Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
October 2009
HERBAL PLANT CRUDE EXTRACT AND ITS EFFECT
TOWARDS BLOOD CLOTTING TIME
A THESIS PRESENTED TO
THE FACULTY OF THE NURSING DEPARTMENT
SOUTH PHILIPPINE ADVENTIST COLLEGE-
ADVENTIST UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES,
CAMANCHILES, MATANAO DAVAO DEL SUR
October 2009
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis attached hereto, entitled, “Herbal Plant Crude Extract and its Effect
towards Blood Clotting Time,” prepared and submitted by Mon Ivan D. Arguelles,
Soejima, Jeriel B. Veloso, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
Ranzolin G. Bayeta, MA
Adviser
PANEL OF EXAMINERS
Science in Nursing.
The researchers are so much grateful for all the abounding grace, love, and
wisdom of the Almighty God, the Heavenly Master Teacher. It continues to bean
inspiration for the researchers who completed this research with the contributions of
the following persons, who, in one way or another, extended their help for the
Department, for letting them explore and experience the world of research and sparing
her time in correcting this study which inspired them to finish their work;
To Dr. Jared R. Maratas, research and community extension officer, for his
To Bernard A. Cordita, MA; one of the members of the panel, for his support and
To their adviser, Ranzolin G. Bayeta, MA, for the expertise he shared in statistics
To Karel Mei G. Navora, MALE, and Moises R. Perral, MALE, for the
To Dionosio V. Tuapin, the school librarian, for linking and accessing the books
To the beloved parents of the researchers, who care and give their financial and
moral support;
To their classmates and friends for the support. Thank you all.
DEDICATION
Our heartfelt dedication to all the people who were part of our success their unlimited
PAGE
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
DEDICATION iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF FIGURES viii
ABSTRACT x
CHAPTER
I INTRODUCTION 1
II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 6
Research Design 20
Locale of the Study 20
Respondents of the Study 20
Sampling Procedure 22
Data gathering Procedure 22
Statistical Treatment 23
IV PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF 24
DATA
Summary of Findings 30
Conclusion 31
Recommendation 32
BIBLIOGRAPHY 33
APPENDICES 35
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Pages
FIGURES Page
1. Research Paradigm Used in this Study 17
APPENDIX PAGE
3 Curriculum Vitae
4 Pictures
ABSTRACT
Philippines. October 2009. Herbal Plants Extract and its Effect to Blood Clotting Time.
The study was conducted at St. Michael Hospital Kabacan, North Cotabato. An
experimental type of research and convenience sampling were used in this study.
Result shows that guava extracts have the lesser blood clotting time of 142
seconds, then the Betadine (+control) with 234.4 s. Mayana has a clotting time of 283.4
s, natural clotting time is 288.4 s (- control) and last is the malunggay with 375.4s. One
way ANOVA was employed to test for the significant difference among the means. The
computed F value is 1074.442 which is much higher than the critical F value of 7.27 at
degrees of freedom 4 and 20 ( α equal to 0.01). This means that there is significant
difference among the means of the blood clotting time using the different crude extracts
of common herbs. Scheffe post hoc test was employed. Guava crude extract was found
significantly higher than the betadine in hastening the blood clotting. It was found out
that guava is the most effective herbal plant extract to stop bleeding and the best herb to
Based on the findings of the study, the following are recommended. The public
health nurse and other health care personnel must conduct community teachings about the
effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and mayana leaves extract to the blood clotting time.
It is also recommended that the public health nurse and other health care personnel must
emphasize that in their in health lectures the guava extract has the fastest blood clotting
time than malunggay and mayana. Also, doctors must recommend the guava extract in
treating a wound in case of emergency for fast clotting. And lastly, further study will be
conducted on the variables which are not included in the study such as having
INTRODUCTION
In the past years many herbal plants are believed to be effective in treating
wounds specifically in minimizing its bleeding however, people in the communities are
using herbal plants to treat wounds. Some people use herbal perching for the leaves to
produce extract and put the leaves on the wound. Examples of those are the guava and
malunggay. Other people use guava leaves; they chew the leaves and put it into their
wounds. Most people believed that these herbals are used only in treating wounds. Not
knowing that these herbal plants are also effective in minimizing the bleeds on wounds
which can be used as an immediate treatment for the wounds that excessively bleed.
