THE

WONDER

BOOK

OF

WONDERS
"Man

is

animal."
tool-making
DR.

AND

EDITED

WARD,

COLOUR

TWELVE

WITH

300

BY

PLATES

ILLUSTRATIONS

GOLDING

HARRY

"

LOCK
LONDON

JOHNSON.

AND

CO.,
MELBOURNE

LIMITED

OTHER

WONDER
UNIFORM

EACH

WITH

BOOKS
THIS

WITH

PLATES
12 COLOUR
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Book

VOLUME
OF

HUNDREDS

AND

of Aircraft.

WONDER

all the
The
and describing
the market illustrating
only volume on
hundreds of
wonderful developmentsin aviation since the War.
With
uniquedrawingsand photographs.

of Motors.

Book
WONDER

Tells of the open

Aptly described as "the Rolls Royce of giftbooks."
road and the countryside,
of every
well
and
about
motor-cycles
as
cars
as

description.
THE

WONDER

BOOK

q-1
X I1C11

OF

"
OC

-^OW.

Young and old are alike fascinated by this unique and handsome
the "good old days and now.
contrasting

volume

"

of the

Book

WONDER

Wild.

The Romance
of Exploration
and Big Game
Stalking. Articlesby the
famous living
of wild life.
and wonderful pictures
explorers

most

Book

of Nature.

WONDER

Every child is at heart a lover of Nature and the

of allages will be delighted
with this volume.
girls
THE

WONDER

BOOK

W1
VV

OF

LiJ

of

all sorts

with hundreds
of subjects,

Wonders.

WONDER
All the most
marvellous
illustrated

Boys and

"
(X

Answers to children'squestionson
of wonderful pictures.

Book

air.

open

described
things in the world fascinatingly

and

Book

of

WONDER

Crowded
and the

Ships.

that make
with pictures

an

instant appealto all who

love ships

sea.

WONDER Book

of Children.

Gives glimpsesof children in allparts of the world and

they dwell.

of ths people

with whom

Book

of

WONDER

Empire.

wonderful than the "Arabian

A story more
Nights
beautiful book is a mine of information and interest.

of

Book
WONDER

Has

"
"

and

true

This

Railways.

of interesting
articles
about railwaysand locomotives in all

scores

parts of the world.

Book

of

Animals.

WONDER

Zoo

in every

WINDER

home.

of Pictures

Book
FOR

All young

AND

Stories

GIRLS.

people agree that there 13 no present for Christmas or the

volume is
equal the Wonder Book, of which an entirely
new

Birthday to
publishedevery

Printed

BOYS

and

autumn.

in Great

Britain

by Butler

" Tanner

Ltd.. Frome

and

London

[By courtesy of
A

HAMMER-HEAD

200-TON

IN

CRANE

COLOUR
A

Forging
The

of Skyscrapers.

Crossing the Niagara

Building

Erecting

the

Girders
R.

Cracker

of

Engineers
Tapping
The
The

at

By

Young

Steel

on

Endpapers

H.

(not

Wm.

Beardmore

Frank

H.

R.

Mason

Shuffrey

to

H.

Mason
.

Davis

Mountain

By
be

Woollev

.......

Frank

Frank

Francis
taken

By Francis

Ropeway.
H.
E.
too

Mason

Hiley

E.

Hiley

....

seriously)by

Thomas

Frontispiece
Faces

Allen

By Harry

Store.

new

Cover

By

"S- io", Lttt.

Front

--~

Mason

Furnace.

Engineer.

H.

Shuffrey

By G.

Work

'.

By

By

Car.

Frank

huge

Allen

Ball.

by Cable

By

Shipping Locomotives.
A

large Liner.

Sir

SHIPYARD.

Luker, Junr.

Lighthouse.

By

Tank.

Mason

By Harry Woolley

Falls

By W.

Steam.

H.

for

NAVAL

PLATES
.

Propeller Shaft

King

King

Frank

By

Floating Crane.

Maybank

p.

16

48

[E.N.A.

TRANSPORTER

BRIDGE

AT

ROUEN.

TWO

OF

PRINCIPAL

[Sport" General.

TRADE.

CONTENTS
PAGE

The

of the

Work

Engineer
Bridges
Biggest Locomotives

......

Some

Famous

The

World's

The

Eiffel Tower

*7

53

.....

70

.......

Elements
of Engineering
Building the Big Dams
The
Lighthouse Builders
The
Engineer as Builder
Wonderful
Waterways

The

73
81

.....

......

95

......

106

H5

.......

Some

Wonderful
for

Locomotives
Are

You

Sure

Railway
The
How

in

Great

The

Steel
of

Can

The

Electric

"

Raw

Power

Railway Tunnels
Giant Planing Machine
Sun-Power

Visit to

an

Launching a
Making Water
A

Four-Hours'

193

.......

be

Material

"

of Engineering

205
212

......

2I7
223

......

.'

Engineering Works

225
232

238

Liner
Work

......

Used

151

163
169
178

....

Levers

Engineers'

Wonders

146
158

Air

the

Long
A

....

....

and

Wonders

144

of Engineering Fallacies
Cities

of the

in

Wireless

Instances

Lifting Magnet
Engineer Helps the Miner

the

Cranes

Some

Engineering

129

......

Overseas

Romance

Ropeways

Iron

Docks

245

.......

Toilet for Giant

Locomotives
7

254

[Sport

FLOOD

WATERS

RUSHING

BURRINJUCK

DOWN

ONE

DAM,

OF
NEW

THE
SOUTH

SPILLWAYS
WALES.

AT

THE

"

General.

GREAT

BUILDING
In
was

order

removed

beneath

to
at

them

of the

THE

workmen

ZAMBESI

RAILWAY

BRIDGE.

who

might fall a large net

the request of the men
themselves, who
complained
The
bridge is 420 feet high.

save

any

THE

WORK

placed

was

that

it made

OF

across

them

the gorge.
nervous

Later, this
to

the

see

net

THE

ENGINEER

IF
of
of

take

the

word

"

"

engineering in the broad sense, we shall

find that the engineer is to-day at the back
of almost
form
every
human
in writing is the product
the pencil we
use
activity. Even
and
assure
an
delicatelyadjusted engines which shape the wood

even
are

turns

we

thickness
of

products

the

out

of the
a
raw

score

lead ; the
of

The

or

steel to

the

spade for the

first tools in the

and

forks

engineeringmarvels,

nearly finished product. So, in

of human
back
activity,whether
scientist

knives

from

furnace

the

we

eat

which

that

polishesthe
direction, the engineer is at the
every
in constructinga microscope for the
wonderful

machine

which

with

navvy.

history of

the

human

race,

probably, were

THE

off

cudgelbroken
or

to

which

to

scratch the
Then

of

tough
cudgel,a

came

much

that evolved

THE

better

the stone

ENGINEER

the hunter, who

by

tree

enemies, and

from

discovered

and

creeper,

used

it to attack

pointed stick

the tillerof the soil wanted

ground when
a geniuswho

stout

or

grass

dead

himself

defend

game

his seed.

OF

WORK

tying a

that

with

to

sow

by takinga length

stone

the

to

available for

end

of the

hunting and out of

which was
primitiveman's chief arm
fighting.A long while after someone

was

weapon

hatchet

either

"

hunting or
turn of mind
with an engineering
thought out the firstbow and arrows,
indeed
and he was
a
a
mighty weapon
great genius,for the bow was
until gunpowder arrived to render it obsolete.
And
some
thoughtfulsoul, in those dark days before history
began, found that if he flattened the end of his stick a bit he could
soil : out of that discoverywas
evolved the spade,
turn
more
over
he went

when

which

great tool, since

is still a

it enables

to

man

do

about

ten

accomplishwith a mere
pointedstick,
and
do it better.
The plough came
long after, when certain races
horse
train
either
bullock
in their work ;
to help them
had learned to
or
learned to train animals at all,but merely
most
primitiveraces never
regarded them as possiblefood to be hunted
except that nearly
aid in hunting.
took in and trained the dog as an
race
every
plified
The
world kept growing wiser, and engineerafter engineersimhuman
labour, and every device which could replaceman's
of the lever, the
strengthby machinery was based on the principles
discoveryof compressing
pulley,and the screw, until the tremendous
it replacemuscular
to make
steam
effort was
more
made, not many
than
hundred
a
And, with that discovery,the engineer
years ago.
into his own,
reallycame
occupying the positionthat is his to-day.
of electricity
The
followed that of steam, and, last of all
use
to arrive as
a
engine was
prime mover," the internal combustion
the engineer,working in
a
perfected. Within
century, practically,
times

much

as

work

as

he could

"

"

various

directions,has contrived

it is estimated
the
to

help

of

depend
The

to-day that
machinery do

one

one.

In

some

form

or

that

each

man,

nearly every

many

that

taking

would

this estimate

industry the
one

that

industry,can
requireforty had

with

is

simple

any

they

strength.

which

other, and when

muscle

aids to human

in almost

man,

work

their unaided

on

calculation upon

so

worker

all industries

with

are

is based

very

"

horse-power in
averaged,it is reckoned

uses

another, directs and

10

"

controls

four

Descending

mountain

SWING

INTO

SPACE.

railway 9,600 feet

11

up

in

the

Bavarian

Alps.

THE
"

WORK

get tired, and

horses

ENGINEER

horse-power (a rather misleadingterm, since

enginesdo not unless they are badly handled)

One

horse-power."

THE

OF

of ten
that in conso
trolling
strong men,
equal to the power
is putting forth the energy
of forty
four horse-powera man
is doing work
and a factoryemploying, say, a thousand
men,
would
have required40,000 men
a
couple of centuries ago.
Not that four horse-powerrepresents the work
done by each man,

is about

men,

that

for

use

some

Two

less.

some

more,

driver

men,

and

[By courtesyof
OF

MEETING

THE

TWO

BORING

PARTIES

AT

THE

IN

control

PIERCING

FINAL

OF

fireman,

the Swiss

Federal

an

control

who

lift and

swing

concrete

which

same

rate
or

as

the

if it

into

great

place great

would
were

the navvy

while

crane

need

not

with

or
engine-drivers
It
apiece.
averages

steel

hundreds

for the

his

crane.

out

12

three

buildingis being constructed

girdersand loads of brick and
of

to

men

On

the

crane-handlers,
at four

sible
responor

them

move

other hand

spade, though they

the

TUNNEL

1911.

them they are

express locomotive, so that between
for the direction of hundreds
of horse-power. The two

men

Railways.

LftTCHBERG

THE

do

are

justas

not

horse-power per

use
man

at

the

the bricklayer,
necessary
power
horseone
all round.

[G. P. A.

CRANE

MEN

AT

WORK

ON

13

NEW

YORK

SKYSCRAPER.

THE

WORK

OF

THE

ENGINEER

directions that
Engineering activityhas developed in so many
for the specialist.
A hundred
to-day it is a matter
years ago, it was
to comprehend all the various principles
at the
possiblefor one man
back of engineeringprocesses, but that is so no
longer. The man
who can
tell you all about
the scientific production of iron and steel,
who
knows
of furnace construction, forced draught,and
the principles
the compositionof steel alloys,
would be hopelesslyat sea, probably,
if he were
asked to explain the principles
governing the design of a
modern
locomotive.
The locomotive
designerwould be equallypuzzled
if he had to design a blast furnace, and neither of them
could
lay
"

[Fleet.
LOG-SAWING

out
to

"

on

make

the

paper
a

hobby

designof

MOTOR

BY

of wireless.

thermionic
Yet

POWER.

valve

all three

"

are

unless

he

happened
to

necessary

each

equallyimportant factor in engineering.

for
The
bridge-builder,
calculatingstresses, making allowance
and choosinghis materials with regard to atmospheric
wind-pressure,
conditions and the possibility
of corrosion,is justas much
an
engineer
who
modern
the man
as
a
designs
railway engine. Similarly,the

other, and each

brains behind

water-power

simply a

of them

is

an

the construction
are

matter

great dams

for the

for building a
engineers,
wall : it means
a
putting down

those of
of

of

conservation

modern

dam

of

is not

putting in great

THE

WORK

OF

THE

ENGINEER

sluices controlled

by machinery,estimatingthe pressure of thousands

of tons
of water
the length of the main
on
wall, and allowingfor
variations
in
seasonal
accordingto rainfall,
pressure
always with the
of
that
an
margin
safety
engineerallows in every design.
Modern
is
not
building
merely a bricklayingjob. The designer
of
first
for the buildings
must
that line the streets
all,an engineer,
be,
of our
cities to-day owe
their strengthto massive girdersand pillars
of steel, concrete-embedded
to strengthenand
them, and
preserve
before the big steam
shovels begin to dig for the foundations
great
foundries are
the
steel
framework
that
when
so
busy forging
truly
"

"

"TOOL"

IS CAPABLE

WHICH

OF

DOING

THE

WORK

OF

OVER

FIVE

MILLION

MEN.

it is calculated
has in twenty-fourhours
Illinois power
station which
an
output of energy
comparable with the work
periodby the entire slave populationof
performed in the same
the United States at the time
of the Civil War.
A

it

monster

generator

to be fitted

comes

every

steam

be

piece must
It is

an

old

in

an

togetherevery rivet-hole
of exact

sayingthat

"

must

accurately,
register

dimensions.
the farmer

feedeth all,"but the modern

implements and machines, would be

nowhere
without the engineer; similarly,
navigationis dependent on
of shipsand the instruments
not only in the construction
engineering,
for their guidance,but in the buildingof the lighthouses
by which
they find their way from port to port. On earth and sea, and in the
mines under
the earth, as well as in the air above
it, the engineer
farmer, with

has

both

his

multitude

the first word

and

of

the

last.
15

of

[By permission

A
One

NEEDLE

loftiest church
evening and is visible for miles
the
on
spire itself.
of

the

OF

LIGHT,

spires in

the

around.

124

565

world,

at

FEET

10

Curtis Lighting Co.

HIGH.

Chicago, is

projectors are

the

mounted

with

flooded
on

the

tower

light each
and

72

"

"f

-"

"'""

11

-j

KING

THE
The

projectedLarkin

Tower, New
t

1,,.1.,,,

York.
TV,o

"""

It will

K,,;iri;^rr

soar

,,r;i)

SKYSCRAPERS.

OF
to
V^",,a

height of
-,

rv^

^^^"=

1, 208
^

feet,and
rr^r.

contain

u/inH^uru

onrl

108
firt

stories above
lifts

the

street

and

[By courtesyof the

DESIGN

OF

THE

WONDERFUL

BRIDGE

IN

SHORE

The

bridge

will

have

single

for

arch

achievements

asked

Channel

have

never

to

undertake

the

river

of

the

famous

traffic to
will

be

above
down

be

carried

the

water

be

both
W.B.E.

level to

the

3,770 feet.
450 feet.

The

way
head-

offered

to

of

wonderful

difficulties,
bridge
have

they

structure

any

distance

bridge the English

20

over

the cantilever

Firth

the

height
shipping. At

banks

on

of

the

above

the

the

have

level

impracticable and

to

miles !

unobstructed

of the

17

to

In

such

case

the

bridge
river

to

must

be

of

ships up
exceedingly costly.

bring

bridge, and

uneconomical.

bridge

passage

prove

the
the

when
the

in the

enables

river that

when

be made

as

which

times,

other

high-levelbridge would
would

type,

Forth,

side, and

either

allow

to

the river, a

ground

be

NORTH

sion
being employed as occagenerally being local conditions.
be bridged, a high-levelbridge is

bridge of

such

at

Very long approaches

the

even

is to

across

with

low

will

Government.

THE

the most

among

build

have

factor

tall banks

bridge

has

arch

Wales

types of bridges,each

may

interfere

not

crossed

well
and

be

approaches

Whatever

to

Calais,

deciding

with

This

necessary.

and

the

top of the

being

as

failed

they

"

several

are

with

South

OVER

BRIDGES

engineer.

yet

Dover

demands,
When

of 1,600 feet and

measure
span
under
will be 170 feet,to the

of the

between

There

SYDNEY

rightly regarded

are

been

CONSTRUCTION
HARBOUR.

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

Neu'

OF

passing

vessels

SOME

engineers

OF

COURSE

the

traffic from

generally this
cases

would

it is better

to

FAMOUS

SOME

use

up

or

movable

that it will open when

shipsrequireto pass
in the case
of the Tower
Bridge at London.

bridge,so
the river,as

down

BRIDGES

the case, the river to be crossed is too wide

occasionally
a
to make
an
transporter bridge is used
opening bridge practicable,
Rouen.
Thus we see
the difficulty,
to overcome
as at Middlesbroughand
that the type of bridge chosen to span any river is governed largely
requirementsand local conditions.
by particular
The English word
bridge is derived from the Scandinavian

When,

is

as

"

"

[Short 6THE

good example of

double

weigh
"

BRYGG,"

suggests

that

name

were

bridge.

tons.

The

two

great leaves

as

the
used

bear

in its wider

they

use.

In this connection

it would

for their
18

is

river traffic

to pass

under

rarelyused.

in the

Viking ships,the

board

ship.

The

before
stone

seem

to allow

used

and

such

the

wooden

structures

had
that

ancient

shows

Before

to-day.

sense

and

to-day,bridgesof

wood
exclusively

open

of wood

earlybridgeswere

constructed, however,

which

but
bridgeis for pedestrians,

name

narrte

used

The

upper

General.

LONDON.

BRIDGE,

for the gangway

being stillin use to-day on

word

same

the

the

bascule

1,200

TOWER

word

originof
bridges

received

probably long been

the Celts and

and
bridges,

the Latin

the
in

vians
Scandinaraces

stone.

SOME
The
a

river.

simply of

Later, bridges of this type, known

timber

is the famous

and

stone.

RIVER

DELAWARE

THE

on

BRIDGES

first bridgesprobably consisted

of both

ence

FAMOUS

"

"

One

"

as

tree

thrown

lintel,"were

of the oldest

SUSPENSION

clapper bridgeacross

across
structed
con-

bridgesin exist-

BRIDGE.

the River

Dart

at

Postbridge

Dartmoor.
In

in stone

later
and

used, and
bridgesthe arch was
metal, is perhaps the commonest

the arched
form

of

bridge,both
bridge to-day.

FAMOUS

SOME
The

Romans

one

of the

width

and

example
at

in bridge-building,
principle
earliest examples being the bridge built by the Emperor
It was
the Danube.
4,500 feet in lengthand 60 feet in

the first to

were

Trajan across

stone

Chester, which

span

John

the arch

use

had twenty arches,each

of

has

Bridge at

having a

span

bridgein England

arched

in the

of its kind
Creek

BRIDGES

of

span

200

of 170 feet. The finest

is the Grosvenor
Bridge

This

feet.

is the second

largest

world, the largestbeing the arch of the Cabin

Washington, in the United States, which is 20

[E.N.A.
THE

One

feet

longer.

British

The

Other

Isles and

of the most

stone

many

VECCHIO,

PONTE

picturesquebridgesin Europe.

arched

bridgesare

of them

largestbridges in

the

FLORENCE.

are

world

of
are

in which
"cantilever,"or bracket, principle,

to

be found

all

over

the

great historic interest.

built
the

on

what

weightof

is called the
one

side of the

bridgeis so arranged that it balances the weight of the other,the whole

of the .weightof the bridge and of any
traffic upon
it being carried
by massive supports. A cantilever bridge is reallya succession of
brackets, each

arm

of which

is

composed of

half -span.

In

the

case

such
two
Quebec Bridge,with which we shall deal presently,
joinedby a central span, while in the Forth Bridge there
spans are
three cantilever spans joined by two
central spans.
are

of the

20

SOME

THE

FORTH

FAMOUS

BRIDGE

IN

BRIDGES

COURSE

OF

CONSTRUCTION.

Building the great cantilevers.

Cantilever
in
which

which
built up of girders,
bridge-building.Girders are of several
spans

depends upon

are

the

size of the

bridgeand

are

of great importance

types, the

use

of

the

particular
ments
requirethat it is to fulfil. For spans of 125 feet or less a solid,built-up
plate girderis used, as in short railwayand road bridges. For larger
an
open-work girderor built-uptruss is employed, for in this
spans
form
greater strength is obtained for the weight of the material used.
A truss depends for its strength on the fact that the metal in it is

[Valentine" Sons, Ltd.,Dundee.

THE

BRIDGE.

FORTH
21

SOME

FAMOUS

BRIDGES
in the form

constructed

of

triangle. This gives

the
great rigidity, for
triangleis the only geometrical
a

figurethat
be

cannot

distorted without
the

form

length or

its sides.

ing
alter-

In other

of

words,

the

closed
enshape of the area
by the sides can only
be
changed by actually
breaking or separatingthe
members.
The triangleis

known

as

figure and
rigidityto
[By courtesyof the

generally used
of

to

truss."

inverted
known

the

There

is
the

in

is the
the

In
"

ren
War-

the

Two

ren
War-

combined

form

ties.

or

lattice girder,"
which

the

INDIA.

bracing is
angles,
triinto equilateral
the sides acting as

trusses

as

"

truss

much

Co.,Ltd.

houses.

and

barns

bridge construction

IN

support

type often used

Another

struts

structure

HAMMERS

it is this type that

truss," and

divided

any

"

is known

truss

gives great

simplest form of truss

the
as
triangular
king

The

"

Tool

it

it is introduced.

into which

roofs

Pneumatic

RIVETING

CONSTRUCTION

BRIDGE

FOR

Consolidated

LONG-STROKE

USING

NATIVES

"stable

"

is

stiffer girderthan

simple
are

Warren

truss.

many

other

[By courtesyof the

A

RIVETING

HAMMER
SYDNEY

22

IN

Consolidated

Pneumatic

OPERATION

HARBOUR

BRIDGE.

ON

Tool

Co., Ltd.

THE

NEW

SOME

FAMOUS

BRIDGES
varieties and

combinations

of trusses, but there is not

deal

to

space
*

with

them

the

most

here.
Two

of

famous

bridges cross

Menai

Strait and

the
of

are

particularinterest.

In the

first

has

story attached

to

place, each

romantic

it, and

in

the

place, although
has

been

century

second
the

erected

and

the

one

for

other

for

nearly three-quartersof
that period,
they are both
in use
to-day,and to all
intents

and

purposes

re-

[SpecialPress.
LOOKING

UP

ARM

CANTILEVER

OF

THE

FORTH

BRIDGE.

main

good

as

they

first built.

were

Before

from
was

London

bridges
journey
Ireland

to

The

roads

and

Wales

bad

very

state

taking.
under-

through
were

and

"

sail from

than
lers
travel-

many

to Ireland

in

indeed,

"

little more

they were
tracks

considerable

England
a

these

constructed

were

when

as

preferredto

Bristol

or

pool
Liver-

instead of from

head,
port is
to

Holyalthough the last

nearer
considerably

Ireland

than

either of

[SpecialPress.
UNUSUAL

ANOTHER

VIEW

OF

BRIDGE.
23

PART

OF

THE

FORTH

SOME
the former.

In 1810

make

road

work

so

new

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

Thomas
great engineer,

well that what

Telford,was

Shrewsbury and Holyhead,

been a rough track became

between

had

engaged

and
an

to

he did his

excellent

to-day is one of the best in the country.

for some
improvement of the highway led to a demand
of crossing
other than a primitive
the Menai
Strait.
ferry-boat,
means,
the Strait,and
his plans
to build a bridgeacross
Telford determined
for a suspensionbridgewere
accepted. The bridgewas to be at least
road, which

even

This

THE
The

loo

feet above

the water, and

Strait is 800
After
we

has

can
a

see

suspended

Telford's time.
shore.

across

the

was

BRIDGE,
built

to be built at

BENGAL

AND

NORTH

wells,26 \ feet in diameter,sunk

point where

the

Telford built his bridge,and

difficulties,
left it.

wonderful

sightit is,too.

It

of 550 feet, the largestever

span
attempted before
Two main piers,
each 153 feet in height,stand one
on

Over

them

waterway

in

are
a

carried

gracefulcurve
"21

massive
and

chains, which
rest

WESTERN

on

feet in width.

overcoming many
it to-day as he

each

it

IZAT

piersare

on

four

hang

saddles

of

90 feet 1

SOME
cast-iron

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

the top of the piers. In all there are sixteen of these suson
pended
of
iron
chains, containingover
and
33,000
pieces
weighing
From

anchorage to another they measure

1,710 feet,
The
is
a
bridge,which
nearlya
30 feet in width, was
the
and
of peopleassemcrowd
on
1826,
a
3oth
January,
opened
bled
huge
the first crossing.
to see
a
stage-coach make
after the Menai
Soon
Suspension Bridge was
completed, there
for another
the Strait to carry the raila demand
came
bridgeacross
2,187 tons.

third of

one

mile.

[By courtesyof Me
CROSSING

THE

f the river.

There

RIVER
are

GANGES

fortyspans,

AT
each

ALLAHABAD.
150 feet in length.

constructed
who
Stephenson,the son of the man
in
and
built what
and
called
the Stockton
DarlingtonRailway, was
the
the Britannia Tubular
is known
as
Bridge. This bridge crosses
of the SuspensionBridge,at a pointwhere
Strait about
a mile south
it is 900 feet in width.
Fortunately,in mid-stream, there is a
way

line.

solid

rock, called the Britannia

for the

Robert

Rock, which

gives an

excellent support

central

pier.
Stephenson conceived

the

brilliant idea
25

that

iron

tubes

might

SOME

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

Hauks.
[Ellison
THE

MENAI

STRAIT

SUSPENSION

Built by Telford and

BRIDGE.

opened in 1826.

sufficiently
rigidto support themselves and to allow trains
to be run
experimentshe decided to
through them, and after many
In all there are
six tubes, two of which
build his bridgein this way.
stood on end in St.
are
460 feet in length that is to say, if they were
Paul's Churchyard they would
each
feet above
tower
the great
100
be made

"

cross

230

on

the

feet in

top of the dome.

length,for

the

There
two

are

land

also four

shorter tubes, each

All the

spans.

tubes

are

con-

[Valentine" Sons, Ltd.

THE
Built by Robert

Stephenson

and

BRITANNIA

opened in 1850.

TUBULAR
It carries

Holyhead.
26

BRIDGE.
the

main

London

Midland

and

Scottish line

to

SOME

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

[GreatWestern
CLIFTON

THE
Brunei

Designed by
The

chains

came

and

opened in 1864.
from

the

old

Has

SUSPENSION
a

span

of 702

Hungerford Bridge which

feet at
used

height of 275 feet above low water level.

at Charing Cross.
the Thames

to cross

of boiler

structed

strengthened at
Over

1,500

rivets
plates,riveted together by 2,000,000
the corners
by angle girders.
workmen
were
employed in the construction of

[Great Western
THE

Designed by

Railway.

BRIDGE.

Brunei

and

ROYAL

BRIDGE,

ALBERT

opened in 1859.

Each
27

of the

SALTASH.
two

main

spans

is 445 feet long.

and

the

Railway.

SOME

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

(CentralPress.
TESTING
While

heavy locomotive

bridge and

RAILWAY

ERIDGE

OVER

THE

TYNE.

the bridge,the experts, perched on the temporary platform on

recordingthe stress with delicate instruments.

crosses

the

can

imagine
"

to

of

left,are

activity.The tubes,
which were
assembled
shore near
where the bridgewas
to be, were
on
into
floated
as
positionon rafts,or
pontoons
they are called,and
raised to the top of the towers
were
by hydraulicjacks. On the 5th
March, 1850, the bridgewas completed,and was
subjectedto a severe
and
test by sending over
it three coupled locomotives
twenty-four
loaded coal wagons.
These were
followed by a heavy train of several
hundred
tons, which crossed the bridgeat a speed of 30 miles per hour.
has a total length of 1,841 feet,is stillin use
The bridge,which
Midland
and Scottish line
to-day,being situated on the main London
to Holyhead. It carries its traffic quitesafely,
notwithstandingthe
stock.
locomotives
and rolling
great increase in the weight of modern
The Britannia
Bridge remained the largestbridge in the British
Isles for over
fortyyears, and was only outclassed in 1890 with the
opening of the Forth Bridge. This bridge,the most famous bridgein
the country, held prideof placeas possessing
the longestspan of any
bridgein the world until its record was beaten in 1917 by the Quebec
Bridge and in 1926 by the Delaware River SuspensionBridge referred
we

well

the

scene

"

later.
28

SOME
construction

The

laying of
driving
of

was

and

thus

of

number

the

made

BRIDGES

Bridge was

mid-river.

timber

were

watertight. Then
massive

high-water
and

feet in thickness

on

this

accomplishedby

was

in
piles,

as

the circle

filled with

clay and

the

They
are

This

1883, with the

When

built

inside

water

was

was

are

covered

heavy

with

masonry

the form

complete

the structure

pumped

foundations, which

masonry

mark.

in

begun

baulks, known

of the river.

the baulks

laid

workmen

Forth
in

heavy
bed

between

30 feet below

of the

foundations

the

circle into

the spaces

FAMOUS

go

out,
down

several

concrete

piers70

feet in

taperingto the top, where the diameter is

49 feet. These piersare arrangedin three groups of four, and to each
is bolted a huge bed-plateweighing 44 tons.
each 680 feet in length,and two
six cantilever arms,
There
are
suspended spans of 350 feet each. From tower to tower, therefore,
the approach
each 1,710 feet in length. With
the main
are
spans
viaducts, the total lengthof the bridgeis 8,295feet (aboutij miles).
rise to a heightof 342 feet and each consists of four tubes
The towers
from steel platesriveted together.
feet in diameter, constructed
12
feet
the track, being 120
towards
each other over
The columns
come
inwards
that they are only 33 feet
so
apart at the base and inclining
diameter

apart

at

at the

the base, and

top.

AN

In the

EXPRESS

construction

TRAIN

CROSSING
29

of these towers

THE

FORTH

BRIDGE.

over

6,500,000

SOME
rivets

used, and

were

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

consequentlysome

holes had

13,000,000

to

be

drilled.
construction

The

tons

50,000

of the

of steel,was

bridge,which

begun

in

1883

contains

altogetherover
requiredseven
years to
were
employed in the

and

though some
5,000 workmen
It was
VII, then Prince of Wales, on
opened by King Edward
ing
March, 1890,in a terrificgale. The bridgeis capableof stand-

complete, even
work.

the 8th

wind

this

part

gang

of

of

pressure

56 Ib.

of the world,

men

who

are

to

the square inch, a force unknown

in
often there is so much
wind that the

though
employed day

in and

day

out

all the

year

in

[Fox.
BERWICK

A good

BRIDGE,

specimen

LONDON

of the arched

AND

type

NORTH

of

EASTERN
ARCHES.

bridge,designedby

RAILWAY,
Robert

ITS

WITH

Stephenson

and

TWENTY-EIGHT

dating from

1850.

paintingthe bridge have to retire for safetyinside one of the columns.

It is an impressiveexperienceto cross
the Forth Bridge by train,
and after the tripit is not difficult to understand
how
the bridgecame
the
to be regarded as one
of
greatest engineeringfeats in the world.
of girderstoweringhigh overhead,
Looking upwards, we see a great mass
the
with
hollow
dashes
Over
as
a
across.
train,
rumbling roar,
the waters
of the Forth, perhaps with some
see
150 feet beneath, we
anchored
beneath
or
great battleships
shippingsteaming out to sea.
We
that as far as length of span is conhave alreadymentioned
cerned,
the Forth
Bridge is exceeded
by the Quebec Bridge,a bridge
of the same
type as the Forth, carryingthe Canadian National Railway

Floatingthe

central

640

span,

feet in

lengthand

weighing

5,500 tons,

over

up-river.

McLaren.
[Chesterfield

The

central

span

collapsingafter

it had

been

raised

40 feet above

some

the

river

as

described in the article.

[By courtesy of the Dept. of Trade, Ottawa.

The

This famous

BRIDGE,

THE

QUEBEC

cantilever

bridge has

the

two

longest

completed bridge.
THE

ACROSS
span

in the

previousattempts

had

31

RIVER

world, 1,800
ended

ST.
feet.

in disaster.

LAWRENCE.
It

was

completed

in

1917

after

the River

across

Halifax

St. Lawrence

and

decreasingthe

so

Winnipeg by 200 miles.

buildingof this great bridgewas

distance

between

and

The
years

BRIDGES

FAMOUS

SOME

the

work

proceeded until,on

disaster occurred.
the south
with itover

bank
a

The

cantilever

the

begun

2Qth August, 1907,

workmen, who

had

that

arm

its

suddenlycollapsedunder

hundred

in 1902, and

own

terrible

built out

been

on

weight,and dragged
in the river beneath.

drowned

were

for five

This

awful

tragedy
made
a
profound
the
impression on
world
engineerin
g
the general
and on
mission
public,and a Comwas

pointed
ap-

gate
investi-

to

the matter.
a

As

the Canadian
result,

Government

took
under-

complete the
bridge,and in 1908
entirely new
plans
to

prepared and

were

work

begun

was

again.
It

was

build

to

cantilever
the
[St.Lawrence

The

tangled heap of wreckage

during the second
arm,

Bridge Co.

BRIDGE.

QUEBEC
after

the

attempt

shores,
when

collapse of the
at

north

south

arranged
first

the

arms

and
and

they

on

south

then,
were

cantilever

buildingthe bridge.

finished,to float the

central'

span

into

to be built on
shore, at a
position. The central span itself was
the
Cove, about 3! miles below the bridge. When
placecalled Sillery
was
ready it was
placed on massive pontoons and taken up
span
the river by five powerful tugs. In the meantime
the two
cantilever
of
the
had
built
and
in
been
readiness
arms
bridge
out,
everythingwas
the span, which was
manoeuvred
into position
for receiving
below
the

cantilever

arms.

Massive

steel chains
32

were

lowered

and

connected

to

SOME
the
the

span,

which

span

was

weighed
be

to

FAMOUS

lifted to

"

"

until the

from

the

load

taken

was

cantilever

The

5,000 tons.

over

hydraulicjacks working at

BRIDGES

the

level of

arrangement

the

was

cantilever

arms

that

by

of 4,000

Ib. to the square inch

pressure
off the pontoons and it remained
suspended
a

arms.

Everything had worked

but

time, disaster
and

made,

well up to this point,

and nothingremained
final
its
but now,
for a second
position,
to overtake
the engineers. Four
lifts had been

the span

jack up

to

"

was

the

to

"

raised

some
the river,when,
30 feet above
terrible crash,it fell,
all
its
shearing
supports and causingterrific
vibrations
to
the

with

span

was

cantilever

arms.

Investigation
showed

that

the steel

castingsin

the

cantilever

had

broken,

unable

of

one

arm

being

stand

to

the

great strain imposed

by hauling up
suspended span.
Once

the

again

therefore, the

pletion
com-

of the great

bridge was
for

the

delayed,

span

ZAMBESI

not

be

from

the river and

new

span

[By courtesyof the

could

recovered

had

Placing a

Cleveland

Bridge Company.

BRIDGE.

centre

girderin position.

to be built.

This could

not

be

ready until 1917,

but

then,

hoisted into position

and the
September,it was successfully
traffic
for
the
December
on
3rd
following.
bridge was opened
regular
total
of
has
and
tons
The bridgecontains over
steel
a
length
66,480
of 3,240 feet,the length of the main
or
1,800
feet,
90 feet
span being
greater than that of the Forth Bridge. The length of the suspended
is 640 feet. The
bridge carries two railway tracks,a road for
span
vehicular traffic,
and
two
footpathsfor pedestrians.
of the
the construction
Another
wonderful
engineeringfeat was
This bridge,
the gorge of the Zambesi.
great steel arch bridge across
which
made
possiblethe Cape to Cairo Railway, is one of the loftiest
on

the 2oth

W.B.E.

33

SOME
in

the

by

1855. Here
into

It is situated

world.

discovered

David

the

BRIDGES

close to

famous

the

Victoria

rushes

The

over

missionary and explorer,in

falling
great precipice,
400 feet

bridge is

so

close to the

Falls that

[E. N.
AN

UNUSUAL

often

feet.
arch

The

delayedby
chasm

500 feet in

TAKEN

VIEW,
THE

are

Falls,

Livingstone,the

river

canon.

narrow

FAMOUS

CAPE

FROM
TO

the columns

is here

two

length.
Naturallythe buildingof

of spray,

which

34

rise to

is

and

shorter spans
such

A.

ON

BRIDGE

RAILWAY.

CAIRO

650 feet in width,

length,and

OF

BELOW,

trains

62^

bridge in

heightof

spanned by
feet and

so

remote

300

main

87^ feet
a

in

district

SOME

was

of

matter

in

made

were

being sent

England,

out

bank

BRIDGES

great difficulty.
Actuallythe members
to

the gorge,
by this means.

across

FAMOUS

and

were

On

Africa.

first erected
site itself a

the

half the materials

and

at

Ledges excavated

of the

bridge
Darlingtonbefore

cable way

erected

was

transportedto the

were

in the face of the rock

eastern

provided

[E.ft. A.
THE
main

The

"

arch

to

is 500 feet long.

foothold

by

"

out

largenet

bridge is one

"

on

of the

false-work."
the

of the

RHODESIA.

FALLS,

VICTORIA

BRIDGE,

highestin

the

world, 420

spans, the main

All material was

ledges,and

as

the

work

feet above

water

level.

girdersbeing supported
lowered

by

progressedthe

cranes
cranes

along the bridge.

In order to
a

The

for the ends

timber

the erectors

moved

RIVER

ZAMBESI

was

save

any

of the workmen

placed across

the

gorge
35

might fall off the bridge,

beneath the bridgewhilst it

who

\Valentine 6- Sons, Ltd.

TRANSPORTER
Crosses the River

Usk

and

has

clear

span

between

the
of

was

being constructed,

was

later removed,

as

shown

however,

at

(MONMOUTH).

NEWPORT

BRIDGE,

80

towers
feet.

in the

the

of 592

feet and

them

of

to

the

water

This

level

net

themselves,

men

it

that

complained
nervous

high

9.

page

the

across

them

height above

pictureon

request
who

see

the net

gorge

made
pended
sus-

beneath

]Valenlin4 " Sons, Ltd.

TRANSPORTER

Crosses

the

River

Mersey

and

the

BRIDGE,
Manchester

Ship

RUNCORN.
Canal

and

has

span

of 1,000

feet.

SOME
The

two

structure

was

members

it would

with
bear

sides of the arch

then

chief,who

the

even

the

River
car

trains pass
that

The
breadth
over

had

weight of

Tees.
travels

CAR,

The

bridge has

at four

the

over

held

up

600 tons

with the train

TRANSPORTER
a

the

water

of 571
level.

bridge and

feet and

It will hold

carries

the parapets, was

speed of

not

on

it the structure

own

tracks

two

tested

15 miles per

at

its

buildingof

of the

the

bridge

slender to

too

was

when

height above

clear
600

people and

he

saw

that

it

was

feet.

tramcar.

fingerof

the

strength!

of rails and

hour, and
one

of 160

water

one

by sending across

onlysagged
37

any

MIDDLESBROUGH.

bridgehe reverentlysaid
the

attack

rust

structure

BRIDGE,

clear span

high

the whole

contrast.

however,
Subsequently,

man.

feet above

bridge, which
between

by

up

the

in 1905, and

should

watched

great interest,predictedthat

The

God

connected

were

paintedgrey, so
immediately show

TRAVELLING
Crosses

BRIDGES

that

old native

An

FAMOUS

inch

it
"

was
a

is 30

feet in

it

train of

found

that

trulyremark-

SOME
able result when

we

FAMOUS

We
when

local conditions

make

them

Built

that of the

trolleyfrom

runs

level

it

on

bridge(420feet)

St. Paul's Cathedral.

transporter bridges are

BRIDGE,

SUSPENSION

the

hangs

"

used

These bridges consist

necessary.
the river fixed at such a heightthat

Rails
shippingbeneath.
which
f
rom
a trolley
a car
of the platform of the car

in 1903.

approachesto
which

cross

the

of the

WILLIAMSBURG

as

that

carryinggirdersacross

they clear the tallest masts

these girdersand on them
by vertical cables. The

heightof

top of the

the

already mentioned

have

of towers

that the

remember

is considerably
greater than

BRIDGES

Has

span

fixed to

is suspended
is the

same

YORK.

of 1,600 feet.

bridge.

is moved

NEW

are

The

across

car

"

the

and, of
river

course,

by

steam

the
or

electric power.

designedto cross
long ago as 1872 a transporter bridge was
not
built. The first
the Tees at Middlesbrough,but the bridge was
built in 1893 at Portugaleti,
near
Bilbao, and
transporter bridge was
the Seine at Rouen.
erected across
four years later a similar bridgewas
The former has a span of 528 feet and is 148 feet above the water, the
As

latter has

span

of 472

is 280

feet and
38

feet above

the water.

