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Contents
Gene Expression
The Gene Structure
Transcription
Genetic Code and Protein Synthesis
Regulation of Gene Expression
Prokaryotes Vs Eukaryotes
Gene Expression Analysis
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Target audience
Physician assistant;
Postgraduate in clinical specialties;
Medical students;
Medical technologist;
Beginners; and
For every laboratory worker and everyone passion for
learning
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Gene Expression
Gene Structure
Transcription
RNA processing
Translation
Post-translation processing
Gene Expression
Transcription
Synthesis of an RNA that is complementary to one of
the strands of DNA.
Translation
Ribosomes read a messenger RNA and make protein
according to its instruction.
Protein Synthesis
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Transcription
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Transcription Enzymes
RNA polymerase: The enzyme that controls
transcription and is characterized by:
Search DNA for initiation site,
It unwinds a short stretch of double helical DNA to
produce a single-stranded DNA template,
It selects the correct ribonucleotide and catalyzes the
formation of a phosphodiester bond,
It detects termination signals where transcript ends.
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Polymerase I
nucleolus
Polymerase II
nucleoplasm
Synthesizes hnRNAs,
which are precursors to
mRNAs. It also make most
small nuclear RNAs
(snRNAs
Polymerase III
Nucleoplasm
Eukaryotic Promoter
Eukaryotic Promoter lies upstream of the gene.
There are several different types of promoter found
in human genome, with different structure and
different regulatory properties class/I/II/III.
Conserved eukaryotic promoter
elements
Consensus sequence
CAAT box
GGCCAATCT
TATA box
TATAA
GC box
GGGCGG
CAP site
TAC
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Transcription Factors
Transcription Factors
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Enhancers
Enhancers are stretches of bases within DNA, about 50
to 150 base pairs in length; the activities of many
promoters are greatly increased by enhancers which
can exert their stimulatory actions over distances of
several thousands base pairs.
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Preinitiation Complex
Source: http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Gene-Expression.aspx
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Initiation
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Initiation
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Elongation
RNA polymerase directs the sequential binding of
riboncleotides to the growing RNA chain in the 5' - 3'
direction.
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Termination
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Capping
Splicing
Addition of poly A tail
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RNA Processing
Capping
The
RNA Processing
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Alternative Splicing
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Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Class/MLACourse/Modules/MolBioReview/alternative_splicing.html
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amino acid.
64 different combination of bases; 61 of them code for
20 amino acids (AA); the last three codon
(UAG,UGA,UAA) don not code for amino acids; they
are termination codons.
Degenerate
Unambiguous
Each
Non overlapping
This
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Translation
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Translation
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Ribosomes
tRNA
mRNA
Amino acids
Initiation factors
Elongation factors
Termination factors
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase enzymes:
Energy source:
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Ribosomes
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Initiation
Binding the initiator Met-tRNAiMet (methionyltRNA) to the 40S small subunit of the ribosome.
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Initiation
Elongation
Elongation
Translocation; translocation of the new peptidyl tRNA with its mRNA codon in the A site into the free P
site occurs. Now the A site is free for another cycle of
aminoacyl t-RNA codon recognition and elongation.
Each translocation event moves mRNA, one codon
length through the ribosomes.
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Termination
Termination
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Polysomes
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Transcriptional
Posttranscriptional
Translational
Posttranslational
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Glossary
Alleles are forms of the same gene with small differences in their sequence of DNA bases.
Alternative splicing: is a very common phenomenon in higher eukaryotes. It is a way to get more than one protein product out of
the same gene and a way to control gene expression in cells.
Exon: a segment of a gene that is represented in the mature RNA product. Individual exons may contain coding DNAand/or
noncoding DNA (untranslated sequences).
Bioinformatics I is the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine
Introns (intervening sequence) (A noncoding DNA sequence ): Intervening stretches of DNA that separate exons.
Primary transcript: The initial production of gene transcription in the nucleus; an RNA containing copies of all exons and introns.
RNA gene or non-coding RNA gene: RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Noncoding RNA genes produce
transcripts that exert their function without ever producing proteins. Non-coding RNA genes include transfer RNA (tRNA) and
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), small RNAs such as snoRNAs, microRNAs, siRNAsand piRNAs and lastly long ncRNAs.
Enhancers and silencers: are DNA elements that stimulate or depress the transcription of associated genes; they rely on tissue
specific binding proteins for their activities; sometimes a DNA elements can act either as an enhancer or silencer depending on
what is bound to it.
Activators: Additional gene-specific transcription factors that can bind to enhancer and help in transcription activation.
Open reading frame (ORF): A reading frame that is uninterrupted by translation stop codon (reading frame that contains a start
codon and the subsequent translated region, but no stop codon).
Directionality: in molecular biology, refers to the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid. The chemical
convention of naming carbon atoms in the nucleotide sugar-ring numerically gives rise to a 5' end and a 3' end ( "five prime end"
and "three prime end"). The relative positions of structures along a strand of nucleic acid, including genes, transcription factors,
and polymerases are usually noted as being either upstream (towards the 5' end) or downstream (towards the 3' end).
Reverse Transcription: Some viruses (such as HIV, the cause of AIDS), have the ability to transcribe RNA into DNA.
Pseudogenes. DNA sequences that closely resemble known genes but are nonfunctional.
More:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7584/
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Image Citation
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