Development Research, School of Global University of Gothenburg.
Kumar, K. 1998. Post-conflict elections, Democratization & International Assistance. Colorado: Lynnes Rinner
Publishers, Inc.
Office of the Council of Ministers-Quick Press Reaction Unit. 2013. White Paper on the 2013 General Election
for the 5th Mandate of the National Assembly of the Kingdom of Cambodia.
Powell, R. 2009. Persistent Fighting to Forestall Adverse Shifts in the Distribution of Power. New Haven: Yale
University.
Yakubu, A. 2012. The Impact of Political Violence on Peace in Ghana: A Case Study of Yendi.
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ICSS 2015

Illegal Immigration via Thailand to Third Countries: A Comparative Study

between Uyghur and North Korean Illegal Immigration in Thailand
Major Nantasit Klaisringoen *
Abstract
Illegal immigration has been one of the major security problems affecting the stability of Thailand for
several decades. Illegal immigration in Thailand is likely to intensify after the opening of the ASEAN
Community as the laws and regulations limiting human mobility among ASEAN countries will be reduced
gradually. Thailand is not only a destination country for illegal immigrants from neighboring countries in the
Greater Mekong Sub-region who want to seek job opportunities and better living conditions, but it is also a
transit country for illegal immigrants desiring to resettle in third countries. Although the number of illegal
immigrants via Thailand to third countries is less when compared to the number of illegal immigrants for lowskilled contract work and agricultural labor from neighboring countries of Thailand, the threat posed by illegal
immigration via Thailand to third countries, especially the cases of Muslim Uyghur and North Koreans, also
highly effects the Thai national security due to its involvement with China, the United States, other stakeholder
countries, International organizations and NGOs. It is obvious that Uyghur and North Korean illegal
immigration is much more complicate than normal illegal immigration problems. In addition, the pressure from
the mentioned stakeholders gives the Thai government a lot of difficulties to cope with. As a result, there is no
concrete policy and efficient implementation to deal with the Uyghur and North Korean illegal immigrants,who
were arrested earlier by Thai officials and continue to be a burden to the Thai government.
The purpose of this article is to identify causes, routes, procedures and impacts of the Uyghur and
North Korean illegal immigration via Thailand to third countries and to analyze similarities, differences and
connections between these two cases. To understand the factors and various links of the two cases will be
useful for policy makers and officials to solve the problem and develop new measures cooperatively with
neighboring countries, particularly China which is the source country of Uyghur immigrants and the transit
country of North Korean immigrants, and to prevent new illegal immigrants from other source countries that
may use Thailand as a transit country in the future.
Master of Arts Program in Security Studies, Command and General Staff College, Royal Thai Army
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Keywords: Illegal Immigration, Thailand, Third Countries
Introduction
Thailand is one of the countries which is used by undocumented immigrants use as a pass way
to a third country. Illegal immigration has increasingly occurred in the past few years and has caused
social problems, crimes, human rights problems, and illegal transnational business. Nowadays, the Thai
government has no effective policy on the management of these illegal immigrants and there is still no
punishment as serious as that of other South East Asian countries. The illegal immigrants are still continuously
fluxing into Thailand and this tends to increase after the opening of the ASEAN Community where people can
migrate more easily as a result of the regulation which facilitates regional peoples movement. In addition, the
existing problem of undocumented immigrants has been aggravated by the illegal immigrants from North
Korea and Uyghur Muslims, who use Thailand and China as their transit point to go to a third country.
Because major powers including China and the U.S. as well as international organizations are involved,
Thailands proceedings on the Uyghur and North Korea undocumented immigrants has been rather
difficult. Moreover, the captured Uyghurs and North Koreans still remain in Thailand putting more
burdens on the country.
North Korean illegal immigrants came to Thailand before the Uyghur Muslims. At the moment, the Thai
government has not yet imposed serious policies for the management of illegal immigrants and the punishmentis
not as strong as that of other countries in South East Asia. On the contrary, they are supported by the policy to
render them a refugee status which has raised the number of North Korean illegal immigrants. In 2003, there
were 40 North Korean illegal immigrants in Thailand. So far, there are also more than 1,000 North Korean illegal
immigrants who are living along Thailands borders waiting to come to Thailand through Mae Sai District,Chiang Saen
District and Chiang Khong District of Chiang Rai Province. (Damrong, 2010) As for the illegal entry of Uyghur
Muslims, the undocumented immigrants started to come to Thailand in March 2014 when the police
arrested several Muslims with illegal entry. (Manager Online, Online, 2014)The investigation proved the
Muslims to be Uyghurs, the minority from the autonomous Xinjiang Region in western China where there
is a conflict between the Han Chinese and the Uyghur Muslims. Such conflict has been the cause of
terrorism in China for a long time. Despite having encountered the problem of illegal immigration, such
case of illegal entry of the Uyghurs is new, different, and more sensitive than other former cases. This is
because it involves China in terms of security and human rights and may cause pressure and
intervention from Chinas rivals as well as international organizations hindering Thai officials
proceedings in this matter. The most worrisome news is that there might be illegal Muslim immigrants having
an ideology of being mercenaries of Allah involving in terrorism. There is a risk of these immigrants to get
involved with the insurgency in southern Thailand Having already dealt with illegal entry, Thailand still
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encounters the problems of the management on Uyghur Muslim illegal immigrants both from within and
outside the country.
As for the illegal entry of both North Korean and Uyghur Muslims, there are some similarities
which are useful for a comparative study as a guide for an effective management of using Thailand as an
illegal transit point to a third country in the future. It is also useful to explain the problem to other
countries involved, especially China, so that they understand the problem and help set the measures for
the problem.
The Comparison of the Causes and Motivation

of North Korean and Uyghur Muslim Illegal Immigrants
The poor living condition is the main factor for the North Korean illegal immigrants to escape from the
country. Most of North Korean population are living in a poor condition and have relatives or acquaintances
who have successfully escaped to a third country living in a better condition. Compared to the North Koreans,
the Uyghur Muslims have a better living condition but are still poor and striving when compared to the Hans
who are the majority of the Chinese. When the Uyghurs who escaped have a better living condition, the rest of
them will try to follow the footsteps. So, they want to seek asylum in a third country. The illegal immigrants
from North Korea want to seek asylum in South Korea and US because they were suppressed by the
North Korean government which still has few welfare of its citizens. This leaves them in starvation and
urges more of them to escape from the country each year. The Uyghur Muslims have a similar objective
which is to have a better living condition. Their country of destination is Turkey via. Malaysia. Moreover,
the differences between the Hans, who are the majority in China, and the Uyghur Muslims are also the
main factor. They have been completely different in terms of ethnic, language, religion, and culture.
Some groups of Uyghur Muslims in the Autonomous Xinjiang still feel the cultural connection with the
Western Turks than the Hans.
The Reason for Illegal Immigrants to Choose Thailand