JV. A.
.

TRANSPORTER

BRIDGE

ACROSS

THE

HARBOUR

AT

MARSEILLES.

[E. N. A.
TRANSPORTER

BRIDGE

89

AT

ROUEN.

FAMOUS

SOME
In

and

England there
the

crosses

BRIDGES

three transporter bridges. One

are

Mersey and

is at Runcorn

the Manchester

Ship Canal, having a span

feet and
a
height of 82
feet. Another, at Newport (Monthe
Usk, and
mouth), crosses

of 1,000

built in 1903, with a span of

592 feet and a height of 182 feet ;
the
third is at Middlesbrough,
was

across

the

1911,

with

and

height of

transporter bridge is of

use

for

In

these

Tees, and
a

built in

of

feet

571
feet.

span

160

railway or

tunnel

no

traffic.

heavy

if

cases,

was

or

high-level
bridge is not possible,
is
it
usual to employ a bridgeof
a

movable

type, such
This

bridge.
the

weight

of which
the

at

bearings

in

it

the

arise

of

Each

cable

196 strands.

BRIDGE

ACROSS

HUDSON

olden

certain

river

the

struction
ob-

an

navigation,and

also

type of bridge,
is
bascule," which

another
"

the

where

river

is

be

to

row
nar-

bridged.

is

composed of thirty-sevenlayers of
The total length of wire used is 7,500

-,-,

"

days
drawbridge. To-day
no

castle
the

was

busy

-BndgeS
modern

In

of

centre

generallyselected

PEEKS-

THE

in

called

[Topical.

occupies

requires a
large
when
opened.
space
disadvantagesdo not

These

THE

of small

wheels

bridge

amount

OF

roller

on

consequently forms

the

CABLES

span,

"

to

THE

is either supported

centre

on

or

carries

and

ASSEMBLING
KILL
VEHICULAR
RIVER.

swing

swing bridge has

disadvantages the pier

several

space

of

diameter.

that

as

consists

OI

4(J

has

"

thlS

revival of

complete
world

,-,

without
no

time

type
an

are

old

its
for

DUt

principle.

moat

and

castles

or

SOME

BASCULE

LARGEST

THE

Carries the

Canadian

FAMOUS

Pacific

Railway

leaf weighs 400 tons

Each
apart from
electrical power
in seventy-fiveseconds.

the

OR
across

concrete

BRIDGES

LIFTING
the

BRIDGE

Sault

Ste

Marie

counterbalances.

IN

THE

WORLD.

Canal, Ontario, into the United States.

The bridge is fullyopened or closed by

moats, except, perhaps,as objectsof historic interest.

of mediaeval

times

The

drawbridge

although in its modern

remains, however,

form

it

and appearAlthough changed both in name

ance,
of the bascule
the principle
and improved beyond imagination,
that of its forerunner, the drawbridge.
as
bridge is the same
two
The modern
bascule bridgeconsists of either one
or
spans, or
leaves
as
they are called,each hinged at one end and capableof
being drawn up into an almost vertical positionto allow shippingto
for the
the river. Although there is no war-like use
pass up or down
modern
drawbridge,it forms an important link in everyday life.
raised by men
In the old days the drawbridgewas
haulingon rusty
has

"

re-christened.

been

"

DOUBLE-LEAF
In the

BRIDGE

BASCULE

background
41

is

AT

TOLEDO,

girderbridge.

OHIO.

FAMOUS

SOME
modern

bascule

consistingof

electric

The

chains.

is

mechanism

kept

allowed

never

clean and

BRIDGES

ism,
bridgehas a powerfulelevatingmechanmotors
driving through gearing. This
to go

it is well cared

rusty
"

for, and

is

well oiled.

bridgesare of two types, singleand double. The former

to the other, and
bank
consists of a singleleaf extending from one
the elevatingmechanism
is placed. A
end, where
hinged at one
double bascule consists of two leaves, each of which extends half-way
in the centre.
Each leaf is pivotedhorizontally
the river,to meet
across
at the river bank
are
and, as separate elevatingmechanisms
Bascule

[Sport " General.

A
Concrete
The

is

more

CONCRETE
and

more

photograph shows

lorries,weighing 300

tons.

ACROSS

BRIDGE

the
The

THE

THAMES

AT

CAVERSHAM.

widely used nowadays in all sorts of constructive work, includingbridge-building.

bridgebeing tested with the weight of twenty-eighttraction engines and motor
bridge gave
only a quarter of an inch.
"

"

both may
be raised
or
employed, each leaf may be raised individually,
together. A notable example of the double bascule type is the Tower
at London, which
has two great leaves,each
the Thames
Bridge across
60 feet in length and weighing (with their counterpoises)
tons.
1,200
This great weight is carried by a bar of solid steel 21 inches in diameter
and
48 feet in length. The Tower
Bridge is operatedby hydraulic
of 850 Ib. to the square inch.
a pressure
power, the machinery exercising
The largestbascule bridge in the world is that which
carries the
Canadian

Canadian
and

has

Pacific
to
two

trains

United

across

States

foldingleaves

the

Sault

territory.The
which

open
42

to

Ste

Marie

Canal, from

bridge is 356 feet long

permit of vessels passing

[Sport ""
AN

ELECTRICALLY

OPERATED

SWING
NORTH

AT

BRIDGE,
EASTERN

BECCLES,
RAILWAY).

NEAR

YARMOUTH

[Sport ""
A

TRAIN

PASSING

OVER
43

THE

BRIDGE.

General.

(LONDON

AND

General.

through the Canal, and

span

by

from

pierto

close in such

pierfor

and
electricity

BRIDGES

FAMOUS

SOME

can

use

be

manner

of the trains.

opened

and

to form

as

The

bridge

closed

in

less

rigid

one

is

operated

than

two

minutes.
"

lift
rolling
bridgebelongingto this type is the
In this
Scherzer.
engineernamed
bridge,"designedby an American
bridgethe placeof the fixed trunnions at the land end of the girderis
taken by segments of steel. Thus the bridgeto a certain extent resembles
flat
the segments moving over
the rockers of a rocking-chair,
a
Another

form

of

[E. N. A.
HAWKESBURY
The

RIVER

largestbridgeof its kind

surface
land end

justas

the

RAILWAY

in Australia.

rockers

Has

NEW

BRIDGE,
seven

spans

of the chair

of the

and

move

SOUTH

is 2,900

over

feet

WALES.

long between

abutments.

the floor.

At

the

girdera counterweightis so poisedas exactlyto balance

the bridge,and this considerably
lightensthe task of opening.
A rolling
lift bridge may
carry a singleor a double track, and if
several
these
of
bridgesmay be placed side by side and
necessary
operated togetheror independently. A double Scherzer bridgeacross
the Chicago River spans 275 feet and when
fullyraised the span is
feet higherthan the Nelson Column
in TrafalgarSquare.
many
There is a rolling
lift bridgeover
the River Towy at Carmarthen.
Built in 1908,it has a total lengthof 385 feet,although the rolling
lift
44

[Fleet.

[E.
LOWER

AND

UPPER
The

Falls

STEEL
are

also

ARCH

crossed

BRIDGES

by

cantilever

OVER

THE

NIAGARA

railway bridge.

FALLS.

N.

A.

[".
THE

Opened

in

SUSPENSION

RIVER

DELAWARE

illustrations

Other

1927.

given

are

on

pages

19

and

49.

[".
LOWER

VIEWED

MANHATTAN,

THROUGH

THE

SUSPENSION
The

bridge

was

built

in

1883

NETWORK

OF

CABLES

ON

OF

MANHATTAN

N.

A.

BROOKLYN

BRIDGE.
and

has

span

of

1,595

feet.

[Special
CONSTRUCTION

fr. A.

U.S.A.

BRIDGE,

SUSPENSION
M

BRIDGE,

NEW

YORK.

Press.

SOME
itself is

only 50

FAMOUS

feet in

BRIDGES

length.

The

moving span is operated by

oppositesides of the
bridge. On the outer side of each main girderthere is a curved rack,
driven by pinions,
which, in turn, are driven by a train of gear-wheels
The leaves are balanced by counterpoise
coupledto an electric motor.
weights,and as the bridgeopens these weightsdescend into pitsat the
side of the bridge.
The
longestsuspensionbridge in the world, completed in 1927,
the Delaware
River at Philadelphia,
crosses
U.S.A., connectingthat
city with Camden, New Jersey. Although five years were
required,
span

two

sets

of

gear-wheels,mounted

AN

Showing the bridges over

the

Hudson

AERIAL

VIEW

OF

and

River.

Three

are

the

bridge was

It is 3,450
span

feet

trestles at

on

East

within

completed in
in lengthover

mile

record
the

NEW

of each

YORK.

other.

time

cable

largest suspensionbridgesof the world

of the

for

such

an

anchorages, and

undertaking.
has

centre

of 1,750 feet.

When

the erection of the

bridgewas
has

being considered, the United

all navigablerivers,
over
way.
to be placedin the fairwere

control

Department, which
that no piersor obstructions
stipulated
River
the Delaware
is
the bridge crosses
At the point where
rendered necessary
nearly 1,800 feet in width, so that this stipulation
a
bridge with a centre span of record length.
The
roadway is held by suspensionrods that hang from two
ton
cables, which are 30 inches in diameter and weigh one
per foot
States War

47

very
are

cable

Each

run.

is

BRIDGES

FAMOUS

SOME

composed

of 18,666 separate wires,

a
tightlyand enclosed
89 feet apart, are supported at

the top of these towers

pass over
rise from
The
towers
land behind.

and

steel tower

river

side of the

each

compressed

cables, which

The

protectingsheath.

in

by

tall

ages
anchor-

massive

to

granitepiers to a
in width
at the base.
They
height of over
347 feet and are 40 feet
so
are
designed that they will bend as required to compensate for
perature.
of the cables, due to changes in temthe expansion and contraction
the

on

deck

The

of the

bridge is

135

above

feet

the

is thus

river and

,;;

WHAT

THE

according to

allow

sufficiently
high to
It carries

vessels.

for

laid
side
are

on

ample
of

concrete

HUDSON

WILL

the A rchitect's

Journal.

ACROSS

THE

drawing publishedin

centre

lines

reinforced

Above

these

LIKE,

roadway

for the passage

of the
57 feet in width, with

traffic,and
base.

are

LOOK

clearance

This

paved with wood

roadway is flanked

elevated

largest
modation
accom-

is

by an electric tramway track, whilst

rapid transit tracks used by the electric

Underground.
for

six

BRIDGE

NEW

PROPOSED

outside

the

trains of the

foot walks

10

blocks
on

each

line of cables

Philadelphia
feet in width

pedestrians.
Before closingthis article we
two
must
brieflymention
great
in
of
is
construction.
The
course
one
a monster
bridgesnow
suspension
which
will
when
two
bridge,
completed
tramways, two railways,
carry

CROSSING

THE

NIAGARA

FALLS

BY

CABLE

CAR.

THE

VICTORIA

Crosses the St. Lawrence

[E. N. A.

JUBILEE

River

BRIDGE.

justabove Montreal.

Rebuilt in 1898.

[E.N.A.
THE

SIX-TRACK

WAY

OF

THE

DELAWARE

RIVER

and
the bridge carries
In addition to vehicular
pedestriantraffic,
trains of the Philadelphia
Underground Railway. A million people can
capacityin the least. Other views on pages 19 and 46.

SUSPENSION
an
cross

BRIDGE.

and
electric tramway
it per day without

the electric
its
straining

[E.N.A.
A
A

BRIDGE

SEVEN

MILES

LONG

THAT

"GOES

TO

SEA."

section of the Florida East Coast Railway connectingthe mainland

and the long stringof islands
to Key West.
The line is sometimes referred to as
the eighth wonder
of the world."

extending

"

B.K.

49

BRIDGES

FAMOUS

SOME

and

road

Kingsway

This

at

great

is to

structure

be

thrown

Hudson

the

across

than

wider

River
and

York,

New

althoughit will not be the

longestit will certainlybe
the largestbridge in the
It may
world.
possiblybe
last

the

bridge to

be built, for the

of such

cost

structures

heavy

ONE

OF

to

present

MASONRY
PIERS

CONCRETE

NEW

THE

GREAT

THE

AND

metal

is becoming prohibitive.

According

PORTALS

iron

massive

OF

HARBOUR

SYDNEY

BRIDGE.

the
bridge
arrangements
in
will be
feet
6,600

length. It
into two

will be

divided

shore spans,

each

1,710 feet in length,and

of 3,240
central
a
span
The

feet.

distance

the

anchorage
Island

Manhattan

anchorage

tween
be-

on

and

on

the

the mainland

7,460 feet.
The
new
bridge will
not
only accommodate
vehicles
and
pedestrians,

will be

[CentralPress.
TWO

PHOTOGRAPHS
IN

CONNECTION

SHOWING
WITH

BRIDGE

CABLES

BEING

TESTED

but

CONSTRUCTION.
50

will also carry

trams

SOME
trains.

and

It

FAMOUS

will have

deck will be

decks, each

two

divided

BRIDGES

220

feet in width.

The

into two

roadways, one for motors, the

roadway will be a tramway
track, beyond which will be two footpaths17 feet in breadth.
Access
to the upper
deck of the bridge will be gained by a central lofty
arch, with two smaller side arches to admit the traffic to the bridge
approach. The lower deck of the bridgewill be used only by trains,
and it will carry ten lines of railwaytrack.
The bridge will be of the suspensiontype, the two decks being
upper
other

for vehicles.

On

each

side of this

wj^f^t^1

BIRD'S-EYE

VIEW

OF

HARBOUR

SYDNEY

BEING

The

design of

the

suspended from

bridgeitselfhas been

four

steel

SHOWING

POSITION

OF

THE

GREAT

"

BRIDGE

NOW

CONSTRUCTED.
It will be

altered.

cables, two

on

an

arch

bridgeas

shown

either side.

on

page

These

17.

cables

will consist of 80 lines of

in

arranged in three banks and enclosed

eye-bars,
tubular
bronze
casings15 feet in diameter.
the tremendous
Giganticanchorages will be requiredto counteract

pull of
and

the

cables, which

in order

to

obtain

it is calculated
sufficient

will amount

to

25,000

tons,

heightto give the suspensioncables

for the suspendingtowers
necessary

curvature, it will be
requisite
will measure
tower
to be 840 feet in height. Each
400 feet in breadth
at the ground-level,
taperingto 200 feet at the top, and will contain
will be constructed of steel,
35,000 tons of steel. Although the towers
the

51

FAMOUS

BRIDGES

granite,and

will thus

SOME

they

will be

faced with

appear

to

be columns

of solid masonry.
each
On
anchorage it is

proposed to erect large rectangular

provided by which will help to replace
buildingsthe accommodation
for the approaches.
to make
the property demolished
room
is that now
The second bridgeto be mentioned
beingerected across
Sydney Harbour, the arch of which at its highestpoint will be 450
arch
feet above high-waterlevel. The bridgewill be by far the largest
bridge in the world, its nearest rival (HellGate Bridge,New York)
having a span of about 1,000 feet. The Sydney Harbour bridge will
total width of 150 feet and will carry four lines of railway,
have
a
a road
57 feet in width, and two footpaths,each 10 feet in width.
The total lengthof the arch and bridgespans is to be 3,770 feet,
and

the central i,6oo-footspan

of 170 feet above

all largeshipswill be
practically

will have

clearance

high tides,so that

able to pass beneath
the bridge on their way
to the docks.
The masonry
pylons are to be 83 feet by 50 feet at deck-level,
taperingto 75 feet at their summit, which will reach 285 feet above
high-waterlevel. In all there will be over
50,000 tons of steel work,
and
the bridge will not be completed until about
1931.
the water

at

mean

close this article it may

To

be convenient

to set

out

list of the

The

longestbridgespans and their types and dates.

and
River
Sydney Harbour
bridges are included, though
last
The
four
the East River
cross
complete.
bridgesnamed
York
and are
other.
to each
comparativelynear

world's

LONG-SPAN

River

Quebec Bridge, Canada

River Bridge,U.S.A.
Delaware
Forth
Bridge, Scotland
Bear Mountain
Bridge,U.S.A.
Sydney Harbour, Australia
Williamsburg Bridge, U.S.A.
Brooklyn Bridge, U.S.A.
Manhattan
Bridge, U.S.A.
Queensboro Bridge, U.S.A.
.

The

is

over

feet in

Cantilever
.

Suspension
Cantilever

New

Length of
Span.

at

from

Date.

Main

Suspension

....

far

BRIDGES.

Type.
Hudson

Hudson

Arch

Suspension

1632

1926
.

Under

1600

Suspension
1595s
Suspension
1470
Cantilever (two) 1280 and 984
..

1917

..

1710
1600

..

construction
.

1750

(two)
.

Under

..

Suspension

3240
1800

construct
.

famous

1924
ion
1903

1883

""

1890

1909
1909

to note,
Tay Bridge,rebuilt in 1887, it is interesting
miles long,but of its eighty-seven
two
over
245
spans few are
ELLISON
HAWKS.
length.
62

MONSTER

LOCOMOTIVE

4-10-2

THE

ON

THE

SOUTHERN

WORLD'S

RAILWAY.

PACIFIC

BIGGEST

LOCOMOTIVES

ENGINES

of many

affections for the

railwaylocomotive, and

are

But

minded.

Certainlyno
those

other

branches

with

concerned

types, and all are

articles to the

book

with

reference

some

world's
A

to

of

us

the
especially

of

this volume
Book

because

most

so

placein

our

big locomotive.

wide

able

it is

of Railways,which

the title of this could

the

leave the warmest

engineeringmake
railways,but we are not

subjectin
in the companion Wonder
already possess.
No

most

of interest to the mechanically

to

an

appeal as

devote

many

alreadyfullytreated
many

boys

and

girls

be

complete,however, without
the
fascinatingof all engineeringwonders
"

biggest locomotives.
locomotive

It may
be that it
big for several reasons.
lines which are
very heavy loads at high speed over
far
adverse
as
only moderately hard, so
gradientsare concerned, or
to deal with
loads
where
inclines and other
routes
more
over
ordinary
hindrances
render
the ground at the requiredspeed
it difficult to cover
by a smaller engine. More usually,the need is to pull heavy loads
which
routes
over
are
severelygraded, and for which, otherwise, it
would
four engines.
three
be necessary
two
to use
or
even
or
may

be

is requiredto haul

53

BIG
In many

LOCOMOTIVES

parts of the world

there is no

need,

nor

is it

desirable,to

largenumber of trains,so that if a big load can be taken by a

singleengine it is better that it should be so than that several trains
in the United States
should
be operated. In other cases, particularly
and Canada, there are mountain
lines where, until very bigengineswere
introduced, it was necessary to divide trains into two or three, working
each separately
the hard stages,and combining them
when
the
over

run

[Topical.
A

GREAT

WESTERN

"

KNIGHT

MOUNTED
VISITING

became

route

easy

once

big engine,a great

very

only one

THE

FOR

can

or

PUBLIC

be avoided

deal of time is saved, and

train instead of two

OF

thus

BOYS

three.

There

are

very

by using one

the line has to carry

also many
instances

big engineis providedto act as "pusher"

enablinga big train to be got over the troublesome

where

SCHOOL

SWINDON.

If this

more.

INSPECTION

or

"banker,"
section

"

in

once."
All
now

or

any

of these

in service in many

explainwhy very big enginesare

may
of
the
world, but it does not follow that
parts

reasons

54

BIG

LOCOMOTIVES

they can be used with equal advantage in other places. A big engine
the lengthand distria
buting
heavy one, but by increasing
is,of necessity,
of axles, the amount
the weight over
a number
each pair
upon
of wheels
no

6 inches
The

not

exceed

allow the width

or

13

last

But
17 to 23 tons per axle.
the difficulty
that, if bridgesand tunnels

over

to exceed

about

feet,the enginemust

9 feet and the height12

exceed those limits.

not

is of special
difficulty
importancein

of the lines

many

limit of from

of skillwill get

amount

will not

so

need

THE

built with

were

"LORD
Total

weight,engine and

Britain because

tunnels

narrow

SOUTHERN

NELSON,"

Great

feet

and

low

over-

RAILWAY.

tender, 140 tons.

bridgesin days when these limits were

thought to be ample. As a
have
result,although we may
largeengines,we could not run
many
enginesas big as those found in other parts of the world, even if there
need to do so.
of engineshave been built
were
Indeed, largenumbers
in Great
even

for

built to

Britain for
a
a

trial

use

abroad

trip,apart

from

which

could not

run

on

our

own

lines,

the fact that, frequently,

the lines

are

different gauge.

therefore,British
Speaking generally,
obligedto be the smallest of the world's
55

"

"

"

biggest
biggest
"

locomotives
locomotives

are

in

BIG

THE

"

KING

GEORGE

LOCOMOTIVES

"

(4-6-0), GREAT

France, Germany, Australia, South

WESTERN

America

and

RAILWAY.

India

they can be
bigger,but not to a very great extent ; in South Africa they can be
but by no
means
so
big as the
very big for the 3 ft. 6-in. gauge,
in
and
it is only
the United States and
enginesin use in other parts ;
that
be
made
twice or
Canada
they can
very big indeed, sometimes
locomotives.
three times as big as our
own
largest
Another
for
the
reason
largedimensions of American locomotives
is that,on many
of the longjourneysof 2,000 miles or so, it is practicable
in
trains
mile
and
if one
to run
a
or
even
more
freight
length;
with banking assistance over
the mountain
or
enginewill suffice,
steepworth
it
is
well
motive.
a
building sufficiently
gradientsections,
powerfullocoIn Great Britain journeys are
short, and signals
relatively

BIG

FOUR-CYLINDER

4-6-4

TANK

ON

ENGINE
RAILWAY.
66

THE

LONDON

MIDLAND

AND

SCOTTISH

BIG

"

PACIFIC

"

TYPE

LOCOMOTIVES

(4-6-2), LONDON

LOCOMOTIVE

AND

NORTH

RAILWAY.

EASTERN

frequentlythat it would be impossibleto run one of those

if there were
for
a demand
tremendouslyheavy and long trains,even
other reasons.
But in parts of Europe, in India and South Africa, in
occur

so

South

America, and

few

very

long trains

Hence, while
the
than

to

worked

have

we

biggestexpress

in

extent

some

efficientlocomotives, even

of the most
locomotives

in Great

parts of the world, while

those in many

exceptional
engineswhich we
a
long way down the list of

idea of

by largeenginesis adopted.

some

passenger

Australia,the American

can

the

Britain

smaller

are

if the three

even

or

four

produce are included, they stillcome

world's biggestlocomotives.

Press.
[Special

"GARRATT"
Some

rather

smaller

LOCOMOTIVE,
"

Garratts

"

are

AND

LONDON

NORTH

now
employed on the London
hauling heavy freight trains.

also

67

EASTERN
Midland

RAILWAY.
and

Scottish

Railway

for

BIG

CLASS

"CASTLE"

LOCOMOTIVE

LOCOMOTIVES

WESTERN

(4-6-0), GREAT

RAILWAY,

WITH

LARGE

TENDER.

So far

present in

train locomotives
are
express
British railwayare the
a
on

as
use

used

by

the London

two

classes of these.

but

there

also take

enginesare

North

standard

are

Eastern
"

the

also five built for the late North

are
a

The

and

concerned, the largestat

motives
"Pacific," or 4-6-2, loco-

share
the

There

Railway.

Great
Eastern

Northern

banking

class,

Railway,which

working East Coast Express trains. The former

lighter,
92^ tons against97 tons, but as they have larger

[W.
for

are

in

TEN-COUPLED
used

"

purposes

on

the

FOUR-CYLINDER

steep Lickey Incline

58

Leslie Good.

LOCOMOTIVE
on

the

L.M.

" S. line from

Bristol to

Birmingham.

BIG
tenders the combined
classes

have

These

three

have

to

LOCOMOTIVES

weightsbecome
cylinders.
compare
WHEEL

with

148 tons against143

the famous

DIAGRAM.

"

Castles

NUMERAL

"

on

Both

the Great

TYPE.

0-4-0

..

2-2-2

2-4-0
0-4-2

..

06-0
4.-2-2

..

440

..

0-4-4
2-4-2

2-6-0

..

tons.

(Mogul)

0-6-2
0-8-0

..

4-4-2

..

(Atlantic)

4-60
.

4-6-4
0-6-4

2-8-0
SYSTEM

OF

LOCOMOTIVE

DESCRIBING
(Continued on

next

(Consolidation)

TYPES.

page.)

from the front,or chimney, end.

It is considered that every engine has wheels of three kinds,starting
these the carrying or
behind
next the drivingor coupled wheels, and
there are the carrying-wheels,
For wheels
wheels.
that are not used a nought is put.

First,
trailing

been put in the shade by

Railway, which again,have now
the
known
as
a
King George V." This enginehas
Super-Castle,"
less than 67^ tons on the coupled wheels, and as it has the very
no
high steam pressure of 250 Ib. per square inch it is now the most powerful
Western
"

"

69

LOCOMOTIVES

BIG

in the British Isles.

locomotive

express

biggest,though it weighs 89 tons

with it in working order.
On the Southern
Railway the
WHEEL

It is not,

without

"

Lord

the

Nelson

however, quitethe

tender,
"

18

135!

also has four

NUMERAL

DIAGRAM.

or

tons

cylin-

TYPE.

0-8-2

19

"

20
21

2-6-2

Q CO CO

4-6-2

"COCO

2-6-4

22

2-8-2

23

QCO""

0-10-0

a"""""

25

(Mikado]

4-8-0

""""Q

24

(Pacific)

2-10-0

26

2-10-2

27

0-8-4

28

"-"")

29

0-6-6-0

30

24-6-0

31

2-6-6-0

32

2-6-6-2

QG)QG)

33

35

QQQ"

0-8-8-0

QCDQQft

2-8-8-2

Articulated

Types

0
SYSTEM

OF

DESCRIBING

LOCOMOTIVE

TYPES.

(Continuedfrom previouspage.)

another 56! tons.

ders,but weighs 83! tons, with a tender representing
It has a number
of specialfeatures,and
has been
doing marvellous
work

with

showing
The

steep main-line
very heavy trains over
very fine speed capabilities.

biggestexpress

enginesof
CO

the London

gradients,besides

Midland

and

Scottish

BIG

Railway are the

4-6-0 's. These
be

to

"

lines of Great
The

concerned.
North

Eastern

trains

over

design,in

there

frame, the boiler and

the

two.

By

are

two

frame

the

length, while

working

this

can

be

made

the

two

being

very

sets

much

"

FRENCH
expresses

there

the

articulated

an

each
and

in its

own

connecting

4-6-2
between

Calais,Boulogne

weight is distributed
coupled wheels can
are

is

"

boat

of

This

coupled wheels,
bridged between

BIG

the

as

on

traffic is
passenger
is the London
and

of

sets

heavy

means

Further,
it

of all,however,

power.

powerful

most

express

and

locomotive, used for assisting

heavy mineral

A
of the type

as

steep line in Yorkshire.

very

that

dimensions

largestand
far

Britain, so
"

Garratt

of notable

the

are

biggestengine

"

"

classes of four-cylinder
Hughes
big as the enginesmentioned, but are

design
to

"

and

quiteso

not

are

by a new
enginesreferred

four main

"

Claughton

followed

The

LOCOMOTIVES

no

wheels

and

considerable

over

follow

under

the

if appliedin the

largerthan
eight-coupledwheels,

Paris.

curve

pendently.
inde-

boiler itself,

ordinaryway.

each
by three
enginehas two sets of
cylinders. It has no separate tender, so that the whole of the 178 tons
ranks
as
engine.
in service
smaller engine is now
similar but slightly
A somewhat
Scottish Railway, for heavy coal traffic.
and
the London
Midland
on
It has two sets of six-coupled
wheels, but with two cylindersonly to

The

driven

BIG

LOCOMOTIVES

total

weight is about
tons.

142

kado
"Mi-

2-8-2

The
"

of

locomotives

the

and

London

way
Rail-

Eastern

North

also

must

have

a
"

EXPRESS

LOCOMOTIVE

SMOKE-DEFLECTING

WINGS.

2-8-2

GERMAN

FITTED

on

under

the

WITH

firebox,

steep gradients. They

ter
boos-

enginedriving
to

additional

startingand

"

small

the wheels
BIG

be

These

mentioned.

the

set, while

each

weigh

power

tons

100

provide
at

without

tender.

powerfullocomotive
for assisting
trains up

is the

ten-coupledenginebuilt a few
the terrific Lickey incline,on
the
years
ago
Scottish
line from
Bristol to Birmingham.
London
and
Midland
This has a gradientof I in 37 for 2 miles, and most
ordinarytrains of
weight had to be assisted by two six-coupledtank enginespushing
any
The enginedescribed does the work of such a pairby itself.
behind.
It is of further interest as being the only engine in Great Britain with
and weighs without
It has four cylinders
its tender
ten-coupledwheels.
(an ordinary and comparatively small one) 73 J tons.
The
largestexample of a big tank engine for heavy passenger
Another

SPANISH

4-8-2

MOUNTAIN

LOCOMOTIVE,

WEIGHING

156$ TONS

WITH

TENDER.

BIG

train

is the

the

London

on

use

in

duty

4-6-4
four-cylinder
Midland

Crossingthe
Railway of France

Channel

to

enginedesignin
Railway. It weighs 100 tons

Scottish

tank

the Continent,

64

tons

be

must

heavy boat-train expresses

Paris Lyons and Mediterranean
the

locomotives

of the

we

find

big 4-6-2 locomotives, the

many

95 tons, to which
The

and

main-line

order.

working

work

LOCOMOTIVES

between

on

ing
weighThese

tender.

Calais,Boulogne and Paris.

Railway

class,while

same

latest class

for the

added

the Northern

on

also has

that line,and

some

also

very

big

the

Est,

on

bigger4-8-2 express locomotives in service.

In Germany the most
up-to-dateexpress enginesare 4-6-2 and
notable for the peculiarscreens
2-8-2 designsof the class illustrated,

there

even

are

ARTICULATED

LOCOMOTIVE
OF

in

CHILI

(2-8-2-2-8-2) USED
i87i TONS).
(WEIGHT

front,designedto direct the air currents

down

over

the

Quite a

enginecab

and

of other

number

obstruct

so

ON

"

Beyer, Peacock

[By courtesy of Messrs.

"GARRATT"

that steam

Co., Ltd.

RAILWAYS

NITRATE

THE

does

not

blow

the driver's view.

European locomotives

could

be

classed

ten-coupledengines
biggest,"includingmany
in Switzerland, Germany,
Sweden, besides
France, Belgium and
It will be
classes.
some
big tank engines of the 0-8-8-0 and other
some
large 4-8-2 engines in use in
sufficient,
however, to mention
Spain,weighingioij tons (engine)or 1564 tons with tender, besides
country.
some
large4-8-4 tank engines in use in the same
with regardto
be
estimated
to
have
In Africa the biggestengines
is only 3 feet 6 inches, as compared with the
the fact that the gauge
the South
on
Yet there are enginesin use
British 4 feet 8J inches.

among

the

world's

"

"

83

BIG
African
with

LOCOMOTIVES

Railways,of

Government

of the

tender, 151^ tons, and

tender

i66f

States, but
various

built in the United

particularengineswere
in England.
constructed
In
nearly as large were
These

tons.

others

Africa

parts of South

articulated locomotives

4-8-2-2-8-4

"

Africa.

two

of

sets

there

These

also

on

wheels
eight-coupled

and

be

must

number

the

England

weigh

too, of

made,
in

enginesrecentlybuilt

"

big
the

2-8-2 's
tenders

weigh

used

"

MOUNTAIN

built for the South

The

"

"

Garratt

ft. 6-in. gauge, but have

less than 158 tons.
no

for the South

100

; while

Australian

CLASS
Government

tons, to which
the

LOCOMOTIVE

Australian

Sir

Railways.

G. Armstrong Whitworth, Ltd.

W.

(4-8-2)

lines,with

must

2-8-2

4-6-2, 4-8-2 and

some

[By courtesyof
A

of

largesize. The largestare, however, some

enginessuppliedto the Benguella Railway,
run

Mention

also

are

of
"

Garratt

in West

4-6-2 type, weighing 86 tons, or,

4-8-2 type weighing loij tons, with

the

5 feet 3 inches gauge.

be

added

tons

with

84

72

4-8-2*3weigh 134! tons,

for the
tons

for

tenders.
In South

America

the

biggestenginesare

"

some

Garratts

"

used

wheel
Railways of Chili. These have the 2-8-2-2-8-2
weigh 187^ tons.
They are the largest Garratt
arrangement,
built
for
ft.
the 4
engines yet
8|-in.gauge.
In Canada
the biggestenginesof all are
some
4-8-4 locomotives
the
National
in
service
Canadian
recentlyplaced
by
Railways. These
weigh no less than 173 tons without tender, and nearly300 tons with
their tenders.
steam
They are further notable because
they use
at the high pressure
of 250 Ib. per square inch.
On the Canadian

by

the Nitrate

and

"

"

KING

STEAM.

BIG

4-8-2

EXPRESS

LOCOMOTIVES

LOCOMOTIVE,

CANADIAN

NATIONAL

RAILWAYS.

Pacific

Railway the biggest4-6-2 express passenger locomotives weigh

That line also uses
some
2-10-2
137 tons and the tenders 85 J tons.
the
mountain
for
trains
pushing
gradients.
engines
up
When
to the United
States we find much
sions
we
come
largerdimenthan

any

locomotives

hitherto mentioned.

which

from

There

are

4-6-2

many

and

4-8-2

upwards,
weigh
150
includingthe
tenders, but the biggest have ten- or even
twelve-coupledwheels.
2-io-o's weighing
Thus, on the PennsylvaniaRailroad, there are some
the Southern
Pacific.
on
172^ tons, with 87^ tons tender, also some
The
biggest of all is a three-cylinder
recentlybuilt for the
4-12-2
Pacific Railway,this weighing no
Union
less than
22 if tons, or 349
This engine,
added.
tons with the huge tender
by the way, challenges
honours
in the world
for being the largestlocomotive
with other
later.
engines to be mentioned
tons

not

[C. K. LMelury.
A
W.B.E.

CANADIAN

PACIFIC

2-10-2

"PUSHER

USED

FOR

MOUNTAIN

SERVICES

BIG

SOUTHERN

PACIFIC

OIL-BURNING

LOCOMOTIVES

2-8-8-2
CAB

On

the

left is

It is,however,

an

Southern
with

the

arrangement
shows

one

The

The

be

of the

these

the

is

above.

and

attention

It is

oil is used as
as
practicable
early single-driver
engines of

WITH

provide the

behind

tender

WORK

THE

of contrast.

2-8-8-2

is

"then

TO

mentioned, but

first of

front, with

which

contrast
striking

could

Railway, illustrated

in

cab

DESIGNED

designswhich

the articulated

three.

Pacific

LOCOMOTIVE
FRONT.

early single-driver
engine of the line by way

biggestengines. Many
restricted to

IN

actual

must

be

class for the

designed to work
the chimney, an

fuel.
the

The

view

also

line,affordinga

now."

second, illustrated below, is

double

ten-coupled engine

less than

for the

VirginianRailway, weighing no
305 tons, or 401
tender.
including
of the few articulated engineswith
The third (page67) shows
one
road,
wheels.
This was
built for the Erie Railthree sets of eight-coupled
has ranked as the largestlocomotive
the Triplex,
as
and, known
tons

VIRGINIAN

RAILWAY

'MALLET"

2-10-10-2

66

LOCOMOTIVE.

BIG

"TRIPLEX"

ARTICULATED

LOCOMOTIVES

COMPOUND

LOCOMOTIVE,

EIGHT-COUPLED

Weighs 348

tons

and

ranked

as

the world's

locomotives

in the
claim

world

for

some

for distinction is

ERIE

WITH

largest locomotive,though the titleis now

illustrated or described

years

RAILWAY,

THREE

SETS

OF

WHEELS.

challengedby

other

in this article.

past, though, as mentioned

above, this

challengedby other enginesmentioned.

The Triplexweighs 348 tons, the tender being included as part of the
engine,in that one set of coupledwheels is under it,so that it is a matter
for argument which is actuallythe biggestof these engines.
This article would
be incompletewithout
reference to big
some
of these now
electric locomotives.
Some
vie with steam
enginesfor
size,and in various parts of the world many
interesting
designsare in
The biggestin Great Britain is the 4-6-4 express locomotive
use.
built some
Eastern Railway for test purposes,
years ago by the North
though as there is not yet any substantial length of electrified main
which
to try it, the engine remains
line upon
purely experimental.
now

[Fleet.
A

MOUNTAIN

TYPE

PASSENGER

(4-8-2) ON

LOCOMOTIVE
RAILWAY.
67

THE

BALTIMORE

AND

OHIO

BIG

LOCOMOTIVES

[Fleet.
A

By

reason

locomotives.
and
North

through

and

the

Simplon

actual

These
that

facts

Finally,mention
several of which

enable it to round

have

intended

three

enginesare

been

152 feet
of their

idea
be

built

to haul

notable
the

electric

Lotschberg

made

of

worked

togetheras one.
in length and weigh 570
size will be gained.

steam

duringrecent

3,ooo-ton coal trains,

turbine

years, and

[By courtesyof Messrs.

consists of

unit

many

are

some

may

11

This

Each

curves.

one.

in Switzerland.

Tunnel

three sections aggregate about

which

to

reallysix engines in

motives,
large and notable electric locolargestbeing those recentlyintroduced by the

America, too, has

VirginianRailways.
and
are
designed so
tons, from

sections
are

Italy,there are many

powerful are used on

of the most

Some

the

The

LOCOMOTIVE.

of its great length,152 feet,it is built in three

contains two motors, so that there

In Switzerland, France

route

ELECTRIC

HUGE

LJUNGSTROM

locomotives,
some

Beyer, Peacock

TURBO-LOCOMOTIVE.

"

vehicle
boiler-carrying
68

and

turbine-driven

condenser

vehicle.

of which

"" Co., Ltd.

BIG

are

in

in

use

Great

in Sweden,
Britain

Germany

have

been

engine illustrated

strom

LONDON

AND

NORTH

LOCOMOTIVES

has

EASTERN

and

South

for trial purposes

only. The Ljungbeen tested on the London
Midland
and

MIXED

TRAFFIC

Scottish

the

"

America, though those built

used

ENGINE

WITH

SMOKE-BOX

OPENED.

bined
Railway. As the tender forms part of the engine,the comthis locomotive to be included among
weightof 143! tons requires
world's biggest."
J. F. GAIRNS, M.Inst.T., M.LLoco.E.
69

THE

EIFFEL
have

always exercised

from

time

buildings
HIGH
people,
and

ever-greater heights. The

and

the
In

TOWER

to

Tower

time

great fascination for many

attempts

made

to

build

Colossus

of

Rhodes,

are

of Babel, the

to

earlyexamples.
modern
times the heights of these have
passed.
easily been surCologne Cathedral, for example, is 528 feet high, the
Washington Monument
555 feet,
Pyramids

of

Egypt

were

and

the famous
New

"

1913, been

by

but

which

tallest

is

will

be

planned

to

Tower,
1,208

to

soar

(or,if basement

feet

built

buildingin
surpassed

projected Larkin

the

The

tower

dimes," has, since

the

America,

the

as

nickels and

ing,
build-

feet.

