Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Waves
Anderson,
Chapter 4 pp.167-190
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
! =0.00001
2
$ # "1 2'$ # +1 2' 2
M 12 " 1 " 3 &1 +
M 1 ) &1 +
M 1 ) tan (* )
2
2
%
(%
(
=8.0
3
$ # "1 2'$ # "1 2 # +1 4 ' 2
M 12 " 1 " 9 &1 +
M 1 ) &1 +
M1 +
M 1 ) tan (* )
2
2
4
%
(%
(
!=
+3
=1.0
! =0.00001
' 4$% + cos "1 ( & ) *
+ 2 # cos
tan ( ! ) =
M 12 " 1
)(
,+
. - "1 21
3 01 +
M 1 3 tan (4 )
2
/
2
! =19.47
mach line
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
! =0.00001
Mn1 = M 1 sin ! =
p2
2!
2
=
1
+
M
n
1 "1
p
(! + 1)
1
1.0000
Expansion Waves
So if
M1
M2
"
V
V+dV
$!
'
sin & " " d# )
%2
(
V + dV
$!
'
sin & + )
%2
(
7
"!
%
"!%
"!%
sin $ ( ' = sin $ ' cos ( ) ( sin ( ) cos $ ' = cos ( )
#2
&
# 2&
# 2&
And
$!
'
$!
'
$!
'
sin & " " d# ) = sin & " ) cos ( d# ) " cos & " ) sin ( d# ) =
%2
(
%2
(
%2
(
* $!'
$!'cos ( ) cos ( d# ) " , cos & ) cos ( ) + sin ( ) sin & ) / sin ( d# ) =
% 2(.
+ % 2(
cos ( ) cos ( d# ) " sin ( ) sin ( d# )
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
V
V + dV
=
#
cos ( ) cos ( d! ) " sin ( ) sin ( d! ) cos ( )
cos ( )
dV
1+
=
V
cos ( ) cos ( d! ) " sin ( ) sin ( d! )
Since d is considered to be infinitesimal
cos ( d! ) = 1
sin ( d! ) = d!
cos ( )
dV
1
1+
=
=
V
cos ( ) ! sin ( ) ( d" ) 1 ! tan ( ) ( d" )
Exploiting the form of the power series (expanded about x=0)
"
%
1
1
2
= (1 ! x )|x = 0 ! $
(!1)
x
!
0
+
....O
x
(
)
'(
2
1! x
$# (1 ! x ) |x = 0
'&
( )
10
" dV 2 %
1
1
" dV
%
= 1+
! 0' + O $
$
2
'
dV
#
&
V
V
#
&
dV %
"
1!
$# 1 !
'
V
V & | dV = 0
V
1
dV
1
1
"1+
#
"
dV
dV 1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ )
V
1!
1!
V
V
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
11
1
dV
1
1
"1+
#
"
dV
dV 1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ )
V
1!
1!
V
V
dV
1 dV
1 ! tan ( ) ( d$ ) = 1 !
# d$ =
V
tan ( ) V
Since disturbance is infinitesimal (mach wave)
1
sin ( ) =
M
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
12
+
cos
)
1
1
(
)
(
2
sin ( ) =
! sin ( ) = 2 =
!
2
M
M
M
2
2
sin
+
cos
)
1
1
(
)
(
2
2
M =
=
1
+
!
=
M
"1
2
2
2
sin ( )
tan ( )
tan ( )
1
= M2 "1
tan ( )
and .
Valid for
Real and ideal gas
1 dV
dV
2
d! =
= M "1
tan ( ) V
V
13
!=
M2
M1
dV
M "1
V
2
14
!=
M2
M1
dV
M "1
=
V
2
M2
M1
$ dM dc '
M " 1&
+ )
% M
c(
2
And T0 is constant
15
dc
=
c
1
" 1%
(( ! 1)M ( dM )
$# ! '&
2 "
( !1 2%
M '
$# 1 +
&
2
( !1 2%
"
M '
$# 1 +
&
2
(( ! 1)
M ( dM )
=! 2
( !1 2%
"
M '
$# 1 +
&
2
16
!=
M2
M1
dV
M "1
=
V
2
M2
M1
%
(
($ " 1)
M ( dM ) *
'
dM
M 2 " 1'
+" 2
*
$ "1 2( *
%
' M
1+
M *
'
&
))
&
2
17
!=
M2
M1
M2
M1
$
(# " 1) 2 '
M
&
)
dM
2
2
M "1
&1 + "
)=
# "1 2' )
M &
$
1
+
M )
&
%
((
%
2
#
$$
1
+
dM & &%
2
M "1
&
M &
%
18
dM
M !1
M * Ln[M ] + u * , dM = du, M 2 = e2u /
0
) # " !1 2&
M
.
