Articles

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences
27-29 August 2015, Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Measuring the Long-run Economic and Emission Consequences

of the ASEAN Community: A Dynamic CGE Analysis
Dr.Komwit Siritorn* , Dr.Chompoonuh K. Permpoonwiwat**, Dr.Stephen E. Reynolds***
Abstract
As trade liberalization in the ASEAN Community would be completed by 2015, this could encourage either the
economy or emissions especially in the long term due to the high productions induced by the free movement of inputfactors and outputs across the region. This paper aims to examine this point based on a Dynamic CGE model and GTAP
database version 8.1. The findings show that most ASEAN nations export to non-ASEAN countries mainly. However, the
trade among the members increases significantly. Thailand is the main destination state that other ASEAN countries
export their products to. Most imports in Thailand are capital-manufacture and also labor-manufacture products. This
appears that Thailand is going to be an assembly production nation as it then exports the majority of final goods to nonASEAN regions such as Japan, European Union, and America. As a result, the emissions in Thailand increase
dramatically in non-Greenhouse gases (SO2, NO2, PM10) caused by a positive correlation between capital-intensive
production and non-Greenhouse gas contribution. This may create a critical pollution situation in Thailand if Thailand
does not prepare a good governance of emission control.
Key Word: GTAP, Emission Projection, GHG
Introduction
The ASEAN Community as a great cooperation among ASEAN countries focuses on three main aspects of
improvement: politics, society and culture, and economy (ASEAN Secretariat, 2011). It is undeniable that the aspect of
economic coalition among ASEAN nations has been improved much further than the other two areas. For example, the
Kunming-Singapore Railway project which is designed to link most ASEAN countries and China together. This could
drive economic activities largely due to a huge reduction in the cost of transportation among ASEAN nations and also
their trading partner like China. The ASEAN Gas Pipeline is also a mega project created under the ASEAN Economic
*
Faculty of Management Sciences, Songkhla Rajabhat University; Email: komwit.siritorn@gmail.com

School of Economics and Public Policy, Srinakharinwirot University
***
Department of Economics, The University of Utah
**
[1]

Community to secure ASEAN energy consumption. The Gas Pipeline needs to be constructed either under the ocean or
on land in order to distribute gas to all members. These two huge example projects could encourage the ASEAN
economy significantly but they might impact on ASEAN environment as well. As a result, they may be in turn a main
cause of climate change and biodiversity deterioration.
In addition, the agreements in the ASEAN Economic Community allow factors and outputs in ASEAN moving
around the region without any barriers. The mobility of those would cause not only efficiency in resource allocations but
also emission trans-boundary. ASEAN countries which have relatively weaker emission policy would prefer to produce
dirty-goods (the production of dirty goods releases large amount of emissions) due to the cost of production is lower than
the stronger ones. In contrast, the ASEAN nations which have high standards of an emission control may produce cleangoods (the production of clean goods releases small amount of emissions) instead. These two circumstances have been
stated as a Pollution Haven Hypothesis (PHH). It claims that emissions could move across trading countries which have a
disparity in emission regulations (Copeland & Taylor, 1994). In contrast, the study of Grossman and Krueger (1991)
showed that trade liberalization may lead to an improvement of environmental policy due to technical effects. The effects
could offset negative results of scale and composition effects as shown in NAFTA. Even though the free trade may not
lead to the PHH in NAFTA as claimed in the study of Grossman and Krueger, the research of Michid and Nishikimi
(2007) showed the opposite result. They expanded the common pollution model of Copeland and Taylor (1994) and
indicated that pollution-intensive industry has moved from high income country (stringent environmental policy country)
to low income country (lax environmental policy country). Hence, there is an increase in disutility in the lax country.
From the previous studies, it can be seen that the trade - environment nexus is still controversial; however the ASEAN
community is still going on.
It is obvious that among ASEAN nations, there are many differences in term of emission standards and
regulation control (Clean Air Asia, 2012). This may lead ASEAN to the circumstance of race to the bottom at some point
(Hkan & Scott, 2009). To understand the mobility of emissions in ASEAN nations, the forecast of each ASEANs
economy and emissions induced by the trade liberalization in the ASEAN Community was conducted in this study. The
Dynamic Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model and GTAP database are obtained as they could take all agents
into consideration and could estimate all effects in both short and long terms. For this reason, the study could measure the
long run effects of the trade liberalization in the ASEAN Community on both economic and emission aspects.
Methodology and Data

In order to take all sectors in economy system in to consider, this paper utilizes the dynamic computable general
equilibrium (Dynamic CGE) model invented by the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) at Purdue University, the US.
The projects aim was to lower the cost of carrying quantitative research in international economic issues (Hertel, 1997).
The models foundation is from Walrasian equilibrium, and Walrass law. It also defines four types of sectors: 1)
Industrial sector, 2) Household sector, 3) Government sector and 4) Global sector. Production factors are classified as
[2]

skilled labor, unskilled labor, capital, land and natural resources. The firm behavior is determined by minimizing costs of
input given their level of output and fixed technology. The production functions are Leontief structure which means that
the relationship between primary input and intermediate input is fixed. The relationship between intermediate input and
output is also fixed. To derive factor input demand, the explicit form of constant return to scale technology (CRS) and
nested constant elasticity of substitution (CES) are used to solve this type of problem in the GTAP model. The input can
be classified into two types; primary and intermediate input which are assumed separable technology. With these
assumptions, the firms production level can be split into three levels. The top of the nested tree describes the fixed
proportion between intermediate input and primary input. The middle level determines the combination of factors with
CES and the firms decision about using intermediate input between domestic and foreign. The bottom level explains the
supply of intermediate input (Thomassin & Mukhopadhyay, 2007).
The regional household income is allocated by three sources of expenditure; 1) private household consumption
2) government expenditure and 3) national saving. The contribution proportion to each type of expenditures is assumed to
be a constant budget share. Household behavior is determined with an aggregate utility function. The private households
would like to maximize utility subject to their budget constraint. The optimization of behavior through the expenditure
function is illustrated by the Constant Difference Elasticity (CDE) demand system which is easier to calibrate tha n the
constant elasticity of substitution (CES) or the Linear Expenditure System (LES). However, the consumption bundles are
CES combinations of domestic goods and import bundles as well as the import bundles are determined by the CES
aggregation of imports from different regions. In equilibrium, there are three conditions which must exist; 1) all firms
have zero profit, 2) all households reach their maximum utility on their budget constraint, and 3) global investment is
equal to global saving. To conduct the dynamic view, the model was introduced the disequilibrium approach by
extending international capital mobility, capital accumulation, and an adaptive expectations theory of investment
(Ianchovichina & McDougall, 2000). The GDyn is a recursive dynamic model which solves the problem in each period
of time. The outcome in the previous period will have an effect on capital accumulation in the next period. Thus, the
capital accumulation plays a main role in long-run equilibrium.
Data
This paper mainly employs GTAP data base version 8.1 and uses information in 2007 as a base year. This
version is the latest update and complemented with the emission data of carbon dioxide (CO 2) as well. The GTAP
database contains an enormous amount of data including input-output tables, trade data, bilateral agreements, and
transportation information (Hertel, 1997). In this study, the standard GTAP regions are aggregated into 18 new regions,
and also the standard GTAP sectors are aggregated into 14 new sectors. Moreover, the 6 main air pollutants: carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and particulate matter
(PM10) are used as a proxy of air quality and the data on these air emission intensities released by each production in each
region is employed from many sources either the GTAP data base itself or other empirical papers. For example the CO 2
emissions data file is embedded in the GTAP data base version 8.1 already. The data of other indicators are obtained from
[3]

other studies. For example, Rose and Lee (2008) provided the data of non-CO2 GHGs such as methane (CH4) and nitrous
(N2O) complied with the GTAP version 6 structure. The non-GHG air pollutant emission intensity data such as SO2, NO2,
and PM10 could be extracted from The Industrial Pollution Projection System (Hettige, Martin, Singh, & Wheeler, 1994).
Scenarios and Estimations
The scenarios created here are to represent the conditions of trade liberalization in either the ASEAN
community or Free Trade with key partners. In fact, to capture trade liberalization in the ASEAN community, the
scenarios have to take tariff and non-tariff barrier eliminations into account. In fact, the data of tariff and non-tariff
barriers in ASEAN is employed from the Market Access Map database (MAcMap-HS6, 2007), which comes with the
Tariff Analytical and Simulation Tool for Economists (TASTE) program provided by the GTAP and Monash University
team (Pelikan,Thnen Institute, & Braunschweig, 2013). The data of tariff barrier elimination due to the FTAs between
ASEAN and the 6 key partners is supported by GTAP database. It is in the GTAP import tax rate data set which provided
in the form of the percentage of ad valorem rate. To estimate an economic and emission changes, the RunDynam
application is obtained as it shall analyze the dynamic CGE model with the GTAP database under the conditions in the
scenarios. The RunDynam software is a specific tool for dynamic recursive analysis. It was built by the Center of Policy
Study, Monash University in Australia. The tool could solve the problems declared in the model and come up with the
initial year results and then uses such initial results to estimate subsequent years later. (Walmsley & Itakura, 2007).
Results
The consequences of the ASEAN Community in terms of economic view
The effects of the trade liberalization in the ASEAN Community are captured and presented in the tables 1 and
2. They show the ratios of each GDP composition to its total GDP. It can be seen that consumption and export play a
main role driving GDP growth in 2015. Singapore and Malaysia could benefit from increasing their exports more than
100 percent. The exports in Cambodia and Vietnam are also high with over 80 percent. Thailand could see an increase in
its exports to 75 percent whereas the exports in Indonesia show the lowest ratio comparing to other members. However,
in 2030, investments especially in Thailand and Cambodia become significant as they take a larger portion in their GDP
(more than 50%). This could be implied that in the long run, Thailand and Cambodia will be interesting for investors. The
ratios of export remain stating that Singapore, Malaysia and Cambodia will enjoy their great exports. Like these nations,
Vietnam and Thailand will see their dramatic increase in their exports as well.
As the findings indicate that the exports in ASEAN grow over time, they are examined the movement of
exports. Table 3 and 4 represent the exports of each ASEAN state by sectors. This paper has separated the figures of
exports into two sets: 1) the percent shares of total exports comparing between exporting to Non-ASEAN region and
ASEAN region 2) the percent shares of exports to ASEAN region only comparing across exporting to Indonesia,
Cambodia, Lao, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
[4]

Table 1 Shares of GDP compositions to total GDP in 2015
Region
Consumption
Investment
Gov_Exp
Export
Import
IDN
KHM
LAO
MYS
PHL
SGP
THA
VNM
0.62
0.75
0.61
0.43
0.70
0.39
0.52
0.65
0.31
0.42
0.42
0.28
0.23
0.30
0.36
0.50
0.08
0.06
0.08
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.12
0.06
0.28
0.88
0.35
1.07
0.47
1.28
0.75
0.89
-0.29
-1.11
-0.46
-0.89
-0.50
-1.08
-0.75
-1.11
GDP/Capita
(US$)
1,932
528
834
6,731
1,559
37,227
3,808
786
Table 2 Shares of GDP compositions to total GDP in 2030