In rural areas where there is no clinic to ask for the treatment of wounds that
excessively bleed, people resorted to use herbal plants instead of seeking consultations
from the clinics or hospitals. They can just get herbal plants to treat the bleeding wounds.
Nowadays, people are educated about the usefulness of herbal plants. One of the
commonly used herbal plants in treating the bleeding wounds are guava leaves, mayana
Guava leaf contains Vitamin C which often aligned with wound healing because
(2005), pointed out that “Malunggay” is indeed considered a Miracle Tree because of the
healing and nutritional benefits that it can give. Most notable would be its possible
contribution to the prevention or healing of the three most dreaded illnesses such as
The folkloric used of Mayana are for carminatives, bruises and sprains,
headaches, mild bleeding of wounds, sinusitis, dyspepsia, and eyedrops for eye
irritations. The use of mayana is reported as an Asian traditional medicine for asthma,
index.html).
However, the use of locally available medical plants has been advocated by the
Department of Health. Many local plants and herbs in the Philippine backyard and field
have been found to be effective in the treatment of common ailments as attested to by the
This study looked into the field of emergency care for wounds, especially, those
that need immediate management to prevent blood loss.. The researchers would like to
determine the effectiveness of the guava leaves, the mayana leaves and the malungay
leaves extract crude to blood clotting time. Furthermore, this study was conducted to
provide additional option aside from the betadine or any other management for wound in
The study is designed to find out the herbal plant extract and its effect to blood
1. What is the blood clotting time when the following herbal plants crude extract are used:
1.1 Malunggay
1.2 Guava
1.3 Mayana
2. What is the most effective herbal plant which hastens blood clotting time?
3. Is there a significant difference in the blood clotting time using the following herbal
plants:
2.1 Malunggay
2.2 Guava
2.3 Mayana
1. Identify the blood clotting time when the Malunggay, guava, and mayana extracts
are used.
2. Identify which herbal plant is effective to hasten the blood clotting time.
3. Distinguish the significant difference in the blood clotting time using the
The study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and
mayana leaves extract to the blood clotting time. The result of the study gives benefits to
the following:
Public Health Nurse. The result of the study would give additional knowledge regarding
health information given or taught by public health nurse about the effectiveness of
malunggay, guava, and mayana leaves extract to the blood clotting time.
Doctors. The study would help the doctors to recommend what kind of herbal plant is
Community. The study would help the people informed which herbal plant crude extract
Future Researchers. This would serve as a reference and a guide to the future
researchers on what variables they would include or focus as they conduct another study
The scope of the study is on the effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and mayana
leaves extract to the blood clotting time. The study was conducted at the St. Michael
Hospital, Kabacan, North Cotabato. The respondents are the students of South Philippine
Adventist College whose blood type is “O”. It was decided to use persons with blood
type “O” because it is the universal blood type. Five drops of blood samples were placed
on the slides with a malunggay, guava, and mayana extract. Each herbal extract was done
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This chapter discusses the review of related literature and studies, conceptual
Blood Clotting
Johannes Müller (1801-1858) described fibrin, the substance of a thrombus. Its soluble
precursor, fibrinogen, was thus named by Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), and isolated
chemically by Prosper Sylvain Denis (1799-1863). Alexander Schmidt suggested that the
conversion from fibrinogen to fibrin is the result of an enzymatic process, and labeled the
1890 that calcium was essential in coagulation. Platelets were identified in 1865, and their
The theory that thrombin is generated by the presence of tissue factor was
prothrombin (II), which, together with calcium (IV), forms thrombin, which converts
coagulation were largely discovered in the 20th century. A first clue as to the actual
complexity of the system of coagulation was the discovery of proaccelerin (initially and
later called Factor V) by Paul Owren (1905-1990) in 1947. He also postulated its function
to be the generation of accelerin (Factor VI), which later turned out to be the activated
form of V (or Va); hence, VI is not now in active use. Factor VII (also known as serum
discovered in a young female patient in 1949 and 1951 by different groups. Factor VIII
turned out to be deficient in the clinically recognised but etiologically elusive hemophilia
A; it was identified in the 1950s and is alternatively called antihemophilic globulin due to
Stephen Christmas (1947-1993). His deficiency was described by Dr. Rosemary Biggs
and Professor R.G. MacFarlane in Oxford, UK. The factor is, hence, called Christmas
Factor or Christmas Eve Factor. Christmas lived in Canada, and campaigned for blood
name for the factor is plasma thromboplastin component, given by an independent group
in California.