York, 792

last, known

by

Woolworth

and

5o-feet
1,308

flagpole
and comprise no fewer than
feet),
stories.
no
(See coloured plate
facingpage 16.)
included,

are

As

the

to

regards Europe, however,

famous

Eiffel

Tower

is still

by far the tallest structure

(984
feet),and likelylong to remain
It is now
so.
tury
nearly half a censince Gustave Eiffel proposed
for the Paris Exhibition

to erect

steel tower

that would

other structure

built

dwarf
or

every

conceived.

His

ridiculed
proposal was
prominent engineers,who
that

such

tower

by
dicted
pre-

would

an
speedilycollapse. Eiffel was
of
engineer
experience,however,

and

had

He

success.

[Photopress.
THE

WOOLWORTH
The

tallest

BUILDING,
buildingin

America

NEW

two

absolute

years

confidence

persevered,and

confounded

his

in
in

critics

YORK.

and

(792 feet).
70

astonished

his

friends

by

THE

EIFFEL

THE

TOWER.

EIFFEL

Europe's tallest building(984 feet).

TOWER

The

base

covers

an

area

of

completingthe structure.
To-day, in the Champs
by the banks of the Seine, may be seen this famous
of interest to all visitors and
the pride of every
71

z\

de

acres.

Mars, and
tower,

Parisian.

an

close

object

THE
The construction
even

at

EIFFEL

by

was

foundations.

the

no

TOWER
easy, and

means

are
These, naturally,

for the

difficultiescommenced
massive

most

in character,

6,500 tons in all. The

weight of the tower is enormous
foundations of the two piersthat stand farthest from the river presented
but the foundations
of the two
no
difficulty,
pierson the river side
of
had to be taken down
to a depth of 33 feet. These foundations
are
of solid concrete, the pedestalof the tower
and rest on a mass
masonry
being fixed to them by huge anchor bolts.
The tower
itselfconsists of a series of girders,
braced togetherby
elaborate

"

Two

trellis-work.

the total cost

of the

and

structure

half million

a
was

over

rivets

"260,000.

used, and

were

There

are

three

the first 186 feet,the second 377 feet,and

platforms,reached by lifts,
the third 924 feet above
the ground. It is interesting
to know
that,
until the time

of his death

floor of the tower, where

in 1903, Eiffel maintained

he would retire to think

of

flat

on

the third

the past and

to

schemes
for the future.
plan new
During the War the tower proved to be of the greatest value as an
anti-aircraft observation-post,
enablingwarnings to be sounded on the
To
listeners-in
the Eiffel Tower
approach of Zeppelinsor Gothas.
of the most
is familiar as one
powerfulradio stations in the world, and
its call-sign F L
is always a welcome
sound.
"

"

"

"

E. H.

[E. N. A.
PARIS
This view

was

taken from

an

aeroplane.

THE

FROM
The

views
72

from

AIR.
the

Eiffel Tower

are

of

equal interest.

DEVELOPMENT

giganticfloatingcrane

OF

THE

the
lifting

THE

old

PRINCIPLE

landing stage

OF
at

New

THE

LEVER.

Brighton,weighing 150

ELEMENTS

tons.

OF

ENGINEERING
SOME

invented

who

know

WE

MECHANICAL

SIMPLE

locomotive, but who

Perhaps
them

wheel.

day,

every

They
regard them
from

as

that

are

so

who

the first machine

familiar

with

so

simple and
but

of

invented

they

see

course

complicated and

so

had

obvious, too, that

machine

what

and

wheels,

it is difficult to realize that

machines,"

lever

telephoneand

invented

We

seem
"

the

DEVICES

to

the

first

was

it ?
of

many
be

"

it is hard

vented."
into

be

anything
powerful engine.
may

a
simple
of the Stone
some
Age noticed
primitiveman
day, possibly,
that a log,or even
a whole
tree-trunk,could be rolled along the ground,
downhill, with very little effort. Perhaps he had some
spoil
especially
a

to

One

to his prelarge deer, to take proudly home

historic
It was
wife
to a hungry tribe.
or
heavy, too heavy to be
tired.
So he tried the expedient of placingthe
lifted,and he was
trophy on a tree-trunk and rollingit along. Gradually, stage by stage,

of the

he

chase,

brought

the

bear

or

preciousburden

to

his

cave.

He

had

deserved, and

SIMPLE

MECHANICAL

DEVICES

excellent dinner, but

won,

an

very

much

principleof

had

he

more

he

had

done

discovered

the

the wheel.

On

these pages
are
few elementarymachines

of

simple sketches
of which

we

all ought

to know

something,for they may be said to

be the very
keystones of engineering
science,all our
present-day machinery so
wonderful, so powerful,so apparently complicated
and Axle.
The Wheel
Fig.
a
being but
development, or
extension, of these essentially
simple contrivances.
"

"

"

i.

"

"

Fig.

"

Lever

of the

first

"

Lever

of the second

order.

Lever

"

of the third order.

order.

Figure I
allows

the

is the

wheel

to

wheel

and

revolve

axle.

the

axle bears

freely. In Fig. 2a,

downward
the

The

the

on

object,and
long arm
"

the other

end

"

the

the

weight and
force is applied

of the lever farthest from

end

rapid movement
is changed into
the short

arm.

at that

end"

slow motion

Fig. zb

at

works

is
but the movement
principle,
upward. Fig. 2c is an ordinarypair of tongs
such as sugar-tongs
the gripbeing obtained
The
levers.
by pressing together the two
and
in Figs. 2a
2b
show
where
arrows
on

the

same

"

Fig. 3.

"

The

Rope Twist

"

Lever.

Fig. 4.
"

74

The

Inclined Plane.

how

and

SIMPLE

MECHANICAL

is

applied

in

(Fig.3)

shows

force

DEVICES

these

two

cases.

The

rope

twisting the
becomes

twist
rope

with

shortened

and

which

it is attached

nearer

to

of

each

stick,

the

two

rope

parts

to

graduallypulled

are

This

other.

how, by
the

is another

form

lever, often used by builders in putting

scaffolding.
Fig. 4, the inclined plane, is simply a
An
flat surface raised at one
end.
object
Fig. 5. The Wedge.
end
raised
will
slide
at
the
towards
placed
the low end ; in
other words, we have
of the
a
simpleapplication
law of gravity.
The important feature of the wedge (Fig.5) is that the full force
of a blow on
the broad
end is brought to the point, and the object
"a
tree-trunk, perhaps is graduallysplitin two as the wedge is
up

"

"

driven

in.

The
small
arms

lazy-tongs(Fig.6)

arms

opens

are
or

so

fastened

that

closes all the others.

preferto

language may
of the movements

close and

which

take

rapidlybecause

open
who

that the end

say

of the

singlemovement
Those

placeat

each

all the

have

two

for technical

taste

receive the

arms

angle.

One

end

sum

advantage of
like a piece of

fold into a small space,

lazy-tongsis that all the arms
ordinarygarden trellis-work. Lazy-tongs are much used in offices for
be
brought close
telephone extensions, so that the telephone can
to the speaker's
mouth, while when
no
longerrequiredit can be pushed
out

of the

way.

Ball-bearingsare

ever

such

things,as every boy

has a bicycle sooner
There is hardlya
discovers.

and

who

which

Fig. 6.
"

The

top figureshows

the

tongs almost

does

not

make

use

or

75

figure the

girl
later

machine

of

The

Lazy-tongs.
closed, the bottom

ful
use-

tongs extended.

these

SIMPLE

MECHANICAL

DEVICES

Fig. 8.

The

"

valuable

has

wheel
Fig.7.

"

Ball-bearings. Part

machine

has

been

cut

of Ihe

there

like

been
To

cut

out

look

silver.

is very little
The wheel with

As
"

steel marbles, but

axle

the

friction

"

Compare
this works

on

and

"

pinion
fit exactlywith

and

Two

the

the
teeth

movements

slide the rack

are

along,or

the pinionto rotate.

along and cause
this with
Fig. 9, which shows a form of rack motion ;
but is rather more
elaborate.
principle
exactlythe same
for opening and closingthe sliding
It is used
of valves.
doors
The pinion moves
the racks
down
alternately.
up and
is known
the piston and
as
Fig. 10
and forms the most
familiar part of the
cylinder,
steam-engine. Steam enters the cylinderand
pushes the pistonto the farther end, from which
it is returned
The
by other means.
pistonis fastened

the

steam

The
as

the rope

pull
of Rack

Motion,
""'"-The

"?"*,.

arrows

crank

for

the

press with

mechanism

diagram
in
As

tongs
causes

great force upon

them.

which

show

side.
out-

where

escapes.

the

chain

of

means

to the

shown

cranes.

to which

by

the

and

grip tongs

upon

between

in

enters

used

are

to

is transmitted

The

A form

so

is wasted.

slide

rod

"-The

too, and

"

as

may

just like
that they

smooth

so

little power

but

(Fig.8) is known

the teeth

its motion

Fig. 9.-

you

are

revolves, they go round

"

may

they

at,

straightpiece(which also has teeth, made to

rack."
belonging to the pinion)is called a
: either the
pinion may go round and
possible
the rack

that

so

away.

small
shine

only they are

always
sight.
Fig. 7 a part of the
In

them.

see

Pinion.

and

servants,
from

hidden

Rack

Fig.

the
are

crane

are

such

winds

up
the
suspended,

the
any

two

grips

to

objectplaced

MECHANICAL

SIMPLE

Fig. 12
mechanical

DEVICES

is

very
device known

familiar

interestingand
the

as

It

fly-wheel.

is

chieflyused on engines,such as locomotives,

wheels.
to equalizethe speed of two
or
more
The movements
of a reciprocating
necting-rod
pistonand conwould
be jerky if the fly-wheelwere
The fly-wheel
not fitted.
corrects these variations
in speed.
b, and
Figs. 130,
show

how

transmitted
from

place, or
has

its

level,
method
in

advantages
a

tain
cer-

The

conditions.
shows

one

one

Each

to another.

is

power
from

simple

first

of

form

belt transmission, the

Fig.

10.

and

The

"

Piston

direction.

same

136

the

that

an

belt is

is

crossed, or

pulley,which

anti-clockwise

pulley to

revolve

"

diagram

you

will

In

is shown

other

soon

Fig.

revolving

direction, shall
the

the

fouled," in order

way.

in
B

cause

Fig.
study

if you
grasp the idea.

complicated,but

more

in

pulleys revolving

Cylinder.

two

of

130
the
Fig. ii.

the

shafts

two

a big one
pulleys,

Various

results
this

from

is

belt

can

placed
the

of the belt is
and

at

Fig. 12.

"

The

Fly-wheel,as

used

for Locomotives,

the

the

pulleyto

instead of

etc.
77

on

If the

each

end

the

at

once.

same

end

one

pulley

fixed

end
each

pulley B
go round

on

size, both

the small

other

one.

obtained

be

same

large pulley B,
of

small

however,

When,

rate.

two

carries

and

pulleyswill revolve

the

Grip Tongs.

arrangement.

pulleys of

A,

The

"

Each

on

tion
revolu-

causes

the

several times

Figs.130;, 136, and

The
seen

DEVICES

MECHANICAL

SIMPLE

and
sprocket-wheel
bicycle. The teeth

130.

"

Various

chain
in the

of Belt Drives.

methods

(Fig.14)are familiar to all who have

sprocket-wheelare engaged by the

holes in the chain.

turbine, is a development of the ordinary

15, the water
in the country turning
water-wheel
which we
stilloccasionally
can
see

Fig.

the
same
as

villagemill. In the turbine, however, water is enclosed and the

of work,
quantityof water is made to do a much greater amount
in
another article.
explained
In Fig. 1 6 the littlewheel with the
pins in it (thepin-wheel)
"

is fixed in such

which

revolves

wheel

that

way

it will not

revolves, each pin in

while it

can

go

"

round

and

round, the shaft

allow it to shift its

turn

enters

the

position. As the pincorrespondinghole in the

slotted

pinion,thus causing it to rotate.

clutches, especiallyin
Nowadays we are always hearing about
connection
with motor-cars.
Figs,ija and ijb show two very simple
forms
or

to

of clutch.

stop motions

Fig. 14.
"

similar purpose,
particular
part of the machine

All clutches
in

serve

Sprocket-wheeland Chain.

Fig. 15."
78

The

which

without

Water

is to start

stopping

Turbine.

SIMPLE

MECHANICAL
the machine

DEVICES

itself. In

(notshown) on
correspondinggears
the right-hand
gears
and
at

do

not

the

turn

the

diagrams the gears

right-handshafts drive the

the

on
run

the left-hand ones,

looselyon

the others

right are

until the

pushed along

the left-hand clutches.

engage
In
Fig. 18 the wheels
"

Fig. 16.

"

Pin-wheel
Pinion.

are

clutches

make

them

known

as

"

the teeth, instead

spiral gearing because
of going straightacross, are
arranged at an
angle. The result is that they revolve at

Slotted

and

to

but

their shafts

Figs.I7a and 176.

"

Simple Forms

Two

of Clutch.

different

anglesto one another, the size of the angle depending upon

of the teeth.
the positions
The link-belt (Fig.19) serves
similar purpose to the sprocketa
wheel and chain (Fig.14). It is often used instead of leather belting,
owing to its superiorlastingqualities.
is sometimes

Fig. 2oa
there
to the

is

no

mechanical

weight of

called

"

gain,the pullon

the
most

the rope

being exactlyequal
advantage,however, in
the sheaf, or
block," changes the direction of
motion
that the pull can
from
the
be made
so
convenient position.Fig. 206 shows an arrangement

the load lifted.

that

lever of the firstorder," because

It has

one

"

of three blocks,which
a

much

greater power

but
pull,

with

The

last

decreased

gives
to

the

speed.

diagram (Fig.21)
gearing,
spur
where the small gear
the pinion
fore
drives the ring,which there-

shows

internal

"

"

revolves
Fig. 18. Spiral
Gearing.
"

at

much

rate.

slower
Fig.

79

19.

"

Link-belt.

Figs, 2oa

When

understand

and

2ob.

you

Block

"

DEVICES

MECHANICAL

SIMPLE

Fig.

Pulleys.

studied

have

will

them, you

these

have

to find out

such

learned

how

they

"

Internal

Spur Gearing.

great deal about

will

for all who

fascination

"

diagrams carefully,and

and
elementary engineeringprinciples

subjecthas

21.

realize

perhaps

like

"

to

make

{By courtesy of Sir Wtn,

can

certain

why the
things or

work."

ELECTRIC

They

"

fully

take

TOWER
8

to

CRANES
10-ton

loads
80

IN
at

SHIPYARD.

radius

of

120

feet

Ami

Q- Co., Ltd.

Press.
[Central
MAIN

OF

SLUICES

GREAT

THE

MAKWAR

such

is no

there
in

countries
the

year,

need

fact,for

to

therefore

and

SENNAR

ON

THE

BIG

BLUE

NILE.

DAMS

England and Scotland, where rain falls throughout

it is almost
the
to
of
realize
value
water
impossible
;
for
is
available
too
save
water,
plenty always
much,
as

"

of

some

AT

THE

BUILDING

IN

DAM

in many

But

us.

parts of the world

is scarce,

water

of the greatest of
precious,and some
wet
engineeringfeats have to do with saving the rains of the
in time of drought.
for use
In South
farm
Africa, for instance, practically
on
every
very

modern

"

has

veldt
a

its

dam,

valley,strong
down

flows
rain

the

falls,and

dams
the

to
seasons

never
W.BE.

built

wall

stone

high enough to trap

hill-sides in the rainy season.

then

the

water

cases,

the rainfall and

when

tiny cloud

the
as

sun

in the

saved

is used

earliest times,

the
hold

or

and

alive,and, in many
From

mud

promise of

and

hold
For

dam
the

all the
months

as

their

down

rain.

crops,

and

from
pitilessly
It is then

that

high

end

at

time

and

of

that

water

keeps cattle
crops

the

lower

no

sheep

well.
have

hot, dry countries, men

save

blazes

water

to

in

the

across

"

season

even

day

built

in
life itself,
to

day,

with

the real value

of

BUILDING

water

known, when

is

life and

between

In

DAMS

perhaps a singlecupfulmay

times

garden

BIG

the difference

mean

death.

modern

desert and

THE

realizingthat

men,

is

justthe presence

the

difference between

or

of water, have

absence

set

great barragesof the Nile, which

to irrigate
thousands
of acres
of land, transforming
it possible
have made
barren
waste
into fertile,
useful soil on
which
it from
crops can

to

work

to

such

where, without
In

the

and

works,

and

towns

would

man

be

can
villages

unable

the

engineerswho

last and greatest of these

planned and

iL

been
carried

undertakings,the mighty
dam

Sennar
r*"

springup

live.

to

difficultieshave

dams, tremendous

by

overcome

The

the work.

kept, and

of the Nile

case

encountered
out

cattle

sheep and

be grown,

like the

dams,

construct

Nile,

begun

was

1921, and
four years

took

in

Work

on

it

only

was

from
with

sible
pos-

of

months

for

during
months

flood- waters,

come

granitebeing

three

down

than

its construction.

year,

other

April,

more

for nine
each

in

Blue

build, over

to

million tons of
used

the

on

the

the

sweeping
Upper Sudan,

such

force that

[H. J. Shcpstone.
AT

ON

WORK

THE

SENNAR

the

DAM.

stone

had

of

placing the

had to be abandoned.

blocks could be laid in place,

the engineers
Before any of the granite
to build
suds," or earthen walls, both up-stream and down, on
"

either side of the

work

work

until it

site for the

finished.

was

granite dam
Between

to protect the main

itself,

the

two

"

suds

"

block

after

lowered into place,and year by year the vast

granitewas
wall grew, with openingsin it protectedby sluice gates, which
could
The giantbarrier
to control the flow of the river.
be raised or lowered
was
begun on both banks, and year by year the two ends neared each
block

of

other, though in the

force
had
could

that

it washed

ceased, these
go

had

season

away
to be

of flood
the

the

water

came

down

protectingsuds, and, when

over
again before the

built all

on.
82

with

such

the

floods

main

work

BUILDING
Over

20,000

THE

laboured

men

BIG
the

at

DAMS

task

of

barrage; 30 miles distant, the great quarry

of industry,for there the massive
granite
carted

down

excavated
to

and

provide

floods and

the

to

dam

itself,where

lifted earth
safe bed
them

turn

of the

the

at

.for the
to

real

the
finishing
of Segadi was

blocks

gigantic

of five tons

rate

granite wall

that

minute,

There, in the middle

use.

and
"

steam

should

hive

hewn

were
"

Sennar

navvy
in order

imprison the
of the

desert,

wonderful

most

machinery ever constructed, steam

canal
navvies,
cutters, a complete cement
factory,miles of railway
and
for handling the stone
engines
trucks, giganticcranes
necessary
to build a wall nearly4,000 yards in lengthacross
the river,and to hold
back its waters
in such a way that nearly 3,000,000
of desert
acres
was

some

[E.N.A.
THE

will

be

turned

into

ASSIOUT

DAM

ON

profitableland,

THE

NILE.

on

which

thousands

of

the

Sudanese

mills of Lancashire.
for the
cotton
people will grow
is the greatest
Finished and formallyopened in 1925, the Sennar dam
in the world, and
a
triumph of British engineeringenterprise.
Lower
down
the Nile, in Egypt itself,
is the great Assouan
dam, a
wall of stone stretching
from bank
of the historic river,storing
to bank
up

formed
on

which

water

by

which

the

were

irrigates
many
Assouan

built

dam
some

is

thousands

of

submerged

the ancient

of the

most

acres.

In the
island

vast

of

magnificenttemples of

basin

Philae,

ancient

and
Egypt. Columns
pillarsrisingout of the waters alone remain
of
to-day to tell of the ancient gloriesof Philae,but countless acres
of
the
the use
fertile land, in placeof empty stretches of desert,show
83

BUILDING

BIG

THE

DAMS

great work,
wide
to

enough

carry

and
width

of

four
then

of stone

wall
at

its summit

lines

leave

footway

on

of

way,
rail-

good

either

side.
Western
land

America,

the

of

bigthings,has been
of the
provided with some

[Photopress.
A

WARNING

NOTE

OPERATIONS

WHEN

ARE

BLASTING
PROGRESS.

IN

world's greatest dams

irrigate parched
country, and
Work,"
and

of

stretches

"Making
provide

to

for the

power

districts.

those

to

also,as explained in

article

the

in order

Water

electric

light

inhabitants

Even

the

of

mighty

itself has been

Mississippi

trapped

and

through

harnessed

The

wall

back

2j
with

that

the

holds
is

waters

in

miles
a

as

of Iowa.

State

the

it flows

length,
height of 53

feet, and

it

is

42

feet thick at its base,

slopingto
thickness

29 feet in

at the

top.

great lock, no
feet in width, lets

through
and

steamers

other

vessels

travelling updown-stream,

fPholopress.
A

or

and

Blasting stone

for the

Bradford's
84

BIG

construction
new

water

BANG.

in connection
of the great dam
supply from the River Nidd.

with

BUILDING

THE

BIG

DAMS

[Keystone.
THE

It is built

"

the
lock

of

WILSON

entirelyof

lift

"

in the

concrete

AT

DAM,
and

of the lock
Panama

is

MUSCLE

SHOALS,

ON

THE

TENNESSEE

4,640 feet in length. Over half a million

generation of electricity.

is 40

feet,which

is 8 feet

Canal, previouslyconsidered

RIVER.

horse-power is providedfor

more

than

the

the

the world's

biggest
triumph

lock-building.
Fifteen

worth
work

miles

of

railway,50

miles

of

and
pipe-lines,
machinery
nearlya quarter of a million sterlinghad to be providedfor the
of buildingthis colossal dam, which cost well over
"-5,000,000

[James.

The

great lake formed

by the

THE

ELEPHANT

dam

is 45 miles

BUTTE

long and
86

DAM.
holds

over

800

million

gallonsof

water.

BUILDING

THE

BIG

DAMS

[CentralNews.
THE
A

beautiful

example of curved

DON

PEDRO

It is

work.

CALIFORNIA.

DAM,

283 feet high and

176 feet

thick

at the base.

At the top is a wide

road.

before it was
made

to

completed. The waters

provide power for dynamos

for all the

current

with

dam,

lightand

of towns

needs

Here, after the

district from

has

water

desert

California

boasts

of concrete,

containingwall, are
Assouan

this curved

work

at its

base,

to

into

have

to

the

dam.

which

provides electric

end

volume

transformed

of these

built in
Sennar

is the

it is let loose
generate electricity,

dams,

which

huge

curve,

walls.

stone

dam
irrigation

barrier is

end

less than

no

parapetson

of water

86

the

among

283 feet
it

to

in

hills of

height,

withstand

the

top of the wall has been

either side,so that it is possible

and
to

means

structed
usually con-

The

torrents.

of the dam

are

strength for the

instead of being straight
A beautiful example of

feet in thickness, to enable

to

surrounding

get additional

to

Pedro

Don

the

smiling countryside.

and, in order

wide road, with

drive from

of this vast

which

176
rushingmountain

force of the
made

to

many

and

is

served

waste

California ; this concrete

and,

vicinityof

its base

power-house at

irrigationchannels

like the

in the

are

generate sufficient electric

for many
towns
and mining camps,
the power
being
power
from the great force of the water
flowingthrough the sluices.

obtained

into

which

sluices

west, in the mining district of El Paso, is the Elephant

Farther

Butte

emerging through the

appreciatewhat the storage

the surroundingcountry.

BUILDING

is

Butte

6
or

BIG

of beauty
Though, in the matter
challengescomparison with any

dam

far

largerconstruction.

artificial lake

an

THE

miles

45

in

of

DAMS

the
surroundings,

in the

The

world, that

water

length,and

which

with

an

Don

Pedro

Elephant

at

it stores

up forms
width
of

average

half million cubic feet of water,

and
two
a
miles, containingover
than 800,000 millions of gallons. Nearly a quarter of a million
more
of land

have

of this dam,

which

acres

over

vast

In

areas

reclaimed

been

plantedthrough the building

surpluswater of the Rio Grande

distributes the

of Texas

Arizona, the

and

"

and

Mexico.

New

sage-brushcountry,"in

which

it used

to be

sidered
con-

nothing but useless shrub would grow, the United States

series of great dams
has planned and is constructing
a
transformingthe whole face of the land. One of the best

that

Government
which
known

are

of these

example
nearly a

is the

of the curved
million

Roosevelt
concrete

the
sterling,

the Salt

dam

on

wall

construction.

dam

Roosevelt

River, which

forms

is

Built at

fine

cost

of

its wall

behind

IE. N. A.
THE

DAM,

ROOSEVELT

ARIZONA.

feet high, and

This semi-circular structure is 280
impounds
equal to the county of Lancashire.
loot, 1,284,000 acres, an area
thorny desert have been turned into fertileland.
87

sufficient water

By its

means

to

cover,

extensive

to

the

tracts

depth of

of what

was

BUILDING
lake

than

more

30

in

miles

feet from

its base.

DAMS

length,containingover

gallonsof water from the hills of the

The curvingwall of concrete
is 1,125
of 280

BIG

THE

Like

Tonto

National

feet in

length,and rises to

the

dams, the top of the Roosevelt forms a wide

the Salt River, so that the dam
can
pass over
America's
on

biggest,however,

the Tennessee

is the Wilson

; it is second

River

Forest

of Arizona.

height
Elephant Butte
roadway by which traffic
serves
as
a bridge.

Pedro

Don

million

500,000

and

dam

at Muscle

only in size to the Sennar

Shoals,
dam

[Sport""
A

FLOOD

GREAT
Water

Egypt,

and

is greater than

ON

the
is

vast

dyke.

work

of concrete,

the Wilson

dam

height,and

it ranks

the greatest

General.

MISSISSIPI.

THE

breaking through

in

4,640 feet

at

in

Assouan.

Built

length,and

142

entirely
feet in

hydro-electric
plant ever
power
waters
planned. Eighteen great turbines are driven by the harnessed
of the river,providingover
half a million horse-powerfor the generation
of electricity.
Three
to cross
great national highways converge
the

Tennessee
Section

River

by

as

by

section

the

the

parapet of the dam.

giant

concrete

wall

was

raised, openings

being left at
the

"

built in

was

this

the

case

TOWN

IN

ARKANSAS

the

inhabitants

for

so

of

In the

Blue

Mountains

use

wall in

gorge

floods, the

sides

establish
had

to

London
million

deep

of the

workshops
be
to
acres

carried

gorge

upon
a

Newcastle, and
of

parched

Wales

there

the

great Burrinjuck

building of
river subjectto
impossibleto

bed

was

by

the

of

miles, equal

distributed
It

Iso

meant

so

of 266

RIVER.

THE

is the

steep that it
Furthermore, the

them.

land.

OF

farms.

across

being

distance

the electric energy

now

Its erection

and

was

surrounding cities,and

to

South

of New

as

the United

of power

source

FLOODING

complete.

neighbouring high ground.

American

on

was

originatedby
every

THE

power

massive

when

BY

Empire.

plan was

refuge on

highest in the

the

dam,

of unfertile land
irrigation

SWAMPED

for

fertilizers

after

one

much

structure

while
explosives,

to take

and

vast

War,

providing lightand

making

damaging
stage of filling

final

whole

; the

the

had

The

completed.

the

not

during

All

is used

until

manufacture

for the

"

of the river

called for the greatest care,

electric power

Government

tapped

be

wall

object was

provisionof

States

for

it could

in the

blocks

open

another

the

before

structure

in the

In

intervals to prevent the flood-waters

a
was

water

to

miles

stored

journey

of canals

project that

called

here
from

over

for all

BUILDING
the

THE

BIG

DAMS

of the engineers. It entailed

pluck,and determination
five years of constant
an
expenditureof "3,000,000,and demanded
toil on the part of an army
of men,
during which stern battles had to
be waged with
raging floods which frequentlyswamped the works.
Such was
the strengthof the current
that on several occasions cranes,
heavy piecesof machinery and valuable tools were carried 50 miles and
more
down-stream, whence they were
only salved with great difficulty.
The dam
is 236 feet high,or 34 feet higher than the monument
resource,

[Sfort " General.

A

FLOOD

commemorating

SCENE

AT

THE

BURRINJUCK

the Fire of London.

DAM,

NEW

SOUTH

WALES.

It is 186 feet thick

at

the

base,

taperingto 18 feet at the top. By holdingup the waters of the Murrumthe mountains, having
bidgeeRiver, it created an artificiallake among
a

surface

area

Another

of 12,740 acres, with a depth of 220

great Australian work is the Cordeaux

feet.

dam, completed

in 1927, forming one

of the three huge new
reservoirs which
will ensure
the water
of
for
The
supply
Sydney
capacity
many
years to come.
of this particular
reservoir is 20,600,000 gallons.
9U

BUILDING

THE

BIG

DAMS

India, the land of great desert spaces, used

in the Deccan

Desert," but
has

which
the

construction

to possess

the maps
of dam
after dam

this desert out

nearlywatered

the construction

marked

was

on

of existence.

"

the

as

by
The

largetract

Great

the

Indian

Government

last great project,

of the

Lloyd barrage at Sukkur, involves a cost oi

and
twelve millions sterling,
fertilizes an area
as
big as five English
counties put together. Here the wall carries two bridgesacross
the
than five times as long as London
Indus, each of them more
Bridge

[Sport S Gereral.
MILLIONS

OF

TONS

Beginningwith

OF

WATER

BEATING

the littlemud

AGAINST

walls

which

BURRINJUCK

THE

enabled

DAM.

small

farmer

dams
his crops and cattle in time of drought,the art of building
has grown
but for
supplies,
year after year, not onlyfor conservingwater
of power
the provision
for electric current, until these vast erections of

to

save

stone

and

Some

are

serve

to

"

thus

both
make

concrete

are

to be

seen

in

nearly every

part of the

world.

for power
only,while some
irrigation
only,some
purposes
of them
for irrigation
and electric power, but every one
helps
of
blades
where only one
two
before," and
grew
grass grow

for

helps

on

the

world's

progress.
91

E.

C. VIVIAN.

[E. N. A.
THE

FIGHTING
The

Dutch

great

have

stone

and

always been
concrete

great

dam

masters

of the

in connection

with

art

the

ZUYDER
of

ZEE.

dam-making.

reclamation

Laying

of 3,000,000

brushwood
from

acres

foundation
the

Zuyder

IE. N
A
The

DYKE

timber

AT

WESTKAPELLE,

pilesprevent

the stones
08

HOLLAND.
from

shifting.

for
Zee.

A.

AS

knows, the

everyone

dangerous

Waterloo

Bridge

necessary
of a

BUILDING

THE

WATERLOO

TEMPORARY

Placing the 600

centre

tons

span

in

of

state

has

dered
ren-

the

struction
con-

temporary

girder bridge, in itself a

considerable
engineering

BRIDGE.

feat.

position.

The

central

span,

[ErnestMilner.
A

FINE

weighing
built
and

600

WATERLOO

tons,

the old

on

up

OF

VIEW

then moved

AND

THE

TEMPORARY

BRIDGE.

was

bridge
the

across

to the

90 feet of space

BRIDGE

new

of two
bridge by means
of railway tracks on
sets
the
steel girders. When
successfully
span had been

hauled

above

the four

caissons
cylindrical

gently
few

"

"

bolted

to

at

the

time

ends

was
a

and

of the

PREPARING
SUPPORT
BRIDGE.

TO

lesser

down

jacked

inches

great
it

spans.

93

THE
THE

IRON
CENTRE

AND
SPAN

CONCRETE
OF

THE

CYLINDERS
TEMPORARY

[By courtesy
A

TRAIN

FERRY

ON

THE

WONDERFUL

EAST

FLORIDA

GOES

TO

SEA."

COAST

of

the Florida

RAILWAY,

"THE

East

Coast

LINE

Railway.
WHICH

LIGHTHOUSE

THE

BUILDERS
have
LIGHTHOUSES
been

"

well

described

as

the sailor's signposts,"

and

it

is

of

importance
should

be

the

that

right positions
and

they
where

be

happens
positions

that

n'eston

"

Son,]

CABLE

BEACHY

washed

and

praise too
whom

magnificent
of

enable

our

and

fro

occasions

the

lonely rocks,

con-

at

of

building

highest order,

parts

and

inaccessible

or

The

to

very
most

the

by

calls

engineering skill

men

the

OF

lighthouses therefore
for

generally

those

at

best

BY

STONE

submerged

high tide,
cliffs.

get

can

LIGHTHOUSE.

HEAD

waves

OF

CONSTRUCTION

THE

stantly

are

is,

needed

[Eastbourne.
BLOCK

A
FOR

it

the

difficult to build upon,

either

LOWERING

that

most

they
But

most

/.

are

seen.

difficult to

they
in

placed
"

where

utmost

and

greatly the
in

world

ships to
"

safety.

their
in

the

owe

beacons

on

not
can-

we

we

the

of the

all

that
pass

"

to

lawful

tive
compara-

/.

Wcston

"

[Eastlcvfite.

5o",l
PLACING

STONE

IN

POSITION.

THE

The

LIGHTHOUSE

famous

most

of all

stone

Rocks, is the fourth

tower

was

it in

built

1698 ;
that

storms

The

thick.

that
English lighthouses,

that

has

built

been

began his

by Winstanley,who

on

work

the
in

1694 and

height of

this tower, which

first

finished

damaged

by
feet

nearly 20

ring of masonry
4 feet
completed in 1700,
finally

in

also encased

Eddy-

The

site.

had been so much

year later the structure
it solid for
filled in to make
the tower
was

itself,and

the

on

rock

the

above

BUILDERS

was

In 1703 came
a
only three years.
hurricane which destroyedit,taking to his death, by a strange fate, its
The
the lighthouseat the time.
builder, who happened to be visiting
of
chief weakness
that the tower
instead
was
was
being
eight-sided,

feet,but it stood

nearly120

was

circular,to offer the

Three

for

least resistance

later

to

the

waves.

architect and

engineernamed
Rudyerd began
the buildingof a second
Eddystone lighthouse,
mainly of oak, which
bolted to the rock itself and ballasted with stone to givethe neceswas
sary
and
This
stood
for
weight.
lighthouse
forty-six
only came
years,
end because it was
to an
burnt owing to the lantern catchingfire.
Third in order on
the ill-famed rock was
Smeaton's
lighthouse,
in
and
in
It
the
first
finished
structure
was
ever
begun
1756
1759.
years

built to withstand
into each
there

Although

floors,which

an

the shocks
other.

of the

The

sea

stones

averaged

certain weaknesses

were

did not

in the

the stones
a

ton

tailed
dove-

were

in

each

design,such

weight.
curved

as

Smeaton's
famous
structure
strength,
lasted till about
it was
1880, when
replacedby the present tower,
designedby Sir James Douglass. Even then replacement was rendered
rather
by the undermining of the rock itself by the waves
necessary
than
as

add

in which

to

the

weakness
in Smeaton's
tower,
any
from the photograph on page
will be seen

newer

by

The

structure.

Plymouth Hoe,
The

Bell

where

Rock

upper

part of

anyone

can

see

the lower

part of which,

98,stillstands beside
re-erected
the lighthouse
was
it to-day.

lighthouse,another

famed

structure,

12

of Forfarshire,is solid up to 21 feet above high-water

and hcis a total heightof 100 feet. Over 2,000 tons of stone were
in buildingit,the floors being dovetailed into the walls in such

was

they

add

to

the

strengthof the

first shown

in this tower

for

being the most

Noted

Bishop Rock light,which

of the ScillyIslands, was

warns

in the

completed
year

westerlyof

The

off

level,
used
a

way

light

1811.
all

the
Englishlighthouses,

sailors of the

built of iron

structure.

on

miles

the coast

that

the

dangerous ledges west

In 1885 the
eightyyears ago.

TJTTTT

TvTVrr-

If

TTjr\T

TCTT1

THE
structure
original

and

Bell

Rock

was

LIGHTHOUSE

lights,the

of its height,and

in

encased
"

BUILDERS

graniteshell.

Bishop

"

is solid for

is dovetailed

Like the
more

Eddystone

than

quarter

to its

neighboursas well as
A sectional view
is given on page 99.
being held by cement.
rock lights,"
These, and many
others, are known
as
being built
not on high pointsof the coast, but on the dangerousrocks themselves,
covered
of which
Rock
most
at low tide.
are
by the sea even
the greatest possiblestrength in their construction,
lights demand
every

stone

"

'

"

[Tofical.
THE

owing
winter

LONGSHIPS

to the

LIGHTHOUSE,

they throw

up

may

COAST

THE

force of the

enormous

gales. The

OFF

OF

CORNWALL,

DURING

STORM.

beatingagainstthem during
galesand the force of the waves

waves

strengthof these
be judged from the

fact that when

the Dhu

Heart-

being built,
a
they had
depths,as
away
been marbles, stones weighingtwo tons apiece The same
thinghappened
the
where
Rock
stones
the
the
of
Bell
construction
were
light,
during
also of two
tons
weight apiece.
water
In some
on
it is found better to raise the lightabove
cases
ach

lighthouse,14
gale sprang up

miles

which

off the Scottish island of

into

tossed

the

Mull, was

if

W.B.B.

97

"

LIGHTHOUSE

THE

BUILDERS

sunk deeplyinto the bed of the sea ; the openwork structure

piles,
of solid stone.
This
than a column
givesfar less resistance to the waves
of the sea floor admits
form is adopted usuallywhere the yielding
nature
of sinkingthe supports to a great depth to give stability
; it is hardly
is rocky in character.
used where
the bed of the sea
ever
modern
Many
lighthouses,especially

iron

those
mark

which

shoals

dangerous

and
of

areas

sand, are constructed

First of

of concrete.
all

steel caisson, or

is sunk

huge tube,
endwise
which

on

the

on

is

The

spot

the"

house
lightstand.

to

is

caisson
of

emptied
and

sand

its

all

by

water

compressed air, and

is

filled with

then

which

concrete,
solidifies into
column
of

the diameter

the

base.

lighthouse's
On

this

foundation

the

example
"

somewhat
than

are

the

some

cases

estuary

of

it is

even

River

the

is

as

long

longer.
Weser,

is

as

The
an

of this.

Coast

instead

it,while in

placed
in
lighthouse,
on

Rothersand

crete
con-

below

LIGHTHOUSE.

EDDYSTONE

water

the structure

house
light-

the

column

[Topical.
THE

often

firm

built,

is then
and

solid

of

so
lights,"

shoals

on

less

the

"

or

called because
rocks

excitingeither
rock

in the

they are placedon

sea,

for the

lights." Well-known

are

builders

most
or

the coast

itself

though
lighthouse men

numerous,

the

examples are

the

Dungeness

THE
This
structure
beam

is the

to

ROCK

LIGHTHOUSE,

SHOWN

IN

SECTION.

the dangerous
ledges off the ScillyIsles. The iron
westerly English lighthouse, and marks
The
in granite.
in 1885 encased
light (double flash every fifteen seconds) throws
a
was
million
candle*, and is visible eighteen mile*.

most

built in 1847

equal

BISHOP

THE

BUILDERS

LIGHTHOUSE

of Ushant
and Gris Nez in France.
lightin England,and the great lights
A specially
fine example of a coast lightis situated on a bold headland
justto the north of Biarritz,warning shipsto keep off the fatal ledges
which line this part of the Biscayan coast.
To be of any use
the lightshown
to the sailor,
by each lighthouse
must
declare what it is and where it stands, and this is done by varying
of a clockwork
of the flashes. By means
the lengthand number
appara-

/.

Weslon

6-

Son,]
CONSTRUCTION
Work

tus, either the

revolve, and
kind

each

of flash.

seconds.

minute.

the

itself

HEAD

LIGHTHOUSE.

generally only possibleat low

or

screen

lighthousehas its own

Thus

ScillyIsles and
quarter of

lamp

BEACHY

OF
was

with
rate

tide.

apertures in it is made
of revolution

and

special

about
lighthouse,
half-waybetween
Lizard, givesa flash of two seconds' duration

minute.

the

Wolf

South

Foreland

flashes every

two

and

100

the

every
half
a

Islands,givesone flash every

Longstone, in the Fame
alternate
and
short flashes,
and every one
give
long

Some

to

halfhas

THE

its distinctive sort

LIGHTHOUSE
of

that

flash,so

lightis

warning them, and, by

of the

danger.