Region
Consumption
Investment
Gov_Exp
Export
Import
IDN
KHM
LAO
MYS
PHL
SGP
THA
VNM
0.58
0.58
0.59
0.44
0.63
0.39
0.45
0.64
0.38
0.55
0.36
0.37
0.42
0.47
0.53
0.32
0.07
0.04
0.07
0.12
0.09
0.10
0.10
0.06
0.31
1.29
0.43
1.05
0.52
1.27
0.83
0.96
-0.35
-1.46
-0.45
-0.98
-0.65
-1.23
-0.91
-0.97
GDP/Capita
(US$)
2,855
611
1,394
9,153
2,133
47,706
5,448
1,192
The figures from table 3 and 4 indicate that in 2030, each ASEAN state will allocate its exports to ASEAN and
non-ASEAN with portions of 20% - 30% and 70% - 80%, respectively. However, Lao will be the exceptional case as its
exports will go to ASEAN (56%) greater than non-ASEAN (44%). Singapore is also a good case in point as it could
balance its exports between the two regions, approximately. To emphasize the analysis of ASEAN exports in the long
term, they are assessed in order to know where each nation exports their products to. The findings indicate that Thailand
would be the most favorite country which ASEAN nations prefer to export to. This can be seen from the highest number
of exports of Indonesia, Cambodia, Lao, Malaysia would go to Thailand even though Singapore and Vietnam would
allocate their exports to Indonesia and Malaysia rather than Thailand.
[5]

Table 3 ASEAN nations exports by sectors to other members in 2030
REG
IDN
KHM
LAO
MYS
PHL
Sectors
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessingFood
Transportation
Total
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessingFood
Transportation
Total
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessingFood
Transportation
Total
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessingFood
Transportation
Total
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessingFood
Transportation
Total
%Shares of total exports

Non-ASEAN ASEAN
24.56
75.44
83.97
16.03
71.77
28.23
62.62
37.38
58.87
41.13
95.86
4.14
72.01
27.99
13.58
86.42
93.47
6.53
25.05
74.95
93.70
6.30
43.85
56.15
95.00
5.00
88.43
11.57
2.49
97.51
89.45
10.55
10.53
89.47
27.44
72.56
0.00
100.00
94.72
5.28
44.11
55.89
40.06
59.94
68.04
31.96
60.55
39.45
60.01
39.99
49.84
50.16
96.15
3.85
63.13
36.87
82.38
17.62
59.36
40.64
72.50
27.50
76.56
23.44
27.78
72.22
95.30
4.70
76.59
23.41
IDN
0.15
17.65
0.08
1.09
11.40
18.24
2.19
0.22
20.83
0.00
0.01
4.02
16.60
1.59
6.87
28.31
20.53
4.05
27.29
25.39
12.45
17.96
10.38
11.20
4.18
28.17
18.99
5.80
[6]
KHM
0.00
0.00
0.47
0.48
3.09
0.48
0.63
0.00
1.23
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.31
0.09
0.01
0.01
0.39
0.70
0.56
0.57
0.52
0.03
0.39
0.25
0.09
0.38
0.38
0.12
%Shares of exports to ASEAN

LAO MYS PHL SGP
0.00 62.15 9.60 6.21
0.00 36.11 14.21 11.27
0.01 27.46 14.01 8.81
0.03 9.71 10.23 16.04
0.01 26.99 15.44 1.32
0.12 28.57 6.04 39.71
0.02 21.97 12.43 11.69
0.00 1.74 0.13 0.35
0.00 11.76 2.94 5.88
0.00 12.61 0.02 10.57
0.00 2.41 1.06 7.35
0.01 7.96 1.84 20.35
0.07 20.04 5.30 33.26
0.01 5.93 0.94 8.34
0.05 0.01 0.00
6.79 7.76 16.38
4.05 0.00 0.01
0.01 0.00 0.03
1.96 1.78 0.16
20.90 4.60 37.38
3.84 0.59 1.31
0.00
1.59 31.03
0.00
14.15 25.47
0.00
7.30 12.12
0.02
5.03 15.49
0.07
20.44 5.85
0.13
7.40 35.58
0.02
7.68 15.83
0.00 12.33
9.40
0.00 25.52
6.78
0.03 14.05
5.71
0.00 25.74
12.22
0.00 13.92
0.50
0.09 24.30
33.98
0.01 24.11
11.34
THA
17.99
37.71
41.40
55.95
27.51
14.47
45.14
74.54
50.00
26.74
31.97
25.53
15.49
42.04
74.44
33.67
86.12
84.78
41.56
12.01
81.24
41.44
20.81
49.88
70.93
20.63
20.69
55.87
54.79
42.67
50.33
56.51
46.81
13.85
54.67
VNM
3.68
0.67
6.86
6.79
9.92
8.71
6.07
23.04
5.88
49.98
56.02
32.52
5.94
40.34
25.26
12.46
9.82
15.17
50.24
6.55
11.28
8.49
9.21
7.78
2.96
12.52
8.04
5.52
3.33
13.80
17.75
1.24
9.44
6.61
3.79

In addition, the most products exported to Thailand are labor-manufacture followed by capital-manufacture
goods whereas the majority of Thailand exports go to non-ASEAN regions for example Japan, European Union and
USA. Thailand also imports most energy products from Cambodia, Philippines and Singapore while most agriculture
products come from Cambodia and Lao. This can be interpreted that Thailand would be the assembly production state of
ASEAN as it imports the intermediate goods mainly from other member nations and exports to non-ASEAN. This seems
benefits for Thai economy but it may cause a huge of emissions released by such productions as well.
Table 4 ASEAN nations exports by sectors to other members in 2030 (Continued)
REG
SGP
THA
VNM
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessFood
Transport
Total
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessFood
Transport
Total
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessFood
Transport
Total
%Shares of Total Trade

Non-ASEAN
ASEAN
8.77
91.23
40.51
59.49
52.51
47.49
41.12
58.88
22.38
77.62
96.59
3.41
49.12
50.88
50.15
49.85
63.55
36.45
71.13
28.87
76.92
23.08
38.59
61.41
95.73
4.27
73.50
26.50
58.91
41.09
70.29
29.71
63.15
36.85
75.72
24.28
23.72
76.28
94.81
5.19
66.81
33.19
IDN
3.71
42.15
29.95
20.59
26.54
25.46
30.52
15.27
10.99
23.21
19.36
32.02
24.95
20.39
12.57
11.27
10.34
3.98
35.26
18.50
15.48
KHM
0.10
0.69
0.25
0.56
0.82
0.63
0.57
1.60
14.54
7.88
7.04
6.52
0.44
8.13
0.80
4.97
39.51
8.61
2.79
0.42
7.05
%Shares of Trade in ASEAN

LAO MYS PHL SGP
0.00 19.60 1.10
0.00 25.38 4.51
0.00 22.97 4.92
0.00 22.78 9.54
0.54 16.45 14.73
0.04 21.37 4.87
0.02 23.61 7.00
8.97 44.61 7.27 3.42
2.09 13.45 4.04 14.45
5.01 30.85 8.56 4.92
2.87 24.25 22.08 8.47
6.67 15.14 21.86 1.66
0.08 22.32 6.15 36.46
3.71 23.04 16.24 8.14
0.61 21.76 20.81 2.00
0.08 35.31 0.37 43.09
2.87 18.47 5.67 4.88
0.75 8.39 12.03 2.36
0.20 6.35 47.70 0.68
0.08 18.50 3.99 40.60
0.43 22.02 14.74 21.40
THA
64.74
8.96
36.19
42.29
23.15
34.78
27.92
41.11
4.91
17.49
63.45
6.91
16.34
18.70
VNM
5.84
17.22
4.46
2.98
5.59
10.37
8.79
9.39
33.39
14.92
12.27
6.46
7.35
15.18
-
The consequences of the ASEAN Community in terms of emission view

The emissions in ASEAN are contributed by Indonesia and Thailand mainly in both 2015 and 2030 while
Cambodia and Lao could see their low contribution of emissions in all kind of emissions. However, Vietnam also has
high portions of emissions in Methane (CH4) and Nitrous (N2O) caused by a remarkable increase in its agriculture
productions which have a positive correlation to CH4 and N2O. The main sectors releasing CO2 are energy and
transportation while manufacture is a key sector for emitting non-greenhouse gases (SO2, NO2, PM10). It can be seen that
[7]

in the future, Thailand will face a high number of emissions especially in non-greenhouse gases. The figures in table 6
could emphasis this as the growth rate of non-greenhouse gases keep going up and reach a peak in 2026. In contrast, the
greenhouse gas group (CO2, CH4, N2O) could drop after 2024, generally. This circumstance could be implied that Thai
economy would benefit from the trade liberalization by increasing its productions in particular capital manufacture
products. As a result, emissions in Thailand such as SO2, NO2, PM10 could rise significantly in the long term.
The movement of emissions to Thailand seems similar to the case of trading between China and the US as
presented in the paper of Shuia and Harriss (2006). They showed that CO2 emissions in the US could reduce to 3-6
percent while the emissions increase in China by 7-14 percent owing to the freer trade between the two regions. As a
result, China appears to be a producer for the US, especially for pollution-intensive productions.
Table 5 the shares of emissions to the total emissions of each type in 2030
CO2
CH4
N 2O
SO2
NO2
PM10
IDN
0.42
0.49
0.43
0.41
0.40
0.43
KHM
0.00
0.01
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.00
LAO
0.00
0.02
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
MYS
0.18
0.10
0.07
0.17
0.17
0.17
PHL
0.05
0.04
0.10
0.09
0.09
0.08
SGP
0.06
0.00
0.01
0.06
0.06
0.06
THA
0.21
0.12
0.16
0.22
0.22
0.21
VNM
0.06
0.13
0.12
0.04
0.04
0.03
Table 6 the growth rates of each emission in Thailand from 2015 to 2030
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
2026
2028
2030
CO2
0.06
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.16
0.12
CH4
0.06
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.10
0.11
0.10
N 2O
0.06
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.07
[8]
SO2
0.05
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.08
0.11
NO2
0.05
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.08
0.11
PM10
0.05
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.08
0.11

Table 7 the amount of emissions by sector in Thailand in 2015 and 2030 (million tons)
Agriculture
Energy
CapitalMnf
LaborMnf
ProcessFood
Transport
Others
Total
CO2
11.71
18.14
30.62
3.71
5.41
61.86
90.95
222.39
CH4
31.28
3.88
0.01
0.00
0.00
3.27
5.56
44.01
2015
N2O SO2
9.95 0.00
0.06 0.00
0.06 16.13
0.00 3.91
0.00 0.95
0.13 0.00
0.51 0.00
10.73 20.99
NO2
0.00
0.00
9.60
2.64
0.61
0.00
0.00
12.85
PM10
0.00
0.00
7.00
0.37
0.25
0.00
0.00
7.62
CO2
27.05
92.00
84.02
9.60
8.01
131.47
222.38
574.52
CH4
72.28
18.54
0.03
0.00
0.00
6.96
8.28
106.09
2030
N2O SO2
22.99 0.00
0.29 0.00
0.17 44.26
0.01 10.13
0.00 1.41
0.28 0.00
0.77 0.00
24.52 55.80
NO2
0.00
0.00
26.34
6.83
0.91
0.00
0.00
34.07
PM10
0.00
0.00
19.20
0.95
0.38
0.00
0.00
20.54
Conclusions
The ASEAN Community coming with the elimination of tariff and non-tariff barriers could impact on both
economic and emission aspects of each ASEAN nation. The first few years of implementation, GDP of each state is
driven by consumption and export. In the long run, Thailand and Cambodia economies will be interesting for investors.
Moreover, export plays a main role in many regions such as Cambodia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
Most exports in each nation in ASEAN would go to non-ASEAN region mainly except for Lao. Thailand is the main
destination of export in ASEAN and most products exported to Thailand are capital and labor manufacture. This seems
that Thailand is the assembly production state of ASEAN as it imports a huge of intermediate goods and exports final
goods to other regions such as Japan, European Union, and USA. This might benefit for Thai economy but it may be in
turn worse for its emission situation. Owing to the significant increase in capital-intensive productions in Thailand, a
huge of emissions would be released from such productions and continually rising in the long run. SO2, NO2, PM10 are
the main pollutants which Thailand will face in 2030. For this reason, Thailand should prepare good governances of
emission control in order to avoid its crisis of pollution level in the future.
References
ASEAN Secretariat. (2011). ASEAN Economic Community Fact Book 2011. Public Outreach and Civil Society
Division. Jakarta, Indonesia.
Clean Air Asia. (2012). Accessing Asia: Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Indicators for Road
Transport and Electricity. Knowledge Partnership on Air Pollution and GHG Data and Indicators for
Transport and Energy in Asia.
Copeland, B. R. & Taylor, S. M. (1994). North-South Trade and the Environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics,
109(3): 755-87.
[9]