asymptomatic patient with a prolonged bleeding time named of John Hageman. Factor X,
or Stuart-Prower factor, followed, in 1956. This protein was identified in a Ms. Audrey
In 1957, an American group identified the same factor in a Mr. Rufus Stuart.
Factors XI and XIII were identified in 1953 and 1961, respectively. The view that the
2005).
Blood Clotting is one of the three mechanisms that reduce the loss of blood from
broken blood vessels. These three mechanisms are Vascular Spasm, platelet plug
formation and blood clotting. In vascular spasm the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls
contracts immediately the blood vessel is broken. This response reduces blood loss for
some time, while the other haemostatic mechanisms become active. The clotting
mechanism is one of the most important and complex of physiologic systems. Blood must
flow freely through the blood vessels in order to sustain life. But if a blood vessel is
traumatized, the blood must clot to prevent life from flowing away. Thus, the blood must
provide a system that can be activated instantaneously – and that can be contained locally
– to stop the flow of blood. This system is called the clotting mechanism (Fogoros,2003).
formation” will occur to help close the gap in the broken blood vessel. The key stages of
this process are called platelet adhesion, platelet release reaction, and platelet
aggregation. Following damage to a blood vessel, vascular spasm occurs to reduce blood
loss while other mechanisms also take effect. Blood platelets congregate at the site of
damage and a mass to form a platelet plug. This is the beginning of the process of the
blood "breaking down" from its usual liquid form in such a way that its constituents play
their own parts in processes to minimize blood loss. Blood normally remains in its liquid
state while it is within the blood vessels but when it leaves them the blood may thicken
and form a gel (coagulation). Blood clotting technically "blood coagulation" is the
process by which (liquid) blood is transformed into a solid state. This blood clotting is a
complex process involving many clotting factors (incl. calcium ions, enzymes, platelets,
converted into the enzyme thrombin, and fibrinogen (soluble) converted to fibrin
(insoluble). Prothrombinase which is the stage one can be formed in two ways, depending
of which of two "systems" or "pathways" apply. These are Intrinsic System and extrinsic
System. Intrinsic System is initiated by liquid blood making contact with a foreign
surface, i.e. something that is not part of the body. The Extrinsic System is initiated by
liquid blood making contact with damaged tissue. Both the intrinsic and the extrinsic
These coagulation factors have individual names but are often referred to by a
standardised set of Roman Numerals, e.g. Factor VIII (antihaemophilic factor), Factor IX
(Christmas factor). In stage two, Prothrombin converted into the enzyme Thrombin;
Prothrombinase formed in stage one converts prothrombin, which is a plasma protein that
is formed in the liver, into the enzyme thrombin; And in stage tree Fibrinogen (soluble)
also a plasma protein synthesized in the liver) into fibrin. Fibrin is insoluble and forms
Guava is a great snack and a healthy fruit. The whole fruit can be eaten, including
the rind and the seeds. It is high in fiber, low in cholesterol, sodium, fat and calories. In
addition, the rind of the guava is said to contain five times more vitamin C than an
orange. Other nutrients found in the guava fruit include: vitamin A, folate, calcium, iron,
and potassium. Check out the benefits of such nutrients below. Vitamin A is beneficial
for eyes, assists with night vision and healthy immune system functioning. It promotes
repair and growth of body tissue. Vitamin C helps protect the body’s cells from free
radical damage that can lead to a host of health complications including heart disease and
cancer.