BUILDERS

navigators are

able to tell which

the chart, to know

consulting

the nature

Harbour

channel
certain

port

/.

or

Weston

act as beacons
to guide shipsalong the
lights,
similarly,
into harbour
tell how
; the
sailingdirections
long one
be
in
with
must
line
and
where
to
turn
to
another,
light
kept
starboard
and when
certain
a
by the positionsof the lights,
"

""

"

Son,]

[Eastbourne.
THE

CABLE

LINE

FROM

CLIFFS

TO

LIGHTHOUSE.

lightmust be kept on either beam of the vessel. All these lightsmust

either give different flashes,or else be of different colours,so that the
from another without
one
pilotcan distinguish
difficulty.
the lens or lamp, is a marvel
The real working part of a lighthouse,
of ingenuity. Beginning with coal and wood
fires flaringto the sky,
next
were
lighthouses
lightedwith candles, as in the earlyEddystone
constructions,and by oil burners.
years

ago

since coal fires ceased

It is very littlemore
to be used.
101

than

hundred

LIGHTHOUSE

THE

Next

came

silvered
After

to increase

used
reflectors,

definite direction.

The

first

record

on

and
glassfitted together,

this

arranged

in

came
a

silvered

used

metal

circle,each with

BUILDERS
the

lightin

reflectors,a
its

own

the

number

burner,

throw

it in

of small

made

was

in

lightand

to show

piecesof
Mersey in 1763.
of which

were

lightall

round

twenty-fourof these reflectors were

fitted in the Eddystone lighthouse.In the modern
lamp,glasslenses and
concentrate
used
from
and
the light,
which comes
to intensify
prismsare
a
singleburner in the centre of the arrangement of prisms and lenses.
is known
invented in 1822 by Fresthe steppsd lens was
What
as
nel, and this was
developed by several scientists,includingThomas
author
of Treasure
Island,
Stevenson, the grandfatherof the famous
who
made
came
James Chance, who
improvements. Then
many
In 1810

the horizon.

Stage

no

fewer than

Stage

i.

STAGES

IN

THE

EVOLUTION

Stage

2.

OF

THE

LIGHTHOUSE

3.

LENS.

designed the dioptricmirror in use to-day,and John Hopkinson, who

made
the important invention
of flashinggroup
lights.
An ordinarylamp sheds its rays in all directions,lighting
the area
all round
it ; lighthouselenses are
and above
to
collect all
designed
the rays and
in one
throw
them
direction only. Improvements in
direction of the rays
design have been made with a view to accurate
and a reduction of the number
of
opticalagents used to collect and
direct the lightin the requireddirection.
Metal reflectors had to be abandoned, since they tarnish in sea
atmosphere and get scratched in cleaning. Glass prisms succeeded
them, since glasswill neither tarnish nor scratch if properlycleaned.
There are two main
classes of lenses,the fixed and the revolving.
Since the fixed type has to shed lightall round, the problem in making
it is that of deflecting
or
bending all the rays which would normally
"

"

THE
shine

LIGHTHOUSE

downward,

BUILDERS

and

forcingthem in the direction of the

accomplishedthis to a certain extent, and was
a solid
designedin steps by breakingup the solid form of lens (since
lens big enough for lighthouse
work
almost impossibleto make)
was
into a series of rings,
each larger
than the one
inside it,so as to get the
effect of a solid lens and permit one
lightonly to be used, with the
upward

horizon.

or

Fresnel's lens
"

"

Press.
[Special

LIGHTHOUSE
The

lenses
its

own

LANTERN

WITH

lantern

revolves

disposedround it,instead

of

GROUP
on

mercury

having a

FLASHING

LENSES.

float.

series of burners

each with

reflector.

only refracted the rays, to catch the light

which
would otherwise have been lost upward and downward.
Next,
far
more
however, he invented reflecting
prismsof glass,which caught
the
doubled
the
of
value
of the lightfrom the burner, and practically
Fresnel's

first invention

103

THE

LIGHTHOUSE

All these

BUILDERS

for fixed

and it was
left to Thomas
lights,
Stevenson
to design the first reallypowerful revolvinglights. By
of his
means
dioptricmirror," which was altered and perfectedby
to catch all the lightfrom the burner
James Chance, it became
possible
and send it in one
direction,as is done with modern
revolvinglights.
the
is
of
clear
mirror
n
o
perfectly
glass, lightat all comes
Although
through it from the burner if you stand at the back and look through,
in the one
since it is designed to catch all the rays and send them
requireddirection.
Dr. Hopkinson'sinvention of the group flashing
Then came
system,
in which lenses are arranged in groups
to give flashes varying in intervals
far more
between
difference
lightand darkness.
By this means
is given to each light,
that it is easier to distinguish
of character
so
between
tell at once, even
dark
on
them, and navigatingofficers can
and
part of the coast they are passing.
stormy nights,what

original
lamp.

were

"

Then

of the metal

of the mercury

the invention

came

which

revolvinglightshad previouslybeen set

for turning. A good example of the mercury-floated
lightis that at
Fastnet.
the
of
lenses
and
their framing
Although
revolvingweight
is no less than six tons, with three-quarters
of a million candle-power,
yet the revolution is swift enough to give a flash every five seconds.
This could

rollers

float,to be used in place

for the
As

have

never

on

been

done with

revolvingportion of

regardsthe burners

the old metal

the

roller form of mounting

lamp.

used, oil burners

with incandescent

mantles

the

principal
type to-day,this form having superseded the old wick
burner.
There is also a speciallighthousetype of gas-filled
electricburner ; and a 4-kilowattlamp, working at 80 volts and giving8,000
candle-power,has been adopted. Since the diameter of the flame is
are

far less than

have

to

be made

be

must

set

to

determine

for these

new

one

beam

from

Gris

threw

such

as

beard

anglesat

lenses and

which

prisms

of lighthousebeams
was
power
of the keepersof the South Foreland
light,near Dover.

keeper had

house

the

types of burner.

instance
good practical

given by
This

that of older types of burner, fresh sets of calculations

he

And

of the

long beard, and

about
Nez light,
25
a

clear shadow
stood

on

miles

of the beard

in front of it that

yet Gris

Nez

is not

so

lights.
104

clear

on

he

nights he

distant
the white

could

that

the French

on

wall of the

count

powerful as

found

some

the

coast,

keeper's

hairs

of the

the

in the

English

[IHustraticnsBureau.

THE

STATUE

OF

LIBERTY,

WITH

UPLIFTED

HARBOUR.

106

TORCHLIGHT,

NEW

YORK

THE

WHENof

NEW

BANK

OF

ENGLAND.

look at any of the great buildingsthat line the streets

London
and other largecities,and study the grey or white
you

frontage,you get the impressionthat those layersof stone were

another
until the whole
on
buildinghad risen skyward,
placed one
and that it was
justlike buildingan ordinaryhouse on a largerscale,
with
But
when
see
great blocks of stone in place of bricks.
you
and study the erection of an
office
block," a huge "Store," or the
discover that the stone
great company,
headquarters of some
you
front is only a shell,and that the real strengthof the
concrete
or
of mighty steel girderswhich
structure
is in the network
are
entirely
from
In
ing
hidden
fact, a big buildsightwhen the buildingis finished.
of to-day presents as
problems to the engineer as to the
many
that it has to be equipped with
when
architect,especially
you remember
liftsand radiators and probably miles of electric cables and water-pipes.
the walls has to be very carefully
Moreover, the wind-pressureon
and girderwill have
calculated, as well as the stress which
every beam
stone

"

to bear

under

all conditions.
106

THE

First,of

to

the

sink

which

great
actual

be cleared and

to

to rest the

of

blocks

the foundations

sunk

completed structure, and

subsidence, or sinkingof the walls into the ground,

huge weight of steel and

foundations

BUILDER

the steadiness of the

assure

also to prevent any

AS

the site must

course,

deeplyenough
under

ENGINEER

very

great

Sometimes

stone.

depth,in order

weight ; in other cases, after

granite

or

concrete

buildingis begun,and,

in

are

set

nearlyevery

it is necessary

to find solid rock

reachinga

under
case,

certain

the earth
the

to
on

depth,

before the

of
giantbuilding

fTofical.
STREET

REGENT

several

to-day has
floors above
With
for the

the

cranes

REBUILT.

storeysunderground,which

help to keep rigidthe

them.

clearing
away
and

derricks

buildingson the site,placeis made

into their
will swing great steel girders

of old
that

placesas easilyas you would lift a stick and turn it in the air. The
ing,
buildolder form, a three-legged
structure
as high as the intended
rising
and carryinga crane
and engine on the platformat its top, is still
it as a
used ; builders know
Scotchman," for some
mysterious
largely
of a central steadyinggirder,
But the newer
reason.
form, consisting
"

107

THE

ENGINEER

AS

BUILDER
with

the

does

anchored
takes

work

at its

the

is

floor

SKELETON

THE

OF

BUILDING

NEW

FOR

LLOYDS,

begun,

buildingitself.

bank

under

where

it was

these

are

by floor
allows
everything to be
lifters are
central-pillar

all

the

on

"

floor

is

the

has

finished off under

used

lifted,a floor

But

no

with

in
at

top storey, swingingmasses

the

of

big
stop exactly

to

longer needed.
the building,
gets
it.

inside

room

picturebelow

"

Scotchman

steel

out

Two

construction

the

newer

of the
or

of

way

more

of

building,
time, by the others, until they
of stone

or

giantbuckets

of

great steel
loads
of bricks,

concrete,
beams

from

see

may

first erected, until it is

each of them

and

you

construction, the

form, going up
and

As

the

are

no

up
the

floor

swung
thus
ing
takplace,

into

LONDON.

when

from

as

girders
THE

of

building

travels up

[Pholopress.

set down

basement

work

to

less

man,"
"Scotch-

and,
the

base,

far

up
than

room

in

that

arm

the

or

or

requiredpositions.

into the

Once

the

cranes

in

are

beginto
place,steel girders
in

arrive for the first,and

some

the most

ways

stage of

important,
buildingoperations.

Before

began

cranes
some

task

their

work,

foundry began the

of castingand drilling

the steelwork
of which
and

the

ever

support

calculated

to

ing,
of the buildevery
has

the

beam
to

be

utmost
Tiollope"" Colls,Ltd.

[By courtesyof Messrs.

exactness

as

regards

"SCOTCHMAN
108

"CRANES

AT

WORK

ON

BANK

BUILDING.

THE

ENGINEER

AS

BUILDER

the rivet holes bored

at
length and other dimensions, and even
And, when you look at
pointswhere one section joinson to another.
and think that every steel girderhad to be shaped
a finished
building,
to

the

fiftieth part of

an

inch

and

less,so

exactlyoppositeeach other, you

come

exactness

of this

that

the rivet holes

will understand

the

care

taken

in the

ARRAY

OF

CRANES

WHEN

THE

LONDON

holes will

foundry,two

[By courtesyof Messrs.

IMPOSING

little of the

stage of the work.

in spiteof
Possibly,

AN

would

COUNTY

HALL

Holland

WAS

"

Hannen, Ltd.

UNDER

CONSTRUCTION.

is in
exactlyoppositeeach other when the business of riveting
In that case
and driven through
a taperingtool is inserted
progress.
forced into their correct position,
after which
the
until the beams
are
riveter gets to work with the pneumatic hammer, with which he finishes
him at his work, if you watch
off the joints. You
the steelwork
see
may
in a position
of a modern
buildinggoingup ; standing in rnid-air,
to the ground,
where a step or slipto either side would send him hurtling
not

be

109

AS

ENGINEER

THE

BUILDER

proceedscalmly with his work, while

with a pair of tongs his mate
slipsthe
red-hot rivets into place,ready for the
he

hammer

clinch

to

of the

man

"

known

as

on

pushed

formed

girders which
together.
In nearly every

the

of steel

networks
the

from

earth,

displaceolder
and

room

is

the

possibleto

main

the

order

concrete

cover

Cathedral

as

blocks

are

hollow

three
"

to

sides of

well

of

squares,

"

on

or

of the

"

to

concrete

well," so that
be

to

Usually,
stone, highly

used for the walls

as

much

lightas

reflected into the

possiblemay
from the oppositewall.
Where
ground is
or
York)
(as in New
110

formed

face.

or
are

or

many
office

with
a
square,
which
the inner

their windows

glazedwhite bricks

column.

and

give lightto as
modern
possible,
many

rooms

instead

calmly demolishing a church

support of the

in, say, St. Paul's

walls with

workman

ever

Pyramids.

central

hardly

is

cover

FAME.

But, when

there

In

OF

to

there

the

HEIGHT

buildings
give more

line of it,and, to all appearances,

is no
steel in the walls than
more

every

THE

"

head

line of the steelwork

structure, for stone

[Pliotopress.

"

modern

as

finished, it is
see

pneumatic

constantly rising

are

convenience.

forms

which

it will

great city these

structures

more

work

keeps

as

second

is

a
practically
part of
it helps to
hold

it

made

it and

far

as

until the

hole

through its
has

what

dollie,"a tool which

hammer

with

hammer

the red-hot bolt

go

third

holds the rivet

rivetinggang

against the

up

The

them.

very

the

rooms

valuable,
area

for

THE

ENGINEER

buildingis restricted,as
as
possibleare piledone
to make

order

available.

the best

London,

AS

BUILDER

storeys
another, in

many
on

use

and

of the space
other
many

restrict the heightto which

largecities,
rise, lest the streets
buildings may
should be deprivedof too much
light,
and
also because very high buildings,
traffic
holding so many
people,cause
congestion. In this connection it has
been shown
that if all the people employed
in
end

of

Fifth

tried to

there

would

though
narrow

street.

as

it is

on

be

But

is

by

New

at

for

room

Avenue

no

once

them,

means

York, built

peninsulawith

cither side,must

York

New

into the street

not

Fifth

in

Avenue

out

get

lower

buildingsat the

the

water

on

either raise itsbuildings

higherand higheror else stop growing.

London
can
spread in all directions,
while

New

York

cannot.

plate facingpage 16
shows
New
York's latest project in
as
skyscrapers." It is to be known
the
Larkin
Tower
Building,and is
planned to rise to a height of 1,208
three
than
feet,or considerablymore
times the heightof St. Paul's Cathedral.
The

colour

"

With

no

storeysand

no

fewer

than

"

sixty elevators,"it will proudlyclaim

to be
the tallest structure
built by
For nearlyfifty
man
years the Eiffel
"

"

Tower, in Paris,has held that distinction

heightof 984 feet. Some idea

of the engineeringproblems involved
be gained from the fact that 55,000
can
tons of steel will be requiredfor the

with its

frame and

8,000,000 bricks.

There

will
Ill

\Photopte-s.
AT
A

WORK

GRAND

ON
STAND

STANCHION

THE
FOR

FAMOUS

OF
COURSE.
RACE-

THE

ENGINEER

BUILDER

AS

indulgedin

be 4,500 windows, all outside,and if you

all the elevators you would be
whizzed

"

"

buildingsof

American

is "in

on

the

one

outer

piece,"as

buildingthe

mammoth

walls,which

the outer

are

inner
form

constructed

The

built

are

one

Council

on

NETWORK

Chamber

another.

Larkin
or

Tower, the upper

steps, without which

the street
of

level enclosed

keeping London
of
lightness

York

streets have

every
A

roofs
the

of

different

girderwork

walls support the floors,and

the whole

structure
a

the

But

be called.

it may

in the American

dependent in

is not

any

way
floors
the

separateshell,inside which

BEAMS

Lont'on

AND

County

In the

Hall

i.i

hardly any

lightat

series of

all would

such

at

to be illuminated

day of the year, as they are so

problem that has to be borne

Ltd.

construction.

street

level,which

"

the

setbacks,"

reach

towering walls.
risinghigheris shown by

apartments

"" H

high buildingslike

storeys are
between

of

course

of very

case

Holland

GIRDERS.

arranged in

from

on

steel

OF
the

"

miles.

10

on

[By courtesyof Messrs.

A

joy ride

of

distance

British office block, in which

from the
principle
is so planned that
structure

this type

"

down

The

to

wisdom

the comparative
in

some

New

by artificial lightat midday nearly

shadowed
around.
by the buildings

112

in mind

is the chemical

action

of

ERECTING

THE

GIRDERS

OF

HUGE

NEW

STORE.

THE
the

the

atmosphere on
of smoke

to

it has

been

and

in the end

and

air, which
has

altered

that

used.

Cities add

alters its character

the

character

useless,by the action

easilyaffected,but the stone

are

are

of

much

coming of

fumes

let

loose,

corroded,
definitely
air.
Reinforced
city

of which

badly

so

great quantities

; the

of the

kinds of stone

some

composed has suffered

replacementsare necessary and

Parliament

BUILDER

rendered

is not

concrete

found

AS

buildingmaterials

the

vehicles
petrol-driven
and

ENGINEER

that

of the

the Houses

of

repairs

constant

carved

work

has

11

[By courtesyof Messrs.

THE

lost its
such

state

before

Westminster

originalbeauty.
that

it could

city air, and

be
many

fears

"

Hannen. L'd.

Abbey

long

not

be

ago

reached

altogether spoilt

of modern
resist the ravages
of pounds had to be raised for the

condition

thousands

Holland

PICCADILLY.

felt lest it should

were

put in

IN

HOUSE

DEVONSHIRE

NEW

to

by urgent appeals to the public.

stone is not resistant enough
Again, some

purpose

buildingson the coast, while

it to crumble.
a dry air causes
\\.B.E.

another

kind

Each

kind

113

to

sea

of stone
has

its

own

air to be used

for

is useless because
and
properties,

THE

AS

ENGINEER

BUILDER
in

atmosphere in
in
which
certain kinds of acid are present, while granitewill give way
cities. Lately,
time under the influence of gases in the air of some
have been built entirely
of
structures, includinglarge bridges,
many
architects
concrete.
All these little things make
problems which
and
engineershave to solve in determining the materials of which
buildingsshall be contructed.
Wherever
iron or steel work is exposed,instead of being covered
in by stone or concrete, it has to
be specially
painted to withstand
marble, hard

even

though

will crumble

it seems,

an

the action of the air.

a

of

little army

instance,

paintersis

work

at

For

Forth

the

on

stantly
con-

Bridge ; when they have painted

the bridgefrom
end to end, they
and
go back to the starting-point
begin all over
again,or else the
lasted
have
bridge would never
until to-day, since it is exposed
to

the

air of the North

corrosive

Sea.
Even
to

frontagesrequire

stone

be

cleaned

"

and

dressed
such

intervals,for without
the

"

at

tion
atten-

would

eventually
requirereplacing.
From
the settingup of the
first crane
for swinging materials
last coat
into place,to the
of
crumble

and

varnish
of

stone

on

minutest

the

represents

MODEL
The

OF
"

new

ONE

Cathedral

OF
of

Learning

"

at

the

his

of

play

to

Science

whom

in

structure
Can

make

has

rendering

efficient

as

it.
E.

114

for

chemist, each
finished

Pittsburg.

problem

and

the

LATEST.

AMERICA'S

care,

engineer,the architect, and

part

[CentralNetcs.

buildingis planned

modern

with

rail,every detail

stair

C.

VIVIAN.

the
as

WATERWAYS

WONDERFUL
tomb

Tutankhamen's

WHENrepresenting

ancient

the

of

one

which

visited

Polo, who

Marco

the

is said to have

been

in

China

in

begun

thirteenth

the

Grand

world, the

in the

found

pictures were

Egyptians engaged

of the

wonders

opened

was

seventh

canal

ing.
build-

century,
of

Canal
but

century

covered
dis-

China,
not

was

[Central News.
H.M.S.

"RENOWN

PASSING

DUCHESS

completed
familiar
canal

those

until

with

construction

The

great

of

to-day

OF

six centuries
such

difference
is

YORK

between

that, whereas

The

indeed,

old

as

the

CANAL

as

the

WITH

THE

DUKE

AND

BOARD.

ON

later.

waterways
is almost

PANAMA

THE

THROUGH

Greeks
in

and

Romans

flat countries

the

were

art

of

history.
canal

ancients

builders

had

to

of

relyon

history and
slave

labour

engineershave all the advantages of

simplestof tools, modern
powerful machinery and scientific appliances; drag-lineexcavators
to do the digging,dynamite and
rock-drills to blast the rocky strata,
and

the

WONDERFUL

WATERWAYS

huge locomotives to carry away the earth and rock as it is excavated,

to transport heavy weights,reinforced concrete, steel
mighty cranes
wonderful
of all,
stresses, and, most
capable of bearing enormous
electricity.
A contrast
indeed to the slaves and whips of antiquity.
Canals may
be regarded as rivers made
by man, in contrast to
This is not at all an exaggeratedview, because
rivers made
by nature.
canals in their way
the finest
are
as
as
grand and almost as inspiring
Often they are
much
of nature's work.
useful because, while
more
just where
There

fall of the land carries them, canals

the

rivers flow where

they

be built

wanted.

are

kinds

various

are

can

according to the
canals, connectingcentres
exist, and suitable only

of canals, and

it is convenient

class

to

(i)Ordinary inland
no
navigablerivers
for small vessels,barges,etc. ; (2) Lateral
two
canals, which either connect
placesin the same
valley,or two
adjoiningriver systems, or provide a waterway in place of a portion
of a river, where, owing to waterfalls,cataracts, shallows or tidal
currents, navigationis difficult or impossible
; (3)Ship canals, providing
an
inexpensive
of
means
transportation
them

between
or

the

between

some

and

ocean

they serve :
purpose
of population where

ocean,

and

ocean

inland centre.

Canals

capableof
taking the largest liners
and
battleships.During
of this class

the

recent

Duke

H.M.S.

and

of

tour

Renown

H.M.S.

the

of York,

Duchess

through the
and

are

passed

Panama

Canal,
the

Hood,

built,
largestwarship ever
has also been through.
Ship canals are by far
from
the most
interesting
an
engineering point of
,

[Topical.

,i

V1GW"

problems Which

arise

STEAM

crossing"
lie

desert

NAVVY

WITH

in the Sudan

CATERPILLAR
to

take

WHEELS

part in canal construction.

WONDERFUL
from

construction

large

scale.

on

WATERWAYS

so

Sometimes

they are
reasonably
often
straightforward
;
they are very complicated.
The Suez Canal is a simple
channel

out
sea-level,with-

at

locks, open

The

freely

sea-water.

Panama

Canal,

on

other hand, consists of

the
an

and

with

supplied

both

at

to the sea,

ends

intricate series of small

canals

joininga
built

lakes,

canal

breadth
of the
to be

at

sea-level and
this canal

largestboats

by

with

stonework

of the channel

that

to

are

WORK

ON

locks.

THE

for Canada.

WELLAND

SHIP

worked

or

mountain.

concrete

should

the

Every ship that

flat bottom

navigatethe

few feet greater than

Huge excavators,
A

connected

is constructed

the bottom

AT

has, in effect,to climb

usually have

at least

SHOVEL

various

channel

sides, which

GIANT

CANAL.

at

heights above
goes through

[By courtesyof High Commissioner

A

of

number

be

more

canal

"

mounted

are

on

sloping
facing." The

than

; the

twice that

depth requires

draught of the heaviest

are
by electricity,
employed

series of scoops

and

an

to

do

the

endless chain, and

boat
.

ging.
digwork

gradually deepening slope. Going empty on the downward

journey,they collect their fillon the upward journey,usuallytwo to
three hundredweights of material to each scoop.
Having reached the
of
the
end
journey,each scoop in turn is automaticallyturned
upper
and
down
upside
emptiesits load into railwaytrucks waitingunderneath.
As each truck is filled the locomotive
draws
it clear and bringsthe next
and when
all the trucks are full the train moves
off.
empty truck into place,
on

the soil is not

Where

have

to be

"

puddled

"

with

gravel,the aim being to

burrowing of animals.

and

Canals

which

consist

level,like steps up
means

of

section.

the

the bottom

retentive

of

and

sides of the canal

clay,tempered and well mixed with sand

of water
and the
prevent the percolation
a

number

side of

of

sections,each

hill,must

different

necessarily
possess some
section to the adjoining

raisingor loweringa vessel from one

This is accomplishedby locks, inclines,or
117

on

lifts.

WATERWAYS

WONDERFUL

is

lock

The

of

of

masonry
contain
the

the

water-tightenclosure

sufficient dimensions

largestvessels
is

canal, and
of

the

placed

water

end

of

in

the

the

is

the

mination
ter-

surface

closed

by heavy

swinging gates, in pairs,which open

the centre
againstthe direction of
These

current.

double

order

form
[". N.
OF

CONQUEROR

REAL

THE

the

PANAMA.

them

drip barrel which automaticallyspreads

and
prevents
pools in Panama
It
mosquitoes from breeding in the water.
was
headway with the
impossibleto make
A

oil

until
with

had

means

the

Sluices, which

of dealing

of water,

the passage

boat

in

first

closed, then

canal

ascending a

in, and

the

from

above,

near

the

though

the

arrives

at

lower

again

sluices in

to

flow

through

the

side

culvert

dischargesfrom

the

structed
con-

the lock in

and

when

lock, the
to

opened
gates

the

Water

gates

When

upper

gates, and

upper

the

shut.

allow

entered.

upper

the

in

gates remain
a

controlled

are

inserted

bottom,

it has

when

are

opened

ones

closed

the

they may meet before they

a
straightline. The pressure of
thus
water
causes
against them
to be the more
tight.
watercompletely

mosquito plague.

allow

come

found

been

are

in

that

over

work

gates

wider than

somewhat

of

Each

level.

upper

lock

the

navigate

at

level, its top

lower

reaching slightlyabove
the

that

to

the

are

boat

is

to

allowed

sometimes

level into

also

lock.

As

the water-level rises to equal that of the upper

section of
fills,
canal.
Whereupon the upper gates are opened and the boat is

the lock
the

able

to

lock

on

The

lift of

is

or

to

who

9 feet.

takes

Thames

familiar

their

and

feet,

12

by
rowing-boat soon

the

the

higher level.
a
singlelock

usuallyabout

Anyone
up

of

out

from

ranges
and

pass
the

with

trip

launch
comes
belocks

of

manner

working.
On

some

canals

95-TON STEAM
118

SHOVEL

HANDLING

ROCK

IN

[E.N.A.
PANAMA.

[Fleet.
A

GIANT

CRANE

AND

CONVEYER

AT

WORK

ON

THE

PANAMA

CANAL.

[".
THE

GREAT

GUARD

GATES

OF

PEDRO

MIGUEL

118

DOCKS,

PANAMA

CANAL.

N.

A.

WATERWAYS

WONDERFUL
inclined

level to another, the boats

one

carriageswhich

run

is confined

of these

locks

of

instead

used

planes are

on

rails and

to

the

are

hauled

consist

of two

enough

water

float

Two

boat.

The

inclined

as
or

lifts. These

caissons, each

lines of rails

holding
employed, one

are

[E
GATUN
locks

The

caisson

by
the

are

ropes

or

other

chains

sunk
Let

canals.
which

is

running on
Caissons

constructed

at

will.

us

now

that

one

vessel

chat

The

chief and

over

50 miles

about
most

may

descend

another

famous
more
120

that

manner

of the

some

A.

more

is,of
than

are

ascenc's.

connected

so

when

water-tightboxes,

in such

long,cost

as

the caissons

that
guide-pulleys
are

CANAL.

each line of rails ; and

descends.

sheet-iron,and
or

arranged in pairs so

running on

PANAMA

LOCKS,

or
use

canals.

smaller

employ what are known

counterbalancingtroughs

to

from

cradles

cables.

by

up

boats

wheeled

being placed upon

canals

Other

transfer

to

ascends

one

built

usuallyof

they may

be floated

important of

course,

the

Panama

the

ship

Canal,

"75,000,000to construct,

WONDERFUL
and

unites

has

conferred

the

and

Pacific and

the Atlantic.

was

Then

stripof

It

builder of the

Suez

Canal

at

its

company,

head, started

an

the Isthmus
of Panama.
projectfor a sea-level canal across
begun, but the mismanagement of the company's funds
terrible plagues,
yellow fever and malaria, soon called a halt.
took the lead, bought the canal site the narrow
America

those

French

the

greatest oceans,

immense

famous

ambitious
Work

two

benefits upon
civilization.
historyof the canal is well known.
First,a French

The
with

the

WATERWAYS

"

land
had

the Isthmus

across

planned a

and

"

started

sea-level canal such

the

work

The

anew.

the Suez, which

as

would

[E. AT. A.
AN

"ELECTRIC

FOR

USED

MULE,"

TOWING

VESSELS

PANAMA

have
in

necessitated

places,across

excavation

material
mile.
Well

chain

is

themselves
feet above

excavation

alone

had

excavated

But

might
ever

Another

be

to

this

was

Panama

was

onlyone
be

carried out
well-known

LOCKS

OF

THE

hundred

some

Americans,
with

the

to

save

feet

deep.

enormous

lock canal, the

upper

sea.

huge problem. 360,000,000 tons

moved

and

problem

referred to

by

channel,

of hills ; the

80

over

THE

CANAL.

cuttingof

work, contented

level of which

The

the

THROUGH

the

distance
of a
average
hundreds
of
others.
were

an

; there
"

as

of

prise
greatest engineerirgenter-

man."
canal

about
121

which

much

has

been

written

WONDERFUL
is the

Suez.

Like

WATERWAYS

the Panama,

it will

standing
always be regarded as an outachievement.
the
at
will see
how
Anyone looking
a
map
neck of land joinsWest
narrow
Asia to Egypt. Small as it is, that
strip of land compelled ships travellingfrom Europe to Asia to
sail round almost the entire continent of Africa, so that a journey of
MEDITERRANEAN

several

SEA

thousand

rendered

was

by

neck

than

necessary

of land less

hundred

In

across.

the

across

the

on

the

of

and

is cut
that
can

locks

ocean-goingliners
steam
straight
from

Sea.

has, of
sides ;

the

course,
across

THE

SUEZ

the

been

sloping
the

top
feet

at

the

tom
bot-

maximum

CANAL.

width

The

canal

300

the

[E.N.A.
OF

VIEW

and

the

to

The

it is about

BIRD'S-EYE

it

sea-level,so

to

Mediterranean

wide

since

improved.
long

no

through
Red

was

miles

100

has

years

it has

much

It is

Ten

canal

and

opened

to

Ferdinand

Lesseps.

been

canal

designs

later

work

Isthmus,

Frenchman,
de

miles

1859

begun

was

miles

is 260

feet.

In

of material

excavated.
were
80,000,000 cubic yards
of
the
canal
is
but
recentlya proposalhas
present depth
30 feet,

construction

brought

vessels

having

with

vessels

Suez

Canal

The

of
a

to increase the

forward

draught of 36 feet.
this draught. About

year,

Welland

depth

or

Canal

more

than

in Canada
122

in order

The

Panama

that

it may

Canal

can

take

deal

ships pass through the

dozen
a
day.
was
opened in 1829, and is now
5,000

STEAMERS
A

strict

speed limit

is

imposed

to

PASSING

prevent

IN

damage

THE
to

the

SUEZ
sand

CANAL.
banks

by

the

wash

of

large vessels.

[E. N.
ON

THE

SAULT

STE
123

MARIE

CANAL.

A.

WONDERFUL
LAKE

WATERWAYS

ERIE

LAKE

ux*.t

ONTARIO

LOCK,

DIAGRAM

LOCKS

SHOWING

ON

THE

WELLAND

SHIP

CANAL.

being reconstructed for the third time. This reconstruction is perhaps

in hand.
the most
endeavour
The
now
importantpieceof engineering
the Niagarapeninsula,
canal crosses
almost parallel
to the Niagara
runs
It forms a vital link
River, and joinsLake Erie with Lake Ontario.
the ports on the Great Lakes and the
the shippingroute between
on
Atlantic.

certain sections

When

the St. Lawrence

on

quitelargeocean-goingvessels
enlarged,
to Duluth, the grain port at the head

will be

River

have

been

journey direct
of Lake
Superior,the most
of the Great Lakes.
This will save
westward
transferring
cargo from
and will reduce considerably
small shipsto big ones
the cost of transporting
Canada
to Europe. Lake
Erie is 572
grain from Western
sea-level,whereas

feet above
means

that

there is

the canal, and

Lake

rise of 330
this includes the
a

Ontario

able to

is but

feet between

Niagara Falls.
using the canal

the

effect,liners
a

climb

*,

journey.

Instead

locks which

were

them

will

variety;

usable
usable

will

of

do

to

the

this

each

length

800

width

of

80

to

lift

able

A
Some

HUGE

idea of the

STEAM

SHOVEL.

size of modern

rate

steam

shovels

"

' '

as

"

124

feet, they
vessel

height
82

will
at

of

feet.

pump
such

level 5-7 feet per

lock will therefore

to raise the

minute.
take

locks

the

is

holds thirtyconveyed by the fact that this Bucyrus

Its working capacity is 15 cubic yards and
at each
truck-load
go."
up a whole

four men.
it scoops

machinery

into

water

the

feet and

The
47 feet.
lock walls will be

Powerful
Fleet.

in

possessinga

of

be

forty

reconstructed

nearly
the

the

possess only seven.

locks will be all of the

These
lift

will

thought necessary

originalcanal,
canal

In

Falls in their

famous

these

to enable

sections of

the various

equivalentof

This

feet.

242

but

Each
some

ten

minutes

to fill.

WONDERFUL
various

The
in the

same

in

of the

sections

canal

will rise

Panama

the

as

manner

WATERWAYS

one

above

Canal.

Everyone
magnificentall-British

the

draught

up

To reconstruct
at

time

one

spent

at

to

the canal

certain

; 41,000,000

feet will be

23

as

cubic

able to

bottom

at

feet and

use

ested
inter-

canal
200

vessels

it.

have

been

employed
60,000,000 dollars have so far been
earth and 8,000,000 cubic yards of

yards of

3,000

as

many

seasons

other,

will be

followingfacts about this

it will be when
as
completed : Length 25 miles, width
feet,at water-level 310 feet. The depth will be 25
having

the

men

Canada.
[By courtesyof the High Ccrr.tnissicnerfor

CONSTRUCTING

rock

will have

will be

to be

will be
We

excavated

which

one

have

seen

that

the

Canals.

American
to overcome,

These

from

overcame

quitefavourablywith

go

twin

Lake

from

will need

to

use

lie

canals

builders had
them

in
126

well
be

in

many

most

the Panama

with

able to pass

Superiorto
one

one

regard

of the

concrete

in about

lake to another

one

British

To

ONTARIO.

CANAL,

3,160,000cubic yards of

; and

pass

SHIP

race
may
in
future
will
ships

territory.Their
and

WELLAND

THE

This canal will compare

Superiorto the Atlantic.

the adjoininglake, they
Marie

FOR

LOCKS

required. Ships will

eighthours.
and

TWIN

pride.

from

Lake

two

Canadian

Lake

Huron,

Sault
and

one

Ste
in

engineeringdifficulties

ingeniousmanner.

WONDERFUL

WATERWAYS

[E. N. A.
A

draw

of

IN

TUNNEL.

The
is five miles
tunnel
Rove Underground
Canal, Marseilles.
long and is perfectlystraight.
of foot passengers
and
the horses which
side,supported by the tall arches, are paths for the use
the barges.

The

Along

CANAL

Great

each

Europe contains no
its importance and

affair from

Here

there

The Kiel Canal, in spite

very largecanals.
the part it played in the War, is a small

pointof view. It is,however, second only

to the Suez in length. Another
the Elbe
as
long canal is that known
is 42 miles long,but only 10 feet deep.
and Trave, in Germany, which
It is reallyonly a barge canal.
A remarkable
canal which, though short, is one
French
of the
world's greatest engineering
the Rove
feats,is that known
as
Tunnel,
beneath
the
Rove
a
Hills,near
Marseilles,to connect
carrying waterway
that port with the Rhone
Canal system.
It is the longestcanal
from
tunnel in the world, being five miles
end
to end, and
took
fifteen years to complete,at a cost of "25,000,000. Our picturegives
fair idea of its appearance
when
How
a
faintlyilluminated.
many
of us would
reallyenjoy a journey on its dark waters ?
In Great Britain,with plenty of navigablerivers and with the seacoast comparatively
close to all parts,we are not so familiar with canals
should
be if we
lived in Holland
as
we
or
Belgium, or even in France.
and

canal,but

on

constructional

we

come

the whole

we

across

have

little waterway

and

christen

greatlyneglectedthe making
120

it

of canals.

WONDERFUL
It is tiue

the

Mersey

Caledonian

Ship

Canal

direct to Manchester.

Canal

which

The
famous

STEAMER

canals

ON

of the

WATERWAY

you

allows

cotton

for

to

Manchester

the material
and

compare

of

shipsto proceed

the construction

at

followingtable will enable

the middle

across

Before

Liverpooland railwaysconveyed
extra
Manchester, causing much
expense

unload

the

have

Canal, ships bearing raw

Manchester

to

we

the Manchester

Scotland, and
via

that

WATERWAYS

of the
had

from

to

there

delay.
of the

some

more

world.

IN

LADEN

TENNESSEE
SHIPPED

TO
127

ENGLAND.

WITH

4,000

BALES

OF

COTTON

TO

BE

FLOATING

FIRE-ENGINE

lives in

who

EVERYONE
fire-engines
held

that

they
Not

minute.

of

the
of

use

from

the

the

reach

may

is

everyone

Thames
these

inaccessible

to

order

enables

of the

building

whilst

fire without
that

to

the

traffic is

the

loss of

London

the
to

river-side
attack

Fire
tents
con-

buildings.
flames

the

of course,

positionthat,

the

protect the valuable

firemen
"

thrill of excitement

streets

also

and

fire-floats

water-side

the

however,

aware,

warehouses,

felt

has

of the

scene

in
floatingfire-engines

Brigade uses
The

dash

the

as

large town
through

is

ordinary fire-engine.

the

One
recent

of

floats

fire-

these

is

twin-

70 feet
length,and 3 feet

screw

in

of the most

vessel

9 inches

in

extreme

draught, fitted with

two
six-cylinder
internal -combustion

engines.
engines are
[By c-mtlesy of Messrs.
A

FIRE-FLOAT

BEING

TESTED

ON

Mcrryreatker
THE

""

Sons, Ltd.

by

is then

some

cut

five minutes

off and

started

compressed

air,

THAMES.

and

petrolfor

These

then

run

on

until

The petrol
thoroughlywarmed
up.
paraffinsupplied,and on this fuel they develop and

their full power.

maintain
Each

of special
engine develops no
horse-power,and by means
clutches the enginesmay
be used either for propellingthe vessel or for
There are
water
to the fire.
on
driving the machinery7used to pump
each
two
capable of discharging1,350 gallons per minute.
pumps,
deliver
occasion
arise they can
Should
even
over
2,000
gallonsper
minute
by alteringthe pressure at which
they work.
When
the vessel was
tested at Charing Cross a short time ago she
remarkable
a
display of pumping. At one time eight powerful
gave
at work
more
a
together, but an even
jetswere
impressivesightwas
single3j-inchjetwhich rose to an enormous
heightand seemed to reach
the river.
The pumping tests were
continued
for four
half-way across

hours

without

hitch

of any

kind.
HI

TANK.

[By courtesyof the Mersey

GRAIN

DISCHARGING

LINERS

AT

LIVERPOOL

DOCK

BY

MEANS

OF

Docks

"" Harbour

PNEUMATIC

Board.

SUCTION

ELEVATORS.

WONDERFUL

SOME
the
AMONGincluded

DOCKS

must
important engineering wonders
certainly
be
the great docks that play so largea part in the life
and work of the world.
They are an essential feature of every country
with
them
it would
be impossibleto feed the
a
seaboard, for without
cities or to conduct
vast
extensive
populations of modern
foreign
any
docks
Yet
and
commerce.
are
so
frequently situated in obscure
unattractive
quarters that many
boys and girlsscarcelyever see them,

and

know

involved

most

little either of the

in their

of their work

romance

construction

and
are

docks.

chieflyused

docks

two

of the difficulties

maintenance.