Grossman, G. M. & Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement.
NBER Working Paper No.3914, Cambridge, MA.
Hkan, N. & Scott, V. (2009). Trade and the Environment. Special Studies No. 4. World Trade Organization (WTO).
Hertel, T. W. (1997). Global trade analysis: Modeling and applications. Cambridge university press.
Hettige, H., Martin, P., Singh, M., & Wheeler, D. (1995). The Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS). World
Bank Policy Research Working Paper Number 1431.
Ianchovichina, E., & McDougall, R. (2000). Theoretical Structure of Dynamic GTAP. GTAP Technical Paper No.17.
Center for Global Trade Analysis. Indiana, USA.
Michid, E., & Nishikimi, K. (2007). North-South trade and industry-specific pollutants. Journal of Environmental
Economics and Management. 54, 229-243.
Pelikan, J., Thnen Institute, & Braunschweig. (2013). TASTE Add-on for GTAP 8.1 Data Base based on CEPII/ITC
MacMAP applied tariffs. Retrieved from http://www.monash.edu.au/policy/taste.htm.
Rose, S. K., & Lee, H. L. (2008). Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data for Climate Change Economic
Analysis. GTAP Working Paper No. 43. Center for Global Trade Analysis. Indiana, USA.
Shuia, B., & Harriss, R. C. (2006). The role of CO2 embodiment in US-China trade. Energy Policy. 34,4063-4068.
Thomassin, P. J., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2007). Impact of East-Asian Free Trade on the Environment-an Exercise
with GTAP modeling. The 16th International Input-Output Conference. Istanbul. Turkey.
Walmsley, T. L., Dimaranan, B. V., & McDougall, R. A. (2000). A Base Case Scenario for the Dynamic GTAP
Model. Dynamic Modeling and Applications for Global Economic Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
[10]

Culture Shock Preparation, Cross-Culture Adjustment, and Integration

of RMUTP Student Exchange in Oversea Partnership Universities
Gumporn Suwannachim*
Abstract
This research has shown the collaborations and preparation processes between RMUTP (internal and external
communication) and Partnership University. This paper analyzed exchanged students adjustment and behaviors in period
of before and after study at Partnership University and suggested the internationalization guidance for RMUTP and other
universities where partnership university bridged as one of universitys missions. Using case research method, examined
exchange student who were in Oversea Partnership universities. In total 20 exchange students were interviews as well as
conducted focus group to search for the internationalization guidance to use in future exchange program for RMUTP.
Extending the knowledge body from exiting research, this study found out that there are three preparation and two culture
adjustment for exchange students to formulate the internationalization guidance for the future outgoing students who
would like to participate in Exchange program. University/Student/Parent can learn from the internationalization
guidance in order to prepare themselves, especially outgoing students while they are aboard or away from their home
county where family and friends assistance are out of reach.
Key Word: Culture Shock Preparation, Cross-Culture Adjustment, Exchange Student, Partnership University
Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon; Email: gumporn.s@rmutp.ac.th
[11]

Factors Influencing Consumers Purchasing Intention of Motorcycle Battery

as Substitute Product in Bangkok Metropolitan Areas
Gumporn Suwannachim*, Sirikul Boonyalai**, Phiraya Chetupong*** and Dr.Natcha Thumrongchot****
Abstract
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze the factors that influence Motorcycle drivers in Bangkok
metropolitan areas to purchase motorcycle battery as substitute product/brand and how Motorcycle drivers respond to
these factors.
Design/methodology/approach - Using case research method, examined Motorcycle drivers in Bangkok
metropolitan area who purchased motorcycle battery to replace battery in their motorcycles. In total 20 Motorcycle
drivers were interviewed as well as categorized common themes in order to explain the purchasing intention for the future
influencers in selecting motorcycle battery.
Findings - Extending the knowledge body from exiting research, this study found out that there are six
influencers for Motorcycle drivers to purchase substitute brand of motorcycle battery. They are warranty, reasonable
price, existing customer, battery and part installment, group reference, and cash discount. The results shown that
Motorcycle drivers react to influencers by considering and concerning about the benefit of the replacement, return policy,
price comparison between substitute product and market leader brand, exiting motorcycle shop/dealer, service and
installment, PR and advertising from dealers, and cash discount. Buying replacement battery from substitute brand
utilized Motorcycle drivers in various areas and choosing the reasonable and efficient brand/product allow drivers to
reduce maintenance fees, especially motor taxi or blue collar.
Key Word: Consumers Purchasing Intention, Motorcycle Battery, Substitute Product
Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon

***
****
**
[12]


Development of Web Application on One Tambon One Product for AEC
. *
Dr.Supachat Sirithien and Pataree Tangjeerawong

OTOP

OTOP

OTOP
AEC

OTOP

: ,
,
Abstract
Thailand is going to be one in The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) that all the country aim to be a single
market and production base. That is the opportunities for OTOP to promote human resources development, create jobs
the communities' creativity in developing products such as Thai Silk Cloth, Clothes and garments, handicrafts, and
others, which are in harmony with local culture and way of life. That brought the idea to create Web application on
; Email:supachat.s@rmutp.ac.th
[13]

OTOP for AEC by using computer Adobe Dreamweaver8 PHPMyAdmin MySQL Adobe Photoshop CS5 and technic of
system analysis and design to create abilities in economical development.
Key Word: Web Application, One Tambon One Product, ASEAN Economic Community

2015 (ASEAN)

SME

OTOP
web application

Web Application OTOP
..2015
Web applications OTOP

Web Application
Online Local
( LAN) Global ( ) Real Time
[14]

Real Time

Web Hosting (
) Hardware

3
1) (Local Yet Global)
2) (Self-Reliance-Creativity)
3) (Human Resource Development)

2544 (.) 1,000
( www.khonthai.com)

(Intranet) server
9 .
(ASEAN) 10

2558

[15]


..2007
34
(The working language of ASEAN shall be English)
15 ..2008

(Problem Definition)
(Analysis)
DataFlow Diagram* *ER-Diagram
(Design) (Development)

(Testing)
Adobe
Dreamweaver8 PHPMyAdmin MySQL Adobe Photoshop CS5
AppServ2.5.9
[16]

web THAILAND OTOP
..
1
ThaiTambon.com web site went online in June 2000. When the OTOP project moved into action in 2001, we quickly
became a web site for marketing OTOP and give information about OTOP products. The latest addition to the web site
is the OTOP Product Champion Year 2010 data base. Read more ....
New Products Addition
For each working day about 50 - 60 new OTOP products from the selection in Year 2010 are added into our database.
These are 5-star, 4-star and 3-star product categories. CLICK here to find the daily new products.
How to Find Products in English
There are about 100,000 products in Thaitambon.com. Part of them have been translated into English. Please use English
Search to find OTOP products.
Product Promotion (39) (Click at picture to see web site & details)
[17]


OTOP Mapping

*
2 -
[18]

[19]

6*
[20]


7
Username & Password Log In
7
Username* Password* 9
8*

OTOP
AEC
[21]

OTOP 2

- OTOP

OTOP
Web application Web application
Web application
Web application
24

http://klineiam009.blogspot.com/
http://hq.prd.go.th/prTechnicalDM/ewt_news.php?nid=563
http://www.thai-aec.com/450#more-450
http://www.thai-aec.com/450#ixzz25KGYizIE
[22]


The Influence of Work Motivation and Self-Development towards Work Efficiency
of the Accountants working for the Companies Registered
in the Stock Exchange of Thailand
*
Boontham Porncharoen

997

( =3.56)
( =3.60)
60.31

0.05
87.6 40
SeD = 0.070 MaF + 0.723* MoF; R2 = 0.528
WE = 0.340* MaF + 0.746* MoF+ 0.450* SeD; R2 = 0.876
: , ,
; Email: boontham.p@rmutp.ac.t
[23]

Abstract
The purposed of this research aims to study the work efficiency, the influence of work motivation and personal
development on work efficiency, and the guideline for improving work efficiency of accountants. This research used the
questionnaire survey method and chose accountants who work in companies listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand
(SET) as objectives. The research selected 997 accountants as purposive samples. According to the collected data, the
hypothesis of the research is verified by the statistical methods including frequency distribution, percentage, arithmetic
mean, standard deviation, and structural equation modeling (SEM). The analysis was performed with the statistical
package.
The findings of this research are illustrated that the accountants have maintenance and motivation factors in
their work motivation at high level (x=3.56). Moreover, they have professional, emotional, and physical development in
their personality development at high level whereas their social development is at moderate level. On the whole, the
personal development is at high level (x=3.60) and the work efficiency accounts for 60.31percent.
Besides, the accountants work efficiency has the casual relationship to the influence of the maintenance and
motivation factors in the work motivation, and personal development was carried out by SEM with statistical significance
of the 0.05. This can describe and foretell the degree of accuracy at the rate of 87.6 percent with up to 40 percent passed
the criteria. The equations of SEM analysis are as follows:
SeD = 0.070MaF + 0.723*MoF; R2=0.528
We = 0.340*MaF + 0.746*MoF + 0.450*SeD; R2=0.876
Key Word: Motivation, Personal Development, Work efficiency

( , 2548: 169)
(Human Capital)
( , 2550: 2)

[24]

(The Stock Exchange of Thailand: SET)

1.
2.