Vitamin C also promotes wound healing, strengthens blood vessels and helps
build connective tissue, boosts immunity and aids the skin, bones, gums and teeth.
Calcium strengthens the bones, protects against osteoporosis, high blood pressure, heart
disease and kidney stones. Iron supplies oxygen to the blood, which is vital to the entire
body. Potassium aids muscle contractions, helps the body maintain healthy blood
pressure levels, promotes healthy electrical activity in the heart, and rapid transmission of
The leaves of the guava tree are also medicinal in nature. They yield an essential
oil that has a pleasant odor. This is the reason for the guava oils being used in perfumery
and confectionery industries. Guava leaves and the bark of the guava tree are powdered
and used for their medicinal properties. The powdered form of the bark and leaves has
been found to be beneficial in treating wounds and sores. A decoction of guava leaves has
guava leaves. The decoction of guava leaves has been effective in arresting vomiting and
also diarrhea. The decoction can also be gargled to relieve tooth ache and boils on the
gums. A paste formed from the powdering of leaves added to water can be applied on the
skin of joints where there is pain due to rheumatoid arthritis. This will help to relieve the
Malunggay
Thailand and other regions of the Far East. The plant is sometimes referred to as nature's
medicine cabinet and a miracle vegetable or horseradish tree for its root taste. Moringa
has sprouts of flowers, appear eight months during the year. These flowers are edible
when cooked (taste like mushrooms) or used to make tea, containing calcium and
potassium. The bark of the tree sometimes used to make mats and rope.
The leaves taste like spinach (contains three times the iron of spinach. Also, a
Moringa dried leaf has over ten times more nutrients than a fresh Moringa leaf,
confirmed by universities and independent research laboratory analyses.), and its fruit
produces a vegetable, like asparagus. Both contain Vitamin C (seven times more than
found in oranges) and other minerals. Sajina contains seven times the amount of Vitamin
C found in oranges, four times as much calcium as milk (a substitute for whole milk
powder.) and three times the potassium of bananas. Moringa has quadruple amount of
beta Carotene found in carrots, which is good for eyesight, and effective against treating
cancer.
The Moringa plant provides nutrition for healthy skin (provide healing benefits
for cuts, scrapes, rashes, and cracking signs of aging), bone, muscle development,
medicinal properties, enriches anemic blood (an extract from Moringa leaf has been
shown to be effective in lowering blood sugar levels within three hours of ingestion). The
effects increased with larger doses, in Africa nursing mothers have been shown to
produce more milk when Moringa leaves have been added to their diet, and natural
source of energy supplement. Also, University laboratories around the world have shown
Moringa ability to purify water. The process by which, it attaches itself to harmful
material and bacteria. Afterwards, waste is expelled. Doctors use it to treat diabetes in
West Africa and high blood pressure in India. Other known health benefits include:
Strengthening immune system, blood pressure controlled, reducing arthritis pains and
inflammations, restricting the growth of tumors, managing diabetes sugar level, and
components that can prevent the development of cancer cells. The edible parts of
Malunggay (leaves, pods, and flowers) are served with meals or converted to a powder,
used as a food supplement. Moringa provides excellent source of fuel and fertilizer. The
plant contains for human consumption very low fat and carbohydrates. Roots of Moringa
are used to treat sore throat and effective treating gingivitis (inflammation of the gums
coagulating properties of the seeds, found in the Moringa pods, believe to work better
than known water purifier aluminum sulfate, which can be toxic. International Eye
National Geographic Society and Ander Mellon Foundations is financing, the collection
blood sugar, reducing swelling, lowering blood pressure, healing gastric ulcers and
Moringa contains nutrients attributed that are lacking, causing diseases such as
Beri beri, rickets, and scurvy. Three spoonfuls of Moringa leaf powder contain these
nutrients: Vitamin 'A' - 272%, protein - 42%, calcium - 125%, iron - 71% and Vitamin
'C' - 22%. Reported in September 2006, Japanese businessman Mitsuo Shoji has
developed a tea made from Malunggay plant contains antioxidants, amino acids vitamins
and minerals for healthy nutritional supplement. In a Bible passage: "tree that cures all
people suffering from chronic diseases should consume at least 3.5 grams of the
powdered tea. Also, he mentioned those who take Moringa Condensed Powder may
2006).