as a Country of Transit to a Third Country
The reason for North Korean and Uyghur Muslim illegal immigrants to choose Thailand as a country
of transit to a third country are analyzed as follows:
- Thailand shares its long borders with Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, and Malaysia allowing more
routes for escape.
- The punishment of the Thai laws is not severe. The illegal immigrants are to be in a two-year
confinement or fined up to 10,000 baht. Normally, the arrested end up paying only 1,000 baht upon their
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confession. The arrested who do not have enough money will have to be confined. One day of
confinement is equivalent to 200 baht fine leaving them to be finally confined for only five days before
the detention at Immigration Division 1, Immigration Bureau. (Damrong, 2010)
- Thailand has a safer environment than other countries in a way that Thai people are open-hearted,
friendly, and humane towards foreigners. They also abide by the international laws. Moreover, Thailand is a
democratic country.
- Thailand is a free country in which different private organizations can freely operate. It also gives
importance to the problems involving violation of human rights and humanity. Therefore, Thailand is different
from other countries where the arrested illegal immigrants will be sent to the source country Embassy where
the illegal immigrants and those involved are severely punished.
- Passing other countries is more risky because when arrested, the illegal immigrants are more likely
to be deported to their country of origin than to pass through Thailand. The punishment in their country is
quite severe, especially in North Korea.
- Thailand abides by the international laws in sending these illegal immigrants to a third countryand does
not impose the policy to deport the illegal immigrants and it is easier to require the refugee status with the
embassies than in any other countries.
- The human trafficking networks along the Mekong River are skillful in smuggling the immigrants
from China into Thailand. These traffickers know the routes, the procedures, and the falsification of
documents.
The Routes to Thailand Taken By North Korean and Uyghur Muslim Immigrants
There are two routes to Thailand taken by North Korean immigrants as follows:
The first route starts from Guan Lei Port, Jing Hong, China. Most of the immigrants come by cargo
ships taking about one day to arrive in Laos in Baan Mom, Tonpheung, Bokeo Sub-district which is opposite
to Chiang Saen District, Chiangrai Province and is approximately 10 kilometers away from Thailand. Then,
they have to wait for about 1-2 days before they will be taken on motorboats or long-tailed boats to set ashore
in Thailand in Chiang Saen District or Chiang Khong District, Chiangrai Province which are the main
entrances.
The second route is from China through the R3A route which starts from Jinghong through Boten,Luang
Namtha Province to Ban Houayxay, Loas which is approximately 250 kilometers away from Chiang Khong.This
takes about one day. The immigrants would stay in Laos for a couple of days to contact with supporters.This route
is not very popular. North Korean illegal immigrants normally come through the R3A route but at the end of the
route, they normally take a boat from Laos to Thailand.
The expense for such illegal immigration for North Korean includes travel fare from China to Chiang
Saen District, Ching Khong District or Wieng Kaen District, Chiangrai Province is approximately 150,000Page | 29
ICSS 2015
200,000 baht per person. The fine according to the laws is under 10,000 baht but the actual fine is about
1,000-2,000 baht per person. For the expense to transport the North Korean illegal immigrants to Suan Plu
Immigration Office in Bangkok, sponsored by the Embassy of North Korea, is about 50,000 per person (3,000
baht for the transport expense 2,000 baht for meals) (Damrong, 2010).
The route for the Uyghur Muslims to travel to a third country through Thailand starts from Xinjiang to
Yunnan, which shares the borders with Laos and Myanmar and can be connected with Thailand through
Mekong River. The Uyghur Muslims would gather secretly in Kunming, Yunnan before they enter Thailand.
There are three routes as follows: (Isranews, 2014)
1. Through Laos and pass Mekong River into Thailand in Chiang Saen District, Chiang Khong
District, Chiangrai Province which is the route they share with the North Korean illegal immigrants.
2. From Burma, then, through Tah Khee Lek District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand.
3. From Vietnam through to Cambodia and then to Thailand through two routes: Arunyapratet District,
Sakaew Province and by boat from Cambodia to Songkla which is very long but is the most used. The illegal
immigrants from all the three routes will gather in the Thai southern border provinces once they can get into
Thailand before they move into Malaysia and then to a country of destination. The reason they gather in Thai
southern provinces is because people there are also Muslims. The Muslims illegal entry comes in with large
organizations and networks similar to the smuggling of the Rohingya Muslims and some other groups. The
process is divided into different parts. The immigrants are divided into groups of 10-30 people. Then, they
choose to go by trains or other mass transportation vehicles to escape from the officials inspection. The
Uyghur Muslims escaping into Thailand are normally well trained in the same way that is they do not talk to
strangers, use secret codes within the group, and strictly obey the leaders from the network. The cost for a
successful smuggle is approximately 100,000-200,000 baht. (Isranews, 2014) They Uyghur Muslims carry
money in USD. They pay in installments according to the successful steps. It is estimated that there have
been a lot of Uyghur Muslims who use these illegal networks and can successfully escape to Malaysia where
they can require a certification from Turkey Embassy before they can move on to Turkey.
The Effects of the North Korean and Uyghur Muslim Illegal Immigrants
to Thailands National Security
In terms of international relations, it is found that the illegal immigration from North Korean migrants
has not affected the relations between Thailand and North Korea because there is no diplomatic tie between
the two countries. However, the problem has an impact on the relationship among U.N. members since
Thailand is overly facilitating the entry of the North Korean illegal immigrants while the U.N. is still sanctioning
North Korea after its latest nuclear test. Consequently, Thailand has to abide by the U.N. resolutions. As for
the case of Uyghur Muslims, the issue is more sensitive than the general illegal immigrants. This is because
ICSS 2015
Page | 30
the Chinese government consider them a threat to Chinas national security since they are linked to the
international terrorist groups which are trying to cause insurgency in China, especially the East Turkestan
Islamic Movement (ETIM) which is linked to the Al Qaeda and has its movements in the Middle East along the
borders of Western China and South Asian countries such a Pakistan and Afghanistan.(CFR, Online, 2014)
These are threats that the Chinese government is aware of and focus on because they can have a large effect
on Chinas stability and security. Apart from China, the case of Uyghur Muslims is also involved with the U.S.,
international organizations, and other western and Muslim countries each of which requires Thailand to follow
its will. The western countries focus on human rights while China would like Thailand to deport the Uyghur
Muslims to China. At the same time, the Muslim countries want Thailand to treat the Uyghur Muslims
according to Muslim guidelines. These different requirements are obstacles for Thailands operations in this
matter. Although the pressure from others hinders the work of the Thai officials, Thailand still has to abide by
the international laws in this matter for the balance of power and smooth relations with every country,
especially China, to solve the problem.
In terms of society and politics, it is found that the problem of illegal immigrants has only a slight
impact on Thailand since all the North Korean illegal immigrants only use Thailand as a country of transit to a
third country which is mainly South Korea and do not want to work or settle permanently in Thailand. Third
countries such as South Korea and U.S. take all the North Korean illegal immigrants into the countries. There
has been no report on terrorism or any other crimes done by the North Korean illegal immigrants in Thailand
so far. At the same time, the Uyghur Muslims illegal immigrants are similar in this matter since they only use
Thailand as a transit country to a third country which is mainly Turkey and some of Turkish organizations has
put a great attempt to help these Uyghur Muslims as well.
In terms of economy, it is found that the effects of the illegal immigrants is us mainly on the high
expense for their health care, food, accommodation, the proceedings in transferring them to a third country
and charging them according to the Thai laws, and the hiring of interpreters. Therefore, a large sum of the
budget has to be spent for the illegal immigrants instead of the development of the country.
In terms of security and national defense, it is found that a lot of human resource has been spent on
the North Korean and Uyghur Muslim illegal immigrants. This includes personnel for the arrest, suppression,
and counter-intelligence from North Korea which has sent its secret agents into Thailand to find information on
its opponents or from the Uyghur Muslims who may be involved with or build a network with regional terrorist
groups. In the case of the Uyghur Muslims which involves major powers and other countries concerned, there
may be special measures used for secret operations which may affect Thailands national security.
Page | 31
ICSS 2015
The Problems for Security Officials Dealing

with North Korean and Uyghur Muslim Illegal Immigrants
There is no allocating budget to support the expenditure of legal proceedings after the arrest of
illegal immigrants. Officials involved have to provide food, utilities as well as the care for non-contagious
infectious diseases such as stomachache, skin diseases, and underlying diseases which are taken care of
weekly by the doctor provided by the Immigration Bureau. If the diseases are severe, the patients will be
referred to a hospital and the expense is responsible by the Thai government. Moreover, there are also other
cares such as daily exercise, electric fan provision, cleaning of the area and spraying the pesticide according
to the standard of the detention area, etc. These expenses is a burden for the Thai government which has to
provide the budget (from the tax) to look after non-citizens according to human rights principles.
Some officials do not truly understand the proceedings of charging or returning the North Korean and
Uyghur Muslim illegal immigrants. In addition, there are sometimes some pregnant women and elderly in the
illegal immigrant groups. In this case, the officials have to separate women and small children to stay in a
place requested according to the human rights principles. The security authorities have to spend a lot of
money to provide humanitarian aid to a large number of such illegal immigrants. There is also a
communication problem since the North Korean and Uyghur Muslim illegal immigrants are not able to
communicate in neither Thai nor English while the officials cannot speak Korean nor Uyghur. Thus,
interpreters have to be hired to facilitate the communication. Furthermore, Thailand cannot push these illegal
immigrants to its neighboring countries because this may affect the relations at a local level and may be
resisted from human rights organizations.
In the case of North Korea, the problems found are third countries that receive the North Korean
illegal immigrants do not accept all the immigrants. They only select those who are knowledgeable and
skillful. Last time, South Korea caught a North Korean secret agent who was disguised among the immigrants
causing South Korea to have to select the immigrants and deport the rest to North Korea. Thailand, then, had
to spend a lot of money on humanitarian aid for the rest of the North Korean illegal immigrants who are in
Thailand to be deported to North Korea. As for the Uyghur Muslims, all of them still remain in Thailand and
cannot be transferred to a third country because of the intervention from major powers, international
organizations, and other countries involved.
Suggestions for the Prevention and Suppression

of North Korean and Uyghur Muslim Illegal Immigrants
1. The proceedings should be done seriously to arrest both Thai and foreign networks which
smuggle North Korean and Uyghur Muslim illegal immigrants into Thailand so that it acts as deterrence
against illegal immigration.
ICSS 2015
Page | 32
2. Thailand needs to get information on the illegal immigrant smuggling networks by strengthening
the relations within the domestic government sector and with international law enforcement agencies so that
the cooperation is better.
3. Laws should be seriously implemented and there should be an increase in punishment.
4. Urge other countries and major powers to put pressure on the countries of destination and the
countries assisting these illegal immigrants instead of putting pressure on Thailand alone. Nowadays, so
much pressure has been put on Thailand in the case of the Uyghur Muslims that it is almost impossible for
Thailand to do anything but to take burden in taking care of them indefinitely. On the other hand, not as much
pressure has been put on countries of destination such as Turkey and Malaysia which are the cause for the
Uyghur Muslims to pass through this route.
5. Thailand should try to urge countries that are putting pressure on it to try to find a mutual solution
to this problem, especially when Thailand is requested to deport the illegal immigrants to their countries of
origin. If these illegal immigrants are involved with regional terrorism, information involved should be
exchanged so that the proceedings can be done without any criticisms from other countries involved.
Conclusion
This comparative study shows that the illegal immigrants from North Korea are similar to those of
Uyghur Muslims in many aspects including the causes of the problem, the routes they take, the methods in
escaping into Thailand, the problems for the officials, and the effects to Thailand. The effects of the North
Korean illegal immigrants are not as severe as those of the Uyghur Muslims which are caused by the mixture
of the underlying illegal immigration and the insurgency issue in China and the conflicts between the Uyghurs
and the Hans. Such problems are difficult to solve in a short time. The unfavorable environment leads the
Uyghur Muslims to flee to a third country to find a better living condition. Although Thailand has not been able
to manage with the existing problem effectively, it is not a good idea to let these illegal activities remain
because these may lead to a more serious and violent security problem in the future, especially the possibility
of the cooperation between the insurgents in Southern Thailand and the terrorists in China. Therefore, there
needs to be cooperation both domestic and international at all levels to decisively deal with such illegal
immigration and to prevent Thailand from being a country of transit or a pass way for any possible
transnational crimes.
Reference
Anthony, H. and Cindy, F. 2009. Migration and Inequality in Xinjiang: A Survey of Han and Uyghur Migrants
in Urumqi. Retrieved 30 May 2015 from http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/geog/downloads/597/403.pdf.
Page | 33
ICSS 2015
Cheung, S. 2011. Migration Control and the Solutions Impasse in South and Southeast Asia: Implications
from the Rohingya Experience. Journal of Refugee Studies: 50-70.
Damrong, T. 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2015. From http://www.oknation.net/blog/akom/2010/12/20/entry-1.
Hazel, S. 2012. Explaining North Korean Migration to China. Retrieved 25 May 2015. from www.wilsoncenter.
org/sites/default/files/NKIDP_eDossier_11_Explaining_North_Korean_Migration_to_China.pdf.
Isocthai.go.th. 2015. ISOC: Internal Security Operations Command. Retrieved 25 May 2015 from www.isoc
thai.go.th.
Isranews, 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015 from http://www.isranews.org/isranews-scoop/item/28204-3A2.html.
Long, K. 2011. Permanent Crises?: Unlocking the Protracted Displacement of Refugees and Internally
Displaced Persons. Oxford: Refugee Studies Centre, University of Oxford.
Manager Online Online. 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2015 from http://www.manager.co.th/Around/ViewNews.aspx
?NewsID=9570000029569.
Sebastien. 2011. Security and Islam in Asia: Lessons from Chinas Uyghur Minority. Retrieved 25 May 2015
from http://fride.org/download/pb_87_security_and_islam_in_asia.pdf.
Thai Immigration Bureau. 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015 from www.immigration.go.th.
ICSS 2015
Page | 34


( )
The Alternative Energy Using Solar Energy Power System in Internal Security
Operation Command (ISOC)
*
Colonel Aphichai Bunchauylue

Grid
Interactive Inverter

60.77
24 380 - 39.23
200
1,600
96
50
12V 61,274.51 Ah 12V 200Ah 307

: ,
()
Page | 35
ICSS 2015
Abstract
This research has the objectives to study the power back up system within ISOC using the Grid
Interactive Inverter Type of Solar Energy Power system. The results showed the following: By the study of
Power consumption in Organization, the result show that 60.77% of power consumption occurred during daytime. The Communication Control room which operates and consumes power for 24 hours requires 380 KWh
of power or 39.22% of daily power consumption. Therefore, the design of this alternative energy requires
areas about 1600 m 2 to be installed the system using Solar Energy which produces at least 200 KW, and the
inverter size which will Convert Direct current (DC) to Alternating current (AC) is 96 KW minimally to match the
maximum daily usage. The Battery system uses 370 EA 12V 200Ah Battery which is equal to 61,274.51 Ah. so
that they can store up to 50% of usage energy. By the system mentioned above mentioned above the solar
Energy Power system can be provide and at ISOC. Moreover, the power generator also be used integrally
with this inverter system.
Keywords: Alternative Energy, Solar Energy Power

..2556-2557

80 5 2550

ICSS 2015
Page | 36

1.