(Quantitative Research) (Survey Study)
(Questionnaires)
997
(Frequency Distribution) (Percentage) (Arithmetic Mean)
(Standard Deviation) (Structural Equation Model
Analysis: SEM)

516 . 31 ..2555 ( , 2555)
Taro Yamane (1973: 1,089) 0.05
225
5
1,125 15 ..2555
30 ..2556

/

[25]

15
..2555 15 ..2555 3
997 88.62 1,125

684 68.6 31-40 469 47.0
33.98 502 50.4
249 25.0
697 69.9 6-10 478 47.9
7.86 15,001-20,000 367 36.8
18,214.51 ( =3.56)
( =3.63) ( =
3.90) ( =3.70) ( =3.68) ( =3.64)
( =3.47) ( =3.39)
( =3.48) ( =3.86) ( =3.84)
( =3.69) ( =3.63) ( =
3.01) ( =2.82)
2
(Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman, 1959: 157)
(Herzbergs Two Factors Theory) Motivation
Maintenance Theory, Dual Factors Theory Motivation - Hygiene Theory (Maintenance
Factors) (Hygiene Factors) (Motivational Factors)
(2549)

( =3.54) ( =3.38)
( =3.60) ( =3.73)
( =3.71) ( =3.54) ( =3.22)

(2551: 54) 4 1)
2) 3) 4)
[26]


(2550)

( =3.46)
1

51-75 76-100
25-50 2 0-25
60.31
(2551: 86)

2

0.05

(P-value<0.05)
(Path Coefficient = 0.723 0.450 ; DE= 0.723 0.450 )

(P-value<0.05)
(Path Coefficient = 0.971; DE = 0.746, IE = 0.225) 95 100

(2554)
:
0.05

(Validity) (Joreskog & Sorbom, 1993: 26)
(R2) 0.876 87.6 (0.876x100)

87.6 40
(Saris &
Strenkhorst. 1984: 282)
[27]


(Structural Equation Model Analysis: SEM)
SeD = 0.070 MaF + 0.723* MoF; R2 = 0.528
WE = 0.340* MaF + 0.746* MoF+ 0.450* SeD; R2 = 0.876 1
.56
e1
-.16
e2
-.24
e3
-.44
-.32
-.31-.12 e4
.46
.08 e5
e6
CP .57
.75
Sup .37 .76
.61
IR .15
.39
WCd.58
.33
.66
JS .43
MaF
Pay
.07
.34*
eSeD
eWE
.53
.53
.28.71
.77
.45*
SeD
.50
PrD
PhD
e13
e14
.61
.37
SD
e15
e16
.12
.37
e7
e8
-.22 e9
-.19-.15
-.38 e10
-.13.42
.26 e11
.30
e12
WE
.45
.88.67
.58
W .34
.46 P .22
F
e17
e18 -.09
.33
e19
-1.35
.24
-.13
.75*
PG .41
.61
WCt.38 .64
.62
Ach .61
.37
Rec .65
.43
.68
Res .46
.55
ED
.72*
.09
.74
MoF
Adv
Chi-square = 148.244, df = 123, P-value = 0.217, GFI = 0.983, RMSEA = 0.040, RMR = 0.048 *P-value<0.05
1

(Key Success Factors)

. 2554. : . :

. 2548. . : .
. 2550. . : .
. 2549. .
:
.
. 2550.
. :
.
[28]

. 2551. . : .
. 2548. . :
.
Herzberg, F. and the other. 1959. The Motivation to Work. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Joreskog. K. G. & Sorbom. D. 1993. Lisrel 8: Structural Equation Modeling with the SIMPLIS command language.
Chicago: Software International.
Saris. W.E. & Strenkhorst. L H. 1984. .Causal modeling non-experimental research: An Introduction to the lisrel
approach. Dissertation Abstract International. 47(7), 2261-A.
Taro, Yamane. 1973. Statistic: An introductory analysis. (3rd ed.). New York: Harper & Row.
[29]


Ways to Success of Tourism Business Management
* **
Lumyai Magjaroen and Boontham Porncharoen

10
2

BTS

Dynamic Pricing

: ,
*
**
; Email: Lumyai.m@rmutp.ac.th
; Email: Boontham.p@rmutp.ac.th
[30]

Abstract
The objective of this research is to study about the ways the successful tourism entrepreneurs run their business
in order to access the main factors that can lead them to be successful. This research is a qualitative study which the
information are collected by interviewing people who involve with the listed companies on The Stock Exchange of
Thailand, groups of service industry, tourism industry, and show business for 10 companies and other 2 companies where
involve with transportation and logistic industry. Besides, some information came from the academic books, textbooks,
theses, related studies, internet, and institutes where are in tourism industry, hotel industry, and airline industry. The
results of this research are indicated that the factors which can lead to the tourism entrepreneurs' success consist of
location such as riverside, downtown, business area, place of amusement, BTS station area, and natural resource area.
Another factor is the human resources, only qualified candidates will be selected. Then, the training are always be
arranged for them simultaneously with the human resource management. Besides, the price strategy is used, too. The
entrepreneurs are concerned and ready to adjust their room pricing strategy according to the current situation in order to
profit from the room price. This is the same ways as the companies in the airline industry did. They set the ticket price as
dynamic pricing which can be counted as the important pricing strategy. Moreover, many ways to access the business are
provided to the customers such as the internet, direct selling through the head office and call center, distributor, and etc.
Regarding the physical description, the physical management are created in order to meet the customer's requirement. As
for the operating strategy, they used the growth strategy, differentiate strategy, niche market strategy, and cost leadership
strategy. Furthermore, the risk management and using accounting information also play a part in building a successful
tourism business.
Key Word: Success, Tourism Business

( ..2555 2559)

[31]


13
3

10
10 3 1
1 1
2 2

(Depth Interview)
(Key
[32]

Informants)

(Primary Source)

(Secondary Source)

2
(Content Analysis)

56-1
Front Office Manager

Kotler (2003: 296-298
. 2555)

[33]


(Value) (Price)

Dynamic Pricing
Dynamic Pricing

(2552)

Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway
Commission (COSO) State Enterprise Performance Appraisal (SEPA)

2 2557
2557

[34]


(2543: 28-32)

B.C.Ghosh and Yoke-Kai Chan (1997)

1.

2.

3.

4.

[35]


. 2554. ..2555-2559.
. 2543. 11. : .
. 2552. .
.
. 2553. .
, .
. 2554.
.
.
. 2555.
. . :
.
B.C. Ghosh and Yoke-Kai Chan. 1997. Management accounting in Singapore-well in place? Managerial Auditing
Journal. Vol: 12 No. 1: Abactract from, ABI/Inform-Document Details. htm.
[36]


Factors Influencing Green Logistics Management
of Transportation Business in Thailand
* . **
Srisuda Auchamsri and Dr.Mariam Nami
: ,
*
**
; Email: srisuda auchamsri@rmutp.ac.th

; Email: mariamnami@rmutp.ac.th
[37]

Abstract
The purposes of the study were 1) to develop the causal model of the capacity for green logistics mana gement
of transportation business in Thailand and 2) to investigate the causal relationship model influencing green logistics
management of transportation business in Thailand. The study applied quantitative and survey research techniques using
organizations as the analyzed unit. The samples were executives in management and human resources in transportation
industry drawn from probability random sampling and simple random sampling. Questionnaires were applied to collect
data which were analyzed by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The
research results are as follows. Factors directly influencing the green logistics management of the transportation business
in Thailand were the readiness of the resources, the distribution management, the quality of the personnels lives,
environmental factors, and the green logistic capital management; while social factors showed indirect effect. The
research results can be concluded as suggestions for the transportation business in Thailand that environmentally-friendly
or green logistics should be applied to the business so that it would be advantageous for the organization image as this
could generate the social responsibility. The public sectors should also issue certain restrictions which facilitate the order
and standard for the environment.
Key Word: Eco-Friendly Transportation, Green Logistics

(Reverse Logistics) (
, 2551)

( , 2550;
, 2548: 63-66)
..2550
10 (
)

( , 2553: 3)

[38]


green
logistics

1.

2.
green logistics

green logistics
(Chan, 2001; Chan & Lau, 2000; Laroche et al.,
2001)

green logistics

1. (Qualitative Research) 12

2. (Quantitative Research)
420
16,400 ( ,
2556) Yamane 5
(Rating Scale Questionnaire) (content validity)
[39]

(construct validity) (reliability)
(structural equation model) LISREL

(descriptive construct)
20
21- 30
31- 40
41- 60
61
10
11- 20
21- 30
31

1- 5
6 - 10
11 - 15
16 - 20
20

143
71
29
110
67
50
151
88
131
113
109
97
101
118
147
46
38
71

34
17
7
26
16
12
36
21
31
27
26
23
24
28
35
11
9
17
1
20 (32%) 11-20 (36%) (27%)
6-10 (35%)
[40]

Chi-Square=64.23,df=46, P-value=0.04, 2/df = 1.388 RMSEA = 0.321, CFI = 0.893, GFI = 0.760, AGFI = 0.440,
*p<0.05, **p>0.01
1 green logistics
1 Ho (P-value > 0.01 99%)

64.23 P-value
0.04 (df) 46 (2/df ) 1.39
RMSEA 0.3
(SME)
SME 0.78 4
green logistic 78 SMC 0.93
green logistic 93
SMC .95
green logistic 95
95
[41]

2 green logistics

0.70**
0.70**
: DE= Direct Effect, TE=Total Effect
green
Logistics
0.83**
0.83**
0.15
0.15
0.70**
0.70**
0.63**
0.63**
0.77**
0.77**
0* ** 0.1
2
green logistics
0.70, 0.83, 0.70, 0.63 0.77
green logistics 0.12
3 green logistic

green logistics

3.867
3.651
2.143
3.655
3.840
3.480
3.765
[42]

0.731
0.719
0.348
0.836
0.781
0.723
0.804

3
green logistic

4
H1 green logistics

H2 green logistics

H3 green logistics
H4 green logistics
H5 green logistics
H6
green logistics
4
green logistic

green logistics

green logistics

(Galbreath, 2005)

(Barney, 1991: 111-112; Castanias & Helfat, 2001: 674-675; Galbreath, 2005:
984)
[43]


green logistics (2550)
SMEs
Logistics Scorecard
5

(Atsuko and Midori, 2001)

(Galbreath & Benjamin, 2010)

green
logistics Fawcett & Coopet (1998)

[44]


1.

2.

1.

2.

. (2553). .
.
(2550) :

. (2551). . .
. .
( ..2556)
Atsuko and Midori. (2001). Asia Pacific Advances in Consumer Research. Volume 4, 2001 Pages 28-36.
Barney, (1991). Firm Resoures and Subtained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 99120.
Castanias & Helfat. (2001). Entrepreneurship Sustainable Growth and Performance. Edward Elgar Publishing, Jan 1,
2001. BE- Business & Economics.
Chen, R.Y.K., and Lau, L.B.Y. (2000). Antecedents of Green Purchases: A survey in China. Journal of Consumer
Marketing, 174,(338-357).
Duane Ireland and Hitt. (1999). Achieving and Maintaining Strategic Competitiveness in the 21st Century: The Role of
Strategic Leadership. Vol. 13, No.1, Global Competitiveness.
[45]

Fawcett & Coopet. (1998). Logistics Performance Measurement and Customer Success-Field Study Perspectives,
Industrial Marketing Management, Volume 27, Number 4 July 1998: 341-357.
Galbreath, J., & Benjamin, K. (2010). An Action-based approach to linking CSR to strategy: Framework and cases. In: C.
Louche, S.O. Idowu & W.L. Filho (Eds), Innovative CSR: From risk management to value creation. (pp.
12-37). Sheffield, UK: Greenleaf Press.
Laroche, M., Bergeron, J., Tomiul, M., and Barbaro-Forleo G. (2001). Targeting consumers who are willing to pay more
for environmentally friendly products, Journal of Consumer Marketing, 18 (6), 503-520.
[46]

The Investigation of Artificial Intelligence Application

in the Public Administrations Literature
Dr.Srirath Gohwong*
Abstract
This article is the study of Artificial Intelligence (AI) application for Public Administration (PA) by
investigating many key writings of PA scholars in six paradigms Henry and three Minnowbrooks conferences. The
findings are that AI is not paid attention to PA scholars as a tool for IT-based reform such as big data management and
knowledge management for public policy analysis.
Key Word: Artificial Intelligence, Knowledge Management, Minnowbrook Conferences, Public Administration, Public
Policy Analysis,
Introduction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the field of research that studies and develops of intelligent machines and software
for replacing human thinking and deciding. (Simon, 1977; Dervojeda et.al., 2013). It play a big role in e-government in
the age of chaos, especially big data-driven decision-making and knowledge management (KM) for public policy
analysis. (Yick, 2009; OLeary, Van Slyke and Kim, 2010; Laudon and Laudon, 2014) However, there is no study about
the development of AIs application in the writings of Public Administration (PA). Hence, the one and only one objective
of this article is to investigate the development of AI application in the history of PA.
The Paradigm Shift of PA