Mayana
edition" of V. cornigera. Undoubtedly, the two taxa are very closely related, having
many vegetative and floral characteristics in common. However, the large leaflets (more
than 10 mm long), the rachis glands between each pinna pair, and the inflorescence,
which narrows toward the elongated and pointed apex separate this species from the
longitudinal flanges extending from the spine base to apex separates V. mayana from all
V. mayana tested positive for cyanide production. Vachellia mayana is one of the rarer of
the ant-acacias. Collecting data from the few collections observed indicate that it has
pinkish flowers and varies in size from a shrub to a small tree to 10 m tall. Most
lowland forests.
regeneration where the forest was about 15 m tall. Unlike most wet forest ant-acacias,
nearly all of the leaflets contain Beltian bodies, and these bodies are usually about 2 mm
Mayana grows well in open areas with moist, well-drained and friable soil.
Occasionally cultivated throughout the Philippines. Common garden plant. It flowers all
year round.The plant is deeply rooted. Prefers warm and moist habitat, sensitive to
dryness. Soil should be well-drained, and rich in humus to produce higher yields. Use
The mature fresh leaves of Mayana are harvested 2 to 3 months after planting.
Leaves are picked leaving the branches on the plant to allow it to flower and produce
seeds for the next season. The leaves are air-dried until they crumble when crushed with
Betadine
Povidone- iodine, it is virtually non stinging and nonirritating to skin and mucous
membrane and non stinging to skin and clothing. Used for prevention and treatment of
surface infections, as antiseptic for burns, lacerations, abrasions, and other minor wounds,
prevention and treatment of infections of the skin, scalp, and mucous membrane of the
mouth and vagina. It is effective against most bacteria, fungi, and viruses, but antiseptic
activity depends on the concentration of iodine. When applied to the skin, a1% solution
Conceptual Framework
This study is based on the theory of the blood coagulation that described fibrin, the
substance of a thrombus. The theory discuss that thrombin is generated by the presence of
tissue factor. At this stage, it was known that thrombokinase/thromboplastin (factor III) is
released by damaged tissues, reacting with prothrombin (II), which, together with
calcium (IV), forms thrombin, which converts fibrinogen into fibrin (I).
Blood Clotting is one of three mechanisms that reduce the loss of blood from
broken blood vessels. These three mechanisms are Vascular Spasm, platelet plug
formation and blood clotting. In vascular spasm the smooth muscle in blood vessel walls
contracts immediately the blood vessel is broken. This response reduces blood loss for
some time, while the other haemostatic mechanisms become active. The clotting
Blood must flow freely through the blood vessels in order to sustain life. But if a
blood vessel is traumatized, the blood must clot to prevent life from flowing away. Thus,
the blood must provide a system that can be activated instantaneously – and that can be
Herbal Plants:
- Malunggay
- Guava Blood Clotting Time
- Mayana
(Positive control)
Povidone Iodine
The following hypotheses of the study are stated in the null and alternative forms:
Ho1: There is no significant difference in the clotting time of blood with extracts
Ha1: There is a significant difference on the blood clotting time using the
Definition of Terms
Blood clotting. This refers to the conversion of fluid blood into a coagulum that involves
Betadine. This word pertains to the antiseptic that is used topically to destroy
Crude Extracts. This word refers to the liquid form of the mayana, guava, and
Effectiveness. This defines as the fulfilling result of the herbal plants used in the
clotting time.