2.

1.

2.

Grid Interactive Inverter

1 Grid Interactive Inverter

4
1

2

Page | 37
ICSS 2015
3

4

(2547)
2542
4.4 MWp
5.7 1.3
Wuthipong Suponthana, Nipon Ketjoy, Wattanapong Rakwichan and Phumisak Inthanon (2007)
200,000 2548-2550 2

(Mono Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell; m-Si)
(Amorphous Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell; a-Si) 2 /
MPPT Deep Cycle a-Si
p-Si 10%-18% 0.45-0.5
Jinlei Ding, Xiaofang Cheng, Tairan Fu (2004)

Achitpon SaSitharanuwata, Wattanapong Rakwichian, Nipon Ketjoy, and Suchart Yammen (2006)
10 kWP
6
7,852 kWh a-Si p-Si HIT
6.26% 10.48% 13.78%

ICSS 2015
Page | 38


60.77
24 380 - 39.23

200 1,600
96

50 12V 61,274.51 Ah 12V 200Ah 307

1.

2.

. 2547. .
. :
.
Suponthana, W., Ketjoy, N., Rakwichan, W. and Inthanon, P. 2007. Performance Evaluation AC Solar Home
System in Thailand: system using multi crystalline silicon PV module versus system using thin film
amorphous silicon PV module. International Journal of Renewable Energy: 35-52.
Ding, J, Cheng, X and Fu, T. 2004. Analysis of series resistance and P-T characteristics of the solar cell.
Vacuum 77 (2005): 163-167.
Page | 39
ICSS 2015
SaSitharanuwata, A., Rakwichian, W., Ketjoy, N, and Yammen, S. 2006. Performance evaluation of a 10 kWp
PV power system prototype for isolated building in Thailand. International Journal of Renewable
Energy.
__________. 2006. Design and Testing of a 10 kWp standalone PV Prototype for Future Community Grid
Adapted for Remote Area in Thailand. International Journal of Renewable Energy: 33-43.
ICSS 2015
Page | 40


4
Factors Affecting the Morale of the Officers Logistics of Support Units
in the 4th Army Area
*
Colonel Thanach Chimpalee

(1)
4 (2)

4 (3)
4
/
/
4
191
1)
4

.05

2)

.01 3)
4 4
*
()
Page | 41
ICSS 2015

4

: , , 4
Abstract
This research has the objectives to (1) to compare the morale of the soldiers who worked in the
logistics department. The support units sent in the 4th Army Area by personal factors. (2) To study the
relationship between factors in working with the morale of the troops. Working in the logistics department. The
support units sent in the 4th Army Area (3) to study the factors that affect the morale of the troops. Working in
the areas of logistics support units were delivered in the 4th Army Area. The Sampling consists of officers and
Non-Commissioned Officer, 191 officers were used to collect quantitative data.
The results showed that 1) compare the morale of soldiers who worked in the logistics
department. Agency support The transmission in the 4th Army Area by personal factors that are arbitrary line
logistics with rank, age, status, educational level under their original homeland. Service and age Different
morale of soldiers who worked in the logistics department as a whole. And specifically did not differ
statistically significant level of.05. The military operations that span logistics operations. Different morale of
soldiers who worked in the logistics department as a whole is no different. But considering that aspect.
Different in harmony. 2) the morale of the troops is an inverse relationship or in the same direction as the
factors influencing performance in the nature of the practice. The relationship of colleagues, the workload
advancement opportunities in the workplace. The rule Rights troops And Welfare Level of statistical
significance. 01. 3) Factors affecting the morale of the troops who worked in the logistics department. The
support units sent in the 4th Army Area has four variants include the nature of the practice. The rule on the
relationship between workload and colleagues. This affects the morale of the troops in a positive factor in the
work. Feedback should be studied more variables are the factors that affect the morale of the soldiers who
worked in the logistics department. The support units sent in the Army Region 4, as in the work environment.
Policy Commander to know other factors. The impact on the morale of the troops to cover even more.
Keywords: Morale, Logistics, 4th Army Area
ICSS 2015
Page | 42

4 5 4 4
41 42 24 4
4 1 2551 15
4
,

4

4
4

4

4

1.
4
2.
4
3.
4

1.
4
2.
4
Page | 43
ICSS 2015
3.
4

4

4

2
1) 2)

(Closed
Questionnaire) 5 Likert

ICSS 2015
Page | 44

4 364 191 4,
4, 41 5 1 2558-7
2558

4

4

4
.01
.465-.668 (r
=.668) (r =.625) (r =.576) (r
=.573) (r =.541) (r =.465) (r =.498)

4
4 4

1. (Internal
Motivation)

Page | 45
ICSS 2015
2.

4

. 2549.
. ,
.
. 2552. ()
3.2.1. , .
. 2547. .
, .
. 2551. . Productivity Corner 9 (95): 6.
. 2552. .
,.
. 2550. : . :
.
. 2553.
.
, .
. 2549. . : .
. 2554.
.
, .
. 2548. .
,
Folkins, L. 2009. A Study of Teacher Morale in Secondary Schools. Dissertation Abstracts International 37:
5483A.
Werst, N. 2010. Teacher Morale among selected Secondary Teachers. Dissertation Abstracts International.
ICSS 2015
Page | 46


The Study of Risk Behavioral toward HIV Infection of Conscripts in Bangkok
*
Lieutenant Colonel Suppachoke Tukkanun

(1)
(2)

344
( )
() 1.
2.

0.200 0.05

: , ,
Abstract
The purposes of this survey research were to study the characterization of risk behavior toward HIV
infection of conscripts in Bangkok and factors that affected their risk behavior. The research population was
*
()
Page | 47
ICSS 2015
comprised of all conscripts in Bangkok. The research sample included 344 conscripts randomly selected.
The research instrument was the questionnaire. Statistics used for research data analysis were descriptive
statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis).
The research findings indicated that: (1) The risk behavior toward HIV infection of conscripts in Bangkok was
at a moderate level; (2) The correlation of risk behavior toward HIV infection among conscripts was evaluated.
The results indicated that the knowledge on HIV of conscripts was significantly correlated with risk behavior
toward HIV infection(r = 0.200, p < 0.05).The conscripts with high knowledge on HIV are more likely to have
low risk behavior. Surprisingly, there was no correlation between the perceived severity of HIV and risk
behavior toward HIV infection (r = 0.097, p = 0.073). Strategies for reduced risk behavior toward HIV infection
of conscripts in Bangkok include increased the giving knowledge and preventive suggestion of HIV infection
in the conscripts.
Keywords: Risk Behavior, HIV Infection, Conscripts

2555 35.3 2.3 20-34

..2527 31 2557 388,621
100,617 20-39
30-34 ( 25.83) 25-29 , 35-39 20-24
24.97,16.85 9.01 ( 45.51)
( 18.48) 84.79

* 2555 40,842
0.6

ICSS 2015
Page | 48

1.

2.

1.

2.

3.

(Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome-AIDS) (HIV)

,
,
(2553: 35) (Risk behavior)

( , 2535: 211 2553: 35) 3
1. 2. 3.

( , 2551:
, 2548: 805-811 2553: 35)

(Joseph Catania et.al, 1990 2535)
(AIDS Risk Reduction Model)
Page | 49
ICSS 2015
3 1. (Problem Perception)

3 . (HIV. Transmission
Knowledge) . (Perceived susceptibility) . (Social Network
and Norms) 2. (Commitment to Change)
(Perceive a health problem)
(Taking action on the problem) 3. (Taking Action)

1 2557 4,379
366 1) 1 1 (.11.)
150 2) (....) 150 3)
( .....6) 66
344 94

1 2557-31 2557

( 99.4),
( 98.8)
80.
( 96.8) 61.9

( 97.4)
( 69.8)
( 98.2)
3
23.5,38.4
22.4,38.1
ICSS 2015
Page | 50

41.3, 28.5
100 % 4.4, 21.5
/
( )
38.53
( 39.2) ( 35.56-41.49), 32.0
( 23.00-35.55) 28.8 ( 41.50-65.00)

( 58.4), ( 10.8),
( 41.0), ( 25.0),
( 34.9), ( 18.6),
( 63.7), ( 13.0), ( 41.6),
( 8.1) 30.16 ( 49.4)
( 27.62-32.70), 30.8 ( 15.00-27.61)
19.8 ( 32.71-50.00)
8.38 ( 38.1) ( 7.54-9.21), 31.4
( 6.00-7.53) 30.5 ( 9.22-19.00)

0.200
0.05

0.208 0.05

0.146
0.05

Page | 51
ICSS 2015

1.

2.
2-3

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.
6.

. 2553.
. ( ), .
. 2555.
-1
.
ICSS 2015
Page | 52
2536.