Roughly speaking,there
Wet

or

classes of docks, wet

for

and

docks

and

are
dry
loading
unloading
docks
for
that
have
the
examination
of
vessels
been
repairor
ships,dry
damaged in collision or that require reconditioning.
Pages could be given to a descriptionof the docks at such great
to mention
only
ports as London, Liverpool,Southampton and Hull
British ports. At Liverpool,for instance, there
four of the best-known
Ian ding-stageby
and a marvellous
miles of docks
are
over
seven
floating
"

W.B.B.

129

WONDERFUL
which

the

DOCKS

traffic is

for the stage enables

brought to the river-edge,
liners and other shipsof the deepestdraught to comesafelyalongside,
their passengers
at low water, to discharge
and mails.
From
these
even
of the earth, returning
able
docks vessels sail to the four corners
with valutobacco, and hundreds
cargoes of cotton, wool, bacon, sugar, grain,
of other

necessaries.

first dock,
Liverpool's
the first enclosed, or

when

the

begun.

The

"

Old

of the

It

present docks

recentlycompleted

most

completed in 1715,

Dock,"

dock, in the world.

wet

construction

the

was

filled in in

along the

dock

is the

[By courtesy of the Mersey

THE

GREAT

LANDING-STAGE

FLOATING

Dock, opened by the King and

in

is the

length and
It

offered

was

many
the

years

Queen

in

AT

of such

mechanical

Gladstone

new

"

Harbour

in

It is 1,100

Board.

feet

Europe.

authorities realized the

before dock

was

LIVERPOOL.

July,1927.

of its kind

largestdock

1826,

riverside

Docks

was

advantages

of power
labour of

as
sources
employment
the
substitute
for
men
a
as
steam,
electricity
and
horses.
Nowadays, however, every appliancethat ingenuitycan
provideis used to expeditethe handlingof dockside cargo, for the speed
of unloading and
turning a ship round," is a vital
loading,or
factor
in other words
time is money."
A dry dock, or
well be termed
as it is called,may
gravingdock

by

water

and

"

"

"

"

"

130

"

-,^-J

.%/

[By courtesy of the Mersey

OVERHAULING

LARGE

LINER

IN

181

GRAVING

DOCK

AT

Docks

LIVERPOOL.

"

Harbour

Board.

WONDERFUL

DOCKS

[Sport"
CRANES

ROOF

ABOVE

THE

TREBLE-STOREY

STORE

DOCK,

for
ship'shospital,

at

but

sea,

also with

it deal with

ailments

is caused

THE

NEW

GLADSTONE

as

affect

the result of accidents

ship.

and
collision,

Sometimes

siderable
con-

it is wonderful

ship by
repairand patching. In these days ship
by way
has reached
extent
due to some
a
high stage of perfection,
in repairing
wide and varied experience
obtained duringthe War
damage

what

such

AT

LIVERPOOL.

only does

not

SHEDS

General.

"

of

be done

can

to

"

surgery
to the

of submarines

the ravages
ship is due

the

to

her hull becomes

growths retard
and

also add

and

mines.

fact that after she has

covered

progress

to the fuel

with barnacles

One
been
and

of the chief ailments

at

sea

marine

for

As these

by creatingadditional friction with the

hospitaland have them scraped off.

it enters
When
a
ship is ready for treatment
guided by tug-boats. Having passed through the

for

few months

weeds.

bill,it is periodically
necessary

of

water

shipto

go

into

made
out

the

dock, carefully

massive

gates, it is

is pumped
fast to the wharf, the gates are closed and the water
of the dock.
As the level of the water graduallydecreases,wooden
"

props,

or

shores," are

inserted between
132

the

ship and

the sides of the

[Sport"" General.
CRANES

AND

MORE

CRANES

AT

THE

GLADSTONE

DOCK.

keep the vessel vertical,and as she settles down her keel

to rest on
When
comes
specialblocks set in the bottom of the dock.
all the water
has been pumped
out
and
the ship stands high and
dry
it is possibleto examine
her without
difficulty.
with the rapid increase
The size of docks has grown
to keep pace
in the dimensions
of ships. Amongst
the
those
are
largest docks
at Belfast
(850 feet in length); Tilbury (873 feet); Glasgow (880
feet); Southampton (1,700feet); and Liverpool(1,100feet). With the
is about
of these
docks
100
exceptionof the last named, the breadth
feet, and the depth from
50 to 60 feet.
of a dry dock
is an
It might be supposed that the construction
is
far
hole
in
the
earth."
It
from
a
being
easy matter, just digging
of
often
and
great engineering
presents problems
simple, however,
earth
has to be excaof
In
first
the
vated,
place,a large quantity
difficulty.
then
strong watertightwalls have to be built to keep out the
As the work
water
that is found in nearly all ground close to the sea,
dock.

These

"

133

WONDERFUL
earth behind

proceeds,the
pressure

they
to

Then

bulge
again.
again,the

tendency to
which
to

the dock

the thrust

is not

of

all the

massive

inverted

an

arch

the

was

due
at

case

will have

work

for

the

that

reason

such

it has
the

on

behind

also
If

them.

precautionstaken

Aberdeen, where

disaster

dry dock
being in use

after
for

floor,

to resist it,and

the walls of the earth

on

increasing

stronglyconstructed

carefully
planned and

certainlyresult,as

been

huge tank, and as

is considerable upward pressure

be built in the form

must

not

be

must

masonry

There

float.

counteract

will

have

dry dock is,after all,but

empty

an

if

and

tremendous

they
perhaps collapse,and

and

done

be

the walls exerts

them, and

upon

will

DOCKS

eleven

years
and

cracked,

cost

"68,000 to repair.
More
recently the
floor

the

of

dock

Tyne

found

was

to be unable

on

stand
to with-

the

exerted

[By courtesyof the Mersey

A

Moving

into

LEAF

positionone

IS

THAT

taken

out

dock

was

removed.

hull

as

closed
of
the

for

to

the Gladstone

it
and

one

type have been

is

by

half

so

lay submerged.
the water
were

forerunners

of

floatingdocks

Board.

inside

no

it has

means

the

out.

several

disadvantages,and
used.
These are
largely
new,

for

In its earliest form

gate in the

pumped

uses

Dock.

long ago as 1795.

merely an old ship'shull with
The ship to be docked
was

course,

latter

lock

the idea of which

docks,
floating

Harbour

LIGHT.

docks of another

years

"

Docks

"30,000 had to be
expended to make
it right.
the
Although
dock
has
its
graving

leaf,weighing 500 tons, of the three pairsof

steel gates at the river entrance

in recent

NOT

pressures
it and
upon

stern

cut

steered
stern

patent

the

off and

floating

the decks

carefullyinside
of the hull

These

was

was

the
next

docks,
earlyfloating
only able to deal with small craft, but they were
of the great floating
docks
of to-day. Not until the
the nineteenth
the great advantages of
century were
fullyrealized.
134

(Alfieri.
ALBERT

DOCK

EXTENSION,

OF

PORT

LONDON.

[Sport " General.

CONSTRUCTING

DRY

DOCK

135

AT

SWANSEA.

DOCKS

WONDERFUL
docks
floating

Modern

lifted.

vessel to be
and

their

buoyancy
and

lifting
power

are

The

built of steel pontoons

are

filled with

when

which

water

water

reasserts

the dock

cause

is then

pumped

itself. Docks

out

to

hollow

or

of the

construction

capableof raisingthe largest

warshipsand

of this great system of docks, considered

the finest in the

the

pontoons

of this type have

THE

The

bers,
cham-

sink below

great
liners.

GLADSTONE

world, occupiedmany

years

SYSTEM
and

cost

docks in different parts of the world that

floating
of 20,000
have lifting
tons
or
more.
capacities
docks
L
be
divided
into
two
as
classes,known
Floating
may
also called
off-shore
U
are
shape. The former
shape and
for
the
wall
of
the pontoon (corresponding
to the downdocks,
upright

There

are

at least ten

"

"

"

"

136

"

"

about

OF

"7,51

WONDERFUL
of the

DOCKS

letter

be attached
to an
L) must
anchorage on shore
vessel is being lifted,otherwise the dock would
when
a
heel over.
docks
of
two
The
are
box-docks
that are
U-shaped
types : (i)
and
not
(2) those that are self-docking. The former
self-docking,
type must be placed in a graving dock when it is desired to repaintor
stroke

[By courtesyof the Mersey

rERPOOL
ter area

BEFORE
is

55^ acres

Docks

"" Harlcur

Board.

FLOODING,
and

the floor

area

of the sheds

57

acres.

The

sheds
treble-storey

are

shown

and

Branch

Docks

Nos.

and

2.

repairthe underwater
parts. The largestdock of this type is the
dock
in
the
of
floating
Medway, which is designedto lift battleships
tons
displacement.
up to 33,000
The
second
or
self-dockingtype are divided into sections,each
self-contained.
being
Any of these sections may be detached from

WONDERFUL
the main
dock

itself

of
of

and

lifted

the

to

on

other

sections

the
constituting

"

for

paintingor repairs.
docks is that they can
great advantages of floating
constructed
more
quicklythan gravingdocks. In the construction
the latter type a great deal of time is occupiedby the excavation
dock
A firm of shipthe site,but with a floating
this is saved.
owners
with
in
at
short
notice
dock
feet
once
a
length
required
510
"

One

be

dock

DOCKS

of the

lif tin

of

capacity

tons.

11,000

The

working

drawings and
specifications
were
prepared
within
eight
a
days and
later

week

ion

construct

had

begun.

Within

seven

and

half

the

months
dock

was

launched, and
month

later

(eightand
months

half

the first

from

mention
[By courtesyof Messrs.
GIANT

DOCKSIDE

CRANES

AT

THE

They look strangely like the birds from

PORT
which

was
completewith machinery and fittings,

In another

Sea to its destination.

capacityof
of
A

11,000

tons

was

case

built and

towed

been

distant, within

five and

constructed, several years

complete each

to

the
at

order

half months.

at least would

of them.
138

with
a

lifting

distance

being received.

destination, 4,500

Had

have

the North

Havana,

its

dock,

across

floatingdock

of
6,500 miles, within eleven months
dock for Lagos was
built and
delivered

miles

the

its way

on

subject)

the

is taken.

name

Pitt,Ltd.

LONDON.

OF

their

Stotherl "

been

graving docks
necessary

to

[Stffln,Hunter
BRITISH

ADMIRALTY

32,ooo-TON

FLOATING

DOCK

BEING

TOWED

[Stt-an,Hunter
LIFTING

THE

OLD

BATTLESHIP

"

SANSPAREIL

"

DOCK.
139

(10,000

TONS)

IN

"

Wigham

FROM

THE

THE

""

Wigham

BERMUDA

Richardson.
TYNE.

Richardson.

FLOATING

DOCKS

WONDERFUL
have

Floatingdocks
fact that

should

the addition
at

work.

In

either that
would

dam

Then

of

other

it be desired
a

of

case

it had
have

section,and

new

the

advantages,the
to lengthenthem,

to

be
be

to

meanwhile

chief of which
this

be

can

the dock

is the

done

be

may

graving dock, lengtheningwould

temporarilyput
built

dock
again,a floating

of

out

use

or

that

by
kept

mean

costly

it.

across

has the

great advantage over

graving

dock

that it is open at both ends, and can

accommodate
a ship even
longerthan itself by the bow and stern of the ship being allowed to
dock has been known
projectbeyond the ends of the dock. A floating
to lifta shipwith an overhang of no less than 107 feet at each end.
A
a
graving dock, of course, could not accommodate
ship exceedingits
A floating
few inches.
a
dock, too, can be towed to
lengthby even
traffic to the favourite
any part of the coast and so follow the ocean
dock
harbours.
This advantage enables a floating
to be used in conjunction

with

base, the dock

sufficient to

fleet,for if

can

enable

be towed
it to be

crippledwarship is unable to reach its

to it and repairs
carried out to an extent
taken to a convenient
place for a more

thorough overhaul.

[By courtesyof the

LIFTING

THE

"

MAJESTIC

The

"

photograph

(56,551 TONS)
was

taken

from

FLOATING

IN

THE

one

of the decks

140

of the

DOCK
"

AT

White

Star Line.

SOUTHAMPTON.

Olympic."

WONDERFUL
As
is

DOCKS

there

port

no

within

thousand
miles

of

muda
Berwhere

damaged

vessel

could

be

repaired,

and

as

it

was

considered

import

ant

Britain

that
should

have

dock

accom-

modation
in

the

West

Indies

a
,

floatingdock
381

feet

[By courtesyof the

in
THE

"MAJESTIC"

ENTERING

DRY

DOCK

HAULED

White

BY

Star

Line.

TUGS.

lengthand 84
feet in width
able
was

to

towed

was

out

from

lift vessels of 10,000

believed

it would

that

England

tons, and
be

in

when

large enough

1869.
it
to

was

This

dock

constructed

lift any

ship

is
it

that

might be built in the future. The dimensions of warships increased

out of date, and it was
so
rapidly,however, that the dock was soon
replacedwith a new one, 545 feet in lengthand 100 feet in breadth, at
dock, which has a lifting
a cost of "250,000. The
capacityof 17,000
built in England and
towed
tons, was
nearly 4,000 miles to its
the dock is being used it is submerged until only
destination.
When
2| feet of its
then

walls

manoeuvred

remain

into

above

water.

positionand

when

The

vessel to be
the

lifted is
dock

the
exactlyover
the
such
water
at
rate
a
centrifugal
discharge
pumps
of the water.
that within three and a half hours the ship is lifted out
be separated
The dock is composed of three pontoons, which
may
for cleaningand repair.
from each other and dry-docked themselves
the dock was
tested in the Medto Bermuda
Before being towed
it was
when
tons
required to lift a battleshipof over
10,000
way,
displacement. She was moored above Sheerness and at 11.30 a.m.

eight 1 6-inch

141

WONDERFUL

DOCKS

of
charge by three tugs and brought to the entrance
the dock.
The battleship
then centred on
the keel blocks and
was
by 2 o'clock was
judged to be in a favourable position. Pumping
in fiftyminutes
out
the water
from the dock
then began and
the
dock
raised
and the ship had
of the
been
13 feet. By the end
afternoon the great ship was
high and dry.
is that at Southampton
The largestfloating
dock in the world
belongingto the Southern Railway Company. It is 960 feet in length
and has a lifting
It contains 16,000 tons of steel
power of 60,000 tons.
held togetherby 4,000,000 rivets,and cost over
plates,
"1,000,000. It
is able to accommodate
the largest
vessels afloat and has alreadybeen
employed to lift the White Star Majestic,the world's heaviest liner
(56,551 tons). On
was

taken

in

this

occasion

dock

was

the

said

to

performed the

have

"world's

greatest

feat."
weight-lifting
The

that

news

the

be

Majesticwas

to

lifted

sands
thou-

drew
of

spectators.
the

They saw
shipleave

her berth

at

a.m.

11.30

fine

day,

of

nine

great
one

in

charge
powerful

tugs,which

appeared

be

dwarfs

to

under

mere

her

towering
They saw
the
tugs
busy
speedily swing the
tion
great liner into posisides.

and

minutes

thirty
leaving
[By courtesyof the
VIEW

OF

STARBOARD
ENTERED

SIDE
THE

OF

FLOATING

THE

"MAJESTIC"
DRY

DOCK.
142

While

Star Li,v.

AS

within

her
Pntprpd

of
berth
thp

SHE

dock

Walls.

She

WONDERFUL

was

then

fast and

made

of

a
occasionally
ran
or
nimbly

men

were

foreman
up

the

drawing

was

of the

the keel blocks at the bottom

Little groups

DOCKS

clustered
moved

short

situated at the top of the dock.

35

dock

feet

were

along

6 inches
39

the

of water

feet below

walls

quickly from one

round
stairway into
the shiphad
When

of the

water.

dock, and

group

to

another,

the

Valve

House

been

trulycentred
set to work
and the dock began
the keel blocks, the pumps
were
over
with it the great vessel. The process of pumping
to rise,gentlylifting
o'clock in
the 19,000 tons of water
out
began at 1.25, and by seven
the world's largest
liner standinghigh
the evening the spectators saw
the water, having been raised 40 feet into the air in
and dry above
A truly marvellous
!
feat of engineering
less than five hours.
ELLISON

[H.
THE

'

MAURETANIA
143

IN

DRY

DOCK.

Aslm.

HAWKS.

OF

SHIPMENT

LOCOMOTIVES

FOR

LOCOMOTIVES

INDIAN

FOR

RAILWAYS.

OVERSEAS

fine locomotives
running on our
girlswho see the many
that these are
the only ones
not
home
railways must
suppose
sent abroad, and
made
are
on
Large numbers
by British firms.
many
of the railwaysof the world you will find British engineshard at work,
have been laid out
and even
the railwaysthemselves
by British
may
engineers.
has now
become
The export of locomotives
so
frequentthat a fleet
One
of
of ships has been
speciallybuilt for their accommodation.
G. Armstrong,
these vessels is the motorship Beldis, built by Sir W.
in
This vessel, 303 feet
Whit worth
" Co. Ltd.
length and 45 feet in
dead
She has a single
breadth, is able to carry a
weight of 3,440 tons.
deck, with two large holds for cargo, the hatchways being specially

BOYS

and

arranged

so

derrick

as

cranes,

On

to

be clear of all obstructions.

each

recent

operated by

occasion

the Beldis

seventeen

Birkenhead

are

six three-ton

winch.

steam

There

locomotives

and

be

tenders

were

cules,
Herexported
and
Harbour
the large crane
belonging to the Mersey Docks
motive
Board, made
light work of the job, however, and although each locoslung aboard with ease and
weighed about 70 tons, they were
speed.

loaded

The
Vulcan

on

to

locomotives

Foundry

at

and

at

tenders

Newton-le-

had

to

been

to

brought in parts

Willows, where
144

India.

they

had

from

been

the

made,

SHIPPING
Great

Britain

builds

many

fine

locomotives,not

LOCOMOTIVES.

only
t

"

for
"

herself,but for service abroad.

.1

"

The

pictureshows

the

method

of

LOCOMOTIVES
and

being loaded

before

Thirteen
others

of

and

the
the

FOR
assembled

were

locomotives
tenders

OVERSEAS

then

were

for the

on

whole

the quay

loaded

seventeen

on

on

track.
special

deck, and

stowed

four

below.

The

all at
shipsafelyreached her destination,and the locomotives are now
of lines known
the East
the important network
work
Indian
as
on
Railway.
the s.s. Belray,has taken twenty-five
More
recentlya sister-ship,
from
the Tyne to Queensland. The order for these
4-8-0 locomotives
in the face of severe
obtained
and it was
locomotives was
competition,
that they should be dispatchedwithin seven
months.
stipulated
They
Whitworth
W.
and
G.
"
Co.
built
Sir
were
Ltd.,
Armstrong,
by
despite
the handicap of the coal strike of 1926 and the consequent shortageof
material, the locomotives were
completed,fullyassembled in readiness
able
for running and shipped,within the stipulated
period,a trulyremarkperformance.
locomotives
So complete are
the arrangements under which
are
shippedoverseas
to-day that it is only necessary to liftthe enginesfrom
the deck of the carrying-ship
to the quay for them to be immediately
on

available

for service.
E.

H.

[Fox.
A
H.R.H.

the Duke

W.B.E.

of York

ROYAL

drivinga miniature

"

ENGINE
Pacific

"

on

145

DRIVER.
the

Romney, Hythe and Dymchurch LightRailway.

K

[Sport"

WIRELESS

TESTING

TUNNEL,

90

BELOW

FEET

THE

STEEL-LINED
OF

SURFACE

THE

Genera'..

HUDSON
THE

RIVER.

SURE

YOU

ARE
SOME

IN

RECEPTION

INSTANCES

ENGINEERING

OF
FALLACIES

TO

possess
to

be

in fact is not, you

of your
which
information

chance

will not

will

naturallyuse
unfortunatelyhappens
ticn is in

than
subjectis far worse
that
subject. If you are entirely
gainingcorrect information, but if

about

entirelyignorant of

ignorant,there is
already have
you
and

information

wrong

the
that

circulation,and

any

you

seek for

think

the
practically

(wrong) information
a

considerable

it often

is correct, but

has

such

you

which

information,

same

Now

possess.

it

of wrong
informasemblance
of truth that

amount
a

if it is of long standing and

unlikelyto question it,especially
believed by many
people. An excellent example is the revolution of
about
the Sun.
For
centuries
it was
the Earth
thought that our
Earth
in the solar system, and that the Sun, planets,
was
all-important
we

and

are

all revolved

stars

natural, and

in those

about

the

Earth

as

centre.

This

was

very

disprove. All the appearances

But
then
dealt with the
Copernicus and Newton
caused
the former
the
doubt
to
long-believed
explanation
days

difficult to

in its favour.

were

matter.

I do

What
not

know, but

the

result

was
140

that

we

now

know

our

Earth

ARE

is

YOU

SURE?

small

planet of the Sun, and that we are mere

specks on
small planet. Moreover, we
know
that the Sun
itself is merely
of myriads of stars, many
far larger. There
is nothing
of them

merely a

that
one

like astronomy

to

make

one

feel small

and

to realize the

stupendous

total eclipseof the

The
magnitude and splendour of the universe.
millions of people the
Sun in June, 1927, must
have impressed on
wonderful

of our
solar system, and
the
regularityof the motions
skill
which
enabled
astronomers
to
triumph
knowledge and
three
the
of
calculate the time (to within two
or
seconds)
passage
in
of the edge of the shadow
over
point
England.
any particular
The rotation of the Earth on its axis givesus the division of Time,
which
in solar days or stellar days,the latter being slightly
we
measure
the subdivisions of this periodof
For recording
shorter than the former.
day^we use clocks and watches, and in connection with the latter there
I have
It is
is one
of those widely believed errors
referred.
to which
that watches
because
their
lose time in summer
thought by many
balance-wheels
expand then owing to the higher temperature. A
perfectlynatural idea, which is true as far as it goes. The balanceof human

wheel

does

expand

with

rise of

temperature, but this is not the whole

story. The

balance-wheel

is controlled

the

of steel,which

is elastic.

motion
of the
oscillating
which
is usuallymade
hair-spring,

becomes

less elastic

as

its temperature

when
rises;consequently,

[By courtesyof the

CONSTRUCTING

ESCALATORS

AT

THE
147

BANK

STATION,

London

LONDON.

by

Steel
the

Underground Railways.

ARE
is
hair-spring
have

weakened

oscillates

C. V.

warmed

its

effect

SURE?

is reduced,
elasticity

on

slowly,and

more

YOU

Boys, F.R.S., tells me

the

and

this

it to

causes

balance-wheel, whereupon the latter

the watch

causes

that this

lose time.

to

Professor

slowingeffect due to the change

of elasticity
of the
is eleven
hair-spring
times
due

great as that

as

the

to

sion
expan-

of the balancewheel.
To

the

overcome

M.
difficulty,

Guillaume

C. E.

invented

alloy (a mixture
of
metals) called
elinvar,the elasticity

an

of

which

is

very

little affected

by
change

moderate

of

temperature.

effective is this when

hair-springs
made
is

now

not

it

found

better

make

what

to

known

are

are

of it that

as

pensated
com-

balancewheels

for watches.

As

coveries
dis-

new
or

made,

are

so,
[Fox.
FELLING

FEET

200

CHIMNEY

alas !

example,escalators

in understanding

STACK.

country,
such

the
stand

and

some

matters

on

of

"

that

"

electric motor
still

moving
people think,
or

stairs

one

if you
walk up
that drives it to

stair,because

in

are

who

moving
more

walking up

148

occur.

comparativelynew

those

do

takes
mis-

new

them

For

vention
in-

new

think

at

escalator
work

it is

than

in this

all about
you

cause

when

thought that

you

you

ARE
harder

tread

wish

you

to

put

way

from

step up

to press harder

do have

SURE?

in this

the stairs,and

on

When

motor.

YOU

work

more

stair to

one

the

on

the
it is

next

the foot which

temporarilyremains
to give upward
This extra pressure is necessary
behind.
to
motion
your body, but while this is happening, your leadingfoot does not
true

you

hard

so

press

on

the

stair as
upper
result is that while

on

standingstill. The
speed up the escalator,the
is the

same

when

as

the

on

are

you

lower

when

were

you

walking at

uniform

average pressure of your feet on the stairs

were
standing still that pressure of course

you

"

being exactlyequal to your weight.

is thus unaffected
The power
rate of doing work) of the motor
(i.e.
but the total work
done by the
by your walking up or standingstill,
is its power
motor
multipliedby the time it is exertingsuch power,
and
than
you
that
walk

when
when
walk
the

walk

you

the escalator you are on it for a shorter time

still. Hence, the work done by the motor
when

up

stand

you

when

is less than

up

decrease

is

stand

you

exactly equal

still,and

the work

to

it

can

do

you

be shown
when

you

up.
As

example, I

another

are

the smoke

made
or

very

wonder

400 feet ?

tall,even

fumes

high
people in

whether

into

the

air

you

Some

so

as

to

know

why

think

that

cause

as

some

neys
chim-

it is to carry
littlenuisance

the

neighbourhood. Fortunately,a tall

possiblyon rare occasions it may
chimney may
tall for this reason, but the usual reason
for building
have
been made
a tall chimney is to produce the necessary
draught. A column of hot
of cold air. Consequently,
flue gases weighs less than a similar column
the cold air pushes itself through the boiler fire to get to the place(in
the chimney) where the pressure is less. This difference of pressure is
the weights of the equal columns, as regard
the difference between
dimensions, of cold and hot columns of air and flue gases respectively,
and the taller these columns, the greater their difference of weight,and
consequentlythe greater the draught.
as

possibleto

have

A.

S.

this effect,and

E.

ACKERMANN,

B.Sc.

F.C.G.I.,
(Engineering),
A.M.I.C.E.,

149

M.Cons.E.

G.P.O.
[By courtesy of the Engineer-in-Chief
,

MECHANICAL
The

These

upper photograph shows

chutes
on
to conveyer
open
their loads

for further

CONVEYERS

the central
bands

sorting and

FOR

a
sorting fitting,

which

radiate

despatch.

to

150

MAILS.

of twelve apertures leading to chutes below.

charge
points in the hall beneath, where
they disof such
installed in London
and
are
conveyers

nest

different

number

the Provinces.

PARCEL

V
TUBE

TUNNEL

BY

EXCAVATION

MEANS

OF

GREATHEAD

BORING

SHIELD.

within
the shield)breaking down
the face of the earth in front of the
(in the chamber
to the rear.
Around
the shield may
be seen
the hydraulic rams
shield,and men
hand-shovelling the
spoil
which
force the shield forward, and, to the left of the chamber, the gear by which
the rams
controlled.
are

Showing

the

miners

"

(Photographsnot

otherwise

"

acknowledged are

reproduced by courtesy ofthe

London

Underground Railways.)

MANY

railway lines

much

were

involved
case
no

and

to

than

smaller

placed well

away

now,

from

therefore

were

to-day,though
To

many
take

built when

were

and

in

the central
not

our
numerous

areas.

nearly so

of the works
London

cities and
cases

The

when

the

were

stations

lems
engineeringprob-

difficult

undertaken

towns

as

even

the

would
then

be

the

by
Metropolitan
were

example,
easy.
ties,
MetropolitanDistrict Railways were built,in the 'sixtiesand 'sevenmade
of the tunnels were
most
structing
by opening up the roadways, conthem
the tunnels, and then buildingthe roads again above
;
meant
often
and
partially
having to purchase
pass under buildings
means

151

DIFFICULT

RAILWAY

ENGINEERING
To

rebuild them.
such

construct

line

as

the

sion
exten-

of the

Great

Eastern

Railway
from
Bishopsgate
to Liverpool
Street,
passing under the
passenger

and

goods stations then

in use,

was

formidable
ROTARY

TWO

OF

VIEW

FRONT

EXCAVATORS,

SHOWING

another
and

CUTTING

expensive

DEVICES.

"

"

taking.
under-

however, most of the earlier great engineerSpeakinggenerally,

ing
with
works
associated
railways,notably big bridges and long
in country districts. Others, such as the Newcastle
tunnels, were
High
much
day,
Level Bridge,were
than they would be tosimplerpropositions
far
as
so
complicationsare concerned, though the appliances
available

the

ing
engineer-

demanded

work
a

fewer, and,

were

in that sense,

was

higher order.
it is

But

ent
differ-

very

thing to-day to carry

big engineeringworks

out

limits of great

within

the

cities.

Thus

it

was

complicatedand
business

the

Station

(Brightonsection)in
and

the

Station, the

ago,

former

of the

about

century

latter

cently.
quite rethe
Great
To bring
Railway (now part

the

Central

don,
Lon-

Waterloo

new

quarter of

very

expensive
build

to

present Victoria

of

London

and

North

REAR
152

VIEW

OF

ROTARY

EXCAVATOR.

DIFFICULT

Eastern)into
part of
the

was

Lord's

and

tunnel

London

then

in

1899 meant,

of the

outside

other

system

of

under

Station, for dealingwith

Chalk

at

Farm.

The

and

over

empty carriage
system of

wonderful

in

underground lines

Glasgow may also be mentioned.

Tube
railwaysare, however, the best example

"

London

among

marvellous

Euston

trains,engines,etc., and
The

ENGINEERING

things,passingunder
Cricket Ground, this being done by digging out the
Another
replacingthe surface.
great undertaking

construction

connections

RAILWAY

"

of

[SpecialPress.
CUTTER

ROTARY

AT

WORK

IN

THE

ENLARGED

TUBE

RAILWAY

the

difficultiesand

in a*

great city. The

buildings at

considerable

of

rings of metal

and
boring-shields

frequentlyserious
treacherous

material

with

passed through

but

is

difficulties due
be

SOUTH

LONDON

overcome.
153

railwayconstruction

the lines to pass under

and
foundations
sewers,

that

depth, so

the

together,after
is by no
appliances,

must

AND

enables

bolted

other

of the material

method

be avoided,

water-mains, etc., can

up

tube

"

CITY

LINE.

associated
complications
"

THE

OF

an

to

construction
a

way

has

made
itself,

been

simple.

means

made
The

by

acter
char-

important consideration,and
water

The

and

to

insecure

effects upon

and

buildings

ENGINEERING

RAILWAY

DIFFICULT

of

above, and

vibration,
taken

into

where

the

also to be

have

and

account,

is

Thames

is often

there

and

tube

the

river.
of

Some
lines

of

top of

the

between

the

tively
rela-

only a

thickness

small
earth

under

passed

of

bed

the

tube

these

marvellous

have

systems of connections and

inter-connections, particularly
those

Town

and

while

at

the

Bank,

Court
and

HEAD

FOR

GREAT-

chief

not

plicated,
com-

various

make

actual

Kennington the tubes themselves

small

and

straightand

angular tubes.

problems

encountered.
is

There, connection
made

with

the

and

escalator

tunnels
at

pretty

that

the stations

are

the

is, however,

It

the

large and

of

combinations

at

and

Circus

and
inter-connect,involvingspecial
designsfor junctions,

and

connect

Town

is

though the

SHIELD.

Camden

At

Tottenham

PiccadillyCircus

lines do
connections.

Kennington,
Charing Cross,
at

Road, Oxford

situation
FACE

PREPARING

SHOVELS

PNEUMATIC

Camden

at

an

face,
sur-

(necessarily
angle), liftalso

shafts,etc., are

These

involved.

interfere with sewers,

water-mains

pipes, electric

a s

con-

JUNCTION

OF

SMALL
154

RUNNING

TUBE

AND

LARGE

STATION

TUBE.

DIFFICULT

duits, etc., not

the

that

into

they

to

only

every step
be taken

building
affected,

are

be

and

ings,
build-

to

If

must

rebuilt

not

at

account.

foundations

made

of

has

something

ENGINEERING

to mention

foundations
so

RAILWAY

partially

arrangements

provide support
after

the

work

is

finished but also while it is

in

Sewers
and
progress.
mains
be shifted and
must
sometimes
and
must

entirelyrebuilt,

all the
be

Press.
[Special

ELECTRIC

time

taken

to

GAUGE

LOCOMOTIVE
LINES

CUTTERS

TO

FOR

AND

CONVEYING

TRAIN

ON

"SPOIL"

NARROW
FROM

THE

LIFTS.

measures

allow

existingtraffic to

go

on

safelyand

without

interference.

[Sport"
AT

Pneumatic

WORK
hammers

ON
and

THE

NEW

pickssave
155

TUNNEL.

MERSEY
much

heavy

manual

labour.

General.

DIFFICULT

ENGINEERING

RAILWAY

It

will

be

bered
remem-

that, while
and

South

London

railway was
and

was

being enlarged,
making new
at Kennington,

one

tube outside
and

the

old

taken
BORING

THE

NEW

TUNNEL

THE

UNDER

A.

cuttingshield
jacks

is

30

over

exert

pressure

of

The

6,000

thirtyhydraulic

tons.

new

while
could

no

trains

round

or

were
over

running, in
the

being

was

and

could

while

be

before

the

carried

by

HUDSON

the

feet wide.

tube

old

lines

the

carry

out

track

RIVER.
The

the

specialsupports

on

[G. P.

to

build

to

necessary

new

City
Tube

in

also

connections
it

the

the

cases

many

while
running-lines

men

trains

tube.

Moreover,

of

some

the

work

only be done when

were
actuallyworking

were

moving.

[E.N.A.

Chicago believes

INTERSECTION

IN

TUNNEL

in

conveying heavy freightbetween

the streets.

The

tunnels

THE

CHICAGO

FREIGHT

RAILWAY.

stations,warehouses, etc., under

are

about
156

50

feet below

street

ground

level.

rather

than

along

DIFFICULT
In connection
construction
station at
where
and

with

of

build
water

public subways
the

being made,

cables,etc., and

shaft, or
station

be

to

alternative
In

provided.
of

many
mucn

these
1

involved

is

preparationand
.

of the

-i

as

interfered with,

was

fact, in

tal

at

lift-

section

temporary

in

one

to
jobs was
tunnel
a
solelyfor
mains, gas pipes,

publicpassage-way,

works 1

face
sur-

stage, if part of

every

had

new

first

electric

the

the

stairwaysto
the

ENGINEERING

Circus,
Piccadilly

also

are

of

RAILWAY

[Sport" General.

,J

in

Carry-

DRILL

SHAFT

MERSEY

incidenThe

tunnel

one

of the

Operations aS

TO

BEGINNING

be

FOR

THE

NEW

TUNNEL.

will connect
and
will
Liverpool and Birkenhead
largestin the world, taking two lines of traffic each
way.
have

Over
to be

ing

million

of

tons

rock

will

hewn.

the

out

actual

work.

Of other greatengineering
reconstruction
be

may
York

made

Central
terminals

mention

of the
and

phia
Philadel-

in New

with

their

their

under-river

New

York,

double-storey
below-groundstations and
But

enough

to show

has

tunnels.
been

said

that,while

railway
volves
engineeringeverywhereindifficulties the

become

[SporiS- General.
SOMETHING

Tighteningthe huge

nuts

LIKE

in the tunnel

WRENCH
beneath

and

the costs

the

work

OUt
,

the Hudson

River.

""gC

has

most

lems
prob-

extreme,

greatest,when
to

be

carried

within

the

limits

fown^
LUWIlb

anrl
dlKl

CILlCb.

ritipcj

J. F. GAIRNS, M.Inst..T., M.I.Loco.E.

157

of

[By courtesy of Igr.inicElec'ric Co., Ltl.

LIFTING

TOY

HEAVY

THAT

ROMANCE

and

oddments

watched

the

objectswe
regardlessof the

could

many

chunks

day

an

of scrap

piece
engineer
work

had

time

some

of

nails, keys, iron

We

dangle

with

other

or

from

have

all tried

it,and

piledon

thing'sfeelings.
a
engineer watched
gang
iron from
truck.
a
railway
and

smash

can
an

at

antics

MAGNET

LIFTING
a

small

magnet

other
and
filings,
to see
just how

article after

article,

poor

time-consuming work,
of metal

THE

its influence.

under

One

played

BECOME

TOOL
OF

has

EVERY boy

CASTING.

HAS

A
THE

STEEL

idea.

often
a

Why

it

of

was

for

was

respectabletoe
should

unloading great

men

heavy, laborious,
dangerous,
quite a small
It

not

or

break

magnet

be

an

made

elbow.
to

The
do

this

To-day

in every

progressiveiron
158

and

steel works

liftingmagnets

LIFTING

are

in

and

they

constant

One

use.

do with

firm

labourers

brawny, hefty
other jobs.

in Scotland

tasks
disagreeable

ease

of

MAGNETS

who

could

that
be

many
like

liftingmagnet is simply a bundle

housing and suspended from a crane

are

works

to

down

study

in

of its

largeto

too

are

to

melted

be

into

charged

the
have

and
be

first to

broken.

convenient

most

doing this is
drop a large steel
of

"

ball,called

skull

cracker/',on

the

to

pieces.

The

skull

cracker

ball

may

weigh

to

twenty

up
An

tons.

overhead
is

magnet
lift it to

used

then

to

sufficient

height, and
ic

hoist,but

or

enclosed

metal

brought

furnace

to

wire

on

the

scrap

which

way

of copper

employed

fa;ry story.

piecesof

better

is almost

uses

Sometimes

be

sixty of them,
formerlyrequiredscores
over

much

The
steel

has

the

ball
bV

released

[By courtesy of Messrs. Dorm.in, Long

STEEL

MASSIVE

cutting
rent

the

on

form

"

HANDLED

BY

FROM

SUSPENDED

the

colour
of

EASILY

,1

from
Down

Our

cur-

PLATES,

OF

TWO

MORE

OR

SPREADER

WHATEVER

6-

Co., Ltd.
ARE

LENGTH,

RECTANGULAR

MAGNETS

BEAM.

net.
magthe ball and

comes

160

plate facingpage
cracker," which

is

as

the broken

metal

givesa good
different

as

flies in all directions.

idea

of this very useful

Christpossiblefrom the mas

variety.
Magnets

(bitswhich
would
steel

be

are

also

used

have

been

cut

awkward

works,

as

to

to

end

off the

in any
in another

handle

described

hot

handle

159

billets and

"

"

crop ends
of billets).
These
hot pieces

other

way.

article,may

The
be

products
in

the

form

of

ol

LIFTING

plates,sheet sections,or
these
small

to other

sent

are

bar

Any
They are

MAGNETS
billets

rails,or

steel works

to be

only

be

may

rolled into

produced,

and

wire, hoop iron, or

iron.
of these

forms

also used

by

of steel

dock

easilybe

can

harbour

and

handled

by magnets.

authorities to load and

unload

iron

been employed to lift iron

ships. They have even
cargoes from
from the bottom
of a river. A barge carryinga cargo of nails in casks
sunk.
The
nails were
was
wanted, and nobody
only nails,but they were
knew
A

up.

quitehow

magnet

all the

nails

to

get them
for and

sent

was

raised

were

without

unpacking the casks, and without

even
using chains to sling them.
As
such
magnets are
absolutely
harm
is
done
waterproof no
by
their

submersion.

Irregular-shapedcastings,
would
be difficult to
sling,"
handled.
For
are
easily
handling
and
steel
long plates
pipes two
and
three rectangular
sometimes
magnets fixed to a spreaderbeam
"

which

are

used.
A

magnet

drop its

OVERHEAD
HEAVY

up

at

CASTING

and

once

To

CRANE

ELECTRIC
BY

put
There

constructed.

by

the

The

on.

insulated

with

circular

body
fixed

the

within, the

be

picked

be very strongly
circular for lifting

plates,pipes,rails,
rectangularfor lifting

plate
magnet body

wound
This
or

of

consists

magnet

asbestos ribbon

bottom

six may

distinct types, the

part of the magnetic circuit.

and

by

duties the magnets must

arduous

pig iron, scrap, etc.,and

to

into different trucks.

one

two

so

or
instantly,

plates,when

are

and

MAGNET.

one

perform their

LIFTING

load

made

it
be
special controller
may
demagnetized slowly so that the
load
is dropped gradually. This
is particularly
useful in loading

[EllisonHawks.
AN

be

may

on

coil is

to

180

steel bobbin

clamped

coil shield.

is connected

coil of

to

which

forms

between

the

the

coil has

After
an

strap copper
magnet
been

impregnatingsystem,

A
Used

for

breaking bulky scrap metal.

such

that the ball descends

When
with

CRACKER
the

BALL.
is switched

off the
terrific force,reducingthe most
current

releases the

magnet
solid

"

junk

"

to

ball.