Fibrinogen. This pertains to a plasma protein that is produced in the liver and is
leaves are used in folk medicine as a remedy for diarrhea and, as well as the bark, for
their supposed antimicrobial properties and as an astringent. Guava leaves or bark are
Malunggay. This pertains to the herbal plant with a scientific name of Sajina or
Moringa, the plant is sometimes referred to as nature’s medicine cabinet and a miracle
vegetable or horseradish tree for its root taste. It has sprouts of flowers, appear eight
Mayana. This word defines as the herbal plant with a scientific name of Coleus
scutellarioides. This herbal plant has the large leaflets (more than 10 mm long), with
rachis glands between each pinna pair, and the inflorescence, which narrows towards
the elongated and pointed, with an apex pair of blade-like longitudinal flanges
Time. This word refers to the duration of time the blood will clot if the herbal plants
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The chapter presents the research methodology of the study. It also includes the
research design, locale of the study, respondents of the study, sampling procedure, data
Research Design
blood clotting time when the different herbal plants extract are used. Experimental
The study was conducted at St. Michael Hospital, Kabacan, North Cotabato with
the supervision of a registered medical technologist. This was intended to be done at St.
Michael Hospital because this institution is equipped with facilities and laboratory
equipment needed in the research study. In addition, the management of this institution
The respondents of the study are the students of South Philippine Adventist
College. Specifically, the researchers conveniently chose students with blood type O
since it is the most common among the blood types. Five respondents were chosen to
offer blood samples. Four of them are females and one is male. They are 20 to 26 years
The analysis of blood samples was done at St. Michael Hospital, Kabacan, North
Cotabato.
Sampling Procedure
Convenience sampling was employed in this study. The respondents are those
students whose blood type is “O”. They were readily available at the time when the study
was conducted.
A letter from the researchers was sent to the medical technologist of St. Michael
analyzing the data gathered. After securing the approval of the request, the researchers
together with the respondents went to St. Michael Hospital to submit the data for
analysis. After conducting the test all data were tabulated and analyzed.
(1) Find persons with type “O” blood. (2) Clean the end of the finger to be
pricked using a cotton ball with alcohol in a circular motion. (3) Press the end of the
finger and prick it. (4) Get a slide and let the blood drop into the slide; then get another
cotton ball and press it on the pricked area to stop bleeding. (5) Get 10 uL of guava
extract and mix it on the slide with blood. (6) Using a stopwatch, get the exact blood
would indicates that the blood is already clot. (8) Stop the timer when a threadlike
(+ control).
Statistical Treatment
To determine the significant difference of the clotting time among the different
herb extracts, different statistical tools were employed. First, the measure of central
tendency and variability which include the mean were computed. Standard deviation of
the different blood clotting time were also calculated for every herb extracts.
significant difference on the means of the blood clotting time. Furthermore, ANOVA was
used since this study involves interval level variables with equal number of cases in each
of the categories. Scheffe post hoc test was computed after determining the F value.
Chapter IV
This chapter discusses the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the study.
The significant effect of herbal plant crude extract towards blood clotting time is
Table 1 shows the different clotting times of the different herbs, natural clotting (-
control), and Betadine (+ control) and the overall mean of each variables used. There are
In malunggay, the result in replication one is 375 seconds, replication two is 375
seconds, replication three is 375 seconds, replication four is 376 seconds, and replication
five is 376 seconds. It has an overall mean clotting time of 375.4 seconds.
These are the clotting time of Mayana: replication one result is 280 seconds,
replication two is 285 seconds, replication three is 283 seconds, replication four is 283
seconds, and replication five is 287 seconds. It has an overall mean clotting time of 283.4
seconds.
For the clotting time of Guava: replication one result is 140 seconds, replication
two is 145 seconds, replication three is 140 seconds, replication four is 140 seconds and
replication five is 145 seconds. It has an overall mean clotting time of 142 seconds.