, .
. 2546. . 3. :
.
. 2553.
. , .
. 2533. . : .
. 2558. .24 ..2558. Retrieved
from http:www.boe.mop.go.th.
. 2551. . 29 ..2551. Retrieved from
http://203.157.15.4/index.php?send=aidsdata.
. 2535.
/ 2. : .
Catania, J., Kegeles, S. and Coates, T. 1990. Towards an Understanding of Risk Behavior: An AIDS Risk
Reduction Model (ARRM). Health Education Quarterly 17 (1): 53-72.
Page | 53
ICSS 2015


The Perception's Patient of Service Qualityat
Division of Underwater and Aviation Medicine, Naval Medical Department
.*
Commander Kaewta Kitkamhang

400

0.96
1) 51.5
53 47.25 / 36.75
15,000 42.50 40.75 2)

0.05 3)

0.05
: ,
Abstract
This research aims to study and compare the perception's patient of service quality when the patient
was treated at Division of underwater and aviation medicine, Naval Medical Department. The population of
*
()
ICSS 2015
Page | 54
this study is 400 patients who was treated at Division of underwater and aviation medicine. The measurement
is the rating scale to access the level of perception service quality and find the reliability by using Cronbach's
at 0.96.
The results showed that 1) In this population, the 51.5 percentage were female, the 53 percentage
were married, the 47.25 percentage had the bachelor's degree, the 36.75 percentage were a housekeeper,
the 42.50 percentage had the average income less than 15,000 baht per month and the 40.75 percentage
had the national health security. 2) Hypothesis analysis showed that. The difference of age, marital status,
educational level, the average income and the health insurance relate to the level of perception service
quality statistically significant (p value = 0.05) 3) The difference of choosing the service at Division of
underwater and aviation medicine, Naval Medical Department relate to the quality of care, quality of physical
environment, and overall service quality statistically significant (p value = 0.05)
Keywords: Service Quality, Underwater and Aviation Medicine

(
, 2555)
Parasuraman

1

( , 2528)

(Tissue Hypoxia)
Page | 55
ICSS 2015

2

( ,.., 2545)

..2523 ..
2529

24 ( ,.., 2545)

100

1.

2.

Parasuraman (1988) SERVQUAL
SERVQUAL
SERVQUAL
ICSS 2015
Page | 56
SERVQUAL 22 5

SERVQUAL

SERVQUAL

(Factor Analysis) (Reliability)

Parasuraman et al., (1998: 16)

(2537: 34)

190 80

(2537: 116)
200 69

(2541: 167-172)
393
68.49
1-4
4
(2542: 74-75)

69.5 17.2 13.3

Page | 57
ICSS 2015
(2542)
270
65.6 60.7
90

(2543: 72)
255
67.8 31
1.2

(2544: 25-34)

275

(2544: 25-34)
400

1,620 ( , 2555)
(Taro Yamane, 1967: 99)
0.05 400
- 2557
200 100
ICSS 2015
Page | 58
(one-way anova)
t-test independent LSD
1.1

0.05
1.2

0.05
1.3

0.05
1.4

0.05
1.5

0.05
Page | 59
ICSS 2015
1.6

0.05
1.7

0.05
2.1

0.05
2.2

0.05
2.3

0.05

1.

2.

3.

(TQM)
ICSS 2015
Page | 60

1.

2.

. 2555. Retrieved from www. safety-stou.com/54112_unit3.
. 2554.
. : .
. 2541.
. , .
. 2556.
.
31 (4).
. 2556.
.
, .
. 2553. .
, .
Bopp, K. 1990. How Paltients Evaluate The Quality of Ambulatory Medical Encounter: A Marketing
Perspective. Journal of Health CareMarketing 10: 6-15.
Kotler, P. 1994. Marketing Management: analysis planning implementation and control. 8th ed. New Jersey:
Prentice-Hall.
Parasuraman, A., Zeithaml, V. and Berry, L. 1985. A Conceptual model of service quality and its implications
for future research. Jourmal of Marketing: 41-50.
__________. 1990. Delivery Quality Service: Balancing Customer Perceptions and Expectations. New York:
Free Press.
Page | 61
ICSS 2015

June 16, 2015, Town in Town Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand

Guideline for the Improvement of Morale of the Personnel at Defence Information
and Space Technology Department, Office of the Permanent Secretary for Defence
*
Major Napadon Rakklad

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

141 5

1.
2.

.01 3. 6
.839 69.1
4 .01
(Beta =.459)
Beta =.235,.206 .195

4.
3
()
ICSS 2015
Page | 62
(1) (2) (3)

: ,
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to investigate (1) the morale level of the personnel at Defence
Information and Space Technology Department (2) the relationship between operational factors and morale of
the personnel at Defence Information and Space Technology Department (3) the operational factors affected
morale of the personnel at Defence Information and Space Technology Department and (4) guideline for the
improvement of morale of the personnel at Defence Information and Space Technology Department.
Population under this study were 5 Key informants and 141 personnel at Defence Information and Space
Technology Department, Office of the Permanent Secretary for Defence. This study collected data by a
questionnaire distributed to the population then analyzed by statistical software and using interview data form
collected data from Key informants.
The findings of this study were: 1. The morale level of the personnel at Defence Information and
Space Technology Department overall and each operational factor is at high level 2. Operational factors were
correlated with morale of the personnel. Statistically significant at the.01 level. 3. Operational factors and
morale of the personnel were correlated with multiple regression coefficient at.839 and operational factors
affected the morale of the personnel with 69.1 percent. There were 4 of 6 factors in operational factors
resulting statistically significant at the.01 level. The most affected factor was associated with co-workers factor
(Beta =.459). The minor affected were security operations factor (Beta =.235), progress factor (Beta =.206)
and satisfaction on working factor (Beta =.195). Environmental factor and command rule factor were not
affected the morale of the personnel. 4. Guideline for the improvement of morale of the personnel at Defence
Information and Space Technology Department should proceed on 3 operational factors are (1) associated
with co-workers factor (2) progress factor and (3) satisfaction on working factor.
Page | 63
ICSS 2015
Suggestions; Organizations should focus on the improvement of morale of the personnel and
motivating the personnel give precedence to evaluate the morale of the personnel. The accurate results from
evaluation lead to the morale improvement process efficiency. The study should consider the following
additional factors including a focus on the morale of the superior, accepting suggestions of superior,
providing recommendations for application in a concrete way, and evaluate morale level of the personnel in
each division to compare the morale of the personnel in each division of Defence Information and Space
Technology Department.
Keywords: Improvement, Morale

ICSS 2015
Page | 64

1.

2.

3.

4.

1.

2.

3.

Morale

(Milton. 1981: 151-152 . 2544: 4-5)

Page | 65
ICSS 2015
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

7.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

6.
(Chruden & Sherman, 1961: 431 , 2544: 5)

(Stahl et al, 1962: 199-200 2544: 5)

1.
2.
3.
4.
(Davis, 1951: 543 , 2543: 4)

(2541: 28) (Morale)

6
1.
2.
3.
ICSS 2015
Page | 66
4.
5.
6.
(2543: 7)

(2541: 96)
(Organizational commitment)

(2547: 9)

(2541: 7)

1 2556 30
2557 (..) / (..) /
Page | 67
ICSS 2015
(..) (..) / (..) 91

50 141

1 2556 30 2557
(Purposive Sampling) 5

(Multiple Correlation)

.01

.722,.665,.662,.656,.590 .446

(Multiple Regression Analysis) 6
.839

69.1 4
.01
(Beta =.459)
Beta =.235,.206 .195

.01 3 1.

2.

ICSS 2015
Page | 68

3.

1.

2.

1.

2.

. 2541. . : Diamond in Business World.
Davis, R. 1951. The Fundamental of Top Management. New York: Harper & Brother.
Page | 69
ICSS 2015


Study of Government Agencies Access to Local People through the Implementation
of Activities under the Sufficiency Economy in the Southern Provinces
. *, **, . .
Colonel Direk Deeprasert, Colonel Chatchawin Yiamyam, Dr.Phavarin Leelahawanich
and Dr.Rungnapa Poomruang

1.
2.
3.

1.

/
2.

/
5 1) 2)
3)
4) 5)
*
**
()
()
ICSS 2015
Page | 70
/ 5 1) 2)
3) () 4) 5)
3.

1)
2) 3)
4) 5)
6) 7)
1)
2) 3)
4)

5)
6)
: , , ,
Abstract
The purposes of the research were 1. To study the nature of activity-based approach to sustainable
self-sufficiency economy in the southern border provinces. 2. To identify contributing factors where
government agencies have access and were able reach out to the public through the implementation of
activities under the sufficiency economy in the southern border provinces. 3. To present a responsive
development model used by government agencies for effective public access through the implementation of
activities under the sufficiency in the southern border provinces. The research is a qualitative research
The results are as follows; 1. Sufficiency economy-based activities of people in the southern border
provinces of Thailand. Current economic activities have changed over the years consistently to changing
living context and by community-led groups and now within-line local government agencies. Community-led
economic activities lead to local establishment of sufficiency economy learning centres. Agriculture-based
economies are such as vegetable farming, industrial farming, livestock and cottage industry of local produce.
It has been observed that local sufficiency economy can benefit stronger reciprocal relations of people in the
community and vice-versa. Some local trading chains grow into a medium-sized industry. 2. Contributing
factors where government agencies have access and were able reach out to the public through the
implementation of activities under the sufficiency economy in the southern border provinces. This research
found that the contributing factors are external which are as follow: 1.Internal peacekeeping 2. Flexible local
rule and regulations and responsive local administration. 3.Facilitating local government officials 4. Continuity
Page | 71
ICSS 2015
and consistency of government services. 5. Effective coordination between state agencies and the local
communities. This research also found that the contributing factors are driven by internal communities which
are as follow: 1. Strong communities. 2. Economic activities are based on local resources. 3. Abundant local
resources. 4. Collective agreements by people in the communities which can expand into accessible
community. 5. Collective decisions on economic activities that genuinely and organically benefit the local
economy. 3. A responsive development model used by government agencies for effective Public access
through the implementation of activities under the sufficiency in the southern border provinces. The research
found that responsive development model implemented by government agencies functions well in the
community where sufficient economy has not been initiated. The model encompasses the following:
1.Attentive consultation sessions with local communities. 2. Effective advocacy for local implementation. 3.
Pilot projects started by the state agencies, local administration with demonstrable results. 4. Demand-driven
economic activities. 5. Driving the results into the local communities and comprehensively supporting
activities. 6. Promoting ownership among local communities. 7. Nurturing networking groups between the
communities and the state agencies. This research found that indirect implementation. The implementation
model evolves: 1.Targeting income generating and knowledge resources. 2. Capacity-building within the
communities and skills-building. 3. Facilitating the people-government networks. 4. Expanding the potential
economic activities and supporting the establishment of cottage economies and co-operatives. 5. Linking the
local community networks with external stakeholders. 6. Monitoring and supporting relationship
Keywords: Model, Access To Local Community, Sufficiency Economic Activity, Southern Border Provinces

ICSS 2015
Page | 72

1.

2.

3.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Page | 73
ICSS 2015

(Self Reliance)

5
1.

2.
3.

4.

5.

ICSS 2015
Page | 74

..2542 (2526: 323)

(John L. Holland) (The Vocational

Preference Inventory) 4 (Holland, 1973: 2-4)
1. 6

2. 6

3.