Its

fragments.

weight is

LIFTING

MAGNETS
is

current

put

maintained
that

the

on

is produced.
time

After

flow

the
of

part

for

reason

MAGNET

FIVE-TON

FROM

REMOVING

RAILWAY

from

to

of

stacks

other

metal.

will, if
excited
the
the

the
before

and

Ib.

per

applied

every

care

in the hands

manual

labourers

in the rain and

The

and
snow.

is that
of

rough

are

left
over,
More-

they are

TRUCK.

subjectedto heavy
shocks
when
being

heighton
pig iron or
The pig iron
a

magnet
it

is

touches

strike

into
the

heavy blow.
other
Magnets have

magnet

such

Where

uses.
as

foodstuff,

rice, oats, etc., is

shipped from abroad

to
not always possible
scraps
metal
from

of iron

or

it is
vent
preother

gettingin, but

magnet will get them

out.
Sometimes,
too,
such
of
as nails,
pieces iron,
the

bolts, etc., find their way

W.B.E.

to

LIGHT

pile,actuallyleap
air

magnet,

100

to enter.

all this

are

mechanical

dropped

is

interior, leaving no

magnets
out
A

so

pound
com-

into

compound

the

hot
the

into

for moisture

room

same

pipe

allows

pressure
inch
is then

square
force

hours

of

the

kept up
all the moisture.

which

to

tigrade
Cen-

is

three

opened,
and

At

high vacuum

to extract

as

strength

of 200"

temperature

is

coil,and

such

at

LIFTING
101

PIG

IRON

IN

AN

ENGINEERING

WORKS.
L

LIFTING

MAGNETS
into

material

raw

to be

worked

forms.

If

is

in various

up

they

in

which

not

moved
re-

they

will

are

time

perhaps damage machinery

worth thousands
of pounds.
The
magnets are suspended
above
passes
the

conveyer,
the material

and

STACKS
RAILWAY

"

ator

be
enormous

same

works

and

value.
the

"

refuse,

AT

the

This,
means

destructors, to
of

the

For
"

nose

chance

considerable

of

"

of

magnet has
a

detective

for articles of metal

would

IRON

metal.

nothing

finds

household

saving of
municipalsalvage

at

"

is often

process

Electric Co.

imagined,

labour

say

net
mag-

SIDING.

other

can

an

PIG

extractingall

tin and
as

OF

pieces

electro-magnetic
"separ-

an

[By courtesy of the General

any
to the

safelyremoved.

are

appliedto

HANDLING

under

magnet, and

of iron adhere

The

which

never

which

otherwise

be

brought to light but by a

prolonged and costly process
of siftingand sorting.
There
is, in fact, scarcely
any end to the
tool that was

uses

of this

[By courtesy of Messrs.

A

once

toy.

30-INCH

DIAMETER

MAGNET
"

162

ROUNDS."

E. G.

HANDLING

Appleby

"

FIVE

Co., Ltd.
HEAVY

[Keystone.
A

UNDERCUTTING"
Note

the

SEAM
electric

people
MANYdepths

have

of the

of the older

an

earth

dim

lamps carried

on

and

At

MEANS
the

under

OF

men's

AIR.

COMPRESSED

caps.

ENGINEER
MINER

idea

that

coal

is

obtained

from

by men
working with pick and
safety lamps. This may be true

lightof
badly equipped mines,

idea of the conditions

present time.

BY

THE

HELPS

the

COAL

THE

HOW

guided by

OF

which

much

but is far from

of

our

givinga

coal is obtained

the

shovel,
of

some

correct
at the

large modern
colliery
you will find that a great deal
of the work
is now
done
and
that all
by the kindly aid of electricity
of clever
manner
machinery is employed both underground and at
the surface.
This is all to the good, for coal-mining is a difficult and
the
often a dangerous occupation and anything that tends to make
work
less irksome
is deserving of encouragement.
of
from
endeavour
the beginning the process
Let us
to follow
obtaining coal from a largewell-equippedmodern
colliery.We will
a

163

ENGINEERING
that

suppose

pit shaft

the

arrived

have

we

and

traversed

in all directions from

several

of which

means

is cut
"

away

for,it may

layer

After

the

forms

coal

of 6 feet

operation has

weight

of

the

When

mechanical

on

These

are

tubs."

roughly

laid

locomotives

is then

to

by

is often

will be

sufficient

seam

is called
for

out

sufficient to
a

particularly

drilled in the

depth,

"

shot,"
a

little trucks

of

means

with

of the older and

loads

belt, whence
mounted
tubs

on

being

wire rope

to

it is
wheels
hauled

the loosened

conveyed

to

the

and

running on
either by small

the foot of the shaft.

The

placed in the cage and raised to the

surface,where the coal is tippedout and the tubs sent down to receive
ing
workother loads.
We
men
shah1,perhaps,find in the smallest seams
in seams
than
with
not
more
pick and shovel, although even
wide coal-cutting
1 8 inches
machinery can now be employed. In some
tubs

their

carried

been

the

This

more.

placedin positionand

endless

an

railway lines, the

or

of

if the coal is of

being armed

coal.

conveyer

is shovelled

of

is

distance, the force of the

of the

spread
perhaps of

placed within and exploded from

explosionbeing sufficient to bring down

charge,of blastingpowder

largemasses

is of

hole

which

bottom

or

holes

descended

machines,
coal-cutting

coal above

the

the

seam.

of

the

at

"

face of the

coal

of

instead

men,

Or,
body of the seam.
undercutting," shot
nature, after

hard

safe

various

"

shaft,for distances

the

be, a distance

the

distance
it from

loosen

"

thin

undercutting."

certain

or

that

having

roads

many

of the

the bottom
shall- find

"

of the

one

MINES

THE

coal face after

the

at

are
providedwith
pickaxes,

with

by

We

miles.

IN

poorer
machinery, small

tubs

from

are

then

mines, where

ponies are

it would

still used

the coal face to the foot of the

up-to-date mines

cuttingand

pay to install expensive

little
trains
of
pull the

not
to

shaft,but in all modern

hauling machinery

The

is

and

ployed.
extensivelyem-

owing
atmosphere in a coal mine is often highlyexplosive,
other gases given off by the coal.
Hence
naked
to fire damp and
a
is
flame
and
locomotive
a
lightor
strictly
prohibitedunderground,
coal
such
the
to
as
burning
railway,could
produce steam,
you see on
used
be used.
not possibly
Instead, we shall find that the locomotives
in coal mines
driven either by electricity
are
or
by compressed air.
is rather liable to produce a spark, and
Electricity
consequentlyin
at least at the coal
compressed air is preferred,
very dangerous mines
face. It is used not only for driving the conveyers,
but for operating
164

ENGINEERING

IN

justas
pneumatic picksand drills,
of
to

large towns
laying a new

breaking up
roadway. The

the workers

are

which

it issues

as

in the streets

foundation

preparatory

these

after the
cool stream

in the

using them

use

them, because

and

warm

machines

ground
under-

compressed

air has

of pure air,which
often noxious atmosphere

air is also

Compressed
the various

work

who

men

pleasedto breathe

of the mine.
the motors

of

fond

in the machine

MINES

you see men

the concrete

when

rather

are

its work

done

THE

largely
employed for driving
machines.
coal-cutting

[Fleet.
AIR

COMPRESSED

LOCOMOTIVE

HAULING
BOTTOM

In this

The
situated
the
the

case

air

compressed

the

from

the

as

at

various

bottom

what

is called
or

100

lengthsof flexible hose

can

FACE

TO

THE

the locomotive.

"air

compressor,"
of the

the

square
side of the

the
both

shaft,

inch.

In

shaft, in

system of
of the shaft in all directions,carrying
At

points,valves
be

an

on

at the bottom

Ib. to

parts of the mine.

other

COAL

THE

cylinders carried

employed being
case
a
large pipe is fitted down
In
compressed air is led below.

the air to the remotest

as

FROM

SHAFT.
four

of the mine
about

"

TUBS

THE
in the

requiredis compressed in

pipes radiates
well

OF

air is contained

either at the surface

pressure
former

which

the

"

THE

attached,
165

are
so

cases

the ends

of these

provided to which

that

the machines

pipes,
long
can

be

used
the

at

shaft

of the

bottom

the compressors
for

motors, the electric current

underground, being led

operatedby

are

of the coal from

performed by

the distant

workings
If

electric motors.

forms

various

locomotive

of

of the

installed at

are

by large electric
all other requirements
mine by a cable
both

underground as a source
machines
of coal-cutting

of small

means

for

as

the bottom

to

forms

Numerous

power.

driven

are

these, as well

the shaft.
passing down
is extensively
used
Electricity

lightand

air compressors

position. When

desired

any

MINES

THE

IN

ENGINEERING

electric motors, and

examine

could

employed

the

for

the

veyers
con-

haulage

of the shaft is often

to the bottom
we

and

of

carefullythe
should

we

purpose,

probably find that those

operatingfarthest from the
shaft were
worked
by means
storage batteries, while

of
the

larger

shaft

receive

from

an

in much

as

tramcar.

course,

the

their

due

the

same

the

nearer

PICK.

it is

along

the

the

to
unlikely

it is

of

source

prove
roads
underground

various

shaft
so

the

that

it

lay the electric

in

When

position

are

laid

current

for

cables

danger.
to provide electric

to arrange
that these
simple matter
in many
and
workings shall also be lighted electrically,
the miners'
hand
worked
by means
lamps are themselves
motors

is, of

,,

trolley wire
where

way

fact that

to the

is possibleto
PNEUMATIC

trolley

This

bigger the roads,

A

current

overhead

wire

the

near

ones

roads

and

collieries
of small

electric batteries.

Before
round.

look

We

ones.

the

elaborate

placingof

In

one

us

arrangements

the full tubs

known
colliery

take
are

in the cage
to the writer

another
made

and

ing
remov-

the

shaft

for

is

feet

deep and 300 tons of coal are raised every hour, the weight
coal lifted during each
wind
The time of a complete
being 7^ tons.
wind is only ninetyseconds, one
set of full tubs beingraised while

3,000
of

empty

light of day again, let

shall find that

dealingquicklywith
the

the

ascendingto

another

"

set of

empty

ones

"

is lowered.
166

Then

we

should

probably find

ENGINEERING

of

number

powerfulpumps

driven

the

depth,

mines

would

THE

MINES

these, like the air compressors

electric motors.

by
gear, being
install a very
complete pumping

haulage
to

IN

equipment,

become

soon

flooded

through the earth into the workings.

the water
through pipes passing right up the
where, before being dischargedinto the nearest
is used
Let

us

for various

now

step

the

These

stream

allow ourselves

and

their
which

water

deliver

surface,
river,the

or

includingthe washing

purposes,
into the cage

to

pumps
to the

shaft

the

necessary

owing

as,

with

trickles

water

and

It is often

of the

to be

coal.

lifted to

[Topical.
A

AT

INSTALLED

MACHINE

THE

BOTTOM

OF

COAL

MINE

FOR

COMPRESSING

THE

AIR.
The

the

air,at

pressure

of about
Ib. to the square
100
inch, is led by
for operatingthe picks, cutters, conveyers,

surface,in order

to

discover

some

pipes to all parts of the mine, where

and other machinery.

of the

uses

of

it is used

machinery above

ground. As we step from the gloom of the cage into the welcome
the winder
house, inside
light of day, we shall find ourselves near
is the powerful machinery for working the cages up and down
which
shaft.
This
the
of
by means
machinery will probably be worked
electric
mine
these
in
exceed
motors
motors
:
a
large
powerful
2,000
horse-power.
We
for

shall

find

by

near

screeningthe coal

as

an

elaborate

it is delivered
107

arrangement

from

the

tubs

of

machinery

at the

pit-head.

ENGINEERING

of littleor

matter

it may

dust, and

small

all the

remove

be

MINES

from

the

of

with

mixed

The

value.

no

larger lumps

the

THE

below, the coal is in all manner

As raised from
to

IN

of

process
middle-sized

"

sizes,from largelumps

large quantity of earthy

screening is to separate
"

and

the

the latter process

earthy matter,

small, and

also

to

being performed by

washing.
grades of

various

The

We

coal

then

are

transferred to trucks

by means
drawing-

thus

purchasehigh-gradecoal for the

room
fire,while the small and low-grade material is sold for use in
The earthy matter
and so on.
and the very low-grade
boiler furnaces
at the pitcoal, being generallyunsaleable, gradually accumulates
head,
shall
far
from
the
and we
probably see not
screeningmachinery
which
the
to
is being autoand
waste
matically
a
ever-increasingheap
huge
of conveyers.

can

conveyed.
for drivingall
supply electricity

To

these

various

machines

there

boilers,turbines and electric

large power house, with steam
be generated so
cases
can
electricity
generators complete. In many
cheaply,owing to the low cost of coal at the pit-head,that current
but to the villages
and towns
is suppliednot only to the mine
around
will be

where
A

the miners

live with

mile

from

pit-head

the

and

we

families.

shall find another

shaft, at the

These
fans, which will probsystem of huge fans.
ably
be electrically
as
driven, are used to suck as much
possibleof the

impure
a

so

of which

head

of

or

their wives

is

air out

of the

are

therefore

arranged

the

bottom

possiblefrom

shaft.

As

far

as

through
through
of
light day, do

drawn

They

ventilatingshaft communicating with

point as

shaft

mine.

up
and

main

the

at

of the
the

the
mine

impure

top
at

air is

the

shaft,pure air passes down the main

ventilating
the workings. Thus
the miners, while cut off from
at least obtain

supply of fresh air,without which,

be impossible.
indeed, life below ground would
remarkable
These
which
there is not
more
appliancesand many
have
the power
of man
multiplieda thousandfold
space to describe
the

working deep

down

with

the maximum

tons

of coal

British

which

Isles alone

of the

in the bowels
of

safetyand
are
brought
every

earth, enabling him

the minimum
to

the

surface

to obtain

of effort the 250,000,000

from

the

mines

of the

year.
ALFRED

B.Sc.

REGNAULD,
(Eng.Lond.),A.R.C.Sc., M.I.E.E.
188

[By courtesyof Ropeways, Ltd.

MONO-CABLE

ROPEWAY

THE

IN

OF

REPUBLIC

COLOMBIA.

ROPEWAYS
NEW

USEFUL

MODE

half

than

LITTLE
usuallycalled,
more

were

first aerial

of Northern
the

be

the

the

cables

he

also

by

the

rope

gradients of

invented

method

carried

instead
This

is

known

now

from

ores

British

as

the mines

ports themselves.
is

rope
the

up

the

ropeways

that

latter

of

the

being

invention

as

of
wire

that

truck, and

In

constantlymoving

other

that

side, so
the

returns

it

empties

much

as

the

grouping
so

rope

all

the
169

more

foot

one

that
on

one

about

slippingon
rise in two

supporting
the

load

Roe

greasy

of travel

wheels

was

were

sixteen

J. P.

Mr.

on
pended
sus-

was

the trucks

But,

from

truck

weight

also that

constructed,

were
a

simply hung

were

all the

them.

conveyed

thrown
was

trucks

meant

singlepoint for each

trestles which

the

wire

years after the first aerial ropeways

would
invented a clipwhich
prevent
rope,

other

unloading-pointand

singleclip,which

on

genius of
what

on

to

even

supports, and

to the

first wire

on

even

built

discovered.

were

again.

slip

to

inventive

were

endless

one

line of

these

from
liable

Hodgson,

cables

or

ropes

the

to

railwaysand

to

full trucks

loaded

With

into

due

system

side of

one

carries
to

Spain

Mono-Cable

down

wire

system, for carrying tin and

Mono-Cable

the

TRANSPORT

OF

as
century age aerial ropeways,
they are
not until 1868 that the
unknown, for it was

ropeways,
Charles

engineer named

AIR

of twistingsteel
possibilities
The

THE

IN

on

evenly

the
tributed,
dis-

point.

important, for

it rendered

IN

ROPEWAYS
increase in the

possiblean
three

four

or

tackle

to

times

far

difficult
be

trestle system could

before

had

it had

what

more

the

expensive than

length of

AIR

as

to

the
be

great gulfsand
at

ravines, which

bound

possible

truck-clip. The
complicated and

new

far less

spanned

be

trestles to

two

It also became

before.

and

early ropeways,

between

span

gradientswith

could
impassable,

been

the

been

arranged

so

THE

carryingits

rope

mineral

ores

About

trucks

other

or

wire

the

by

of

goods.

the time

of this

invention,experimentswere
made

being

with

known

now

what

the Bi-Cable

as

system, in which
wire

is fixed

trucks,
trestles,while

drawing
station

loads

it

early stages

from
In

the

was

sible
posBi-Cable

heavier
carry
the Mono-Cable

to

system
loads

the

its

for

used

station.

for

to

the

separate

is

rope
the

to

porting
supis not

carrying

but

hauling

the

cable

and

moving

is

than

type of

it
and
ropeway,
is probably for this reason
that

Continental
have

ropeways

Bi-Cable

the
the

earlier

MODERN

MONO-CABLE
ORE

ROPEWAY

FROM

MINE

CONVEYING
IN

IRON

Now,
Mono-Cable

system

capable
tons
more

an

hour

and

500 tons

an

hour

of rope,
spans
Picture to
with

their

more,

and

its trestles.

between

are

since

can

be set up

With

carried
the

rather

SPAIN.

on

with

spans

of

of

developed

type.
however,

[Ropeways, Ltd.
A

makers

than

the
is

carrying 150
yards or

of 1,000

specialconstruction,loads
some

trucks

yourselfthe rough
deep valleysand high

have

ropeways,
to travel

mountain
cliffs.
170

but

fairlyclose together.

ranges
In the

up to even
this is with shorter

of India

or

sunlighttwo

America,
thin

lines

ROPEWAYS

of

shiningsteel
leapsof hundreds

be

IN

THE

AIR

from
stretching

peak to peak, spanning in

of feet the rushing rivers,or hugging the steep ascents
of the snowclad
mountain-caps. On these steel tracks one can faintly
discern the tiny dots which
are
moving cars, one rope moving down
laden
with
towards
stone and causinga deep sag in the mighty
us
ore
or
or quarry
span of wire, the other rope moving upward empty to a mine
in

the

can

seen

distance.

[By courtesy of Adolf BleicJiert" Co.

IN

SUCH

SITUATION

THE
Note

Near

us

the

valleybelow

huge

mountains

CAN

BE

RUN

BY

GRAVITY.

long span.

runs

the

main

railwaytrack

to

the

impassable barrier to the

out over
railway line,which, winding
bridgesand embankments,
tunnels
be
and
seen
disappearingin a neighbourthrough
cuttings,can
ing
The
steel
takes
line
from
mine to
a
straight
gorge.
rope, however,
railway. No steep gradientneed deflect its path, no bridgesare needed,
no
tunnels, cuttings,or embankments, and yet that endless procession
coast.

These

in the

TRUCKS

present

an

in and

of loaded

and

empty

cars

continues.
in

We

can

see

those

loaded

cars

ROPEWAYS
their
discharging

empty

to the

disappear

and

mine,

we

for the

route

en

into the

contents

THE

IN

can

below

railwaywagons

train of

the loaded

see

for

coast

AIR

shipment

Such

working

in all

the

miles.

the

continuous

the

another

to

the

at

kinds

carried

of

ores,

"

sand,

sugar-cane,
merchandise
dealt

that

of 3

ropes
the

from

one

without

junctions.

material

are

systems of this
stone, timber,

on

coal,

are

lengths

arranged
pass through

pausing

for

distance, being
into

section

long

Mono-Cable

so

cars

kind

such

miles, but

and

40

travelling
ropeway

whole

All

ally
occasion-

the

is not

are

distances

In

lines,with

to

parts of the

between

to

divided

are

"

amount

system,

ways
tram-

rope

railways

world, and
covered

or

mills.

wire
or

"

the

country

in home

use

50

returning

railway wagons

another

to

for

and

gravel, tea,
and
general
of

every
and

with,

sort

single

loads of four tons

are

per truck
handled.
successfully
One

of the

chief

in

tials
essen-

is
production
cheapness in handling and
[AdolfBleicheii "
CABLE

PASSENGER

SPITZ

ROPEWAY
IN

UP

THE

BAVARIAN

THE

FAMOUS

costs

conveying material, and

Co.

ZUG

broken

ALPS.

or

country
have

been
Their

untouched

found
use

more

has

before

economical

opened

ropeways

up

than

fields of

were

known,
172

any

commerce

since

which
the

mountainous

aerial

other

in

means

had

ropeways
of transport.
to remain

rugged country

ROPEWAYS
the

between
it not

point

of

while

to

worth
into

came

is

line,either in

the

if

hour,

the

tons

transport

once

rendered

the

ropeway

easilysolved.

was

of

case

is

broken

up

size,
coal,

ores,

the number

etc.,or

But,

problem.
of

market

nearest

per

of any

into truckloads
in the

the

first

material

capableof being
as

problem

and

AIR

has

the

on,

the

THE

point to be
the capacity of

important
settled

tackle

ropeway

decided

been

production

existence,the

When

IN

of

logs,

packages, in the
of timber
or
case
general
a
general
goods. Then
or

cases,

of

survey

the

is

route

made,

ascertaining the

lengthof

the

terminal

fall between

and

stations, and

the

diate
intermehills

points where
have

gorges

and

detailed

route, work

of the

or

crossed.

points of
lengthof

strengthand
needed,

be

to

these

With

rise

line, the

the
rope

plan
be

can

begun.
Electric,steam, and oil
power

all used

are

trucks

the
where

on

necessary,

simply

the

rope

though

returning

trucks
the

porting
transRopeway EngineeringCo., Ltd.
[British

material
and

in

it is

of

matter

drive

where

cases,

many

to

to

power,

the

downhill

PASSENGER-CARRYING
RESORT

the

ROPEWAY
IN

THE

hauls

steep gradesthere

HOLIDAY

empty

top of the line, the weight of the loaded

and

AT

TYROL.

is

empties back to
enough surplusenergy
the

173

trucks

supplies
their starting-point.On
developed by the loads

AIR

THE

IN

ROPEWAYS

moving downhill
which
dynamo

light

or

the

mine

is

the

the

down

of

earlier lines

port,
transtainous
moun-

The

cable

and

carrying rails,but

the

is

Ropeway EngineeringCo.
[British
SUPPORTING

TRESTLES

ROPEWAY

AT

at

KOHLERN.

BOZEN

mountain
can

Blanc, from

peaks, including Mont

be

obtained,

served

now

are

It

with

by
has

as

passenger

it

railwayservice,
constructed

be

can

of the

fraction

cost

views

wonderful

which

ropeways,

cf

notable

railway. Many

passenger
been
even

way
rope-

efficient

safe and

the finest

while

Ltd.
,

PASSENGER-CARRYING

in addition

rack

the modern

as

all built

were

ground, with either

haulage or toothed

the

to

of

development

of passenger

districts.

wheel

the

loads

especiallyin

on

ropeway.

recent

is that

one

derived

power

running
A

in

entirelyby

surplus of
ore

provides

machinery

run

run

and

power,

case

from

to

and
that

are

the

suggested
working
great success.
in
of
traffic
cities
congestion
great
problem
might be solved by ropeways
termini
from
thus
to
railway
lesseningthe
running
busy points,
for

need

countries

for there

Magdalena

in

Dorada
two

the streets

of

principalmeans
Cauca, while there

the

difficulties of construction
installation

first ropeway

Colombia

linked

the

and

enormous

The

on

themselves.

Republic of Colombia, in South America, was

to apply itself seriously
to the construction

The

the

of vehicles

multitude

up

the

was

the

valley

railway.

distinct

This

ranges

of

the

of aerial ways,
ropetwo
rivers,the

very few railways,owing to

in such mountainous
regions.

of

Cauca

line has
the

are

of the first

importance which was constructed

Railway Ropeway Extension, which

Dorada
of

are

transport

one

Andes

River

with

Mariquita,on

length of 47 miles, and

in
174

its course,

crosses

the
over

traversingcountry

ROPEWAYS
it

which

in

would

IN

never

lay

to

pay

THE

AIR

down

ordinary railway

an

line.
The

Ropeway line
to adopt

Dorada

was

so

successful

aerial ropeways
Government
of productionin the Republicwith the nearest
decided

railwaylines.

main

or

Two

construction, will be

under

will rank

completed,and
A

good example

respectively
75

of

distance

8J

the

55

miles

from

Mines,
across

Ltd., in North

the

the nearest

centres

waterways
at

country,

longest ropeways
saving effected by this form

of the

miles

and

Colombian

joining up

the

among

.is the line set up for the Asturiana

road winds and twists
a mountain
for

the

pointson

in the

great ropeways

that

for

present

long

in the
of

when

world.

transport

Spain.

Here

up the hill-sides
railwayto the mine among

valleysand

mountains, and, until the ropeway

engineerscame, this was the
of transport between
mine
and
only possiblemeans
railway. Now,
which, cuttingstraight
crossingthe same
country, there is a ropeway
the

the hills and

since it
length altogether,
over
flies,
valleysand hills alike. It needs no cuttings,
goes as the crow
no
or
bridges,or embankments,
nalling
shunting,lighting,
complicatedsigattendance
the
terminal
between
at
no
points
apparatus,
stations.
Its service can
or
fog,
by floods, snow,
go on, unaffected
of the trestles
night and day alike,and, apart from periodical
inspections
across

and

carryingrope,
Since the mine

WHERE

ROPEWAY

THE
PUT

UP

TO

PROTECT

valleys,is only

there
is

is

2,600 feet

CROSSES
THE

ROAD

FREIGHT

in

"

track."
upkeep for the
higherthan the railwayat the

cost

no

4 miles

of

OR
FROM
175

RAILWAY
DROPPING

"PROTECTION
AND

SCREENS"

CAUSING

INJURY.

other

ARE

ROPEWAYS
end

of the

line,the construction

rope

pointswould

THE

IN

involved

have

of

AIR

railway between

track

of not

the

two

less than

layinga
24 miles,
w
ith
in
ing,
embankcost
enormous
gradientspossible,
constructingbridges and excavating cuttings,while the possibility
of making the full trucks pull the empties back, as can
be done

in order

with

the

to make

the

would

ropeway,

have

been

out

of the

question altogether.

Moreover, the provisionof fuel for railwayengines,

togetherwith
have
involved such cost that it would
not
maintenance, would

paid

lay the
Ropeways,

their

have

line.

to

both

the

on

Mono-Cable

and

Bi-Cable

systems, have

been

that there is hardly any

brought to such perfectionnow
regulartransport to which they cannot be adapted. Often it

form

convenient

railway

to

erect

mill

or

factoryat

OF

some

distance

from

is

of

more

[By courtesy of British Ropeway Engineering Co. Ltd.

,

DIAGRAM

SHOWING

COURSE
Note

or

port, and in these

raw

material

the

cases

to be used

long span

ROPEWAY

IN

TEA-CHESTS.

CARRYING

feet,including a river.

of 4,200

solves the

ropeway
in the mill

INDIA

problem of transporting

factory,and carryingthe

or

finished

Where
the
journeyto the markets.
road or railway protection
screens
are
crosses
a
put up,
ropeway
either
and
to prevent anything from
to the
causing
dropping
injury
road
beneath
to people using it.
or
Among the specialinstallations,
apart from regularlines erected
for permanent service,an important branch
of use
is that of conveying
material for buildings
the coast, where
the descent of high cliffs
round
has to be negotiatedand rail or road transport is practically
impossible.
The buildingof the lighthouseunder
Beachy Head, illustrated by the
in
article
The
a
our
on
Lighthouse Builders," was
photographs

products on

the first stage of their

"

"

"

case

the

in

point,for

here

while there
cliffs,

the tides
was

often

prevented

any

road

enough depth

not
178

being
of

water

built under
to

bring

ENGINEERS

AT

WORK

ON

MOUNTAIN

ROPEWAY.

ROPEWAYS
materials
of the

for the

solved
load

by load, on

their

task

by

the

site

on

THE

sea.

which

the

lighthouseby
to the

down
cliff,

IN

problem,

the

and

the wire rope, while

method.
the same

AIR
from

ropeway

the

lighthouse was
materials

the workmen

to

summit
be

down,
swung
to and from

were

travelled

Ordinary lines have the advantage of taking up only the

no
requiredfor the trestle standards, thus causing practically
with traffic,
while in tropical
countries
with cultivation
or
little clearingneed

structed,
con-

room

ference
intervery

path of the trucks or buckets on the

the height of trees and vegetationon the
line can
be lifted well above
be made
stations can
on
altogetherautomatic
ground. Intermediate
long lines,so that the trucks requireno attention after leaving the

loadingstation
requiredis never

be

until
so

done,

as

the

they arrive

at the

and the power

unloading-point,
requiredfor a land line,while, where

great as that

gradient admits of
pull the empties back,
of rolling
stock
the

the
cost

loaded
of

trucks

running

providing power

is reduced

of the ropeway

and

and

the

to

its

^Topical.
ELECTRICALLY-DRIVEN
One
The
the

coal

amount

W.B.E.

man

can

machine
on

of

TRUCK

empty

coal

an

endless

in

BEING
about

EMPTIED.
a

minute.

bodily and turns it over, releasing

chain
feed, thus saving an enormous

grips the truck

to

truck

TIP

labour.
177

mere

to

tenance
main-

supportingtrestles.
E.

AN

enough

C. VIVIAN.

[Photo Werf
A
For

journey

the

the

FLOATING

jib has

READY

CRANE

FOR

VOYAGE

specially strengthened by
pontoon.

been

the

FROM
braced

two

Gusto

A. F. Smulders.

HOLLAND.

girders connecting

it with

the

CRANES
THE

ENGINEERS'

LEVERS

always a centre of attraction, for there

is something very
impressivein watching it hoist a heavy load
it into the desired position. It
high into the air and then manoeuvre
in
to work
seems
so
easily,obeying the slightestwish of the man
wish they could be a crane
charge, that nearlyall boys and girlstoo
LARGE

is

work

at

crane

"

man

"

!
In these

construction

play

of the

busy days
in

cranes

almost

be

may

high up on buildingsunder
in all engineering work
they
adaptations of the principle

seen

city, and
important part. They are
very
lever, as explained in the article,
any

"

enabling great forces

to

be

The
with

exerted

of

Elements

ing,"
Engineer-

comparatively

little

effort.

Curiouslyenough, cranes
to the

long

types,

each

neck

of the

suited

to

are

so

bird of that

some

called
name,

because
the

particularpurpose,
178

of their resemblance

Crane.

There

ranging from

are

the

many

simple

CRANES
crane
giant hammer-head
be broadly divided, however, into
of the naval shipyard. They may
and (2)Bridge or girdercranes.
two classes : (i) Jib cranes,
In its simpleform the jibcrane
is supported on a post fixed firmly
in
in the ground ; in the revolvingtype it pivotson a pin embedded
this post. Another
form, which is in generaluse at dock-sides,is the

hand

crane

in

used

It is

builder's

FINE

EXAMPLE

at the
assisting

yard

OF

construction
179

to

the

DERRICK
of

CRANE.

crane.
large travelling

CRANES
ways
specially
designed for lifting
goods from the hatchthe quay.
For this purpose
of shipsand depositing
them
a
on
tall
is
enable
the
to
to
crane
easily negotiatehighjib necessary
very
be
These
sided vessels.
dockside
cranes
operated by electricity,
may
but often hydraulicpower
is used.
The hydrauliccylinderis contained
in the revolvingsteel mast, water
by
being conveyed to the crane
with a hydrant on
the quay-side.
of a flexible hose connected
means
Dockside
cranes
are
designedto occupy as little space as possible,
for it is of the first importance that the quays should
be left clear for

portable jibcrane,

accommodation

the

of material unloaded
from

the

ships.
in order

Sometimes,
to

economize

the

crane

on

the

is mounted

and

runs

along

one

end

construction
side

Designed

John

Co., Ltd.

of

CRANES.

to occupy

little space

as

load

possible.

as

cranes

the

jib

has been
difficulty
the

introduction

is moved

overcome

of

the

load

into

Another

hinged at
appearance
not

the

means

jib may

alter

lems
probto

in

be
the

of dock-

is that

the

or

lowered

radius.

The

the

LuffingCrane, by
device couplingthe jiband the loadthe heightof the load is kept constant,
be raised or lowered when
getting
as

position.
form

of the

their bases

they are

vertical.

this

By
how

matter

automatic

an

mechanism.
lifting
no

to
up or down
in a form
known

has

preventing the
from
being

lifted
whenever

pp. 132-3.

of the

with

dealt

[By

other

rails as in the illustrations

that

DOCKSIDE

from

to the

on

"

the

warehouse,

One

Brown

of

roof

dockside

on

courtesyof Messrs.

space,

Known

and
not

dockside

Sheer

consists of two

their tops

inclined

legs,

by a pivoted bolt.
camera
tripod,except that they
Legs," they are generallyused

joinedat
unlike
"

as

crane

180

In
are

at

CRANES

heavy weights,such as
quay-sidefor unloadingshipsor for lifting
the water, the rear
ships'boilers. The front pair of legs lean over
legbeingfurnished with a thread that works on a rotatingwormshaft.
in the rear
this is operated, it draws
When
leg and so the sheers are
pulledin to allow the load that has been hoisted from the hold of a
In some
the quay.
vessel to be depositedon
types of sheers a steel
cable and a drum
are
employed in place of the rear leg.
and
of the derrick type are developmentsof the jibcrane,
Cranes
constructed
of timber and suitable
cranes,
may
range from lighthand
of steel that
loads of one
for lifting
ton weight,to the heavy cranes
the

[Shepstont.
HUGE

lift loads up
Derrick
cannot
beams

to 150

cranes

turn

that

are

or

CRANES

through a
support the

DUTCH

SHIPYARD.

largelyused in ship-building.
As they
employed
buildingconstruction.
complete circle,owing to the presence of the
from
which
the jibis suspended by wire
mast

200

often

AT

tons

and

are

in

such cranes
to use two or more
on
necessary
ropes, it is generally
The
and capacities
of the jibare always the
movements
of careful calculation
with.

cranes

arrangement

the

before

their erection is

ing.
build-

subject

proceeded

jibis a very important part, and is generally

braced
girdersthickeningin the middle, for it is here that
are
greatest,justas is the case at the middle of a bridge.

In all

built up of
the stresses

and

181

CRANES
ings
giant derrick cranes
employed in the erection of high buildThese
generallystand on great triangularplatforms of timber.
designedbeforehand, and their erection
platformshave to be carefully
and removal, after the buildinghas been built up around
them, must
also be planned well in advance.

The

to

cranes,

"

much

were

of the
"

"

several

loudly as

as

were

still without

brain

wave

was

not

was

until

obtained, and

the

from

and

which
s-cuttle,
It

for

high up

that

fact

Cuttle

Captain Cuttle

too

of the

their workmates

whom

horse named

told

story is

humorous

had

desired

men

of the

work

on

Derby.

AT

of the

lowered

ON

The

crane

LONDON

THE
182

men

spite
joinedtogetherand shouted
above
that they
signified
Then

stillwithout

had

someone

ground

COUNTY

to

HALL.

coal

the desired effect.

great derrick

to the

in

neighbouringoffices brought

in the air,but

WORK

that

news

the street,and

[By courtesy of Messrs.

CRANES

of these

one

the

convey

from

information.

assistance

its bucket

mates

the
possible,

to

the

won

voice to carry

of their

one

waved
the

wished

"

at

men

itself

crane

pick up

Holland

"

was

special

Hannen, Lid.

CRANES

[By courtesyof Messrs.

A

CRANE

BLOCK-SETTING

paper,

that

Cranes

the workmen
be

on

HUGE

CONCRETE

the

crane

IN

Stothert " Pitt,Ltd.

POSITION

ON

WATER.
BREAK-

the result of the

knew

operated by hand, by steam,

5,000 foot-lb. per minute.

to be about

BLOCK

race

by hydraulicor
be mentioned
that the effective work
It may
in lifting
capable of performingby turninga handle is calculated

may

electric power.
is
that a man

PLACING

raise I ton through 9 feet in one

thus see that
minute.
We
one

In other

minute

or

words, four

could

men

foot in

through I
can
only be used for
power
is largelyused
loads of moderate
crane
weight. The steam
lifting
where
is required,for it can
be moved
a
by its own
portablecrane
if necessary
and
works
satisfactorily.
very
power
found
the block-setting
The largestcranes
are
cranes
ployed
emamong
in harbour
construction.
They have been designedfor handling
the

great blocks of

harbour
"

walls.

Goliath,"

type

of

Such

and

both

cranes

used
are

they may

9 tons

in the construction
of two

types possess

in that
jib-crane

in stormy
A

concrete

or

manual

an

types, the

advantage

be moved

out

of breakwaters
"

Titan

"

the

over

of reach

and

and

the

ordinary

of the

waves

weather.

Titan

crane

has

largecarriagemounted
183

on

wheels

running

CRANES

on

track

wide-gauge railway, the

water
being laid on the breakthe work

as

wheels

the

track.

braced

The

generallysprung so as
of
inequalities
any
Two
huge girders,

are

minimize

to

proceeds.

together

and

placed

mounted

are

zontally,
horithe

across

carriageand pivoted on a pin.

This
pivot pin is placed at the
centre of a circular
table-top
mounting, supported by a similar
but
inverted
circular mounting,
the two
being divided by rollersmooth
and
bearings to ensure
"

The

movement.

easy

girderis mounted
is to say

it has

length than
overhang,"

one

other.
it

as

of

arm

the

from

measured
Stotheri ""

double

unequally,that

"

[By courtesy of Messrs.

"

the

greater
The

is called, is
centre

of the

Pitt,Ltd.

limit to which
pin to the extreme
the hoisting
be moved
A specialform
of hoisting gear
for liftingthe huge
can
carriage
construction.
blocks used in harbour
concrete
outwards
along the longer arm.
It varies accordingto the design of the crane,
a
largeTitan having
"FIDDLER'S

of

overhang

an

On

GEAR."

feet.

100

the short

of the

arm

girderis placed a

the load is balanced.

with which

movable

Here, too, is situated

counterweight
the steam

boiler

enginesupplyingthe motive power for swingingthe arm around

the crane
and
bodily
operatingthe hoistingtackle. It also moves
forwards
backwards
the
or
nected
breakwater,
through gearing conalong
the

and

to

of 50

circle of
to

in

from

wheels.

track

largeTitan, with an
and
tons
depositit

"

the

200

feet.

for
engineers,

steps,"and

in

crane
a

overhang of 100 feet,is able to

at any
point except the centre
"

such

with

breakwater

deep

water

the

water.

reach

is of the

is constructed
bottom

"

step

"

within

ance
greatest assist-

by layingthe
"

blocks

is situated farther

in
than is the case
top of the finished breakwater
its full load
not able to handle
Thus, if a Titan were

the line of the

shallow

lift a load

184

CRANES

of, say, 50 tons, to such

it would

necessitate

range,

smaller

blocks

being used, and these are not as

as
satisfactory
large blocks, no
how
matter
carefullythey may
be joined.
One

of

Titan

illustrations shows

our

of

capable

crane

lifting

blocks up to 35 tons at a radius of

It is fitted with slewing
50 feet.
and

motions, and is
jib-derricking
all the machinery
self-propelling,
being operated by one
pair of
is mounted
engines. The crane
on

massive

truck

sections,and

runs

apart.
mounted

steel

the

of

steel

flanged

ten

on

rails 19 feet
on
On
top of the

wheels,

path,

built

inches

3j

truck

circular roller
four

slewing on
arranged in a ring.

rollers

is

crane

The

superstructure consists

of

two

main

of

steel

beams

sections

built

and

connected

stretchers.
lattice

ing

The

of

has

25

at

minute

per

cross

up of
derrick-

50 feet.

to

lifts its load

feet

by

jibis built

bracingand

range

crane

10

up

The

speed

and

of
[Sir Wm.

slews

SNATCH

BLOCK

FOR

TRAVELLING

through

complete

3j

minutes.

age

is

The

providedon

level of the
The
"

rails.

second

Goliath,"

mainly
across

and

the
tackle

the

of

laterally
upon

brakes

employed

crane

"

called

type

located

it.