Paradigm is one of the most important words for PA because the easiest way to see the development of the field
by classifying theories of PA into eras. Though it is employed by many scholars such as Henderson (1966), Waldo
(1968), Ostrom (1974), Henry (1975, 2010), Golembiewski (1977), Bozeman (1978), McCurdy (1986) (Bowornwathana,
1984; Shafritz and Hyde, 1997; Henry, 1975, 2010).
Faculty of Social Sciences, Kasetsart University; Email: srirathg3@yahoo.com
[47]

However, this article will employ only Henrys work, which is the one of the Public Administration Review
(PAR)s 75 Most Influential Articles (PAR, 2015). The six paradigm of Henry are as follows: Paradigm I-PoliticsAdministration Dichotomy (1900-1926), Paradigm II-Principle of Administration (1927-1936), The Challenge (19381950), The Reaction to the Challenge (1947-1950), Paradigm III-Public Administration as political science (1950-1970),
Paradigm IV-Public Administration as Management science (1956-1970), Paradigm V-Public Administration as Public
Administration/ Search for curricular Autonomy (1970 onwards), and Paradigm VI-Governance (1990-onwards). (Henry,
1975, 2010)
AI in the Six Paradigm of Henry

AI is simply defined as the application of computer hardware and software for making a non-programmed
decision, which applies specific solutions for an unstructured problem. This kind of problem is new, unique, nonrecurring
with information deficiency. (Schermerhorn, Jr., 2013; Robbins, DeCenzo and Coulter, 2013) With the investigation of
the development of AI application in PA by using six paradigm of Henry, I categorize the era of AI into two eras as
follows: pre-AI oriented PA era and AI oriented PA era.
Pre-AI Oriented PA Era
This era comprises three periods-pre-paradigm period, paradigm I, and paradigm II. The same contribution to
AI of these periods is to focus the importance of decision-making for PA.
Pre-Paradigm Period
Before the paradigm I, the identification of the importance of non-programmed decision, which is the
intellectual root of AI, appeared in the first work of PA in 1887, Woodrow Woodrows The Study of Administration, as
the reason of emergence of new field of study. It looks like a candle in the dark because PA scholars have to wait for 58
years for indication of artificiality in decision-making with the well-known book of H.A. Simon in 1945.
Wilson as the father of PA (1887: 200-201) stated that And those views are steadily widening to new
conceptions of state duty; so that, at the same time that the functions of government are everyday becoming more
complex and difficult, they are also vastly multiplying in number. Administration is everywhere putting its hands to new
undertakings. The utility, cheapness, and success of the governments postal service, for instance, point towards the early
establishment of governmental control of the telegraph system. Or, even if our government is not to follow the lead of the
governments of Europe in buying or building both telegraph and railroad lines, no one can doubt that in some way it must
make itself master of masterful corporations. The creation of national commissioners of railroads, in addition to the older
state commissions, involves a very important and delicate extension of administrative functions. Whatever hold of
authority state or federal governments are to take upon corporations, there must follow cares and responsibilities which
will require not a little wisdom, knowledge, and experience. Such things must be studied in order to be well done. And
[48]

these, as I have said, are only a few of the doors which are being opened to offices of government. The idea of the state
and the consequent ideal of its duty are undergoing noteworthy change; and the idea of the state is the conscience of
administration. Seeing every day new things which the state ought to do, the next thing is to see clearly how it ought to
do them.
This is why there should be a science of administration which shall seek to straighten the paths of government,
to make its business less unbusinesslike, to strengthen and purify its organization, and to crown its duties with
dutifulness. This is one reason why there is such a science.
Paradigm I
In this paradigm, there are two scholars with different points of view on decision-making: Goodnow and
Weber. Goodnow favored non-programmed decision-making whereas Weber trusted in programmed decision-making.
Non-programmed decision-making appeared again in decision of policy of the classical work of Goodnow, Politics and
administration: a study in government, in his most famous simple theory of politics and administration dichotomy.
According to Goodnow, politics (policy) must be separated from administration. Public policy partly relates to nonprogrammed decision-making because policy-makers must make a decision under the limitation of incomplete
information. He argued that 'The will' of the state or sovereign must be made up and formulated before political action
can be had. The will of the state or sovereign must be executed, after it has been formulated, if that will is to result in
governmental action. All the actions of the state or its organs, further, are undertaken with the object, either of facilitating
the expression of this will or of aiding in its execution. This would seem to be the case whatever may be the formal
character, of the governmental system. (Goodnow, 1900: 9) He also stated the incomplete information that No control
which a political body can have over a body entrusted with the acquisition of facts and the gathering of information can
result in the gathering of more facts or the acquisition of more exact information. (Goodnow, 1900: 80-81)
On contrary, Max Weber, a German scholar in the same paradigm with Goodnow, strongly pointed that
programmed decision-making for structured program is very important for modern organization in his two famous
publications, Theory of Social and Economic Organization, published in 1911 (McCurdy, 1977; Weber, 1969), and
Politics as Vocation, published in 1919 (Weber, 1946). Although Weber strongly agree with Goodnows
politics/administration dichotomy by stating that According to his proper vocation, the genuine officialand this is
decisive for the evaluation of our former regimewill not engage in politics. Rather, he should engage in impartial
'administration.' This also holds for the so-called 'political' administrator, at least officially, in so far as the raison d'etat,
that is, the vital interests of the ruling order, are not in question. Sine ira et studio, 'without scorn and bias, he shall
administer his office. Hence, he shall not do precisely what the politician, the leader as well as his following, must always
and necessarily do, namely, fight. (Weber, 1946b: 95), he strongly believed that rule-based management as programmed
decision is the solution for modern organization because rules will lead to the consistency of decision-making. Weber
stated that (4) The rules which regulate the conduct of an office may be technical rules or norms. (Weber, 1969)
[49]

Paradigm II
Decision-making in this paradigm is only programmed decision-making in the works of Henry Fayol, James D.
Mooney and Alan C. Reiley, Lyndall Urwick. Urwick with his work in 1934, The Function of Administration with
special reference to the work of Henri Fayol, reconciled his idea with the Fayols the function of administration, and the
principles and administrative duties, and Mooney and Rileys logical arrangement of the principles of organization and
proposed the analytical framework for the function of administration. Programmed decision-making is one of that
function. Urwick stated in 1934 that Fayols analysis of organization starts with a list of the administrative duties which
every organization shall be designed to accomplish. This list is shown in the first column of Table IVAdministrative
duties.1. See that the plan of operations is carefully prepared and strictly carried out. 5. Make decisions which are
clear, distinct and precise. (Gulick and Urwick, 1937: 122-127)
AI Oriented Public Administration Era
This era can be categorized into two periods as follows: pre-Minnowbrook and Minnowbrook. The preminnowbrook is the period from 1935-1968 which cover the era of the challenge and the reaction of PA (1938-1950), the
third paradigm and fourth paradigm.
During This era cover the duration of the challenge (1938-1950) and the reaction to the challenge (1947-1950).
The 1935 is the beginning of this era because it is the year that Simon was interested in decision-making (Simon and
Newell, 1972). In 1949, non-programmed decision-making also appeared in the third edition of Public Administrations
Leonard D. White, who wrote the first textbook of Public Administration in 1924 in paradigm I. White stated that The
performance of routine duties is not only a good training for the higher posts of the service, but, as a rule, it is a bad
training A situation calling for a decision may have initial consideration either at the top or at the bottom of the
hierarchy. However, these above-mentioned scholars since 1887 just argued the importance of this type of decisionmaking.
The non-programmed decision-making and AI were formally studied by Herbert Alexander Simon. What
Simon studied since 1935 was first called decision-making, later called information processing, and finally called
computer science (Simon and Newell, 1972). Simon formally indicated the non-programmed decision-making and its
connection with AI in his most famous books of all time for PA scholars and PA students in 1945, Administrative
Behavior: A Study of Decision-making Processes in Administrative Organization (Simon, 1996). This scholar was 29
years old when his book was published in 1945, 60 years since Wilsons work. Simon (1945: 252; 1996: xii) pointed the
problem of artificiality in his Administrative Behavior as follows:
... administration is not unlike play-acting. The task of the good actor is to know and play his role, although
different roles may differ greatly in content. The effectiveness of the performance will depend on the effectiveness of the
play and the effectiveness with which it is played. The effectiveness of the administrative process will vary with the
effectiveness of the organization and the effectiveness with which its members play their parts.
[50]

From the above mentioned page of Simon, he believed that problem-solving of human brain is the same as the
structure of the symbolic logic system of computer because computer learns via trial and error like a human. The
difficulty in that time was the creation of productive Artificial Intelligence for non-programmed decision-making.
After that, though Public Administration was in the third paradigm and the fourth paradigm from 1950 to 1970,
AI as a part of computer science is in the writings of PA scholars in the fourth paradigm such as Simon, Cyert and March.
(Frederickson, 1980; Henry, 1975, 2010) In the fourth paradigm, before Cyert and Marchs writing in 1963, Simon with
Newell and Shaw (1958) firstly argued that decision-making process is in terms of a program by using digital computers.
They stated that We wish to emphasize that we are not using the computer as a crude analogy to human behavior we are
not comparing computer structures with brains, nor electrical relays with synapses. Our position is that the appropriate
way to describe a piece of problem-solving behavior is in terms of a program: a specification of what the organism will
do under varying environmental circumstances in terms of certain elementary information processes it is capable of
performing. This assertion has nothing to do directly with computers. Such programs could be written (now that we have
discovered how to do it) if computers had never existed. A program is no more, and no less, an .analogy to the behavior
of an organism than is a differential equation to the behavior of the electrical circuit it describes. (Ne well, Shaw and
Simon, 1958: 153)
Later, Simon, Smithburg, and Thompson published their writing in 1961, Public Administration, did not
directly present anything about AI in their book. However, they suggested intelligence units for gathering information for
organizational use from both internal and external sources. In addition, they also classified these intelligence unit into two
types: external intelligence unit for gathering external information for internal use, and internal intelligence unit for
collecting information for controlling organization. (Simon, Smithburg and Thompson, 1961)
After that, in 1963, Cyert and March, in their A Bahavioral Theory of the Firm, first pointed that the process of
decision-making is in the form of flowcharts, algorithms, computer programs (Cyert and March, 1963), which is the
emerging points of the digital computer in Public Administration.
Two years later after Cyert and March, Simon indicated in his writing in 1965, The Shape of Automation for
Men and Management, that heuristic programming, which was called Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the third edition of
the 1965 textbook-The new science of management decision-in 1977, approach an automated solution to solve nonprogrammed problems by using experience-based rules. In addition, Simon also distinguished Operation Research (OR)
for programmed decisions from heuristic programming for non-programmed decisions. (Simon, 1965, 1977)
After that, 3 years later, PA has been under the influence of the Minnowbrooks doctrine in the fifth paradigm
(PA as PA since 1970-1989) and the sixth paradigm (Governance since 1990 until now).
In this period, there are lots of works about AI as vital tools for policy analysis and knowledge management
(KM). The formal beginning of AI formally started in 1972 when Simon and Newell drew up a manifesto for AI in 1972,
Human Problem Solving, by stating that AI is the part of computer science that focuses on the replacement of human
brain with computer. This book is full of problem-solving researches within an explicit framework of computer science
theory for two decades of Simon (Simon and Newell, 1972; Simon, 1979). After that, a decade later, Simon and Newell,
[51]