4.
(Qualitative Research) (In-depth Interview)

(Focus Group)
(Phenomenology)
(Grounded Theory)

1.

Page | 75
ICSS 2015
.
. 4 .

/

2.
/
5 1)
2)
3) 4)
5) /
5 1)
2) 3) ( ) 4)

5)
3.

1)
2)
3) 4)
5) 6)
7)

1)
2)
3)
4)

5)
6)

ICSS 2015
Page | 76

1.

2.

.. 4 .

1.

2.
9

3.

1.

2.
3.

Page | 77
ICSS 2015

.. 4 . 2552. .
. 2551. . :
.
. 2546.
. : .
. 2549. 3 .
.
Frangos, C. 2001. Aligning Human Capital with Business Strategy: Perspectives from Thought Leaders.
California: Harvard Business School Publishing.
ICSS 2015
Page | 78

Digital Economy
The Human Resource Development of the Elderly of Digital Economy
. ,
Dr.Thitima Chaimongkol, Major Kittitat Buppasiri and Wipakorn Sonsanam

Digital Economy
Digital Economy
()

: Digital Economy
Abstract
The Human Resource Development of the Elderly of Digital Economy has a purpose to provide
feedback to policy development for the elderly in accordance with the requirements in the Digital Economy for
the employment of the elderly in perspective. Private sector Pereira (Ministry of Labour), seniors and
employers or entrepreneurs. The results showed that To promote career opportunities and working of the
elderly. Actions must consider the people involved, including employers, employees and labor. To manage
such a system, the conditions of employment. Terms of Social Security benefits. Potential labor And policies
to support state Among the factors that will promote career opportunities and work of older people succeed.
Policy recommendations need to be classified as a potential target, and a decision on benefits.
Keywords: Human Resource Development, Elderly, Digital Economy
Page | 79
ICSS 2015

2558 9.6 15
25 7
60 10% 65 7%

( , 2557)

GDP
(, 2555)

1.
Digital Economy
2.
Digital Economy
ICSS 2015
Page | 80
3. Digital
Economy ()

1.
Digital Economy
2.
Digital Economy
3. Digital Economy
)
4.

(Lifetime-Income Earning)
(Proctor Thomson)
5 (Borjas, 2009) (Knowledge)

(Experience)

3. (Strength)
(Progress in Career)

( ,
2551)

Page | 81
ICSS 2015

(Knowledge) (Ability) (Skills)
(Other Characteristics) KASOCs

2

11 4 ( , 2553) (Skill)
(Effort)
/ (Responsibility)

(Working conditions)

(Psychophysical abilities)

1
- (
-
)

-

-

-
-
-
-
-

-
ICSS 2015
Page | 82

1.
/

50

2.
50
50
2,000
3.

4. 5 100

1.
Digital Economy

6 1)
60
2)

3)

4)
Page | 83
ICSS 2015

5)
6)

7)

2.
Digital Economy
2
/
Switzerland - -

-

United
States
ICSS 2015
- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Page | 84
2 ()
/
United
Kingdom
Japan
-
disability-related benefits
-

- specific
provisions
-
-

-

-

-
-

Review
-

-

-

-

-

3. Digital
Economy ()
3 OECD 5
( 3) 3
/

3
1-3 3-5 5
3
Page | 85
ICSS 2015
3
/
- - -
-

-
- -
Flexible

- Best Practice/Pilot project

-
-

-
- . - -
(

-
-
)

-

-
- One stop service
-

-

- - -
- -
4

ICSS 2015
Page | 86

1.

2.

1.

2.

One-Stop Service

. 2551. .
: .
. 2553.
. : .
. 2557. 3: 2550-2557. : .
. 2555. ..2555. : .
Borjas, G. 2009. Labor Economics. 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.
OECD. 2015. Employment policy and data: Aging and Employment Policies. Retrieved March 10, 2015 from
http://www.oecd.org/employment/emp/ageingandemployment policies.htm.
Page | 87
ICSS 2015


Innovation for Talented Academic Staffs Management in Rajabhat University
, ,
Thanaporn Chaimongkol, Colonel Ronnapop Jantharaniyom, Colonel Athawut Yarngsuay
and Noppadol Inyasri

(1)
(2)

(3)

2
120 40 Lisrel
1.

48 1.1) 1.2)
1.3)

.05 1.1) 1.2)
1.3) 1.4) 1.5)
1.6)
2.

1)
2) 3)
ICSS 2015
Page | 88
4) 5)

: , , ,
Abstract
The purposes of the research; 1. to study the Infuence of the person and work environment factors to
Talented Academic Staffs Management in Rajabhat University. 2. To develop a model of causal factors and
conditions that influence the management of Academic Staff of potential in the High Performance (Talented
Academic Staffs) in Rajabhat University. 3. To presents the innovation of Talented Academic Staffs
Management in Rajabhat University. This research methodology mixed methods research, quantitative
research using correlational. By developing a causal model, followed by a qualitative research study with
focus groups from a sample of the same group of two groups: Talent Academic Staff 120 persons and 40
administrators using by Lisrel analyze data
The major findings are the following; 1. Internal factors and conditions that influence the management
of Talented Academic Staffs in Rajabhat University found that internal and environmental factors at work had
a positive influence could predict the influence of Talented Academic Staffs Management in Rajabhat
University, 48 percent found that the factor of 1.1) perception of the self. 1.2) attached to the unit and 1.3) the
climate, contributing to the quality of manpower, had direct positive Talented Academic Staffs Management in
Rajabhat University. And the factors that contribute indirectly significant level of.05; 1.1) supported by
superiors and colleagues, 1.2) transmission process of social and 1.3) Self-perceived role 1.4) creativity. 1.5)
attitude towards the development of talented Academic Staffs and 1.6) job satisfaction.
2. Causal factors Model within the person and the environment that influence the management of
Talented Academic Staffs in Rajabhat University found that the results of the study. This model can be used
as a guide in the Talented Academic Staffs Management in Rajabhat University: 1) Improvement of
recruitment and selection being the quality 2) Improvement of strengthening and being the quality 3)
Improvement of monitoring and evaluation capacity of the quality 4) The updated guidelines reinforce
incentives 5) Jobs performance management So that, The Talented Academic Staffs management in Rajabhat
University should be planned to cover about Recruitment and selection of qualified personnel, The promotion
and ongoing development. The monitoring and evaluation function. Strengthening incentives Each
performance management efficiency by sharing knowledge, innovation to further develop the High
Performance Organization (HPO).
Page | 89
ICSS 2015
Keywords: Model, Management, Academic Staff, Personnel Potential in High Performance

( , 2542: 8) (Talent)

(Talent Management) ( , 2548: 2)

(Put the right man on the right job)

ICSS 2015
Page | 90

1.
(Talented Academic Staffs)
2.
3.

1.
2. /

3.

( , 2549:
(
,2553) Swart, Mann, Brown, and Price (2005: 96-97)

(workplace learning and performance process)
4 (1) (individual development)
(2) (career development) (3) (performance development)
(4) (organization development) 2
(result) (1 ) ( 1 ) (focus)
(Gilley, Eggland, and Gilley, 2002: 14) 1
Page | 91
ICSS 2015
1 Principles of HRD model

: J. W. Gilley, et al. (2002: 14)
(Talent Management)
5

6
(Sourcing) (Screening) (Selection)
(Deployment) (Development)
(Retention)
Bergeron (2002:
32) 4
1. (Identification
Talent)

2. (Training and Development Talents)

ICSS 2015
Page | 92
3. (Compensation and Rewarding Talent)

4. (Retention Talent)

(Managerial Innovation) (Managerial
Innovation)

4
(Tidd, J., Bessant, J. & Pavitt, K. (2005: 34))
Page | 93
ICSS 2015
(Talent Employee)

(Talent Employee)
2
1.

2.

Efficiency

(2546)
(2543)

2


6

(Mixed Methodology)
(Causal Model)
ICSS 2015
Page | 94
(Focus Group) 5
r .348-.797
.835-.909 2
120 40 Lisrel content
Analysi 5 10 -19

1. (Talented Academic
Staffs)

- /
-
-
-
55/

-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- /
- HR
- /
H R
-
-
-
- HR
-
- Talent
2.
2

Page | 95
ICSS 2015

1.1)
1.2) 1.3)
(Talented Academic
Staffs) .05 1.1)
1.2) 1.3) 1.4)
1.5) (Talented
Academic Staffs) 1.6)
3. (Talented
Academic Staffs) 1)
(Talent identifying) 2)
(Talent developing) 3)
(Talent monitoring and evaluating) 4) (Talent rewarding) 5)
(Performance management)

1.

2.

3. (Talent unit)
4.
/

1.
e-learning Social media
2.

3.

ICSS 2015
Page | 96
4.

1.

2. (Talented Academic Staffs)

. 2549. . : .
. 2549.
. ,
.
. 2548. .
, .
. 2542. . : .
. 2554. Workplace Learning and Performance
(WLP). 16 2557 http://www.hrcenter.co.th/hrknowview.asp?id=527.
Bergeron, C. 2004. Aligned Talent Strategy. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Berger, A. and Berger, R. 2004. The Talent Management Handbook: Creating Organizational Excellence by
Indentifying. Developing, and Promoting Your Best People. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Bessant, T. and Pavitt, K. 2005. Managing Innovation. 3rd ed. New York: Wiley.
Delahaye, B. 2002. Human resource development: Adult learning and knowledge management. 2 nd ed.
Singapore: CMO Image Printing Enterprise.
Francis, D. and Bessant, J. 2005. Targeting Innovation and Implications for Capability Development.
Innovation 25(3): 171-183.
Gilley, J., Eggland, S., and Gilley, A. 2002. Principles of human resource development. Cambridge: Perseus
Publishing.
Guan, J. and Ma, N. 2005. Innovative Capability and Export Performance of Chinese Firms. Technovation
23(9): 737.
Page | 97
ICSS 2015


Study of the Quality of Work Life of Inpatient Care Nurses
in Somdech Phrapinklao Hospital
.*
Commander Amornsiri Ratanaboonkorn

3 (1)
(2)
(3)

19 201
6 (
)
5 - 2557

) 0.93

0.05
0.05
()
ICSS 2015
Page | 98

: ,
Abstract
This research aims to compare the quality of work life of inpatient care nurses in Somdech
Phrapinklao hospital.The object 1) To study the quality of work life of inpatient care nurses 2) To compare the
quality of work life of inpatient care nurses by personal characteristics and organizational climate.3) To study
the ways for improve the quality of work life of inpatient care nurses in Somdech PhraPinklao hospital. The
sample is the inpatient care nurses in Somdech Phrapinklao hospital 201 persons by Stratified Random
Sampling and group by field number 6 group (Medicine, Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric, Eye
Ear throat and nose, Emergency medicine) and Nursing Administrator 5 persons for interview.The study
period from March-April 2014. The instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire to Freguency,
Percentile, Mean, Standard Diviation and analyse with indepentdent t-test, one way ANOVA and content
analysis.
The result is the quality of work life of inpatient care nurses is moderate level and the social relevance
of work life is the highest followed by social integration in the work organization and the adequate and fair and
compensation is the lowest. The organizational climate by advancement and job security is the highest
followed by the relationships within the agency and the nature of the practice is the lowest. Inpatient care
nurses in Somdech PhraPinklao hospital have Range, Education level and a Group of Work are different, The
quality of work life is different. Statistically significant at the.05 level. Inpatient care nurses in Somdech
PhraPinklao hospital have a different organizational climate and the quality of work life is different. Statistically
significant at the.05 level.
Suggestions; Organizations should solve about personnel. May be give salary and the other thing if
can not be for motivating to evaluate the morale of the personnel. And should be improve organizational
climate to be the Happy work place. The study should consider in another group, compare between the other.
And the following additional factors is concern to the quality of work life for improve the hospital.
Keywords: Quality of Work Life, Inpatient Care Nurses
Page | 99
ICSS 2015

24
..2540

..2542

5

( , 2536: 9)

1.
2.
3.

