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KEY CONCEPT
Forces transfer
momentum.
BEFORE, you learned
What momentum is
How to calculate momentum
How momentum is affected
by collisions
VOCABULARY
EXPLORE Collisions
momentum p. 64
collision p. 66
conservation of
momentum p. 67
MATERIALS
2 balls of
different masses
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reminder
RESOURCE CENTER
CLASSZONE.COM
Explore momentum.
Calculating Momentum
Sample Problem
Chapter 2: Forces 65
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Momentum
What happens when objects collide?
SKILL FOCUS
Observing
PROCEDURE
1
Set up two parallel rulers separated by one centimeter. Place a line of five
marbles, each touching the next, in the groove between the rulers.
2 Roll a marble down the groove so that it collides with the line of marbles,
MATERIALS
2 rulers
8 marbles
TIME
20 minutes
3 Repeat your experiment by rolling two and then three marbles at the line of
marbles. Observe the results.
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Momentum is conserved.
During a collision between two objects, each object exerts a force on
the other. The colliding objects make up a systema collection of
objects that affect one another. As the two objects collide, the velocity
and the momentum of each object change. However, as no other
forces are acting on the objects, the total momentum of both objects
is unchanged by the collision. This is due to the conservation of
momentum. The principle of conservation of momentum states that
the total momentum of a system of objects does not change, as long
as no outside forces are acting on that system.
total momentum
momentum 1
total momentum
momentum 2
reading tip
forces in collision
2
momentum 1
momentum 2
reading tip
Chapter 2: Forces 67
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If the hose and the water are not acted on by any other forces,
momentum is conserved. Water is pushed forward, and the hose is
pushed backward. However, the action and reaction force pair acting
on the hose and the water are not usually the only forces acting on
the hose/water system, as shown in the photograph above. There the
firefighters are holding the hose steady.
The force the firefighters apply is called an outside force because it
is not being applied by the hose or the water. When there is an outside
force on a system, momentum is not conserved. Because the firefighters
hold the hose, the hose does not move backward, even though the
water has a forward momentum.
check your reading
KEY CONCEPTS
CRITICAL THINKING
5. Calculate A 50 kg person is
running at 2 m/s. What is the
persons momentum?
CHALLENGE
6. Apply A moving train car
bumps into another train car
with the same mass. After the
collision, the two cars are coupled and move off together.
How does the final speed of
the two train cars compare
with the initial speed of the
moving train cars before the
collision?
Chapter 2: Forces 69
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