also repeated the difference between OR and heuristic programming in 1982, Model of Bounded Rationality: Volume 1
Economic analysis and Public Policy, by pointing that OR is for well-structured problems and heuristic problem solving
is for ill-structure problems (Simon, 1982). Later, Simon, in his Reason in Human Affairs in 1983, directly indicated AI
as one of technical tools for decision-making and public policy by pointing that AI is for qualitative consideration
whereas operation research is for mathematized decision (Simon, 1983). In addition, Simon, Smithburg, and Thompson
in their new edition of Public Administration in 1991 indicate the importance of IT for PA and public policy (Simon,
Smithburg, and Thompson, 1991). After that, in 1999, Barth and Arnold in their article, Artificial Intelligence and
Administrative Discretion: Implications for Public Administration, describe both the advantages and disadvantages of AI
for PA (Barth and Arnold, 1999).
However, in the Minnowbrook period with three conferences in 1968, 1988, and 2008 for investigating the state
of the art and trend of PA, AI is not one of the important issues for PA in the study of the provision of public goods and
services in all three Minnowbrook conferences. In Minnowbrook I, AI was indirectly discussed as a tool for data
respiratory for KM, Public Administration Theoretical Inventory (PATI) on punch cards, and as a system approach of
Planning-Programming-Budgeting System (PPBS) (Marini, 1968). Next, the PA scholars in Minnowbrook II in 1988
poorly addressed the importance of IT such as electronic mail, ETHNET, SOCNET, POLINET, COMPUSOURCE, word
processing, and AI as a vital drive for public reform (Guy, 1989). After that, in Minnowbrook III, the application of AIbased tools for public policy analysis such as process models and social network analysis are discussed less than 1 page
as analytical tools for dealing with complex problems in collaborative Governance and cross-Boundary information
sharing (OLeary, Van Slyke, and Kim, 2010). One reason might be the legacy of unfamiliarity and uncomfortability with
social psychology and IT since paradigm III (Henry, 1975, 2010).
Conclusion
This article is the study of AI application for PA from many key books of PA scholars since 1887. Though the
findings found that AI is still not recognized by PA scholars in three Minnowbrook conferences as an important tool for
public policy analysis and e-Government, it has a big issue for further study.
References
Barth, T. and Arnold, E. 1999. Artificial Intelligence and Administrative Discretion: Implications for Public
Administration. American Review of Public Administration 29 (4): 332-351
Bowornwathana, B. 1995. Public Administration: Theories and Methodologies. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University
Press.
Cyert, R. and March, J. 1963. A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
[52]

Dervojeda et al. 2013. Big Data Artificial Intelligence (Business Innovation Observatory Contract No
190/PP/ENT/CIP/12/C/N03C01).
Available
at
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/policies/innovation
/policy/business-innovation-observatory/files/case-studies/09-bid-artificial-intelligence_en.pdf.
Frederickson, G. 1980. New Public Administration. Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.
Goodnow, F. 1900. Politics and Administration: A Study in Government. London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd.
Guy, M. 1989. Minnowbrook Ii: Conclusions. Public Administration Review 49(2): 219-220.
Henry, N. 1975. Paradigms of Public Administration. Public Administration Review: 378-386.
Henry, N. 2010. Public Administration and Public Affairs. New York: Longman.
Laudon, K. and Laudon, J. 2014. Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm.
Essex:
Pearson Education,
Marini, F. (ed.). 1971. Toward a New Public Administration: The Minnowbrook Perspective. New York: Chandler.
Newell, A., Shaw, C. and Simon, H. 1958. Elements of a Theory of Human Problem Solving. Psychological Review
65 (3): 151-166.
PAR. 2015. PAR 75 Most Influential Articles. [Cited 2015 June 6] Available At http://publicadministration
review.org/full-list/.
Pardo, T., Gil-Garcia, R. and Luna-Reyes, L. 2010. Collaborative Governance and Cross-Boundary Information
Sharing. in R. Oleary, D. Van Slyke and S. Kim (eds.). The Future of Public Administration around the
World: The Minnowbrook Perspective. Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Robbins, S., Decenzo, D. and Coulter, M. 2013. Fundamentals of Management: Essential Concepts and
Applications. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.
Shafritz, J. and Hyde, A. 1997. Classics of Public Administration. Texas: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Schermerhorn, Jr., J. 2013. Introduction to Management. New Jersey: John Wileys & Sons.
Simon, H. 1945. Administrative Behavior. New York: The Free Press.
__________. 1965. The Shape of Automation for Men and Management. New York: Harper & Row.
__________. 1977. The New Science of Management Decision. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
__________. 1979. Models of Thought. London: Yale University.
__________. 1983. Reason in Human Affairs. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Polisher.
__________. 1996. The Sciences of the Artificial. Cambridge, Ma: The Mit Press.
Simon, H. and Newell, A. 1972. Human Problem Solving. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
__________. 1982. Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operation Research. in H. Simon (ed.). Model of
Bounded Rationality: Volume 1 Economic Analysis and Public Policy. Massachusetts: MIT Press.
Simon, H., Smithburg, D. and Thompson, V. 1961. Public Administration. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
__________. 1991. Public Administration. New Jersey: Transaction Publishers.
[53]

Urwick, L. 1937. The Function of Administration with Special Reference to the Work of Henri Fayol (1934). in
Gulick, L. and Urwick, L. (eds.). Papers on the Science of Administration. New York: Institute Of Public
Administration,
Weber, M. 1946. From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology. New York: Free Press.
__________. 1969. Theory of Social and Economic Organization. New York: The Free Press.
Wilson, W. 1887 The Study of Administration. Political Science Quarterly 2: 197-222.
Yick, L. 2009. Organizing around Intelligence: The New Paradigm. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
[54]

: *
The Cycle of Contract Farming:
When Corporation suppress Farmer Movement by Contract
**
Tossapon Tassanakunlapan

4

9 1. 2. 3.
4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.

: , , , ,
*
**
: 2555.

[55]

Abstract
The objective of the research is to explore the relations in Contract Farming, the modern agriculture system, it
combine technology, mono-culture and industrial into manufacturing cycle for one crops. The key performance of agribusiness who brought this system into farms is to monopolize modes of production and market distribution then set up
the standard and price without negotiating with farmers. Corporate compels a farmer or farmer movements by employing
Contract since it has predominant bargaining power through monopoly. The research employs interviewing and
participating observation methods to construct the knowledge of Contract Farming. The Farmers who were obliged by
the contracts, both from written or unwritten, have to conduct their own life by the system strictly. Accordingly, they
have less time, less communication and less cooperation to assembly for proposing such bargains with Corporations and
State. Recklessly, Government did not consider about losses and debts of farmers in many cases which decrease the
Income and Quality of Farmer. The Cycle of Contract Farming System consist of 9 phrases; 1. Setting Target
2.Assessing Economic Capital and Condition 3.Transmitting Information 4.Building Relationships 5.Accumulating
Bargaining Power 6.Processing Production 7.Externalizing Risk 8.Trading Exchanges 9.Constructing Image. The cycle
has been reproducing repeatedly then the farmers turned ignorance to the exploitation of benefit and externalization of
cost they have faced.
Key Word: Farmers Rights, Contract Farming, Corporate, Law, Contract

(ReAgrarian) (Industrial Agri-Business)
(Commercial Production)

[56]


Contract Farming

1.
(GDP)

(, 2555)

70,000-80,000
(
, 2554)
5
7
11
(
, 2554)
[57]

: ? :
(, 2555)

( , 2555)

( , 2555*)
2.

5
(
, 2554)

(
, 2555)

......
(
, 2555)

( , 2555)

( , 2555)

( . 2555)
(
, 2554)
[58]


(.) 1,300,000
( , 2554)

(
, 2555)
3.

(, 2555)

( ,
2554)
;
(
()
( , 2554)
ADB
(, 2555)
4.

[59]


(Actor)

( , 2554)

-

( , 2554)

1
( , 2554)

(
, 2554)
3 1)

2)

3)
.

( , 2555)

( ) ( )
( ,
2555)

(
, 2554)
[60]


(
, 2554)
5.

(
, 2554)

( ,
2555)

(
, 2555)

...

[61]


...

( , 2555)

( , 2555)
6.

( , 2555)

(, 2555)
7.

/

/
[62]

(
, 2555)
8.

(, 2555)
/ /
/
( ,
2555)

(, 2555)

( , 2555)

300
(
, 2555)
9.

[63]


(
, 2555)

-

..

( , 2555)
Show case

(, 2554)

(
, 2555)
(CSR program)
, ,
,

( ,
2554)

9

[64]


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.
. 2555. .
.
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.
. 2554.
. [] 7 , 25 2554
.
[65]

. 2555. :
. 2555, 26 -27 2555 - 4
- .
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.
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.
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.
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2555, 26 -27 2555 - 4 .
. 2555. : ,
.
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.
. 2554. . 7 , 25
2554 .
. 2554. . 7 , 25
2554 .
[66]


.
Cultural Capital and Living Negotiation of Returned-Home Laos Women
in a Rural Village of Vientiane, Lao PDR.
* . **
Chanthone Xayavongsa and Dr.Paiboon Hengsuwan
: , ,
*
**
; Email: chanthone_y@yahoo.com
; Email: paiboon1998@yahoo.com
[67]

Abstract
There are three main objectives for the project: 1) to study the effect of modernization when Lao women
workers move from rural areas to work in the service sector in Thailand; 2) to study the changes in society and the role
and status of women restored to residence in Laos society, community, family, and kinship; 3) to study the action of the
relationship building and its cultural capital to create acceptance by society, community, and family of the Lao women
workers returning home. This study used an anthropological approach that focused on the research process, qualitative
(Qualitative Research) using two data collection methods including observing participants (Participatory Observation),
and in-depth interviews (In-depth Interview) through recording the oral life histories of the women participants (Life
History). Case studies involved Lao women migrating to Thailand, who returned to their village in Laos. These women
worked in the service sector, including babysitting. With sales positions there is a risk for prostitution. This study found
that the migration of rural women is a result of global and regional changes effecting change at the local level. This
migration is caused by poverty. Another reason for migration by women is to avoid gender discrimination in society and
employment. By working in the service sector the migrant women can learn new skills such as hair styling and how to
operate a hair salon. When they return to their villages, these women may be able to operate their own salons. Therefore
the experience of working in another country can benefit the women themselves, their families and society. In addition,
they also bring income to the household, so they raise their status in their family and village as a good daughter. These
women have worked hard to learn new skills and to provide support for their families. Village customs also involve
adoption of new styles of dress which expresses the success of a returning woman. Sometimes the experiences of the
returning woman can lead to positive changes in their gender-based interactions in the villages. However, some returning
women have problems reintegrating into village society because of inappropriate relationships with the opposite sex
unlike those in the community. They face difficulties because such women fail to act as a responsible family member,
and alienate relatives leading to community ostracization. But much will depend on the relationship between notoriety
and economic status, and also knowledge, experience and their social networks.
Key Word: Returning Lao Women Workers, Cultural Capital, Living Negotiation

( , 2551) ..2488-2497
..2498 -
( ) ( )
[68]

(Luangvanna, Thanavong and Choulamnykhamphoui, 2012: 31)
..2493-2513

( ,
2550 )
..2518
(New thinking) (New Economic Mechanism- NEM)
3 . 2521-2523 ( , 2551)
-
5 1 ..2524-2528 ..2529-2533 ( , 2532)

( , 2551)

( , 2546: 13-14)
(
, 2554: 136-138) ..2549
3
2 ..2550-2555
1,246 654
99 370 77 (Douangsy
Thammavong, 2012: 3-4)

(Otherness) (
, 2547; Mohanty, 2003) (
, 2556)

1.
[69]

2.

3.