ICSS 2015
Page | 100

1.

2.

3.

(2550:13)

(2550:9) 3

(2551:11-12)

(Dubrin, 1973: 334-340)

(Hellrigele and Slocum.
1974: 430)

(2553) (Descriptive Research)

1 126 1 2553-31
2553

. (2550). ; (Kerce; & Kewley, 1993: 194-197)
Page | 101
ICSS 2015
4

1 404
,

,
,
,
,

(Descriptive Research)
183 10
201 336
(Stratified Random Sampling)
.. , .
. 3 5
4 1) 2)
3) 4)

- 2557 2
ICSS 2015
Page | 102

()

(competency)

(Pay for Performance)

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05

0.05
Page | 103
ICSS 2015

1.

2.

1.

2.

. 2553. .
, .
. 2551.
() . : .
. 2550.
. : .
. 2550. . :
.
. 2536. 50 . : .
ICSS 2015
Page | 104
. 2550.
.
, .
Dubrin, A. 1973. Foundation of Organization Behavior. New York: Pergamon Press.
Page | 105
ICSS 2015


Factors Affecting Occupational Safety Awareness of Registered Nurses
in Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital
.*
Commander Seree Sukruan

(1)
(2)
(3)

225

0.94, 0.90 0.86

1.

2.
.05

.05 3.
*
()
ICSS 2015
Page | 106
.001
(R) =.442 (R2) = 19.60
(B) =.397 (Beta =.442)
: , ,
Abstract
The purpose of this descriptive research was: 1) to study the occupational safety awareness of
registered nurses in Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital; 2) to compare occupational safety awareness classified
by personal factors; 3) to study factors affecting the occupational safety awareness of registered nurses in
Somdech Phra Pinklao Hospital. The sample comprised 225 registered nurses who had worked in Somdech
Phra Pinklao Hospital. The research instruments were a nursing job characteristics factor questionnaire and
occupational safety awareness questionnaire consisting of knowledge related to occupational safety, beliefs
related to occupational safety, and practices for occupational safety. The reliability of the nursing job
characteristics factor questionnaire, believes related to occupational safety questionnaire, and practices for
occupational safety questionnaire scored 0.94, 0.90, and 0.86 with the Cronbachs alpha coefficient. The
descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation), t-test, One-way Analysis of
Variance, and multiple regression analysis were used in the data analysis.
The results showed the following: 1. Overall occupational safety awareness was rated at the high
level, knowledge related to occupational safety was rated at the moderate level, beliefs related to
occupational safety were rated at the highest level, and practices for occupational safety was rated at the
high level. 2. Regarding registered nurses of different gender, the overall occupational safety awareness
differed at a statistical significant level of.05; however, registered nurses of different age, education level, rank
of military, position, workplace, experience of nursing, received safety training, and experience of accidental
occupation showed no significant difference (p >.05). 3. The nursing job characteristics factor had an effect
on occupational safety awareness at a statistically significant level of.001. The multiple correlation coefficient
(R) was.442, the coefficient of prediction (R2) was 19.60, and the coefficient of regression (B) was.397, (Beta
=.442).
Keywords: Awareness, Occupational Safety, Registered Nurses

Page | 107
ICSS 2015

(Zero defect) (Safety) (Standard) (Satisfaction)
(Continuous quality improvement) ( . 2556: 1)

4-17 The Joint
Commission on Accreditation of Health care Organization (JCAHO) (Joint Commission Resources. 2005)
(
. 2557)
(Autonomy)

( . 2546: 2-20)

1.

2.

3.

1.
2.

3.
ICSS 2015
Page | 108

(Awareness) (Good. 1973: 52)

(Breckler. 1989: 409) (Consciousness of something)
(Recognition)

(Breckler. 1989: 409) 3 1)
(Cognitive component) 2)
(Affective component)
3) (Behavioral component)

(Hazard) (Danger) (Risks) ( . 2555: 12)
(Institute of Medicine.
2000: 1-5)
(
. 2555: 7-8) International Commission on
Occupational Health (ICOH) International Social Security Association (ISSA)
1.
(QAHA)
2.
3.

4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
Page | 109
ICSS 2015

9.

1
2557
511 Taro Yamanes (1973: 725)
225 (Proportional
stratified random sampling) 5
/ (Simple random sampling)

1.

2.
.05

.05
3. .001
(R) =.442 (R2) =
19.60 (B) =.397 (Beta =.442)

1.

(SIMPLE) (Health hazards)
ICSS 2015
Page | 110
2.

3.

1.

2.

. 2546.
. 13(1): 2-20.
. 2555. . Retrieved from http://www.Slideshare.net/
knurse/11-14412527.
Breckler, S. 1989. Attitude Structure and Function. New Jersey: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Good, C. 1973. Dictionary of education. New York: McGraw-Hil.
Joint Commission Resources. 2005. Issues and strategies for nursing leaders: Meeting hospital challenges
today. Illinois: Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins, Inc.
The Institute of Medicine. 2000. Medical errors: Misunderstanding can do harm. Medscape General
Medicine 2(3): 1-5.
Yamane, T. (1973). Statistics: An introduction analysis. 2nd ed. New York: Harper & Row.
Page | 111
ICSS 2015


Guidelines To Develop A Positive Attitude For Military Training Of Reserve Officer
Training Cops Student (Rotcs), Reserve Officer Training Cops Student Center,
Kanchanaburi Military Province
*
Major Wasan Chimdaeng

(1)

(2)
(3)
1-3
2557 2,119 335
Likert Scale 5
S.D. ttest, Oneway ANOWA
15
1.
= 4.08 S.D. = 0.50 2.

0.05 3.
0.05

*
()
ICSS 2015
Page | 112

: ,
Abstract
The objectives of this research were: (1) To study the positive attitudinal level on military training in
confidence in procedure of application and report for duty aspect, appropriate of course aspect, appropriate
of trainer aspect, appropriate of environmental in training aspect and benefit from military training of reserve
officer training cops student (ROTCS) Kanchanaburi Military District aspect (2) To compare the positive
attitudinal level on military training of reserve officer training cops student (ROTCS) Kanchanaburi Military
District, classified according to personal factors (3) To study guidelines to develop a positive attitude for
military training of reserve officer training cops student center Kanchanaburi Military District. The study
population included 2,119 registered reserve officer training cops students year 1-3 in 2014, male of reserve
officer training cops student center, Kanchanaburi Military District. Sample size was 335. A 5-point likert-scale
questionnaire was distributed and the data was then analyzed by using an SPSS program and results shown
as and S.D. to study the positive attitudinal level on military training considered each aspect, and t-test,
Oneway ANOVA to compare the positive attitudinal level on military training of reserve officer training cops
student (ROTCS) Kanchanaburi Military District, classified according to personal factors and using in-depth
interview of key informants 15 persons.
The results revealed that: 1. The positive attitude for military training of reserve officer training cops
student center Kanchanaburi Military District as a whole was at high level = 4.08 and S.D. = 0.50 2. Year
of training, kind of schools, educational back-grounds of parents different had positive attitude for military
training of reserve officer training cops student did not differ and were significant at the .05 level. 3. Family
Status, school location different had positive attitude for military training of reserve officer training cops
student did differ and were significant at the .05 level.
The research suggested that the confidence in procedure of application and report for duty aspect
need to recruit and promote to use the Internet as a channel for the application and reporting for quick and
convenient access. The appropriate of course aspect need to create realism in the field and to facilitate travel
to training. The appropriate of trainer aspect need to training the trainer must act as a role model for reserve
officer training cops student (ROTCS). The appropriate of environmental in training aspect need to arrange
Page | 113
ICSS 2015
the toilets, cafeteria, must be clean and adequate number of reserve officer training cops student (ROTCS).
And the benefit from military training need to instill the ideals of patriotism and ready to sacrifice for the nation.
Keywords: Positive Attitudinal, Reserve Officer Training Cops Student

5,000

1.

ICSS 2015
Page | 114
2.

3.

1.

2.

3.
4.

(2532: 47-48)
3 1. (Cognitive component)

2.
(Affective component)
(Affective)
3. (Behavioral component)

(Herbert. 1967: 470-471)
1.

2.
3.

Page | 115
ICSS 2015

(2542: 206-213)
1. 2.

50-100 3.

4.
t 1.75
5.
5,4,3,2,1 ( 4,3,2,1,0 ) 1,2,3,4,5 ( 0,1,2,3,4 )
(Mixed Method )

1 2 3 2557
2,119 Taro Yamane
95 % 5 % 335
(Qualitative Research) (In-depth Interview) (Key Informants)
1 -3 5 15
2558 4

ICSS 2015
Page | 116

2 1 3

-
-

-

1.

2.

Page | 117
ICSS 2015

1.