The next variable is natural blood (- control). The first replication is 285 seconds,
replication two is 290 seconds, replication three is 290 seconds, replication four is 287
seconds, and replication five is 290 seconds. It has the overall mean clotting time of
288.4 seconds.
The last variable is betadine (+control). The clotting time in replication one is 239
seconds, replication two is 236 seconds, replication three is 220 seconds, replication four
is 237 seconds, and replication five is 240 seconds. This variable has the overall mean
To test for the significant difference among the blood clotting time using the
different crude extracts of common herbs, one way ANOVA was used. One Way
ANOVA was utilized since there are more than three variables considered. Table 2
The computed F value is 1074.442 which is much higher than the critical F value
of 7.27 at degrees of freedom 4 and 20 ( α equal to 0.01). This means that there is a
significant difference among the means of the blood clotting time using the different
To determine the most effective herbal plant that hastens blood clotting time,
betadine was used as the positive control since it is the most common medicine used to
stop bleeding. Natural blood clotting without the aid of medicines nor herb extracts
Scheffe post hoc test was used to test for the homogeneity of the different blood
The table 3 shows that there is no significant difference between malunggay and
the natural clotting time. Mayana has the higher blood clotting time as to compare it with
the natural clotting time but there is still no significant difference. Only guava and
betadine (positive control) are found significant at 0.05 level of significance in clotting
As to compare with the blood clotting time of the positive control, Betadine, only
the blood clotting time with guava extracts come up with positive mean difference. The
difference was found significant at 0.05 level of significance. Malunggay and mayana
clotting time is also significant at 0.05 level of significance but of negative values. It
means that the clotting time of both malunggay and mayana is higher than the blood
It is guava crude extract that is found significantly higher than that of the betadine
in hastening the blood clotting. Therefore, it is the most effective crude extract to stop
bleeding and the best herb to use in emergency cases. This finding supports the study of
Janzen (2005) that the guava extract hasten the blood clotting time of a wounded person.
Table 3. Mean Difference of Clotting Time of the Blood with Extracts to the Positive
and Negative Control Variables
Furthermore, test of homogeneity among the clotting time was also done. The
In terms of different means, blood clotting time of guava has the shortest. Second
is the blood clotting time of betadine. It further reveals that the clotting time of mayana,
malunggay and the natural clotting is statistically equal. Therefore, it further proves that
guava crude extract is the best and it is much better than the commercially available
betadine. This finding corroborates the study of Deena (2009) that it is better used guava
extract to hasten the blood clotting time of the person than the commercial products.
This chapter presents the summary of findings, the pertinent conclusions and
Summary
This study entitled “Herbal Plant Crude Extract and its Effect towards Blood
Clotting Time” was conducted at St. Michael Hospital, Kabacan, North Cotabato.. The
objective of the study is to identify the blood clotting time when the malunggay, guava,
This also identify what is the most effective herbal plant that hastens the blood
clotting time and distinguish the significant difference in the blood clotting time using the
to determine the accurate blood clotting time when the different herbal plant extracts are
used. The respondents of the study are the students of South Philippine Adventist
College. Specifically, the researchers conveniently chose students with blood type O
To determine the significant difference of the clotting time among the different
herb extracts, different statistical tools were employed. First, the measure of central
tendency and variability which includes the mean were computed. Standard deviation of
the different blood clotting time was also calculated for every herb extracts.
Finally, the Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test if there is a
significant difference on the means of the blood clotting time. Furthermore, ANOVA was
used since this study involves interval level variables with equal number of cases in each
of the categories. Scheffe post hoc test was computed after determining the F value.
Summary of Findings
The study is to determine the blood clotting time when the different common
The result has shown that the guava extracts have the lesser blood clotting time of
142 seconds, next is the Betadine (+control) with 234.4 s. Mayana has a clotting time of
283.4 s, natural clotting time has 288.4 s (- control) and last is the malunggay with
375.4s.