2
1. (Documentary Research)

2. (Field Research) (Participatory
Observation) (In-depth Interview)

- 11
17-45 3 11
3

4 1. (Cultural
Capital)

Bourdieu 3
(Embodied state) (Objectified
[70]

state) (Institutionalized state) ( , 2550 , 2546:
79-101)
2. (Modernity) Couze Venn Mike Featherstone

(Venn and Featherstone, 2006)

(Global culture) (Featherstone, 1990) 2 1)
(Cultural homogeneity and cultural disorder) 2) (Transnational cultures)
(Third cultures)

Mike Featherstone
Arjun Appadurai
(Appadurai, 1996: 27-35)
3. (Labeling and stereotyping of women) Erving Goffman

(Goffman, 1963: 2)
(Rangsima
Wiwatwongwana, 2013: 83)

4. (Negotiated Space of Third World Women)
(Agency)
(Differences) (Gender difference)
(Mohanty,
2003; , 2547: 51-52)
3
1.

..2557-2558 1,116 588 528
110 34 76
[71]


35 ( , 10 .. 2557)

()
27 4 7

15-16 19

1 5

1 (
)
..2554
7

3
1

..2555

(, 15 .. 2557)
() 32 4
..
2544 ..2547

..2550
35,000

..2556
[72]

7,000

(, 16 .. 2557)

-
( , 2551; , 2540)

() 29 7

17 ..2548-2551

..2555
()

100 500
4,000

(, 27 .. 2558)

(Consuming modernity)
Mary Beth Mills (1999)

[73]


(Mills, 1999:163-170)
2.
..2529
..2548 27,186
49,785 90-95 (Engsone Sesomphone, 2011: 3-5)
()
-

( , 2554)

3. /

47
(
, 16 ..2558)
(
, 27 .. 2558)

(, 27 .. 2558)

[74]

( , 20 .. 2558)

( , 27 .. 2558)

( ,
2549; 2549)

()

( , 2546) Mary Beth Mills (1999: 138-145)

(Space of power negotiation)

()

1.

[75]


2.

. 2554.
. . (.) 11 (4): 136-138.
. 2546. . :

.
(). 2550. . : .
. 2551. :

.
.
. 2532. 2: 1893 . :

. 2546. : .. 1975
. .
. 2540.
.
.
. 2549. :
-. . 18 (1): 168-202.
. 2549. : .
1. : (), 102139.
. 2551.
. .
[76]

(). 2547. . (.).
: . : ,
20-76.
. 2550. : .
.
. 2546. .
:
. : , 97-126.
. 2551. .. 2002 2007. .
. 2556. : .
.
. 2551. - .. 1955-1975
. .
Appadurai, Arjun. 1996. Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization. Minneapolis: University of
Minneapolis Press, pp. 27-47.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1972. Outline of the Theory of Practice. (translated by Richard Nice, 1977), Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Douangsy Thammavong. 2012. Repatriated Female Trafficking Victims in Savannakhet Province, Lao PDR..
Unpublished MA. Thesis, (Sustainable Development), Chiang Mai University.
Engsone Sisomphone. 2011. Weaving Identity: A Case Study of Women Weavers in a Factory in Vientiane, Lao PDR..
Unpublished MA Thesis, (Sustainable Development), Chiang Mai University.
Featherstone, Mike. 1990. Global Culture: An Introduction. in Mike Featherstone (ed.). Global Culture: Nationalism,
Globalization and Modernity. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publication, pp. 1-14.
Goffman, Erving. 1963. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Mills, Mary B. 1999. Thai Women in Global Labour Force: Consuming Desires, Contested Selves. New Brunswick, New
Jersey and London: Rutgers University Press.
Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. 2003. Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses.
in Feminism Without Borders: Decolonizing Theory, Practicing Solidarity. Durham: Duke University Press.
Phiulavanh Luangvanna, Somchanh Thanavong and Outhaki Choulamnykhamphoui. 2012. History of Lao Womens
Union. Laos PDR.
Rangsima Wiwatwongwana. 2013. Lone motherhood in Thailand: towards reducing social stigma and increasing social
support. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Faculty of Education & Social Work, University of Sydney.
Venn, Couze and Featherstone, Mike. 2006. Modernity. Theory, Culture & Society. 23 (2-3): 457-476.
[77]

.
Labour Migration in Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR.
**
Phongsavanh Lattichack and SiripongLadavalya Na Ayudhya

. 1)
2)
3)
4) .
3
.
378
1)
4
/
2)

3 )
4) .

: , , (.)
; Email :
phongchack@yahoo.com
** ; Email :siripong_lad@hotmail.com
[78]

Abstract
The objectives of the study of labour migration in the Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR are as follow: (1) to study
of characteristic and process of labor migration in Vientiane Capital, (2) to study the factors that cause labor migration in
Vientiane Capital, (3) to study impact of labor migration on the economic, society and workers in Vientiane and (4) to
provide guidelines for preparing for labor migration in Lao PDR. The study sample consisted of three groups including:
government officials in the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare and Ministry of Planning and Investment in Lao
PDR, The village headman and workers in the city that work in factories and establishments in Vientiane with a random
sample of 378 people by applying the combination of quantitative and qualitative research method. The results showed
that: (1) the nature of labor migration as a moving from the village in rural to the districts in large cities with high
investment especially in 4 districts of Vientiane Capital, most never move or change jobs after migration. For labor
migration, most of migrants are largely changed career from farmers to be a staff of private company or a s private
employees. In addition, the study also found that the moving as a permanent (2) push factors includes poverty, decreasing
in natural resources, vacant after harvest, liability issues, disasters, low wages in the countryside than in the cities and few
opportunities for development not result of labor migration from rural to urban areas rather than the pull factors of the
destination (3) labor migration in the Vientiane Capital strongly impact on the economy, society and moderately impact
on workers. (4). Guidelines for the preparation of labor migration in Lao PDR., The state has prepared an action plans as
develop a skilled workforce to meet labor market, promoting foreign investment than ever before by focusing on the
promotion of investment in rural areas in order to create jobs and be able to reduce of labor movement in to the cities. In
parallel, the state is organized labor mobility comprehensive system so as for supporting economic expansion and meet
the needs of the labor market in the Vientiane Capital.
Key Word: Labor Migration, Migration. Vientiane Capital, (Lao PDR.)
.

..2556-2557
[79]

865 3,458 19

(, 2556-2557)

..2548 15-64 477,268

6,879 ( .,
2548)

.

(, 2555)

.

1
...2554 ..2557
2
[80]

3
4 .

4
.

15-64 4

.
4 378
16

.

1. 4 McConnell Brue (1989: 408
,2553) 2
1 2
3 4

2. E. G. Ravenstein ( , 2553)

(Law Migration)
E. S. Lee ()
4 (1) (2) (3)
(4)
[81]


78.8
83.9
30.2
/
55.8 39.4
88.6
73.0

2 1)

2)

3.41
3.38
( t-Test Pairs)

3

[82]


.

-

.

1.
46.8 53.2 7
E. G Ravenstein ( , 2553)

7

83.9 McConnell Brue (1989,408
, 2553) 4 2
1
[83]


78.8 2 E. G Ravenstein

30.2
(2545)

39.4
E. G Ravenstein 2

2.
2 1) 2)

Everett S. Lee ( , 2556)

..2554-2557

[84]


..2550

3.

3
3

..2550

Kabmanivanh Phouxay (..2010)
.

4 .

.
[85]


. 2557. (..2555-2556) .
. 2555.
(..2553-2554) .
. 2553.

. 2556.
128722
. 2553.

. 2545.
. 2550.
. 2548. . 2550. .
Kabmanivanh Phouxay. 2010. Patterns of Migration and Socio-Economic Change in Lao PDR Department of Social
and Economic Geography Umea University SE-901 87 UMEA Sweden
[86]

A Spatial Analysis of Infant Mortality in Saravan Province,

Lao PDR.
.
Phetsavanh Boutlasy and Dr.Liwa Pardthaisong

2 (1)
(2)

15-49
1 100
2
: , , , (.)
Abstract
The three objectives of A Spatial Analysis of Infant Mortality in Saravan Province, Lao Peoples Democratic
Republic" are (1) to study the distribution patterns of infant mortality in Saravan province; and (2) to analyze the factors
of demographic, economic, social and cultural, physical and environmental conditions and access to health services that
; Email: boutlasy@gmail.com
; Email: gaeliwa@gmail.com
[87]

are related to infant mortality in Saravan province. This study collected primary data by interviewing women of
reproductive age of 15 to 49 years and had a son who was born births and deaths before age 1 year, the sample of 100
people. Based on questionnaire to collect data in the study area, two districts in Saravan province which are Toumlan and
Samuoi district. The study found that mothers education, mother's age at birth, maternal career, residence, lack of access
to health services, infrastructure, and sanitation as well as infectious diseases are major factors associated to infant
mortality.
Key Word: Spatial Analysis, Infant Mortality, Health Care, Saravan Province (Lao PDR)
..
2543 (MDGs)
60
30 5 40
(World Health Organization, 2013)

..2558 (United Nations Development Programme, 2000)
(Infant Mortality)

(Low birth weight) (Preterm baby)

.

..2557 (IMR)
38 1,000 28 1,000
68 1,000 11
1,000 15 1,000 49 1,000
45 1,000 (Population Reference Bureau, 2014)
[88]

17
6.8 (Population Reference Bureau, 2014) 49
60 66
34 (Crude Death Rate)
6 1,000 2

..2558

..2558 4 45
(The Government of the Lao PDR and The United Nations, 2013)
..2555 (Lao
Statistics Bureau, 2012)

88 1,000
..2555 101 1,000 ..2548
86 1,000 63
1,000
4
..2555 4
98 1,000

. 8

(GDP) ..2556 11

.

[89]


1.
2.

1.
15-49 1
2

(quota sampling) ( , 2552) 5 10
100

2.
..2538-2548
[90]

..2555

15-49 1

(1) 3 (Tadaro, 1985 , 2540)
(2)
(Gray,1993 - , 2552)

- (3)
- Herrin et al. (1986 , 2540)

15-49 1 129
66 51.2 1
63 48.8 1

[91]

16
15
..2548 ..2555
133 ..2548 98 ..2555

( 1)
1

20-34 59 1
35-39 15.5
1 40-44 14 1

1 129 19
64 49.6 1
20-29 61 47.3
1 30 4
3.1 1
2.8-3.2
2.5
(World Health Organization)
[92]


2.5

2.5 94 72.9
1 2.5
10 52 42
82.5 63.6
15-49
1 71
29

27 93.1
2 6.8

114
88.4 1

8 6.2 1
7 5.4 1

73
16
11

58
42

93 7

[93]


. ..2558
1.
2.

3.