The

on

of
the

tracks

CRANE.

an

loweringof
harbour

the

the
load.

work,

the

consists
travellinggantry."
horizontal
a
connectinggirder

horizontal

185

on

80 feet below

It

inverted

for this

the

sufficient coil-

and

rope

to descend

control

vertical columns, with

top, in the form

are

by steel wire

for the hook

Hydraulic

"" Co., Ltd.

OVERHEAD

in

is lifted

the drum

type

is of

of two

load

circle

Arrol

TONS

200

crane

"

U."

The

girderand
may

are

hoistingblocks
free to

be laid upon

move

rows

of

CRANES

pilesdriven

in

the

the

site

of

The

laid and

proposed
thus

crane

where

area

either side of

on

the

blocks

water.
breakthe

spans

be

to

are

its

directlyover

moves

work.

Gantries

each

tons

100

as

may

they may

carry

much

weigh as

unladen, and
load

of 50

as

tons

in

addition, they requirestrong

support. In the case of the Dover
Harbour
Works, in which gantries

employed, great iron-shod

piles100 feet in length,and 20
were

inches

square,

pileswere
six, at

used.

were

These

arranged in
a

distance

of
groups
of 50 feet and

and
70 feet apart laterally,
half
and a
million cubic
one
of timber
I

The
[Sport" General.
FAR

CRANE

advantages

THE

over

the

employed in

the

considerable

breakwater

to

putting

before

layers,

"

or

Titan,

not

it may

be

for

the

possibleto lay
portion of the
certain height
the

on

upper

of

matter

"

with

case

DERRICK

bed

importance,for when a
lengthis employed
the

several

courses," of blocks.

is itself

This

has

crane

it is

Also

blocks.

in all.

preliminaryoperations,
the
face
levelling sur-

as

form

to

is that

the

such

gantry

feet

STREET.

ABOVE

of which

least

OF

APEX

THE

ON

PERCHED

used

were

over

some

short working
is generally

as

Titan

"

cracks
[Sport"" General.

sometimes
"

may

occur,

settle

"

on

or

the breakwater

THE

TIONS

its foundations.
186

DIRECTS

FOREMAN
FROM

CRANE

BUILDING
200

FEET

OPERA-

HIGH.

CRANES
Cranes

employed

at

all

It is able

to

deal

largeseaports, not only for unloading

other purposes,
of the
shipsbut for many
includingthe maintenance
docks themselves
and their equipment. At Liverpool,
the Port authorities
equipment that renders possible
possess a splendidrange of modern
the quick unloading of ships,the rapid transport of cargoes
and the
efficient warehousing of imports. Owing to the necessity
for a highto deal with the heavy loads that have
to be handled
capacitycrane
from time to time, the Mersey Docks and Harbour
Board
have installed
that goes by the name
of the
a
largeself-propelling
floatingcrane
"

are

Mammoth/'

can

170
The

hoist
feet

to

height

above

crane,

with

loads up

to

200

tons, which

it

of

water-line.

built

on

self-

propelling pontoon, can

slew
through a complete
circle with

the full load

without

tons

200

of

any

counterweightbeing
special
added

jibthus
ricked

loaded

that

construction
crane

angle of

an

degrees.

40

the

skill

It

is

successful

of

calls for

the

be der-

can

through

nearly
clear

removed, and

or

such

high

and

[Sir Wm.
A

nical
tech-

able
consider-

designed for
The

HAMMER-HEAD

working

crane

is

load

Arrol "

Co.,Lid.

CRANE,
of 250 tons at a radius
with a load of 312

being tested

of

100

feet.

tons.

experience.
The

"

dimensions.

Mammoth
It rests

"

is of the

on
entirely

derrickingjib type
a

tower

about

and

66 feet in

is of

huge

heightand

is

stronglysecured to the deck of the pontoon. This tower is in the

shape of a truncated cone and is providedwith a bearingon the upper
the
consists of an upper platformresting
on
portion. The framework
the centre
rollers of the
top bearing and a lower platform in which
tower
are
by a substantial
placed,the two platformsbeing connected
at the front of the upper
The jibis fixed to the framework
structure.
of two horizontal pins,and to the rear
by two links
platformby means
the movable
to
connected
counterweight on vertical wormshafts,
the
this counterweight is lowered
When
by rotatingthe wormshafts
jib rises and vice versa.
187

CRANES

[By courtesy of the Mersey

CRANE

FLOATING

"MAMMOTH

LIFTING

THE

links enable

the
highestpositions,
centre

line of the

feet above

240

other

distance
in the

crane

water-level.

be

from

derricked
the

from

Harbour

Board.

WEIGHING

end

extreme

of the

to

the

jibto

the

being 200 feet and in the latter

total weight of the jibis about
280

former

The

framework

was

services of three

two

are

blocks

of

and

the lowest

the

There
sets

jib to

Docks

LANDING-STAGE,

placingof such a structure on the crane

an
operationof some
magnitude,requiringthe
floatingcranes

tons, and
itself

the

BRIGHTON

TONS.

152

The

NEW

and

hooks, each of which

is

capable

100

of

lifting

and

tons

of

pendently.
being operated indeOne

of

the sets is fixed, but

the

other

of

is

capable

traversed

being
throughout the
length of the
When

full

jib.

it is desired

to lift the maximum

load

of

200

tons

[By courtesy ofthe Mersey

THE

"MAMMOTH

LIFTING

WEIGHING
188

SANDON
200

Docks

HALF-TIDE

TONS.

and

Harbour

DOCK

Board.

GATE,

CRANES
the

hooks

two

The

whole

of the movements

controlled

are

cabin

from

situated

framework

at

clear view

he

is

deck
of

the

simple
is

is

top of the
the

operator

of the load with

well

which

of

as

jib
has

the

pontoon, the handling

load

is

and

matter

required to

heaviest

the

the

dealing,as
of the

central

justbelow

and

hinge-pins.As
a

connected.

are

comparatively
only one man

handle

even

the

load.

Although the "Mammoth"

a
splendid specimen of

pontoon type

of

crane,

the

it is not

the

largestexample of its class.

THE
HUGE
is BUILDING
fine floating
Another
crane
SHOWN
ON
Crane LighterNo.4," the property
of the British Admiralty. Capable of lifting
a maximum
tons over
radius of 100
feet and to a height of 77^
a
"

level of the water, this

crane

has

been

to lifta

tested
The

of

load of 250
feet above
the

load

of 312

tons.

slightly

amidship,the pontoon
in length and 86J

feet

being 242
feet

CRANE

191.

is mounted

crane

forward

FLOATING
p.

in

breadth.

dimensions

make

loads

These
it

great

to
possible

with

lift

of
a
heavy
of
the
deck.
tipping
pontoon's
or
By raising
lowering the jib,
the

reach

thus
up

of

the

at, say,

the deck
a

altered,

be

picked

the pontoon

100

feet.

round
into
The

at

STAGES.
180

as

right

place at
crane,

possible,picks up
in line
load, swings round
erect

"

Ltd.
[By courtesyof The Engineer,"
FINAL

of

of

to

is

reach of 70 feet,whence

they can be swung

angle and lowered

THE

crane

enabling loads

from

reach

minimum

a
as

its
with

CRANES

ADMIRALTY

largestfloatingcrane

The

in Great

It is
to

load

the

placewhere the
extendingthe reach
the

over

The
to

at

at

radius

of

100

from

this

240

feet.

The

the

crane

which

crane,

is

121

The

feet to

are

nuts

illustration these

driven from
in the

the

are

the

100

feet

minimum

top of the

motions

are

operated by

seen

enginesthrough a

at the

crane

works

feet,

is imately
approxnine sets of

link motion

back

train of

lift 350

radius of 50

the

on

out

supervisionof
being derricked

heightto

to be

sent

designedto

jibis capableof

-cylinderengines,which are fitted with

gear to that used
gear, a similar type of reversing
jibis raised and lowered by two largesteel screws
our

of

at the makers'

under

Japan,

double

in

radius

built in this country and

later in

country.

in this condition

jibis then lowered,

it comes
immediately

erected
partially

feet,was

radius of

the maximum

when

and

from

over

the

it

one

This

Carlisle,being re-erected

engineerssent

as

is

ago.

4.
tons

height of 77$ feet

hangs,until
finallydeposited.

it is

time

short

NO.

LIGHTER

of 250
a load
capable of lifting

is being dropped,and

crane
largestfloating

Japan

tons

of the load

spot where

CRANE

FLOATING

Britain.

reversing

locomotives.

The

49 feet in
of the

gearingand

length,and
crane.
They
engage

with

crosshead.

lowering of the loads is controlled by specially-designed

is controlled
hydraulicbrakes, and the whole of the working of the crane
beneath
the
by one operator from a cabin situated immediately
is mounted
jib foot and clearlyseen in the illustration. The crane
has plentyof deck space and is able to carry
a largepontoon which
on
The

190

CRANES

of about

load

deck

300

tons.

The

propelling
machinery is placed

amidship.
It

owing

not

was

to

the

an

easy

enormous

matter

to

build

size of the

such

structure

large crane

and

the

as

this,

weight of the

increased by the fact that the

was
difficulty
base.
had to be assembled
ing
on
a floating
crane
However, another floatto the assistance of the builders and by itsaid the work
crane
came
into existence.
was
completed and its big brother came
successfully
is situated at PhiladelphiaNavy Yard,
The world's largest
crane
and is the property of the United States Navy.
Costingover "200,000
tons of steel and
tons of machinery,
and containing
some
2,000
1,000
the Delaware
and
this giant stands on a pierextendingout towards
Its heightto the top of the
is thus able to operate over
two docks.
and
electric passenger liftis provided
observation tower is 250 feet
an

various

The

members.

[By courtesy of Messrs.

A

350-TON

SELF-PROPELLED

FLOATING

CRANE

BUILT

IN

ENGLAND

Cowans,

Sheldon

AND

SENT

Co.,Ltd.

"

OUT

TO

JAPAN.
The
at
the

crane

will

revolve

feet radius.
When
is 240 feet.
crane

121

through a complete circle with

jib is fully raised (itis not

the

191

a
so

feet radius
load of 350 tons
at 100
in the picture) the overall height to

300 tons
the top of

or

CRANES
the upper part of the structure.
No photograph can
idea of the tremendous
size of this crane,
beside which

to reach

give any

true

ship
battle-

The
immensity of the great framework
completelydwarfed.
when
stands beneath
of steel can
one
it,
onlybe adequatelyunderstood
the steps of the central stairwayto the platform200 feet above.
or climbs
is of the hammer-head
The
crane
type and its total weight with
load (about 4,000 tons)is carried on an elaborate pilefoundation, driven
in the gravel below
the overlyingmud.
well down
for buildingthis great crane
the increased size of
The reason
was
the various parts of modern
battleships.It was desired to handle such
is

elements
to

as

as

rather

than

have

to

dis-assemble

in order

them

into

lift them

board,

whole

before the

makes
it possible
to place on
position. The crane
complete unit, such heavy equipment as gun-turrets,which
crane

built had

was

to be assembled

on

board

ship.

ELLISON

[McMyler
A

It is the world's

HUGE
"

largest

"

and

dwarfs

AT

CRANE

HAMMER-HEAD
a

battleship. The
passenger

PHILADELPHIA
tower

lift to the
102

is 250

top.

NAVY
feet

high

HAWKS.

Inter State Co.

YARD.
and

there

is

an

electric

[Topical.
TRANSMITTING

AT

PLANT
AT

wireless

important part

for communications
and

number

between

of

coastal

and

purposes,

of them.

some

with

is familiar

other

in

to New

As you

shipsat
stations

sea,

have

weather.

This

called

position in foggy
Direction
Finding (D.F.

"

")

many

smaller

minute

York.

broadcasting,but wireless
the engineer plays a very
know, wireless is freelyused
and between
shipsand shore,
established
for giving
been

ships their

ones

STATION

RUGBY,

WONDERS

EVERYONEto-day
many

G.P.O.

telephony service

WIRELESS
serves

GREAT
NEAR

HILLMORTON,

in the

used

THE

are

for short

fitted

now

with

D.F.

branch

and

most

big

with

gear

"

wireless

of

is

liners and

which

in

"

get their
bearings from the nearest
they can
coastal
station.
aerials are
Rotating frame
usually employed in
the system
ships for D.F. purposes,
being based on the well-known
fact that the strengthof wireless signalsvaries according to the angle
of the signals.
such
aerial points to the source
at which
an
Now
are

that

so

of.

On

latest news,

of the

news

from
W.B.B.

ships are

many

possiblewhich

dreamt
the

two

or

the

when

the

has

broadcasting
London

or

New

wireless

all sorts

of

things
hardly
century began were
daily papers are publishedcontaining

twentieth

great liners

which

fitted with

been

by wireless from
Passengers dance to

received

stations.

Business

York.
103

men

keep

one

or

music

in touch

other

lessed
wirewith

WIRELESS

WONDERS
their officesby

and
wireless,

travellers in

lonelyseas are
by the same
Even
shipsin the
agency.
Arctic regions
have managed
to keep in touch
with home
"

"

called up

under

conditions

formerly meant

which

year-long

spellsof dreary isolation.

What
"

business wireless
in

on

chieflyby

[CentralPress.
LEAD-IN

FROM

THE

AERIAL

MASTS
Note

Post

the

TOP

the

Office

Marconi

AT

those

both

be

of

with

powerful
capable of

picked

which
sands
thou-

up

of miles away.
Rugby station is much
and
largest,

has

finest

most

installation
few

in

all three

messages

and

by

Northolt,

and

apparatus
can

great

either

of

Leafield
and

equipped

sending

worked

Hillmorton,

Harrow,

are

few

portant
im-

most

at

Oxfordshire,
near

Britain

GREAT

stations

ried
car-

skilful

and

Rugby,

near

is

Office stations

Post
are

THE

Great

called

the

keep large staffs

operators. The

OF

HILLMORTON.

by

or

highly trained

ONE

"

giant insulators.

Company,

whom

OF

be

may

in

The
the

indeed

the

efficient
the

details

world.
be

may

interesting,especiallyto
those

who

realized

have
what

not

immense
[Photopress,

power

is

requiredto

main-

LOOKING
a 94

UP

ONE

OF

THE

820

FEET

MASTS,

WIRELESS
tain what

is called
that

service,one,

conditions
which

Australia

nightand

or

those

as

often

all

hear

and

even

all hours

at

ried
car-

able
favour-

America

but

"

under

such

"

be

to

amateurs

signalsfrom
day

is to say, which

only

not

on

under

commercial

communication

enables

WONDERS

of the
of the

seasons

year.
In

connection
the

restricted

to

exceed

lengthof

if

"earth,"

he

waterpipeor

seldom
For

height.

does

not

use

tube

copper

is

feet,

100

masts,

or

feet in

40

casting,
broadaerial

amateur's

his mast,

and

with

driven

into the

ground, he may lay down

perhaps 50 yards of wire as
"

counterpoise."At

mile

apart, each

the

and

Rugby

masts, placed a quarter of

12

are

there

earth

miles

820 feet

wires

high,
about

are

in

length! The masts

are
triangularin shape, the three
vertical posts being spaced 10 feet
100

apart, and

the base

terminates

in

tripod,the

portionof which
This

extremity.
that the
in

200

"

of

amount

forms

the

gives
weighs about

play

of

10

tons

"

with

wind
at

Accidents

which
certain

without
"

and

[Topical.
LOOKING

ing
say-

stresses

these

pressure
the top.
have

lower

its lower

at

questionof

carefullystudied,

tons,

mast

socket.

mast,

It goes

connection

withstand

of each

B.B.C.

UP

to

MAST

FEET
STATION

AT

AT

THE

DAVENTRY.

"

it is calculated

happened

500

HIGH-POWER

tremendously

of 140

miles

tall

that
per

the

hour

tall aerial masts

106

has

structures

Rugby

and

masts

horizontal

in the

been
will

pull

past,causing

WIRELESS
which

damage
has

it has

electric

an

watchful

The
of it may

will carry

both

persons

namely,
yieM a supply of 1,500

The

so

is

gigantic. Some

that

sends

Daventry

at which

the

kilowatts for the

it
to

idea

high-

its transmission,

out

Rugby can be linked

valves !
transmitting

at

generators

mast

makes

structure.

station
used by this wonderful
power
be gatheredfrom a comparison with

25 kilowatts.

and

mending operationsand

to

broadcastingstation at

power

three

out
carry
all parts of the

on

eye

each

repair. At Rugby

difficult to

lift which

comparatively easy
keep

been

WONDERS

up

to

".

[Sport" General.
"BEAM"
On the left are

five masts

RECEIVING
for

receiving from

Nearly everythingelse
fixed condensers
an

ounce

measured

; those

at

in tons.

STATION

Canada,

at

measure

Rugby
But

AT

Rugby
a

are

there

on

BRIDGWATER,
the rightfive masts

as

is

is

square
tall

the

on

inch
as

or
man

SOMERSET.
for

receiving from South

scale.

same

two

and

and

An

Africa.

teur's
ama-

about

weigh
weight is

their

important gadget at this

station which
is quite absurdly small, a little tuning-fork
monster
which oscillates at a regularspeed of about 2,000 vibrations per second
and serves
master
as
a
oscillator,"keeping the wave-length (18,740
metres)to its exact dimensions whatever the atmosphericdisturbances
one

"

may

be.
100

very

WIRELESS
what

And

does

do
and
or

of

money

expended
it

the

and

thought
so

it ?

on

this colossal

justifyall

to

Dominions

In

first

the

and

winter

day,

in and

of the

been

place

British

the Mother

great Overseas

kept

are

care
.

have

the

and

Country

stallation
in-

half-million

by its means

and

the

which

the wireless hub

is.

Empire,

WONDERS

in touch

night

summer,

year

and

Rugby is specially
year
for broadcasting
in
messages
out.

useful

it is desirable

which

or
peace
that all

war

parts of the Empire should

receive

simultaneously.

day, too, it broadcasts

which

of

corner

every
what

be

can

boon

Twice
news

vice
ser-

in
up
Think

picked

the

world.

this

is

British

to

in

colonists

comparativelysmall and
out-of-the-wayplaces,who in the
have
to wait
ordinary way would
for

their

several

papers

Rugby

too,

transmission
and

arrival

till the

news

weeks

old.

only

to

Zealand, but

New

ship fitted

Then,

accepts messages
not

of

for

Australia

also to any

wireless apparatus,

with

it may
happen to be.
is also a very
There
complete

wherever

less
equipment for Trans-Atlantic wiretelephonybetween England and
America, which is proving a huge
success.

Four

of the aerial masts

at

Rugby are set

together with

aside for the purpose,

transmitter
which
a

is about

times

than

400

that used

station.

While

at

an

the

more

powerful

ordinary B.B.C.

sending station
197

[Sport "" General.

THE

B.B-C. STATION

AT

"AVENTRY,

WONDERS

WIRELESS

is at

station

is

being
with

linked

similar

AT

HILLMORTON

(RUGBY)

that

means

to

friend

with

Manchester

To

it is

United

can
one

centre

States

with

WIRELESS

much

not

more

than

trouble and

would

occur

if

that, since

should

phone
tele-

wire

not

to

it

be

to

do

simple matter

submarine

by

cable

to

America.
is

reason

with

with

in

Continent,

The

Glasgow
talk

it may

some

by

so

telephone

tol.
Bris-

possibleto

the

being

talk

or

odd

seem

America.

important

some

delay
wished

in

and

in the

STATION.

he

London,
in

out

ring up

BOARD

Telephone

in

subscriber

at

land-line

arrangement

carried
This

by

Trunk

the

Exchange

CONTROL

receiving

Wroughton,

at

Swindon, both stations

near

[CentralPress.

the

Rugby,

that

telephony by

cable

limit is

soon

reached, owing to the

resistance of the wire.
This

be

can
on

of

means

called
you

come
over-

land
what

by
are

relays,

but

have

lays
re-

cannot

Press,
[Central

SWITCHBOARD

in mid- Atlantic.

used

in connection
198

AT
with

the

BODMIN
"

Beam

STATION,
"

system of wireless.

WIRELESS
in

here, and

is

It

other

some

of

cases

marine
trans-

communication
and

marshy
not
polescan-

in which

be

fixed

cables laid

or

steps in

wireless

that

the

solves

and

phony
tele-

of

spaces

ground

vening
inter-

large

over

"

"

telegraphyand

of

WONDERS

problem
completely.
recent
application

neatly and
A

of wireless

developed by
-.

.-

which

Marconi,

e n

"

signalsthat
"

beam

for its
to

act

RADI"

the

RECEIVING

STATION

AT

HOULTON,

right is the receiving unit, on the left tha telephone testand amplifier for the wire circuit to New
York.

board

a
a

with

compared

as

are

operation

On

TELEPHONE

portant
im-

"

system is
a

O r e

has

on

as

[centralNews.

advantages
out

"

Beam

transmission

of

system

"

is the

"

radiated
sort

of

number
The

reflector.

like the
wireless

the

latter

of

spokes

of
a

sending

wheel.

The

searchlightwhich

aerials

of

method

arranged

focuses

in

depends

curve

so

the transmission

the

reflector

of

as

just as
light
search-

brings to a focus the

by an electric
rays emitted
arc
lamp, and sends them
forth

in

more

and

narrow

less concentrated

or

beam.
is

Concentrated, that

to

for

say,

certain

distance, for, of
after
it

time

the

beam,

splays

were,

course,

out

as

and

graduallyloses its strength.

It

has

been
that

aerials
it is
[Keystone.
LONDON"

NEW

YORK

TELEPHONE

Putting through the first call

to

England

York.
109

by making the
sufficient height

possibleto
Deam

SERVICE.
New

of

ever,
found, how-

send

wire-

signals
which

Can

irom

be

WIRELESS

Australia, and

read

in

value

of the

that

this

smaller

system

transmission

to

on

much

is needed

than

power

great

lies in the fact

be done

can

the

WONDERS

for

similar distance

radiatingaerial such as
that at Rugby.
Very short waves
are
30
employed, only about
with
metres
as
Rugby's
compared
and
experiencehas shown
18,700,
from

that

messages
be transmitted
as

on

these

can

if not

almost

effectively
by day

waves

as

quite
by night,

ONE

OF

THE
TO

VALVES

33

NEW

ORDINARY

VALVE.

which

is not

YORK

USED

IN

COMPARED

the

case

MITTING
TRANS-

WITH

with

AN

wave
long-

signals.
If the beam

this, and

it

it may

what,
use

do

system

of

cheaply and
be

Rugby

can

do all

well,

asked, is the
The

answer

is

easilyconveyed in a comparison
between
and a lighta searchlight
house,
like
more
especiallyone
the Eddystone,which lights
up the
sea

all round
is of

and

MAST

AT

BODMIN

"BEAM

"

from

STATION.
200

The

beam

tem
sys-

in

broadcasting,
sometimes, quite apart from

the music
[CentralPress.

it.

no

and

use

speech transmissions

B.B.C. stations,broadcasting

WIRELESS
is

wireless

of
possibility

for instance,that

WONDERS

tremendous

it is desired to send

Let

advantage.
out

to the

whole

us

suppose,

British

Empire

[Sport " General.

WIRELESS
A

racingpicturetaken
copy

Message

from

the

London, who

transmits

relayed,and

in

PHOTO-TELEGRAPHY.
at

Newmarket

reproduced at New

King.

The

it by land

fraction of

York

compared with the wirelessed

shortly afterwards.

Message is handed
-line to Rugby, where

second
201

it has gone

to

an

operator in

itis automatically

to all the four

corners,

WIRELESS

WONDERS

[Sport" General.
BY

PHOTOS

of the earth.

WIRELESS

TRANSMITTING

Again, unless

you

know

AND

RECEIVING

APPARATUS.

pretty accuratelythe position

aerials are
more
ship and unless, which is much
unlikely,
your
with that
arrangedto send in that direction you cannot communicate
with an
beam," as you can
ship by
ordinaryradiatingsystem of
of

"

sufficientpower.
Other

wireless

developments

to

which

brief

reference

mission
Television, and Wireless transPhoto-telegraphy,
and
the
and control of Power.
Wireless Photo-telegraphy,
of photographs or of line drawings over
transmission
considerable
distances, has been brought to a point at which it becomes
tical
pracfor the daily newspapers,
and
to some
extent
even
graphs
photohave
been wirelessed across
the Atlantic and
reproduced in
the Press the next
occasions.
The
morning on several interesting
rather
is a
complicated one, but it is gradually being
process
of the latest achievements
in this direction are
and some
simplified
very striking.
Television,or seeingby wireless,is distinct from photo-telegraphy
because you see at the receiving
end what
the transis happening near
mitter,
the
the result of a deliberate process such as
not
as
gradual
of
but
the
actual
revolving a cylinder, simultaneouslywith
happening.
that
at the
of
would
Thu5 televisionary
mean
reproduction a race

must

be

recent

made

are

202

WIRELESS

WONDERS

receivingend it would be shown on a screen

justas it was being run,
vision
Teleonly a fraction of a second being occupied in the transmission.
shown
has been
to be possibleby a
Scottish
inventor, Mr.
J. L. Baird, but it is immensely difficult owing to the enormous
of lightchanges which have to be dealt with in lightning-like
number
succession.
Wireless

Power

transmission

and

control have

also

yet

to be

fully
by the

important work has been done

developed,but here, too, some
from
considerable
a
Admiralty in moving vessels by wireless worked
of wireless condemonstrations
On a smaller scale striking
distance.
trol
been
have
who
has specially
given by Major Raymond Phillips,
has
this
and
studied
produced some
subject,
very effective apparatus
guns can be fired and toy trains stopped,reversed,and moved
at the will of the controller of a small transmitter.
He has

with which
forward
even

succeeded

in

to the human

such

spoken

of control

applyinghis system
voice,so that
"

commands

as

by

littletrain will

Stop,"

"

Back/' and

of

means

"

Ahead."
WHEELER.

[SportS- General.
TENSION

IN

SWITCHBOARD

STATION,

AT

BRONX,

203

THE

NEW

LARGE
YORK.

phone
micro-

to
respond instantly

OWEN

HIGH

POWER

IN

WATER

MOTION:

CONTRAST

[H. J. SJtepitone.
THE
The
mounted

lightinginstallation
on

candle-power.
to play

consists

Each
the

of

of

set

hour,

of

colour

ten

and

AT

NIGHT.

speciallydesigned scintillators of 36-inch diameter,

output of the lamps is,approximately,1,320,000,000

combined

The
a

ILLUMINATED

NIAGARA,

twenty-four

opposite the Falls.

lamp is provided with
white
lights for half an

thrilling
panorama

FALLS,

parapet

is usual
on,

AMERICAN

then

screens.

When
the Falls are
illuminated, it
red, yellow, amber, magenta, and so

to

change

OF

THE

GREAT

much

of her

to

moving light.

[E. N. A.
WATER

POURING

THROUGH

THE

OPEN

SLUICES

ASSOUAN

DAM,

ON

THE

NILE.

One

of the

great dams

on

the

Nile
water

to which
at

Egypt

certain

owes

seasons

so

is

stupendous,

The
fertility.

force

of

the

[By courtesyof Messrs. Dorman, Long "" Co., Ltd.

CASTING
The

is

metal

molten

IRON
THE

"RAW

WE

The

with

story reminds

"

that

"

uses

depends
for
"

"

common

gold except
minerals, on

of the most

ENGINEERING

into

gold

the

the

his

giftof
unhappy

be

its value
gold owes
it to become
plentifulthe so-called
worth
having. The real value of a

to

which

other

useful and

with

and

it

be

can

plate,jewelleryand

as

had

that

strikingway

were

uses

ingots.

STEEL

touched

hardly
the

upon

into

to cool

story of the king who

variety of uses ; they are cheap

fortunately for civilization,they
One

moulds

OF

the

in

us

and
mainly to its rarity,
would
preciousmetal
mineral

sand

MATERIAL"

turning everythinghe

fate.

few

into

run

AND

all familiar

are

PIG-IRON.

hand, which
and
are

put, and

Man

coinage.

There

have

an

lightlyesteemed

almost

has
are

endless

only because,

plentiful.

probably the

important

most

mineral

of all is iron.

Imagine,
and

with

how

if you
many

can,

useful

what

the

thingswe
205

world

would

should

have

be
to

like
learn

without
to

it,

dispense.

IRON
Now

let

"

the

us

"

material

raw

Iron
natural

is not

of all
in

be described

in

found

"

is mined

but

state

pure

as

as

large
The
quantityof pure
The iron must
cent, rarelymore.
or

small

in which

ore/'

an

"

at
quantities

the earth's surface.

up to 50 per
from the material

varying

iron may

be

first be rated
sepafor this purpose
it

it is contained, and

iron- works.

the

to

almost

may

mighty engineeringappliances.

our

substance

anything
is taken

get iron,which

we

found

mineral

depths below

how

see

STEEL

AND

iron-works

An

plenty of

needs
for its
in

coal

furnaces, and
coal and

England

iron-ore

nately
fortu-

are

found

together,so
cost

of

less

than

close

that

smelting is
in

parts of the
This and

the

most

world.

superior

skill of British
have
land

steel

In normal
this

men
work-

givenEngleading

positionin
and

the

the

iron

industry.

conditions,

country

duces
pro-

thing
annuallysome-

like 8,000,000
A

SET

OF

In

the

centre

BLAST

MODERN

FURNACES

SHOWN

IN

SECTION.

heating

the

blast.

tons
the passage-way
stove.

million

is the
background
at top leading from

of the

tons

the

When
"

are

by

mechanical

to

decompose.

which

contain

the nature

to

the

other

steel in the
reaches

to receive

air which

of

currents

for

furnace

one

best

iron-ore

ready

stove

the

it ;

Note
to the

pig-iron,in

addition

to

eight

and

between

nine

world.

works

they are

forced

are

and

of

so

number

of

called because

through

them

from

"

naces
blast fur-

of the fierce
the

bottom

the iron-oxide
The
in the air causes
pressure.
oxygen
To
the earthy substances
separate the iron from

it,a

of the

"

flux

"

is

required.

The

earthy substance, limestone

200

flux varies

according.to

being often

used

for the

IRON

purpose.
furnace

A
and

load
shot

of

ore

AND

mixed

in ; then

STEEL

with

comes

flux is

layerof

brought
fuel

(aspecialkind

[By courtesyof Messrs.

WARM

Running off molten

being the usual fuel),then

alternately.

iron

the top of the

to

Dorman, Long

of coke

"

Co., Ltd.

WORK!

for transfer

direct to the steel

load

another

207

of

ore

plant.

and

flux, and

so

on

IRON

AND

STEEL

On

206

page

is

pictureof a section
nace.
through a blast fura

Furnaces
this

as

basins

have

they

measure

WHITE-HOT

INGOT

IN
TO

ROLLERS

In the centre

day.
is the

from

gases

right-handfurnace
and

meltingzone,
the

of moulds

rows

At

the- very

is

there

iron

but

also silicon and

of

the

feet,

100

pig-irona

right-hand furnace,
the

purpose

The

body

waste

while

proper,
the

molten

the

the top of the

top of the furnace

bottom

the

leadingfrom

gases

is called the
it is the

beneath

crucible.

iron flows

In
to

front

the
form

"

are

pigs."

furnace, in the crucible, a temperature

centigradeis reached.

introduced

The

heat

is so

fierce that

into

only carbon,

not

harmful

of

bottom

the

waste

very
which

into

i, 800"

of about

the

the

at

produce 700

can

tons

blast,using for the

the

is the

part below

throat,the

BARS.

the stove.

to

height

to

itself.

pipe for

the

rise
of

and

behind
illustration,

heats

the furnace

Notice

INTO

they

across,

often

25

Sons, Lid.

THROUGH

PASSING

OF

ROLLED

of the

which

stove

ACT

THE

BE

may
to

up

feet

Cohille "

deep

; at the widest

part

[By courtesyof Messrs. David

such

other

substances.

On

this account
be

cannot
pig-iron
from
the
directly

used

furnace, but

blast
be

furnace

the

in

re-heated
in order

must

another

to

remove

impurities.
Iron and
"slag"

the

"

earthy part
both
state

of

collect
in the

the

in

ore

"

liquid
A

crucible,which
The
.

haS

tWO
,

Openings.
.

Slag, being

Converter

lighter

I lie

steel into
Sometimes

than

the mouth
208

BESSEMER

"CONVERTER."

of freshly-made
tips up to pour its contents
travellingladle,which in turn will empty into moulds.
the moulds
are
arranged in a chain travellingunder
direct.
of the converter, which
then empties into them

TAPPING
Fireclay plugs are
thp

removed

infrrit mrnilHc

from

the

rtirprtlv

bottom
VipnpptVi

STEEL

of the ladle
Thf

larllp

by

means

i" r-arriprl

FURNACE.
of levers
alrincr

at

phnv-p

the side, and

them

hv

an

the

molten

nvfrVifpH

r-ranp

steel

runs

into

IRON

iron,rises

to the

from

AND

STEEL

top of the liquidmass

the

is drawn

and

The

lower

off at

frequent

opening, the

tap-hole,
opening.
is
and
for
only opened
clay plug
by
running off the
then
iron, which
flows, white-hot and glowing,along grooves in the
ground and thence into sand moulds, where it cools and is presently
intervals

is closed

removed
The

upper

in solid bars.
removed

impuritiesare

process, invented
blast furnace
to
where
furnace),

by Henry
a

furnace

it is

is called

what

by
in

of

different kind

brought to

puddling

iron is taken

1784. The

Cort

"

"

the

The

travellingladle is suspended by
than

the

"

steel ropes

STEEL

from

metal, overflows

The

away.

remainder,

the

through powerful rollingmills

liquidimpurities.
for iron

So much
iron

into

we

overhead

an

into

the

The

crane.

basin

squeeze

to meet

now

Co., Ltd.

on

the

"slag," being

when
out

the

much

lighter

right.

by machinery
the

almost

impurities

solid, is

of it any

magician who

run

remaining
converts

steel.

Steel is

an

alloyof

iron and

carbon, with the phosphorus found in

Steel, unlike iron, is malleable and tough, and is

pig-ironremoved.
put to a largevarietyof
W.B.E.

good part,

which

have

Long "

FURNACE.

but sometimes
very hard work is usuallydone by a man,
"stirs with an iron rod, causing the iron to collect,
while
flow

the

a reverberatory
(called
melting-point.The "puddler" this

[By courtesy of Messrs. Dorman,

TAPPING

from

uses

for which
209

iron is unsuitable.

IRON

The
1860

STEEL
of

process

into
directly

receive it.

Bessemer

Or,
to

to be

the

cupola furnace

when

conveyed, in
in

converter

is

its

In this
then

and

run

tipped horizontallyto
is close at

blast furnace

liquidstate, directlyfrom

ladle,transportedby

bogie,

in

invented

was

its introduction.

"converter," which

alternative method

an

hand, is for the iron

blast furnace

from

industryreallydates
pig-ironare melted in

of

bars

steel

making

the steel

and

process

Bessemer

famous

AND

of

means

overhead

or

the
a

travelling-

crane.

of

tons

15

metal

25 feet

about
from

able to deal with

converter

at

high

made

will

and

It is

60 to 70 tons.

retort

thick

of

time

is

weigh
large

sheet-iron,

lined inside with

work.
brickrefractory
verter
capacity of a con-

The

of

must,

the volume

greater than
with

of the

bubbling

which

take
The

turned

the

into

poured

into

(theseare
The

is

with

added

ladle

on

heavy

inside

moulds,

to the

about

"

of
open

and

molten

and

steel boxes

"

of

from

roars

the

verter.
con-

is

magician

at

allowed

its

tents
con-

steel is

and
4 feet deep
square
to cool into solid ingots.

called,are

removed

furnaces
ingotsare taken to the
soaking pits,"small, gas-fired
the ground, where
they are heated to a bright redness and to
210

there

18 inches

are

mass.

huge, blinding

the monster

about

jets,

minutes

varying hues
mouth

fierce

small

to pour
egg is made
this ladle the
travelling-crane.From

and

measurements)
the

twenty

steel boxes

as

vertical

grand sight

INGOT.

now

it.

having been
liquid pig-iron,is

The
work

Carbon

place within

through the

flame

ejections

the

is forced
For

STEEL

and

air, in many

is

of metal

deal,because

to

of

blast

much

converter,

charged

170-TON

it has

which

be

course,

and

the

sunk
an

even

in

This

temperature.

ingot and

picks up

the

rollers in

it,down

done,

lays
the

rollingmill looks

like

having grooves
sizes and

cut

overhead

an

which

in the

it

top

on

an

it and

force it

ingot runs
a huge mangle

rolls

through,and

with

crane

of

grab

automatic

an

sloping plane having loose

rollingmills.

to the

as

so

shapes along the line where

ingot,guided straightto

comes

STEEL

AND

IRON

of
entirely

steel and

present apertures of different

to

the rolls touch

the widest

great

go

up

made

clouds

another.

one

aperture

Along

; the rolls seize

of steam

from

the cooling-water,

by the glowing ingot. Clang ! The mill is stopped,

back, already appreciably thinner and
reversed, and the ingot comes
rise out of the floor and turn the ingot over
on
longer. Steel arms
its side,and
through the mill it goes again, and so on until it has
all lit up

been

rolled out

into

bar

4 inches

about

square

and

perhaps 20

"

feet

"

three-high mill a mill

long. By this time the ingothas reached a
having three rolls,one above the other and all geared together. The
bar, still red-hot, goes in through the lower pair of rolls,and as soon
lifted up, and
it is all through the end is caught by a steel arm,
as
forced in again,this time through the upper
pair of rolls,which feed
it back
the way
it came,
without
reversingof the mill. The bar
any
travels through very
now
rapidly,writhing and twistingalong the
"

floor like

some

Sometimes
of

to

be

serpent from
the steel

the

ingots

are

regions.

nether

hammered

into

"

billets

"

by

means

they are flattened into steel plates,

used, perhaps,for armour-plating a big battleship.

Nasmyth

hammer,

and

often

[Sport"" General.
SHOP

TALK
211

[English Electric Co., Ltd.

THE

through

OF

STATOR
which

motor

AN
is

GENERATOR,

being driven, with

another

for

WONDERS

ELECTRIC

headroom

above

car.

ELECTRIC

OF

POWER
were

the

in the

hands

MARVELLOUS
placed
as

were

indeed

puny

compared with

which

powers

the

old-world

of their fairies and

the

storytellers
magicians,they

placed in

power

hands

our

by

electricity.
The
form

some

first

of current

use

obtained

engine may be
reallypracticableform

itself was,

of

of course,

known

from

said to date
of

dynamo
long before

battery having been in use for many

obtained
were
comparativelysmall and

dynamo generator driven by

back only to 1870, when
the
introduced.
was
Electricity
that

date, the voltaic

the

But

years.

of little

were

cell

thus

currents

tific
scien-

than

more

or

interest.
The
was

invention

of the

originallycalled

"

in

"

filament

1879

when

"

first introduced.
212

glow
lamp or
possiblethe use
"

rendered

lighton a general scale. Except that

is replacedby one
of metal, the lamp
as

"

the carbon
is

filament

the
substantially

"

lamp
of

as

it

electric

at first used
same

to-day

OF

WONDERS
the small

From
the

of

use

all

of

manner

Britain

alone

increased

there

by

cooking,but for

machinery and
are

POWER

the latter years

beginningsof

has
electricity

heatingand
lighting,

ELECTRIC

leaps and

of the last

bounds,

not

century,

only for

operatingrailways,
tramways,

for innumerable

other purposes.

and

In Great

nearly 600 generatingstations,producingsome

is rapidly
8,000,000,000 units of electricity
every year, and this amount
mous
growing. Such figures,however, fail to give a real idea of the enorthat
quantityof electricity
understood

if

we

state

that it is

operate 25 electric lamps, each

is

beingused to-day ; it will be better

equivalentto the current requiredto
of 40 candle-power,for three hours

and
winter, for every
evening throughout the year, summer
familyin the country. Of course, a great proportionof this electricity
but for the productionof power
is not used for lighting
by
purposes
We
electric motors.
put thingsin another way by sayingthat
may
every

[Sport" General.
CONSTRUCTING

THE

STATOR

OF

HUGE
THE

"

It

weighs 700 tons,

is 26

feet

GENERATOR

ELECTRIC
NIAGARA

high, and

has

OBTAINING

FOR

POWER

FALLS.
an

213

output

equivalent

to

87,000 horse-power.