The computed F value is 1074.442 which is much higher than the critical F value
of 7.27 at degrees of freedom 4 and 20 ( α equal to 0.01). This means that there is
significant difference among the means of the blood clotting time using the different
There is no significant difference between the malunggay and the natural clotting
time. Mayana has a higher blood clotting time compared with the natural clotting time
but still there is no significant difference. Only guava and betadine (positive control) are
significant at 0.05 level of significance in clotting time compared with the natural
clotting.
Only the blood clotting time of Betadine with guava extracts come up with a
positive mean difference. The difference is found significant at 0.05 level of significance.
Malunggay and mayana clotting time is also significant at 0.05 level of significance but
of negative values. It means that the clotting time of both malunggay and mayana is
It is the guava crude extract that is found significantly higher than that of the
betadine in hastening the blood clotting. Therefore, it is the most effective crude extract
In terms of different means, the blood clotting time of guava has the shortest. The
blood clotting time of betadine comes in second. It was also found out that the clotting
time of mayana, malunggay and the natural clotting is statistically equal. Therefore, it
further proves that the guava crude extract is the best and it is much better than the
Conclusion
In the light of the findings of the study, the researchers come up with the following
conclusions.
1. There is a significant difference among the means of the blood clotting time using
2. Guava crude extract is found significantly higher than the betadine in hastening
3. Guava is the most effective crude-extract to stop bleeding and the best herb to use
in emergency cases.
4. Mayana and malunggay are not the best options in applying open wounds to stop
bleeding. Both herbs have a blood clotting time statistically equal with the natural
clotting.
Recommendation
Relative to the findings and conclusions the researchers come up with the following
recommendations:
1. The public health nurse and other health care personnel must conduct community
teachings about the effectiveness of malunggay, guava, and mayana leaves extract
2. The public health nurse and other health care personnel must emphasize in their in
health lectures that the guava extract has the fastest blood clotting time than
4. Further study will be conducted on the variables which are not included in the
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Cuevas, Frances Prescilla L., Editor in chief (2007). Public Health Nursing in the
Philippines; Publication Committee, National League of Philippine Government
Nurses, Incorporated 11th Ed. @
Govoni, Laura E. & Janice E. Hayes (2002). Drugs and Nursing Implications;Meredith
Publishing Company.
Gutierez, Kathleen & Sherry F. Queener (2005). Pharmacology for Nursing; Mosby Inc.
Ramont, Robeta Pavy, Maldonado, Dolores and Towle, Mary Ann. (2006).
Comprehensive Nursing Care. United States of America. Pearson Education, Inc..
Venzon, Lydia M. (2004). Introduction to Nursing Research; Quest for Quality Nursing.
Quezon Avenue.
Internet Sources
Dear Madam:
Greetings!
We would like to ask permission from your office that we will be conducting a laboratory
test on October 18, 2009 for our thesis writing in partial fulfillment of our subject
“Introduction to Research” as part of our Bachelor of Science in Nursing Curriculum.
The title of the study is “Herbal Plant Crude Extract and its effect towards blood clotting
time.”
The respondents of our study are the residents of South Philippine Adventist College,
Camanchiles, Matanao, Davao del Sur with a blood type “O”.
Rest assured that the data will be kept confidential. Hoping for your approval.
Sincerely yours,
Noted By:
I have read your letter regarding your intention to conduct a study on “ HERBAL
PLANT CRUDE EXTRACT AND ITS EFFECT TOWARDS BLOOD CLOTTING
TIME” at St. Michael Hospital.
I found out that your study is beneficial to the people in the community by using herbal
plant to hasten blood clotting time.
I assure you to lend my expertise in the laboratory to conduct your study by getting the
blood clotting time.
Thank you for informing me of your intention to undergo this kind of research study.
God bless you and also your group.
Sincerely yours,
Aisha B. Kalipapa_
Medical Technologist
Name : Mon Ivan Dela Cruz Arguelles
Educational Backgropund:
Secondary:
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Honor: First
Honor: Valedictorian
College
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Honor: Valedictorian
College
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College
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College
Address: Block 1, Lot 18, Villa Clementa, Maniki, Kapalong, Davao del Norte
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