. (2540). . : .
- . (2552). . :
.
. (2552). . :
.
Lao Statistics Bureau. (2012). Lao Social Indicator Survey. Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR. Retrieved from
http://lao.unfpa.org/ (3 April 2014)
Population Reference Bureau. (2014). World Population Data Sheet. Washington DC. Retrieved from www.prb.org (3
April 2014)
The Government of the Lao PDR and The United Nations. (2013). The Millennium Development Goals Progress
Report for the Lao PDR 2013.
United Nations Development Programme. (2000). Millennium Development Goals Report. New York.
World Health Organization. (2013). World Health Organization Statistics Report. Switzerland.
[94]


Recidivism of Prisoners in Pattaya Remand Prisons, Chon Buri Province
* . **
Witchawin Kittathanasin and Police Captain Dr.Jomdet Trimek

420

m1)
420 26-30
71.10 30.50
56.20 5,001-10,000 42.90 73.60
2) ( )

3)

4)

4-6 56.40
59.00 ( ) 70.50
74.30
*
**
; Email: j_u_n66@hotmail.com

[95]

: , ,
Abstract
This research has objectives to study about recidivism behavior of the convicted prisoners in Pattaya Remand
Prisons, Chonburi Province, and study about the relationship between personal factors of the prisoners; psychological
factors; surrounding factors in the prisons affected to the prisoners before ex-convict; surrounding factors affected to the
prisoners before the last conviction. About 420 convicted prisoners in Pattaya Remand Prisons; Chonburi Province was
the sample of this research. Frequency, Percentage, Mean and Standard Deviation were used for data analysis. Pearsons
Correlation was used for hypothesis test. The results were showed as followed: 1) About personal factors were showed
that most of 420 samples was 26-30 years old (71.10%) primary graduated level (30.50%) career before convicted was
employee (56.30%) net income per month was about 5,001-10,000 baths (42.90%) marital status (73.60%)., 2) In overall,
psychological factors emphasized to perception of the sample towards affective of offense of laws and ethics (personal
life towards laws) were showed at high level, considered for each factor was at high level in case of the example was in
perception as their offense was false matter, while they realize that offense were affected to their relatives, especially in
criminal case towards narcotics., 3) In overall, surrounding factors in the prisons affected to the samples before exconvict was several parameters such as: relationship towards their family members; relationship towards their friends;
acceptance of surrounding society towards the samples; and to obtained of all assistance in ex-convicted period was at
high level, considered for each factor was at high level such as: relationship towards their family members; expectation of
acceptance of surrounding society; and relationship towards their friends., 4) About recidivism behavior of the convicted
prisoners in Pattaya Remand Prisons, Chonburi Province, the results were showed as the most samples had not commit
crime for the first time, half of the example was commit crime for 4-6 times (56.40%) offense of narcotic case before the
last offense (59.00%) the last offense before convicted was narcotic case (70.50%) the expense of the samples was main
problem that be factor to the offense of laws (74.30%).
Key Word: Recidivism Behavior, Convicted Prisoners, Pattaya Remand Prisons

[96]


(
, 2556) 1
1
/..
..2556
50,504
: , 2556
2556
58,300
108,804
500,000

( , 2548: 2)

[97]


1)
2)

1)
16-19 2557

1,720 2
420
(Finite Population)

420 100
2)
(Questionnaire)
3)

IOC
Tryout

4)

1) 420
26-30 71.10 30.50
[98]

56.20 5,001-10,000 42.90

73.60
2) ()

3)
3.1) 244 58.10
176 41.90 116 27.60
304 72.40
88 21.00 348 82.90
72 17.10 72 17.10
116 27.60 304
72.40 116 27.60
304 72.40 72 17.10
348 82.90 68 16.20
352 83.80
3.2) 224 53.30
196 46.70 128 30.50 292 69.50
92 21.90 92 21.90
84 20.00 (./). 92 21.90
112 26.70
3.3) 104
24.80 316 75.20 96 22.90
/ 64 15.20 80 19.00
64 15.20 128 30.50
3.4) 24 5.70
396 94.30 / 160 38.10
252 60.00 208 49.50
256 61.00
4)

[99]


5)
4-6 56.40
59.00 ()
70.50 74.30
6) ()
6.1)
( )

0.01
6.2)

0.01
()

6.3)

0.01 0.05
6.4)

0.01
( )
0.05

1)
( )
0.01
[100]

(2554)
..2522-2533
25 4
2
(2546)
25
2 (
) ()

2)

0.01 ( )
(2524)
11

3)

0.01 0.05
(2544) :
18-25
2

4)

0.01
( )
0.05 (2541)

[101]


(2549)

1)
23

2)

3)

. :
. ,
, , 2544.
.
. : , 2549.
. .
, ,
, 2541.
. .
, ,
, 2546.
. ..2522-2533.
: , 2554.
[102]

. . : , 2524.
. . [ ]
http://www.pattayacitypolice.com/areaprotect.html, 27 2558.
. . ; , 2548.
[103]

FM 88.25 MHz.

The Administration of Community Radio Station FM 88.25 MHz, the Educational Radio
for Children, Youth and Family of Chonburi
*
Wichda Narueworapat

FM 88.25 MHz.

(Purposive sampling)
1. FM 88.25 MHz.
2.
FM 88.25 MHz.
FM 88.25 MHz.

/

.
(Spot)
- FM 88.25 MHz.

FM 105 MHz.

1
(Active Listener) 2

*
[104]


FM 88.25 MHz. 1 2558

FM 88.25 MHz.

(.) .. 2556
FM 88.25 MHz.

(Technological Factors)

: , , ,

Abstract
In the research The Administration of Community Radio Station SABYE FM 88.25 MHz The Educational
Radio for Children, Youth and Family of Chonburi Province, researcher used Qualitative Research Methodology by
collecting information from all involved documents, doing the in-depth interview and group discussion with purposive
sampling to achieve these following purposes: 1. To study the administration of Community Radio Station SABYE FM
88.25 MHz The Educational Radio for Children, Youth and Family of Chonburi Province. 2. To study the surrounding
environments which affected the administration of Community Radio Station SABYE FM 88.25 MHz The Educational
Radio for Children, Youth and Family of Chonburi Province. The results of the study were that the administration of
Community Radio Station SABYE FM 88.25 MHz The Educational Radio for Children, Youth and Family of Chonburi
Province, had listed in Business Administration Category but presented the stations contents as Public Service Category.
There were only single committees administrated as lend-a-hand system. Due to the limited human resources, everyone
had cooperated well and there would be meeting once a month. For the selection of the people, who would join the board
and full-time staff/crew, would be selected from all the members of the eastern radio networks for children, youth and
family or from the children, youth and family radio club of Chonburi province. For volunteers, there were no rules for the
selection. For the budget administration, revenues came from the commercials (spot) of the agencies which the station
had the strong principles; the station would never promote the scams or overwhelming commercials. The stations
director took care of all the expenses and revenues. For the administration of the stations programme contents, the
community radio station SABYE FM 88.25 MHz used The Windows of The Opportunities technique in the process of
setting up the programmes by using the human life circle as referred to the concept of FM 105 MHz white wave for
[105]

children and family. For the cooperation with the broadcasting network, the network was the provider by helping to
expand the base audiences from participating with the local radio networks of Chonburi and the east. For the
administration for the participation in the community radios, the station had achieved; level 1 was to participate as active
listeners and level 2 was to participate as producers who were involved in hosting the programme from time to time from
the training with other educational institutions. For the administration for sustainable development of the community
radios, there was the audiences administration by using a phone-in survey method and unofficially going into the areas.
For the budget administration was the most important part for the station which the community radio station SABYE FM
88.25 MHz had temporary stopped broadcasting since June 1 st, 2015 due to the financial problems and building rental
fees. For the results of study of the surrounding environments which affected the administration of Community Radio
Station SABYE FM 88.25 MHz, showed that the politics and the laws which National Broadcasting and
Telecommunication Commission (NBTC) had declared about 2015 the guidelines for the preparation of programming for
the broadcasting or telecommunication services, had no effect to the Community Radio Station SABYE FM 88.25 MHz
because the station produced programmes for children and youth all the time. However, the most important factors that
would insure the survival of the community radios were the economic factors or funding sources and funds so there
should be the established funds about children and youth only. In addition, the results showed that the technological
factors had a concept of timeless of radio programmes which the audiences could choose when to listen so the radio
operation had to accordingly applied to the technology as another channel connecting to the audiences.
Key Word: Administration, Audience, Radio for Children, Youth and Family of Chonburi, Eastern Creative Media
Association for Children Youth and Families (ECMA-CYF)

2540 40 1
... 3
... ... ( , 2545:
29)
2
2535 2540

2540
( , 2553: 21)
.. 2555
7,400
1 3
[106]


2557 1
3
60 500 20 (
, 2555)
2557
79/2557
.

2 2 10
FM 104 . 17.45
FM 101.5 11.11 . . (AM)
4 10
AM 1467 25.88 919
AM 1521 21.88 . AM 1332 18.75
AM 1575 14.28

FM 88.25 MHz. FM 88.25
MHz.

[107]


1. FM 88.25 MHz.

2. FM 88.25 MHz.

FM 88.25 MHz.
(Qualitative Research Methodology)
3
1. (Document Analysis) FM 88.25
MHz.

2. (In-depth Interview) (In-depth
Interview) (Purposive sampling) Mini
Group (Thomas, 1998) 4 6
3. (Focus Group Interview) (Focus Group
Interview) (Purposive sampling) 4 6
FM 88.25 MHz.

(Purposive sampling) (In-depth Interview)
(Purposive sampling) (Focus Group Interview)
FM 88.25 MHz.
2550

2553

[108]


FM 88.25 MHz.

FM 88.25 MHz.

FM 88.25 MHz.

FM 105 MHz.

2
FM 88.25 MHz. 2
- FM 105 MHz.

...
- Kids & Teen Me Teen

[109]


FM 105 MHz.
2 2
-
-
4
-

-

-

-

FM 88.25 MHz.

.

FM 105 MHz. .

FM 105 MHz. .
.

FM 88.25 MHz.
.

[110]


-
FM 88.25
MHz.
-

.. 2556

- FM 88.25 MHz. (Social Enterprise)

- (.)

.. 2556
60

- (Technological Factors)

-

- FM 88.25 MHz.

[111]

1

FM 88.25 MHz.

- FM 88.25 MHz.

(Feedback)

. (2553). : . : .
.
[112]

: *
Authenticity: Dynamic of Mekong Ethnic Identity to Support ASEAN Tourism
**
Wisitsiri Chusakul

27
1) 2) ( ) 3)
(
) 4)

: , , , ,
Abstract
The ethnic identity presentation which meets the modern commercial society demand has been increasing. This
results in decreasing in their values and ethnic identity. The research objective is to study the ethnic groups identity along
Mekong river; Tai Dam, Puan, Yor, So, Phu Tai, Saek, Kha, and Ka Leung ; Loei, Nongkhai, Nakhon Panom, and
Mukdahan province. The study is the qualitative research and conducted by in-depth interview. There are 27 interviewees
in this research; ethnic group representatives and governors. The results shows that ethnic groups identities are
*
1 "
" "
" (.) 2557
**
; Email: wchusakul@gmail.com
[113]

diversified based on their backgrounds. The identities are based on 1) location 2) resources (natural resources, historic
sites and antiques) 3) tradition and culture (local house-style, ethnic language, costumes, food consumption, performing
arts, faith and worship, and craft) and 4) communitys management. The authenticity of identities has changed and
adapted due to survival of members. Therefore, tourism activities are the main drivers to conserve the ethnic's identities
based on objective authenticity and constructive authenticity.
Key Word: Authenticity, Ethnic Identity, Mekong River, ASEAN, Tourism
[114]

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2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

27-29 August 2015, Vientiane, Lao PDR.

Measuring the Long-run Economic and Emission Consequences

Faculty of Management Sciences, Songkhla Rajabhat University; Email: komwit.siritorn@gmail.com

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

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2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

Table 2 Shares of GDP compositions to total GDP in 2030

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

%Shares of total exports

%Shares of exports to ASEAN

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

%Shares of Total Trade

%Shares of Trade in ASEAN

The consequences of the ASEAN Community in terms of emission view

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

Culture Shock Preparation, Cross-Culture Adjustment, and Integration

Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon; Email: gumporn.s@rmutp.ac.th

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

Factors Influencing Consumers Purchasing Intention of Motorcycle Battery

Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

Web applications OTOP

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

; Email: srisuda auchamsri@rmutp.ac.th

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

1 Ho (P-value > 0.01 99%)

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

: DE= Direct Effect, TE=Total Effect

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences

2nd ASEAN Conference on Humanities and Social Sciences