2.
ICSS 2015
Page | 118


Guidelines for the Development of Computer Network and Database to Support
the Solving Security Problems Caused by Flood Integrated
of the Office of the National Security Council
*
Therdtai Sriupara

(1) 5
(2)

*
()
Page | 119
ICSS 2015

: , , ,
Abstract
The study on the topic of computer network and database development resolution to solve the flood
disaster by means of integration, The office of the national Security Council has an objective to (1) study the
problems of network system and database (2) study the development resolution of computer network and
database to solve the security issue arising from flood disaster in the integration means of the Office of the
National Security Council.
The findings of this study were: For the mentioned development resolution-the above relevant
agencies have a role in the pre-disaster, disaster, and post-disaster periond, focusing on the study on
computer network in the present situation to find the development resolution to improving those systems to be
appropriate and suitable for the organizations to ensure they can cover the disaster period on the procedure
of national preparation and other relevant agencies to be connected to the computer system and database to
put in use in the integration ways. To develop computer network and database resolution to solve the flood
disaster by means of integration, we should consider the readiness of the policies, the readiness of
mechanism, the readiness of information, and the readiness of the officers to support the problem-solving of
each sector. Nevertheless, the procedure of the above issue should develop continually both in the policy
and policy-enforcement to put the effort in sustainable manner. What should be considered to make the
rightful, rule-based system for the mutual benefits in information are needed to find the way to improve the
regulations, rues, orders or any other relevant guidance to be in consistent with the adoption of information
technology to be in real-time manners and its efficiency onwards.
Keywords: Computer Network and Database, Security, Flood, Integrated
ICSS 2015
Page | 120

1. 5

2.

1.

2.

Page | 121
ICSS 2015
3.

(2554: 1-4)
2554

2
2554
(2551: )

(Crisis Management)

Public
Administration Business Administration

911
Homeland Security

..2544-2553 (2554: 7-8)
21
10 5e
ICSS 2015
Page | 122
5 e-Government, e-Industry, e-Commerce, e-Enducation e-Society

(Knowledge-based
Economy and Society) IT2010

5
1
2

(Qualitative Research)

4 1) 2) 3)
4)
Page | 123
ICSS 2015

1. /

2. /

3.
/
4.

1.
2.
3.

4.

1. (Data Center)

Web Service

2.

. 2554. 2554-2563
. : .
ICSS 2015
Page | 124
. 2551.
. .
. 2554. 2554.
: .
Page | 125
ICSS 2015

:
..2556
Political Decision Analysis Using Game Theory:
A Case Study of Parliamentary Dissolution in 2013
*
Thammachart Kulprapha

..2556
2556 ( .)
2557 ( 2 2557 )
9 2556

: ,
Abstract
This research is about to consider political circumstances and decision scenarios in order to find the
best strategy among all available choices by using classical and modern game theory principle without
complicated mathematics. By selecting the parliamentary dissolution in 2013 as a case study, the researcher
applied game theory principal to analyze the governments decision according to the political crisis evoked
*
()
ICSS 2015
Page | 126
by the amnesty bill issued from the parliament. The political circumstances from late 2013 to early 2014 were
considered as environmental factors affecting the prime ministers decision of parliamentary dissolution on 9th
December 2013 and its consequences. Results derived from the case study were to explain how game theory
principle be able to apply for determining best strategy among available political decisions and to explain
how a simple and practical model should be carried out. According to this study, game theory concept with a
well-established utility function covering all major preferences (both positive and negative sides) can help
determining the best reasonable and practical strategy as the final decision to respond with the modeled
game situations. This study also provided an empirical game model and steps to be applied, together with
constraints and cautions of usage.
Keywords: Decision Scenarios, Game Theory

( )
(Rational Decision-Making)

--

.. 1954

Page | 127
ICSS 2015

2556 ( . ) 2557 ( 2
2557 ) 9 2556

1.
2.

1.

2.

(Game Theory)

( )
(Rational Decision-Making)

ICSS 2015
Page | 128

--

Classical Game Theory John von Neumann and Morgenstern
(1944) (Utility Function) (Uncertainty)
(Rational Decision-Making Model)
(Classic)

- 2 2
- - Two-Person Zero-Sum
Game
(Pure Conflict of Interest)

(Prisoner's Dilemma)
(The Minimax Theorem)
(Minimize The Maximum Loss) (The Maximin
Theorem - Maximize The Minimum Benefit)
John Nash (1951)

(Nashs Equillibrium)
(Modern) (Dominant
Strategies)
(Dominated Strategies) 2
(Strictly Dominated Strategies) (Weakly Dominated
Strategies) (Mixed Strategies)
(Probability)
(Mixed Strategy Equilibria)
(Incomplete Information)
Classical Game Theory
Page | 129
ICSS 2015
(Decision Theory) (Decision Making)

(Game Theory)
(Rational Decision-Making / Rational Choices Theory)
..2556 2557
2556 (
. - 9 2556) 2557 ( 2
2557 )

ICSS 2015
Page | 130
(Model) (Conditions)

(Dominant and Dominated Strategies)

(Utility Function)

(Utility Function)
-
-
(Ux)

(Preference)

(Asymetric Information)

.

1) (Preference)
(Utility Function)
(Scale) ( ) ( )

Page | 131
ICSS 2015
2)
-3, -2, 0, 1, 2, 3 ( ) ( )

3)

(Utility Function)

(Belief)

ICSS 2015
Page | 132

:

The Working Performance Evaluation of Personnel Department:
The Case Study of Rangsit University
* . **
Malinchathorn Chiangkhwangphum and Dr.Chalermporn Yenyuak

359
5 t
test,one-wayanova

.05

.01
: , , ,
*
**
Page | 133
ICSS 2015
Abstract
The objectives of this research were to study working performance evaluation of personnel department, to
compare the demographic factors and the working performance evaluation of personnel department and, the relation
between knowledge, the ability and the behavior and the working performance evaluation of personnel department. The
sample was 359 Rangsit University officers, calculated by Taro Yamanes method and used convenient sampling
technique. The research tool was the questionnaire which had 5 scales and the data was analyzed by the stats such as
percentage, means, S.D., t test, One-Way ANOVA and Pearsons Moment Product Correlation.
The research found that the whole level of working performance evaluation of personnel department was
highest such as the communication, the trust, the initiation, the solution and the development. The whole level success of
the working performance evaluation of personnel department was highest such as the on-time working, quickly response,
and successful output. The different demographic factors such as education level and income had the different working
performance evaluation of personnel department at .05 Sig., and the knowledge, the ability and the behavior related in
the high level to the working performance evaluation of personnel department at .01 Sig.
Keywords: Performance Evaluation, Working, Personnel Department, Rangsit University

(Personal
Management)
(Human Resources Management)
(
,2556: 11)

( , 2547
,2552: 1)

ICSS 2015
Page | 134

1.
2.

3.

1

2

1)

2) 3 1
2 3

3) 2,447
4) 2557 2558 8
2,447
359
Page | 135
ICSS 2015
Taro Yamane ( , 2543) 95%

5%
(Questionnaire) (Close-ended
Questionnaire) 5 (Likert Scale)
4 1)
2)
3)
4)
(percentage) (mean)
(standard deviation) 2
t test (independent samples)
(one-way anova) (pearson product moment
correlation)

1
245
68.2 31-35 71 19.8 180 50.1
175 48.7 15 107
29.8 10,001-15,000 113 31.5 /
/ 162 45.1
2

( =4.25, S.D.=.538)
( =4.28, S.D.=.620) ( =4.27,
S.D.=.627) ( =4.24, S.D.=.596) ( =4.24, S.D.=.613) ( =4.21,
S.D.=.629)
( =4.28, S.D.=.620)
( =4.45,
S.D.=.711)
( =4.39, S.D.=.787) ( =4.22, S.D.=.791)
facebook line ( =4.04, S.D.=.804)
ICSS 2015
Page | 136
( =4.27,
S.D.=.627) ( =4.33, S.D.=.734)

( =4.27, S.D.=.749)
( =4.26, S.D.=.767)
( =4.22, S.D.=.747)
( =4.24,
S.D.=.596)
( =4.29, S.D.=.712)
( =4.28, S.D.=.790)
( =4.22, S.D.=.780)
( =4.18, S.D.=.717)
( =4.24,
S.D.=.613) ( =4.26,
S.D.=.728) ( =4.28,
S.D.=.710) ( =4.22, S.D.=.740)
( =4.18, S.D.=.785)
( =4.21,
S.D.=.629) ( =4.29,
S.D.=.751)
( =4.25, S.D.=.713)
( =4.23, S.D.=.713) ( =4.08,
S.D.=.742)
3

( =4.26, S.D.=.627)
( =4.29, S.D.=.751)
( =4.26, S.D.=.728)
( =4.25, S.D.=.713) ( =4.23, S.D.=.713)

.05 (F=9.022, Sig=.000, F=2.362, Sig=.040)
Page | 137
ICSS 2015

.05

.01 (r=.848, Sig.=.000)

(r=.640,
Sig.=.000,r=.559, Sig.=.000,r=.718, Sig.=.000,r=.817, Sig.=.000,r=.963,r=.000)

1)

( =4.25, S.D.=.538)
( =4.28, S.D.=.620) ( =4.27, S.D.=.627)
( =4.24, S.D.=.596) ( =4.24, S.D.=.613) ( =4.21,
S.D.=.629)
( =4.26, S.D.=.627)
( =4.29, S.D.=.751)
( =4.26, S.D.=.728) ( =4.25, S.D.=.713)
( =4.23, S.D.=.713)
(2553) ()
()

2)

.05 (F=9.022, Sig=.000, F=2.362,
Sig=.040)
.05
ICSS 2015
Page | 138
(2552)

.05

.01 (r=.848, Sig.=.000)

(r=.640,Sig.=.000,r=.55 9,Sig.=.000,r=.718,Sig.=.000,r=.817, Sig.=.000,r=.963,r=.000)
(2556)
(Balanced Scorecard (BSC)

3.531 3.122

.05 (p=.000)
3)

1)
2)
3)

1)
2) 3)
4)
Page | 139
ICSS 2015

1)
2) 3)

. 2556.
(Balanced Scorecard (BSC).
: .
. 2541. : . :
,
. 2552. [.].
: ,
. . Retrieved from http://www2.rsu.ac.th/info/philosophy.
. 2556. . :
.
. 2552.
() . ,
.
ICSS 2015
Page | 140


13
Guidelines for Development the Military Training System of Military Training Center
in the 13th Military Circle
*
Supaporn Arsa

1.
13
2.
13 13 78
138 1 13
2,586 2,802 350
13

13

1)
2)

(.)/ (.)
3)