1
1
+
M
%$
('
2
dM
2
M !1
2u
e
!1
M =
) # " ! 1 2 & ) # " ! 1 2u & du
M (
1+
e (
%$ 1 +
%
'
$
'
2
2
2
19
e2u ! 1
emx ! 1
) # " ! 1 2u & du * ) 1 + bemx du
e (
%$ 1 +
'
2
"(
2 ( b + 1) !1
b
tan
emx ! 1
m
b +1
!1 !
b + 1 bm
20
.,
" + 1 !1 *, " ! 1 2
tan +
M ! 1) / ! tan !1 M 2 ! 1
(
" !1
,- " + 1
,0
21
.
,,
/=
,
,0
Or more simply
*(
% + 1 #1 &( % # 1 2
! = " (M 2 ) # " (M 1 ) $ " (M ) =
tan '
M # 1) + # tan #1 M 2 # 1
(
% #1
() % + 1
(,
Prandtl-Meyer Function
Implicit function more Newton!
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
22
d
1
M2 "1
[! (M )] =
# "1 2'
dM
M$
M )
&% 1 +
(
2
23
$ #" '
! + " (M 1 ) = " (M 2 ) = " (M 2 ( j ) ) + &
M 2 * M 2 ( j ) + O(M 2 ) + ....
)
% #M ( ( j )
24
M2 versus M1, !
M1 = 5
M1 = 3
M1 = 1
25
- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01
" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
p2 P 01
p2
2
=
!
=&
)
p1
p1 P 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2
" #1 2 '
$
1
+
M1 )
&
T2 T 01 T2
2
=
!
=&
)
T1
T1 T 0 2 & 1 + " # 1 M 2 )
2
%
(
2
"
" #1
26
Numerical Example
M1=1.5, p1=81.4 kPa, T1=255.6K,
!=1.4, ! =20
M1
20
M2
27
" 1 %
1 = sin $
'=
# M1 &
!1
1 $ 180
#
= 41.81
asin ! " &
1.5 %
(&
" + 1 #1 $& " # 1
2
! (M 1 ) =
tan %
M 1 # 1) ) # tan #1 M 12 # 1
(
" #1
&' " + 1
&*
0.5%
$ $ 1.4 ! 1
0.5
2
2
%
atan & "
( 1.5 ! 1 ) # ' ! atan ( ( 1.5 ! 1 ) )
" 1.4 + 1
#
=0.207785 radians
Prandtl-Meyer Function
$ 1.4 + 1 %
"
#
1.4 ! 1
0.5
28
!(M2)
! (M 2 ) = " + ! (M 1 )
= 20 ! + 0.207785
180
=0.5569
M2=2.2067
29
! "1 2 &
#
% 1 + 2 M1 (
p2 = p1 %
! "1 2 (
%1 +
M2 (
$
'
2
- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01
!
! "1
'
1.4 ! 1 2 ' &"
&
#
1.4
!
1
1
+
1.5
$
%
2
$
%
81.4 =27.655 kPa
$
%
1.4 ! 1
$1 +
2.20672 %
"
#
2
1.4
30
- P02 = P01
- T02 = T01
! "1 2 &
#
% 1 + 2 M1 ( =
T2 = T1 %
! "1 2 (
%1 +
M2 (
$
'
2
1.4 ! 1 2 '
&
1.5 %
$ 1+
2
$
% 255.6 =187.76K
$
%
1.4
!
1
2
$1 +
2.2067 %
"
#
2
31
" 1 %
2 = sin $
' !( =
# M2 &
!1
1 $ 180
#
asin !
&
' 20
"
2.2067 %
= 6.947
32
M1
20
! M 1 = 1.5
%
# p = 81.4kPa #
# 1
#
"
&
o
#T1 = 255.56 K #
# 1 = 41.81o #
$
'
MAE 5420 - Compressible Fluid Flow
M2
! M 2 = 2.2067 %
# p = 27.655kPa #
# 2
#
"
&
o
#T2 = 187.76 K #
# 2 = 6.947 o
#
$
'
33
% + 1 &1 ') %
$ (#) =
tan (
% &1
)* %
. % +1 1 4
5 max = 0
& 13 &
/ % &1 2 2
"
" #1
p2 ! 0 " M 2 ! #
+)
. % +1 1 4
&1
2
& 13
, & tan # & 1 = 0
/ % &1 2 2
)+)
% + 1 &1 ') % & 1
2
tan (
M 1 & 1 , & tan &1 M 12 & 1
% &1
)* % + 1
)-
&1 2
# &1
+1
34
{T2, p2} = 0
35
Separated
Flow Region
36
M1
15
M2
M3
15
37