4)
5)
*
()
Page | 141
ICSS 2015
: ,
Abstract
The purposes of this research were 1. to evaluate the Military Training of Military Training Center,13 th
Military Circle. COBIT is based on officer of Military Training center, Director of Military Training and military
students 2. to study the development of the Military Training of Military Training Center,13th Military Circle. The
population in this research ; 78 officer of Military Training center ,13 th Military Circle,138 Directors of Military
Training and 2,802 1st year class military students of Military Training Center,13th Military Circle 2,802 people
and specify 350 people for a sample. The tool for research is questionnaire to assess the Military Training of
Military Training Center,13th Military Circle. CIPP Model and interview with structure of Guidelines
The result of this research were: 1)The result of evaluation of Military Training of Military Training
Center,13th Military Circle every sides showed compliance of every sides appropriately. The outputs mean
was higher than the context and environment. The processing and the supporting factors mean lower than
the other side. 2) Once the issues in the assessment of factors. (Input) to set the interview for developing
common approaches are: 1) preparation of the library to provide students with the opportunity to gain more
knowledge from textbooks by arrangement to enhance in historical room. 2) practicing study materials like
projectors, audio, map, compass and binoculars which should be controlled by the TDD and put them in the
units organization 3) Staffs created and account of supplies, documents issues of supplies. Teacher should
predefine plan about issue of supplies training aid following the training plan. And should be adjusted
according to the guidelines of the Army Logistics 4) Training center should perform its duty and responsible
for overseeing the bathroom, cleaning classrooms 5) Military Training Center. Should train teachers and
students, including permanency administrative staff in this field.
Keywords: Development of the Military Training, Military Training

13
1-5 13
93
11
ICSS 2015
Page | 142
1 13 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10 33 11
..2555
13 83.77
5 34
13

1

1
13

1. 13

2. 13

1.
13

2.

(2538: 23)
Page | 143
ICSS 2015

( . 2544: 180-182)

(Weiss. 1972: 21 . 2550: 49)

(Stufflebeam, 2007 . 25 55 : 11-12). Evaluation theory, models, and
applications)

(Efficiency) (Effectiveness)
7 1) 2)
3) 4)
5)
6) 7)

(Input)
(Process) (Output)

1.

2.

3.

ICSS 2015
Page | 144
4.

(
. 2539: 77-78)
..2503
2

..2539

(.)
5

(.) 2552
2552 () 29/52 21
2554
1 ..2552 4

(Questionnaires) (Interviews)

Page | 145
ICSS 2015
13
1 13
350 13 7
12 1 331 350

13
13
(Output)
(Context) (Process) (Input)
(Input)
1)
2)

(.)/ (.) 3)

4)
5)

1) 13

2)

3)

4)

ICSS 2015
Page | 146

1)
13
2)

. 2550. .
.. (), .
. 2539. . 4. : .
. 2555. . : .
. 2538. : . : .
. 2544. . :
.
Page | 147
ICSS 2015
ICSS 2015 Committee

Conference Chair
Major General Thitinan Uttamang
Commandant, Command and General Staff College, Royal Thai Army, Thailand
Conference Committees
Professor Dr.Somboon Suksamran
Dean, Faculty of Political Science, Rangsit University, Thailand
Professor Dr.Sounthone Phommasone
Director, Office of Research and Academic Services, National University of Laos, Laos
Associate Professor Dr.Prapart Pintobtang
Director, Master of Arts Program in Politics and Governance, Faculty of Political Science,
Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Associate Professor Dr.Supot Sangngern
Dean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand
Assistant Professor Acting Sub-lieutenant Dr.Ekkawit Maneethorn
Dean, Faculty of Political Science and Law, Burapha University, Thailand
Assistant Professor Dr.Chris Perryer
President, Asian Forum on Business Education
Assistant Professor Dr.Kathanyoo Kaewhanam
Dean, Faculty of Political Science and Law, Kalasin Rajabhat University, Thailand
Dr.Amorn Wanichwiwatana
Director, Center for Thai Justice Research and Development, Thailand
Puthisat Namdech
President, Political Science Association of Kasetsart University, Thailand
Conference Secretary
Kittisak Jermsittiparsert
Secretary General, Political Science Association of Kasetsart University, Thailand
ICSS 2015
Page | 148
Editorial Board
Editors
Kittisak Jermsittiparsert
Political Science Association of Kasetsart University, Thailand
Associate Editors
Aksorn Saeasdee
Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand
Parinya Siriattakul
Sudarat Rodboonsong
Uttaradit Rajabhat University, Thailand
Editorial Secretaries
Morakot Muthuta
Noppon Akahat
Kalasin Rajabhat University, Thailand
Phatrapim Sengsen
Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Thailand
International Editorial Board Members
Professor Dr.Benigno E. Aguirre
University of Delaware, USA
Professor Dr.Brian Sheehan
Asian Forum on Business Education
Professor Dr.Dimitrios Nikolaou Koumparoulis
Universidad Azteca, Mexico
Professor Dr.Fred R. Dallmayr
University of Notre Dame, USA
Professor Dr.Hsamettin na
Dumlupinar University, Turkey
Professor Dr.Jai Nandan Pd. Singh
Magadh University, India
Page | 149
ICSS 2015
Professor Dr.Ke Xing

Kunming University of Science and Technology, China
Professor Dr.Kuinam J. Kim
Kyonggi University, Korea
Professor Dr.Mamta Chandrashekhar
MJB Govt. Girls PG College, India
Professor Dr.Nathan Moran
Midwestern State University, USA.
Professor Dr.Pablo Fernndez Lpez
University of Navarra, Spain
Professor Dr.Panagote M. Pardalos
University of Florida, USA.
Professor Dr.Pasquale Peluso
Guglielmo Marconi University, Italy
Professor Dr.Regina Scheyvens
Massey University, New Zealand
Professor Dr.Robert Hanser
University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
Professor Dr.Sushma Yadav
Indian Institute of Public Administration, India
Professor Dr.Thomas Orr
University of Aizu, Japan
Associate Professor Dr.Attapol Kuanliang
University of Louisiana at Monroe, USA
Associate Professor Dr.John Holland
Massey University, New Zealand
Associate Professor Dr.Laura Woods Fidelie
Midwestern State University, USA
Associate Professor Dr.Phosy Chanhming
National University of Laos, Laos
Associate Professor Dr.Thongvanh Sirivanh
National University of Laos, Laos
Assistant Professor Dr.Ludmila Mldkov
University of Economics, Czech Republic
ICSS 2015
Page | 150
Dr.Anita Somsuay
Nowrosjee Wadia College, India
Dr. J.R. Prasad
Magadh University, India
Dr.Sieglinde Weyringer
University of Salzburg, Austria
National Editorial Board Members
Professor Dr.Boontan Dockthaisong
Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University, Thailand
Professor Dr.Chamnong Adivadhanasit
Mahachulalongkornrajavidyalaya University, Thailand
Professor Dr.Imron Maluleem
Professor Dr.Santhat Sermsri
Mahidol University, Thailand
Professor Dr.Supang Chantavanich
Chulalongkorn University, Thailand
Professor Dr.Tharmmasak Pongpidjayamaad
Asian University, Thailand
Professor Dr.Wanlop Rathachatranon
Kasetsart University, Thailand
Professor Nuanjun Tasanachikul, Thai Bar.
Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute, Thailand
Associate Professor Police Colonel Dr.Kittanathat Lerwongrat
Royal Police Cadet Academy, Thailand
Associate Professor Dr.Kovit Wongsurawat
The Royal Institute, Thailand
Associate Professor Dr.Parisha Marie Cain
Kalasin Rajabhat University, Thailand
Associate Professor Dr.Somkiat Wanthana
Associate Professor Dr.Songsri Soranastaporn
Mahidol University, Thailand
Associate Professor Dr.Sukanya Buranadechachai
Burapha University, Thailand
Page | 151
ICSS 2015
Assistant Professor Dr.Karunan Rattanasanwong

Sripatum University, Thailand
Assistant Professor Dr.Lalita Niphitprasart Soonthornvipart
Assistant Professor Dr.Rong Boonsuaykwan
Walailak University, Thailand
Assistant Professor Dr.Samrit Yossomsakdi
Burapha University, Thailand
Assistant Professor Dr.Srirath Gohwong
Assistant Professor Dr.Thamrongsak Petchlertanan
Rangsit University, Thailand
Squadron Leader Dr.Sahaschai Mahaweera
Sripatum University, Thailand
Colonel Dr.Direk Deeprasert
Command and General Staff College, Thailand
Dr.Ardyuth Netithanakul
Dr.Arunee Kasayanon
Pibulsongkram Rajabhat University, Thailand
Dr.Chayongkan Pamornmast
Mahanakorn University of Technology, Thailand
Dr.Chettha Sapyen
Dhonburi Rajabhat University, Thailand
Dr.Jomdet Trimek
Dr.Kanlaya Saeoung
Srinakharinwirot University, Thailand
Dr.Pisak Kalyanamaitra
Dr.Pongsak Laoswatchaikul
Ministry of Industry, Thailand
Dr.Wanida Chamlumjeak
Phranakhon Rajabhat University, Thailand
ICSS 2015
Page | 152

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2nd International Conference on Security Studies

16 July 2015, Town in Town Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand

Public Policies and Measures on Human Trafficking:

Condition of Human Trafficking In Nigeria

The Root Causes of Human Trafficking In Edo State Nigeria

Effects of Human Trafficking in Nigeria

Strategies for Combating Human Trafficking

2nd International Conference on Security Studies

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Objectives of the Study

Scope of the Study

Figure 1 Conceptual Framework

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Battambang Province Residents Opinions on the Impact of Post-Election Conflicts

Objective of the Study

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Illegal Immigration via Thailand to Third Countries: A Comparative Study

Keywords: Illegal Immigration, Thailand, Third Countries

The Comparison of the Causes and Motivation

The Reason for Illegal Immigrants to Choose Thailand

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Suggestions for the Prevention and Suppression

2nd International Conference on Security Studies

1 Grid Interactive Inverter

2nd International Conference on Security Studies

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(1) (2) (3)

(..) (..) / (..) 91

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(John L. Holland) (The Vocational

(Qualitative Research) (In-depth Interview)

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Keywords: Model, Management, Academic Staff, Personnel Potential in High Performance

1 Principles of HRD model

3. (Compensation and Rewarding Talent)

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(Dubrin, 1973: 334-340)

2nd International Conference on Security Studies

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5 e-Government, e-Industry, e-Commerce, e-Enducation e-Society

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(Decision Theory) (Decision Making)

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Taro Yamane ( , 2543) 95%

2nd International Conference on Security Studies

ICSS 2015 Committee

Professor Dr.Ke Xing

Assistant Professor Dr.Karunan Rattanasanwong

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