FROM

WONDERS

OF

POWER

ELECTRIC

the

8,000,000,000

units

would
year
be sufficient to drive
a

motors, each

100,000

of

35

for

10

300

horse-power,
hours
a
day,

days
How

year.
is this vast
of

quantity

LARGE

"CROSS-COMPOUND"
POWER

ELECTRIC

STATION

IN

NEW

GENERATOR

AT

produced ?
depends on the

Much

[central ,v"w.
A

tricity
elec-

Ci7^
MMJ

r"f

tV"A
L11C

YORK.
.

It is estimated

that

this machine
in three

does the
shifts of

working

men

work

in 24

million

hours

men

of 3,000,000

each.

the Kind
*

-,

Of fuel
-,

"

cheaply obtained,

,-,

the

Of the six hundred

proximity to waterfalls,and so on.
generating
stations referred to, possiblyno
have exactlythe same
two
type of
machinery in every detail. In every case, however, we have what is
form of steam, gas or oil engine,
termed
a
generator,"driven by some
though in other countries water-power is frequentlyavailable for the
is produced by causing copper
The
conductors
electricity
purpose.
mounted
what
is termed
"to rotate at high speed
"armature
an
upon
of powerful electro- magnets,
in the "field"
produced by a number
is not
althoughwhy this should result in the generationof electricity
that
to confess
to-day we are bound
easy to explain. Indeed, even
little about
know
what
we
electricity
reallyis. But we do know that
considerable
force is requiredto move
the conductors
through the
hence
magnetic field,"
enginesof great power are employed to drive
the generators, the power
of the enginedepending upon
the size and
"

"

output of the generator it

Electric
units

generators
in

are

serves.

made

in various

sizes,from

the

tiny little

producing justenough current to

lightthe electric lamps on the car and requiringonly a fraction of a
which
loping
have enginesdevehorse-powerto drive them, to huge monsters
nearly one-quarter of a million horse-power. An enormous
of the
electric generator of this size has recentlybeen designedfor one
you

may

electric power
space

of

stations

available and

necessary
space

see

the

motor-car,

in New
enormous

York

cost

to install the

only 67

feet

City, where, owing

of land

in the

the

small

it
vicinity,

unit that could be

largestpossible
by 39 feet. The machine is of what
214

to

was

fitted into

is called the

OF

WONDERS

ELECTRIC

POWER

"

first doing a portionof its work

cross-compound
type, the steam
turbine of 100,000
in a high-pressure
horse-power,after which it passes
it generates a further 115,000 horsepower.
to a low-pressureturbine, where
"

when

60

about
A

tons

in

of the

similar

British

world-famous

this

In

turbines

two

passingthrough
the

and
turbo-generator,

Britain, is the 70,000

Great

size of these

of steam

them

is

hour.

per

somewhat

built
a

idea
gather some
that the weight

will

You

it is added

firm

for the

view

of

horse-power
Crawford

biggest unit

Avenue

which, taken

ever

constructed

set

Power

from

by

Station,

the

travellingin the power

turbine
station,is shown
below, the high-pressure
crane
the
fellow
about
little
nearer
wall) develops
21,000
horse-power,
(the
after doing its work
the steam,
in this casing,
and
to
crosses
over
and low-pressure
the
the intermediate
turbines,which are mounted
on
Chicago.

shaft

same

If

could

likelyto see
there
being
in

in which

and

you

this

set,

any

watch
steam

further
this

respect.

46,000 horse-power is developed.

turbine

puffing

between

into

turbine

locomotive

into the

developingabout
it has
atmosphere when

engine,hence the clouds of steam

it rushes
as
along. The turbines in
provided with

would

working, you

escaping or

resemblance

no

puffsits steam

which

the

power

billow

the

be

atmosphere,

and

locomotive

horse-power

2,000

its work

done
from

station

not

its

are,

in

chimney
however,

"condensers,"
in

the

which
is

verted
con-

back

into

steam

then

being
pumped

back

into

water,

boiler,and
used
over

the
thus
and

over

To

again.

deal

with

the
ume
vol-

enormous

of

steam

passing
these

tnrougn

large turtWO

CBy courtesy of Messrs. C. A.

-i

,-,

COn-

LOOKING

DOWNWARD

ON

70,000

HORSE-POWER

Parsons

"" Co., Ltd.

TURBO-GENERATOR.

from an
of turbines and alternators
overhead
crane
bird's-eye view taken
station.
Some
idea of the size of the unit can
the floor of a Chicago power
in the bottom
right-hand corner.
gained by observing the figure of a man
A

215

on

be

WONDERS
densers

are

often

OF

POWER

employed,each dealingwith

for the Crawford

condensers

ELECTRIC

Avenue

set

one-half
shown

are

of the steam.
to the

rightof

The
the

picture. Each of them receives about 36,000

cubic feet of steam
densed
conevery second, coolingit until it is ultimately
The
electric generators are directly
connected
with
into water.
the turbines and will be seen
to the left of the turbines in the picture.
is the connection
You
will be wondering what
between
the power
of
of the turbines and the
amount
produced by the genelectricity
erators.
The bigunit of 215,000 horse-power to which we
have referred
of
is said to have
the
kilowatt
an
160,000 kilowatts,
output
being
If all this electricity
the unit of electrical energy.
fed to electric
were
low-pressureturbine

in the

"

motors, the power

if

we

developed would,

leave

40
a

of account

out

of course,

any

power,
aggregate 215,000 horse-

losses which

might occur

the power
station to the motors.
if all the current
of lighting,
fed to electric
were
from

the current

in terms

"

candle-power(thatis,the
household)the total number

Expressed
lamps, each of

of lamps used in lighting

average
power
of lamps it would
be possible
to light

if the

in a small
area
lightwere concentrated
to that of 160,000,000 candles.
it would produce a brilliance equivalent
of this size are the exceptionrather than the rule,and
Generators
in the super-power
stations that are now
beingerected in various parts
of 30,000
of Great
to 40,000
kilowatts are
Britain, turbo-generators
would

be 4,000,000,

in transmitting

installed.

and

ALFRED

B.Sc., A.R.C.Sc., M.I.E.E.

REGNAULD,

[Sport "
A

30-TON

CONDENSER

ELECTRIC
Note

the

GENERATOR
ends

of

the

small
condenses

FOR
BEING
tubes
the

STEAM
HAULED

INTO

through which
is pumped.
steam

216

General.

TURBINE-DRIVEN

the

POSITION.
water

that

[Great Western
LEAVING

LONG
boys,

the

and

and

There

for

to

railway

building

engineering

though

the

even

in the

there
in the
in

areas,

are

United

other

almost

the

been

"

long

very

made

construction

tunnels

of the

Indeed, many

of the

world

important

most

possibleonly by

ranks

the

among

or

624 yards.
others

States

of

comparatively
mile

and

of

tunnellinghas

small
in

more

British

the

greatest

length,

been

the

called
are

longest being
and

for,

about

Italy,in

the
the

of the world's

longest tunnels, though

elsewhere,
length
including several

notable

Canada,

crossingmountain

Isles there

Switzerland, Austria

most

lands, all longer than

in

countries, or

amount

have, however,
few

to

were

all the

have

their

greatest

tunnels

miles

Severn, 4

Alpine

there

in mountainous

that

fiftyrailway

went

care

achievements.

It is,of course,
ranges,

of life,that

the

railways,just as bridges
steel highway
was
long before the
notable
are
bridges besides those
many

communication

tunnels, and

of

all

"

roads

carry

there

by railway trains.

traversed

remembered

or

possibly loss

before

railway purposes,

in

knew

and

danger,

of, but, whereas

dreamt

Railway.
SIDE.

many

tunnels

were

erected

links

ENGLISH

tunnel.

that

of

making

built

THE

consider
a ride through a long tunnel
girls,
would
be
thrillingpart of a railway journey. You

and

most

thought

were

ON

TUNNELS

thrilled, perhaps, if you

more

of

TUNNEL

RAILWAY

MOST

are

SEVERN

THE

one
our

in New
own

217

Zealand, and

longest.

one

or

two

LONG

Until

seems

with

in the world.
It

1905.

TUNNELS

when
tunnel
is built under
the Straits of
a
day comes
zerland
unlikely that the Simplon Tunnel, connectingSwitItaly,will lose its place as the longestrailway tunnel
This is I2j miles long and was
completed in February,
for a singleline,but a second
tunnel
constructed
was

the

Dover, it

RAILWAY

was

completed in

Unlike

1921.

of the

some

older

Alpine tunnels, it

was

appliances. Even then, however, it

difficulties had
and expensiveundertaking,and many
was
a troublesome
For
to be surmounted.
example, hot as well as cold springs were
in the heart of the mountain, in places 7,000 feet above
encountered
could only work
when
the tunnel, and at times the men
sprayed with
with

constructed

cool

the aid of modern

tunnel, like

This

water.

of

number

others, involved

the

of many

callingfor
cuttings
of many

of

miles

approach

new

struction
con-

railways,

expensive rock
the

and

erection

bridgesand

shorter

tunnels.
with

Compared

Simplon,the
Tunnel

miles.

[By courtesy of
AN

INRUSH

OF

HOT

WATER

OF

the Swiss

DURING
SIMPLON

THE

THE

STRUCTION
CON-

two

it

actually completed

was

millions, and
constant

of

only

invention

to-day.

had

be

to

for

trains

constructed,

it

start

length, 9^
made

was

the tunnel

was

pierced right through

until

TUNNEL.

in

1872, but

not

Federal Railways-

St. Gotthard

old, though

next

comes

in

is

the

years

another

and

1880,

elapsed

before

It cost
several
pass.
through hard rock and with
to

springs, with the aid

interruptionsdue to subterranean
compressed-airmachinery, this being long before the
of the wonderful
applianceswhich are used for such work
All sorts

of associated

famous

had

also to be

cluding
constructed, in-

viaducts, and

reservoirs and
the
(including

works

"

172 miles of connecting railway

spirals"),which themselves called for expensive

died

The engineerresponsible,
short tunnels.
M. Faure,
many
finished ; it is said as a result of the financial
before the work
was

and

worries
political

viaducts

overcome.

and

For

many

experiencedand
years

this route
218

the
was

difficulties that

operatedby

had

steam

to

be

trains.

LONG

RAILWAY

TUNNELS

Next

the

comes

Lotschberg

Tunnel, 9 miles, opened in 1913.

It connects

with

the

Simplon

route

Italy. Here, also, there are

expensive connectinglines,though

to

the

tunnel

with

the

aid

America, where
constructed,

Railway
through
and
old

ances.
appli-

longest tunnel

it

North

to

cross

is

tunnel

to

the

miles, by

modern

to

necessary

constructed

was

of

the next

For
is

itself

being
length
7!
of

Northern

Great

of

U.S.A.

the

Cascade

This

is

Mountains,

displace the
Tunnel, 2j miles in

is intended
Cascade

length, built

to

many

years

ago.

[Swiss Federal Railways.

PLACING

SUPPORTING

TIMBERS

SIMPLON

the

While

old

is

tunnel

short, it is reached

by

either

gradientson
itself

IN

BAD

ROCK,

TUNNEL.

relatively
severe

very

steep incline.
difficulties are, indeed, so

that

electric traction

through
ago

as

1909,
due

when

route

about

the

expense
reaches an

as

of the
and

long
culties
diffi-

steam

hauling
the

miles, but

old
at

tunnel

a very
long
altitude about 500 feet

and
snow

20

of

less,besides
from

tunnel

line leaves

new

for

smoke

great
duced
intro-

was

engines were
through it.

loads

The

the

because
to

steam

heavy

The

on

is

side, and

siderably
easing the route conreducingthe troubles

in winter.

[Swiss
A

219

SECTION

OF

THE

ORIGINAL

Federal

SIMPLON

Railways.
TUNNEL.

LONG

Not
the

Mont

was

not

much

RAILWAY
the

have

shorter, we

Cenis, barely 7^

TUNNELS

miles.

completed until 1870,and

of all the

oldest

It

first

was

Alpine tunnels,
in

proposed

1857, but

opened for traffic in September,

1871. Here, also, the difficulties

was

great, while it was

were

very
first tunnel
built

to

in

the

world

the
be

to

greater length than

3 miles.

about
On

the

Arlbergroute, through
the Tyrolean Alps (Austria),
is the
in
Arlberg Tunnel,
6| miles
in the

length,while
to be found

same

area

the Tauern

(5jmiles),

and
(5miles),
(4 miles) Tunnels,

Woch-

Karawanken
ner

shorter

many

In

of

U.S.A., another
tunnel

Moffat,

over

The

173 miles.
Peak

at

in

distance
Salt

and

Denver

very

miles

lessens the

It

long

length.
between

Lake

bore

City by
James
pierces

height of

ado,
Color-

constructed, the

been

has

besides

ones.

mountains

the

are

than

more

9,000 feet.
Otira

The
Zealand
and

CANADIAN

FROM

PACIFIC

RAILWAY

CONNAUGHT

miles, and
On

in

the

three

Canadian

oi

the

South

railways with

the

Greymouth

Island

It is

coast.

with

traction.

On

there

seventeen

on

the

singleline,on

in 33, and

route

section

be worked

IN

THE

steel viaducts, one

Pacific

1916, at Rogers Pass,

on

main

could

only

the aid of electric

EXPRESS

TUNNEL

SELKIRKS.

in 9

miles

connecting the

gradientof
EMERGING

New

line

west

[E.N.A.

in

lengthof 5^
"1,500,000. It is

has

cost

Tunnel

to

Railway
ease

the
220

are

236 feet
notable

the

in

approach
other

lines

tunnels

height.

tunnel

was

gradient difficulties

completed
through the

II

ENTRANCE

TO

THE

SIMPLON

(12^

TUNNEL
AND
On

ENTRANCE

TO
Another

the

THE
and

older

old

GOTTHARD
link

LONG)

CONNECTING

[E. N.

A.

[". N.

A.

SWITZERLAND

ITALY.

left is the

ST.

MILES

II I II I

II

between

821

mountain

road.

TUNNEL,

9*

Switzerland

and

MILES

Italy.

LONG.

LONG

It is 5 miles in

Selkirk range.
was

circuitous

more

sheds and

snow

This

and

States

already mentioned.
enables

construction

direct

London

Construction
flooded

out

was

begun

and

for the

the

There

is

detail,but
miles

Scottish
and

950

need

no

Abroad:

to

ten

years

Eastern

to work

water

South

was

through,and
main-line

standard

consider

the

3 miles

and

Totley (London

Wales

via

its
from

Gloucester.

several

times

continual

hundreds
in

more

three months

and

lengthmay

Midland

miles

and

57

60

Railway), 3 miles

later

train route.
express
of shorter tunnels
in

and

be

Scottish

given :"

Railway),

Midland

Standedge (3 tunnels) (London

yards ;

Railway), 3

North

in

included

Britain

Great
3

next

list of those

estuary, and

to reach

going a long way

1873,but the workings were

to-day a
1886, goods trains began
was

Severn

was
surmounted,
Eventuallythe difficulty
is
work.
In Sepat
pumping-plant continually
tember,

even

tunnel

the

trains

Britain, the Severn,

round

in

of

of trouble.

expensivesource
though

in Great

under

Western

of

4 miles

It passes under Mount

Macdonald
Tunnel
is 4j miles in length.

passes

Great

instead

curves

longesttunnel

This

older route, which

harder, besides saving about

the Hoosac

to the

bringsus

lengthand replacesthe

much

having easier

United

In the

TUNNELS

RAILWAY

yards; Woodhead
13 yards.

(London

Norway, 3 miles 520 yards; Albula,

671 yards ; Sassago,Japan, 3 miles 293 yards.

Gravehals,

Switzerland, 3 miles

J.

AN

and

ELECTRIC
OTIRA
The

TRAIN

F.

EMERGING
NEW

TUNNEL,
tunnel

GAIRNS, MJnst.T.,

has

FROM

THE

ZEALAND.

length of si miles.
222

FAMOUS

M.I.Loco.E.

GIANT

PLANING

MACHINE
the

article

dealing

with

GIANT

"Famous

Bridges" something is said

of what
will be the largestbridge in the world
at Sydney, New
of the approach
South
The
total length of this bridge and
Wales.
for the greater part the bridge is being
will be 3,770 feet and
spans
built of steel plates and
girders of massive
proportions. In order
to produce these
accurately and at as low a cost as possible,special
machines
of these is here illustrated.
have been
designed and one

IN

Smith

[By courtesy of Messrs.

for

constructed

work

in

connection

with

Bros.

"

Co., Lid.

MACHINE

PLANING
the

bridge

nsw

across

Harbour.

Sydney

giant Planing Machine, planes steel plates up to 66 feet in

length and over 2 inches in thickness as easilyas a joinerplanes wood.
It is reallya development of the lathe, one
useful machine
of the most
This,

tools

of modern

surface
flat

true,

times.
a

planing

surface, laborious

Whilst

the

machine

is

work

that

lathe

employed

tools

as

these

to

previously could

and
even
by hand-chipping and filing,
is
satisfactory. It
largely due
machine

is used

to

make

cylindrical
perfectlytrue a

make

only

be

accomplished

then

the

results

to

the

introduction

were

not

of

gether
altosuch

planing machines, together with large drills

giantriveting-machines,that

it is

possibleto
223

construct

bridges of

and

steel.

GIANT

This

or

that

which

part
of the

centre

This

planing machine
40 horse-power which

of

motor

platform from
in

carried

at each

edges,is able

the

of the

to cut

like the

direct-coupledelectric

saddle

of the

is the

"

with
girder,

as

well

suppliedby

of overhead

wheel

that the

which

is tilted

tool,which
as

wires that

and

to

runs

The

by

tool

is

zontally
hori-

hand

has two

to

cutting
stroke.

along the top

run

thing
runningcontact, some-

electric tramcars.

gear-wheelson

special

the backward

on

rollers make

fixed to the underside

travels

machine, being able

box," which

or

plate,so
is

the

man

machine,

portion in the
is standing.

in either direction.

motor

the forward

on

trains of

three

rack

The

tool.

the

reverse

end

front side of the

through

by

operator controls

for the motor

Current

with

or

the

specialmounting

driven

is fixed to the "saddle"

carries the

which

stop,

or

is

MACHINE

photograph, on the right of where the

travels along the machine, and
with
it

saddle

start,

PLANING

The

drives

motor

largepinion,which meshes
the full lengthof
practically

table.

By

smashing
operates
The

there

ingenious arrangement,

an

should
as

the

soon

as

girder to

cylinders,shown
main

member

and

is 7 feet

motor

the
be

saddle

nears

is held

danger of the machine

length,for a specialtripgear

the
down

planed
photograph, which

in the

of the machine.
2

its

overrun

is

inches in

This

no

end

of its

run.

by twenty-two
are

housed

on

is in the form

member

depth.

hydraulic
top of the
of

E.

girder
H.

[Undencood.
A

PICTURESQUE

SUSPENSION

BRIDGE
224

AT

HAMBURG.

THE

YOUNG

ENGINEER.

SUN-POWER

PLANT

OF

The
feet
of

CAN

boiler

had

ii

feet

of

gallons

collected.

were

The

hundred

reflector

had

DAY

square
diameter

PROBLEM
BE

USED?

BE

ENGINEERING
ONE

inches.

SUN-POWER

AN

SMALL

PRESS.

capacity

of sunshine

DRIVING

1878

PRINTING

OF

THAT

WILL

IMPORTANCE

VITAL

(With photographsby the Author)

HAVE

thought

ever

you

of this earth

were

oil and

ought to include
engines,and hence no
shut

would

be
for

and

Some

by

in
are

use,

the

electric

article

"

would
for

am

sure

you

the

know
of

Water

Work,"

if all the

for

no

and

be

steam-

no

for the
would

houses

our

in winter, and

cold

few

houses

there
offices

and

trains.

coal

we

could

do

to that

answer

It is true

coal.
from

complete,

factories

Most

a
lighting

the

is derived

energy

even

were

burning

be

effect

would

bricks

electric

and

that if there

Making

available,but,

everything

"

that

waterfalls, as
that

water-power

in

still
the

most
a

tricity
elec-

large

explained

larger amounts
world

were

it would

this need
and

factories

produced by

of

houses

most

the

steamers.

clothingand

our

Our

driving a few
people think

is

to

There

gas.

or

little electric power

but
electricity,

amount

for

down.

only a

trains

steam

of materials

to

natural

of the

people
suddenly stopped and

happen

if all

we

have

would

suppliesof coal were

again available?
Perhaps, to make

never

making

what

and
probably not satisfyour present need for power,
is increasingdaily,
of the rapid growth of population
because

the rate
W.B.B.

in

at which

we

are

increasingour

use

of mechanical

power.

SUN-POWER

CAN

BE

USED?
There
at

at

present

which

For

large

very

from

in

to

supply

it in
PLANT

SUN-POWER
diameter

sunshine

of

feet

163 square

OF

6J inches

of

feet

was

long.

collected.

were

years
Falls

some

and

transmit
of

Johannesburg,
though the Company
at

of about
at

work

from

600

supplyingthe

the

Victoria

found

south.

miles

Rand

But

with

Falls, but

this power

power,

from

coal

burned

is not
the

at

article made
obtained

be

to

by

article may

of the

or

other

able

be

supplied must
One day, one
or

to

devise

great distances,possiblyby
will be of

to

use

"

An

us.

of

wireless

; then

been

discovered

and

done

that

can

for

of the
of

event

be ; but

you

course,

but

of the

cost

that

of this
to

falls
great water-

coal supplies

our

world

to

would

there
that

gather

all such

means

need

It

great

so

greater than

being exhausted, would be for the peoplesof the

round
placeswhere water-power may be had.
By no
places are at present healthy for the white races, so
other problems to solve.
Some
think
peoplefoolishly
has

is still

transmitting
power

more

alternative,in the

tance
dis-

obtained

of the readers

more

cheaper means
"

be

not

power

means.

high-

Rand

impracticableto transmit electric energy

distance
it could be done, of
600 miles.
a
as
Physically,
to be practical
engineeringschemes must pay, that is,the
was

of

use

form

the

was

to the
electricity
pressure
mines
of
the
Rand,
gold

1883.

and

River

Company

this

tained
ob-

Victoria

many
Victoria

the

formed

the

Africa, and

Power

boiler had

be

the Zambesi

on

ago

The

of

amount

could

water-power
Falls

making
largest
example,

our

of the

some

waterfalls.
a

rate,

any

prevent

of

use

difficulties,

are

be

everything

not

have

the

least

fear,there will be plentyfor you to discover,invent, devise, and

to take your
do, when
part in the work of the world.
you come
Let
of energy

tell you

me

which

Sun-power.

When

you

something concerning one

help to make of use
may
we

use

waterfalls,we
220

are

of the
to

possiblesources
mankind, namely

reallyusing Sun-power

CAN

if there
heat

is bottled

coal

even

"

were

to

rain

make

the

or

of the

energy

in
and

for power

Sun

get from

But

well to learn

the

shall

million

for

Sun,

soon

the

before
how

of the

of

million

Earth.

Hence

the

square

nearly two

million

feet

square

about

emits

(Note

denned

as

pounds
one

second,
lifted

tons

that

can

feet

in

shortage

of

coal,

fraction of

much

when

even

this

is about

presents

to

3,000

6,000"
has

us

the

not
we

small

enormous
PASADENA

THE

energy.

Herschel,

roughly

one
see

utilize

is about

in

we

us

Sun

times

roughly ij

or

oil,or natural gas will

bother

it

surface

case.

hundred

as

Thus

minute).

which

is

the

of 550

foot

one

10

Sun's

obtaining.

being
a

ject,
sub-

possibleto

worth

of the

million

be

the

know, is

will

lifted

the

interesting

historyof

be

tunate
for-

was

power
horse-

weight

are

(a horse-power,
most

on

the

use

square
mile !)

10,000

of you

not

volume
:

ago
this

it would

energy

to

square
foot of

(and there

this surface

in

This

half

over

million

Each

miles.

made

years

brief

givinga

quantity might

that of the Earth.

area

some

for four years

much

enormous
a

and

purposes,

been

this is very
far indeed
from
of the Sun is 863,600 miles, or about

diameter

times

for

lakes.

and

oceans

attempts have

year.) The temperature of

and
the glowing surface
centigrade,
day

the

that

see

diameter

the

from

being professionally
engaged

it will be

The

be any

not

water

years,

important matter.

We

would

be any waterfalls
rain if there were
no

not

waterfalls.

intervals,for many

At

for there would

"

there

USED?

(thusgainingpotentialenergy),forms clouds,
of this rain or snow
some
ultimatelygoes to

and

snow,

BE

evaporate

rises

evaporated water
then

sunshine

rain, and

no

the Sun

from

SUN-POWER

SUN-POWER

Maximum

the

great

diameter, 33 feet 6
capacity of 83 " gallons. Maximum
150

square
227

feet of

radiation

were

PLANT
inches.

OF
The

1901.

boiler

had

4^ horse-power.
required per horse-power.
output,

SUN-POWER

CAN

of

radiant

that

if you
it into

amount

know
must

put

your

hand.

of

thought

astronomer,

novel

heat

BE

the

have

way
is

Sun

of

making us realize what

continuallysending out.

of ice and

lump

something warm,
Suppose your lump

USED?

even

of ice

wish

if that

it

You
you

something is only

in

were

melt

to

an

the

form

of

long

end of this into a bright coal

that you pushed one
melt at a certain rate, and you would
fire. It would
move
your hand
forward
at that rate in order to keep on
melting the rod of ice. Now

ruler,and
cylindrical

make

rod

your

of feet

not

but

long

inch

an

45

millions

few

but

J miles

of miles

in

diameter, and

couple
push
slowly
of
speed
light(186,000
not

long,and

it not

fire,but into the Sun at the

chilly
would
miles per second) and what
happen ? It would melt as fast as
it was
pushed in without loweringthe temperature of the Sun in the
has been
least ! The expression into the Sun
used, but actually
be melted
the ice would
by the radiant heat leavingthe Sun before

into your

small

"

ice

the

"

That

got into the Sun.

itself would

lowered

be

not

any

is
more

why

the

temperature of the Sun

it is

than

by

now

the

radiant

leavingit.
Owing to the distance of the Earth from the Sun (about93,000,000
tions,
miles)and the fact that its rays of lightand heat radiate in all direcof
one-fifth
than
less
a
horse-powerper square foot reaches the

heat

surface of the Earth's

outer

feet in

an

acre,

is the
on

noon

70

surface

of the

horse-power
available.
will
an

43,560 square

6,000 horse-powerper

At

acre.

heat

the

at

we

so

about

4,000

is
per
In passing,it
acre

help
acre

of about

are

surface of the atmosphere

sphere
atmo-

Earth,

that

say

the

there

about

the

arrives

and

may

of

cent

through

passes

power

day,

as

available at the outer

large amount

clear

per

the

atmosphere, but

you
if I

visualize

to

that

say

sides are one

square whose
cricket pitchlongis exactly
of

one-tenth

Consequently,
rvf
01

fhp
tne

an

acre.

the

THE'SHUMANSUN-POWER

heat

QiinQhinP
sunsnine

PLANT

AT

U.S.A.

TACONY,

19".
ThU

plant Produced
for
223

8l6

Pounds of steam
per
neariy 40 horse-power.

hour

enough

CAN

such

on
falling

than

less

no

SUN-POWER

BE

USED?

is

square

power.
horse-

400

Here, therefore,is the

problem

for

solve.

How

are

this

convert

into
energy
will be of
power
main

to

use

which
for

us

The

?
that

small

the

one.

is a heat-fall?"

"What

of

form

to

source

is
difficulty
is

to

we

purposes

heat-fall

of you

some

of you

some

will be

asking.
THE

waterfall may

be

SHUMAN-BOYS

SUN-POWER

PLANT

AT

MEADI,

EGYPT,
1913.
high
axis of the reflector
The
in glass, is
encased
boiler,
with
one
comparatively and just above the pith helmet. Above thethat,
in the foreground,
main.
is the gear for keeping
the
In front of the
little water
falling,
yet its is
the reflector facing the Sun.
can
easilybe used
energy
of water
falling
by an engineer. Or, it may have a large volume
this
feet
is
difficult
two
to
:
more
use.
Similarly
only one or
type
of heat : if the source
perature,
in the case
of the heat is at a high temthe problem is easy, but if the temperature is comparatively
difficultand costly. Now, though the temperlow, the problem is more
ature
of the Sun is so high,the temperature of anything exposed to
a

at

steam

sunshine
Hence

the Earth

on

we

need

quantityof

for any

with

the

heat

of

largequantityof sunshine (comparableto

water)to make up for its lack of temperature.
the devices for

boilers,and

purpose.

Mouchot, who
Mouchot

compared

Nearly all
sun-heated

is low

man

took

One

once

of the

out

coal-fire.
the

large

energy have taken the form of

be used
has been made
it may

using solar

the steam

earlyworkers

at the

his first patent in 1861.

'sfirst solar

subjectwas August
In 1866 Napoleon III

engineat work in Paris. The sunshine collector

like a giganticlamp-shade, inverted, measuring 8 feet 6 inches
was
in diameter
end.
Its inside surface was
lined with silvered
at its larger
boiler at its axis.
copper, which reflected the sunshine on to a cylindrical
His
In 1878 W.
Adams
the subjectin India.
at work
was
on
boiler was
second
of copper
J inch thick and held 12 gallonsof water,
producing enough steam at a pressure of 10 pounds per square inch
to yieldabout
2j horse-power. He used glassmirrors for the reflectors,
saw

829

SUN-POWER

CAN

ANOTHER

Adams

VIEW

OF

also made

THE

BE

SUN-POWER

USED?

PLANT

SHOWN

ON

p.

229.

sun-cooker, not for cooking the Sun, but food.

of 80 per cent for his

efficiency
boiler. In 1883 Ericsson,that great engineer
and designer
of the Monitor
constructed
his second'solar engine.
(theprototype of turret battleships),
the subjectbetween
A. G. Eneas, an
at work
on
American, was
erected
at Pasadena, and
produced
1898 and 1901. His boiler was
for
It
collected
about
steam
a
enough
700 square
4 horse-powerengine.
feet of sunshine, and the capacityof its boiler was
83^ gallons.
Frank
another
American, started on the problem in
Shuman,
In

1880

it

1906, and
inclusive.

Egypt

the

For

bottom

"

mirror

the

was

with
There

of the

Then
a

space
was

This

boiler-unit

of
also

boiler and

only J
an

inch

the

lower

then

the

inch

one

of

with

lamellar

the back

between

plant produced 816 pounds of steam, at atmospheric

hour ; enough for nearly 40 horse-power.
230

glass.

covered

was

sheet

double

sheets of

the two

air-spaceof

at its bottom

box, with

and

of

in the illustrations).

troughs seen

air space,

in 1911
lected
plant col-

consisted

another

the inside of which

an

twice, and

States

I tested.

inch between

one

1910 to 1913

plant erected

large flat wooden

wood,

was

the

The

of the

from

United

top edge and

part

of
air-space

of the box

surface

at its

"

hot-box

boiler of thin copper,

front for the water.
upper

I visited

is the bottom

heat-insulatingmaterial.

the

associated

was

feet of sunshine.

square

glasstop having an
The

photograph (p.228) shows

Philadelphia,U.S.A., which

(thehot-box
The

that

purpose

hot-box," having

edge

his work

an

The

once.

10,300
"

with

was

Tacony, near

at

Pifre claimed

Abel

and

between

glass.

This

pressure,

per

CAN

SUN-POWER

planterected

Of another

BE

USED?

Meadi, 7 miles south

of

Cairo, in 1913,
trials.
It collected 13,270 square
I made
feet of sunshine,
thirty-five
and produced 1,442 pounds of steam
during the best run of one hour,
i.e. enough for
the

edge, at

14 feet

was

By

an

of
suggestion

The

maximum

Professor

the sunshine
and

across

automatic

which
reflectors,

ran

200

boiler of this

C. V.
to

on

feet

Boys,

both

long,and

and

sides
there

of it.

steam

Well, that is
power

now

carry

Each

reflector

five such

were

pressure

units.

only 8J pounds per square inch.

experimental one
(though obviouslyof
was

only an
plant was
from
the Nile,
it
but
pumped water
size),
for irrigating
the plant.
crops near

used

plant was placed on

the parabolicglass

worked
arrangement, which
admirably, the
north and south, were
kept always facingthe Sun.

This
full

story of attempts

brief
on,

for it is almost

to

certain

some

of

which

avail ourselves
we

shall have

was

of
to

Sunuse

it

day.

some

A.

The

55! horse-power.

reflected

mirrors

at

S.

E.

B.Sc.

ACKERMANN,

F.C.G.I., A.M.I.C.E.,
(Engineering),
M.Cons.E.

[Fox.
MOVING
The

house

was

removed

BODILY.

HOUSE
from

one

town

The
dismantling a timber.
photograph
beginning of the lowering operations.
231

to

shows

another
the

house

without
at the

[William Beardmore
STEEL

CUTTING
An

operation technically known

of inverted

arrangement
very

castors

"

as

allows

shearing."
plates to

the

VISIT

the

the

Long

outskirts

rightinto

railwayruns
before

queer
moved

AN
WORKS

engineeringworks
on

The
be

TO

ENGINEERING
but

Co., Ltd.

easily.

MOST

PLATES.

reach

we

are

situated, not

near

in the

centre

railway; indeed,

of

town,

in most

cases

the works.
the

place,whether

by

rail

or

road,

we

shall

great buildingsin the distance, the glassroofs arranged

in methodical, parallel
lines,and the tall chimneys pouring out smoke.

probably see

the

countrysideit stands, surrounded

by
the workmen
where
houses
live,skilled engineersand labourers alike.
is a very different place from
A great engineeringworks
a big office in
The
is
the City or elsewhere.
building usually a singlestorey high,
with
a
huge saw-toothed, glass roof, supported at intervals by tall,
look in vain for an imposing entrance
hall or a clean
steel pillars. You
for use.
marble
is
staircase.
white
There
Every object is intended
and
decoration
no
anywhere, everythingis plain,workmanlike
dirty.
roofs
is
often
the
colour
slate.
The
in
the
of
The
hands,
glass
very
their assistants
overalls
of the engineersand
tattered
faces and
are
is afraid of dirt and broken
No boy who
with dirt and grease.
smeared
should
think
of becoming a working engineer.
finger-nails
High

The
cost

as

the

above

golden
small

trees

of the

of

all works

rule

sum

as

is that

and
possible,
232

to

ensure

every

machine

this every

made

must

detail is

care-

ROUND

AN

fullythought out so that

employs, let us say, some
Therefore
a
heavy one.
accounted

to the

has

man

clock.

He

"

time

the
"

"

at

will be

as

shops,"

with

each

Let

along

each

only

gun
few

monster

lightsup

shown

as

through the
large

the clock

on

face

of

material

raw

manufacture
the

and

takingplace in each,

in

the

article

ing
Stretch-

for
on

until

customer.

occupiesa largearea.

series of furnaces

described

in

through them

passes

warehouse, ready for the

This

side is

one

several

re-melting
"

Iron

and

of all sizes

ships'propellers,iron
tall as a three-storied house
the
to guide liners across
mountings, parts of locomotives, small castingsmeasuring
all are made
in this foundry.
inches

as

As

passes

opening at the side of

an

into

the

ingots similar to those

Steel."
Castingsof all kinds

has also

card

The worker
also stamp
must
space.
he leaves.
The process is known
as

foundry.

the

rudders

and

of
particulars

departments, technically
duties.
nected
special
undertaking
They are con-

other, and

whole

the

The

engaged.

inside.

streams

trade, and

he enters

in

at the entrance.

the crowd

the time

which

divided

first visit the

us

he is
As

day

articles at last reach

finished

ocean,

visiting

are

clockingoff."

or

works
"

in the

prearranged order,a stage of

the

the

his

name,

which

on

lever and

pullsa

the card

on

clockingon
The

of

shrill blast and

placeshis card

man

with

card

known

we

their wages
bill is
men's
time must
be

wait with the crowd

we

of the week.

day

then

is stamped

as

bearing his

card

for each

turnstile each

the

tick goes

job,or pieceof work,

space

works

and

men,

minute

every

The

waste.

no

six hundred

of this

reminded

are

Punctual

the

there is

WORKS

for.

We

Each

ENGINEERING

"

"

enter,

we

carrot

the

of

suspended
peculiarshape.

we

see

foundry like

second

in the

air what

It radiates
It is

sun.

intense

an
a

seems

10-inch

gun
the moulds

at

first

heat

and

casting,

and the
Not long ago it came
from
tons.
.weighingmany
is going to place it on
the cooling beds, where
it will remain
crane
until it is cool enough to be handled.
Castingsare always made too
shrink
in
large,as they
considerably cooling. Steel such as is used in
shrinks one-fourth
This casting
of an inch to every foot.
gun castings
will therefore

be about

6 inches

shorter

when

it has

cooled.

Series of

coolingbeds. As the castingshrinks, so the rollers

revolve in sympathy, thus lesseningthe risk of the castingcracking.
from moulds
of very fine sand, and we see both
made
are
Many castings
moulds
and
castingslying about on all sides.

rollers form

the

233

AN

ROUND

The
machines

corner

one

men

are

boilers,while

locomotive

"

in scattered

made
In

is the

section

next

ENGINEERING

erectingshop. The various parts of

bled.
shops are here brought to be assemhundreds
rivets
of
into
busy putting
"

there

over

complete locomotives, ready

WORKS

for

on

rails

shipment

to

will notice little passage-ways

the
the rails. These
to enable
are

alike,but you
between

from

locomotives

underneath, and

even

are

pair of

a
tightening
us

are

nut

overhead

on

which

rails on

moving

cranes

this

and

one

mammoth

shop

"

other.

ERECTING
a

examine

all
and
the

engaged

are

men

G. Armstrong, Whiiworth

"

in

Co., Ltd.

SHOP.

completed locomotive

adjustinga
overhead

They are
the ground

engineersto
now

dozen

brake

cranes

of

out

can

on

the

way.

another.

travel from

Above
one

end

and move
heavy locomotive
it from one
part of the shop to another as easilyas you carry a book.
Another
interesting
objectis the largeturbine blading over there.
tens of
Fifteen feet high and
perhaps 24 feet long, it contains many
chief
feature
of
teeth
will
the
the
of
and
form
thousands
engines
the
thousands
of
miles
take
liner
of the
a 2O,ooo-ton
across
employed to
of the

to the

THE

India.

beneath

[By courtesyof Sir W.

IN

than

more

They pickup

"

Atlantic.
234

AN

ROUND

Of

been
the
these
as

is allowed

WORKS
leave

to

for faults.
examined
Many
carefully
smooth
and
working of
satisfactory

the works

human
the

lives

until it has

depend

machines

which

upon
leave

day. So a section is set apart

large numbers
every
testingshop. All around us testingand examining is going on,
ingenious instruments
being employed. All
very delicate and
in

works

many
machines

do.

machine

no

course,

ENGINEERING

For

tested

are

the

limits

which

is

beyond

example, a

crane

of the

guaranteed to

[By courtesyof Sir

LOCOMOTIVES
Part

of

consignment

will be tested

for 12-ton

movements.

Above

READY
of

200

FOR
which

work

SHIPMENT
were

W.

they will
lift up

to

G. Armstrong, Whitjforth

have
10

"

to

tons,

Co., Ltd.

OVERSEAS.

shipped in running

order.

weights,and cannot be passed unless it performs

in a satisfactory
this work
way.
Another
section is the laboratory,
where
interesting
experiments
Here
worked
stresses
are
are
continuallybeing made.
out, metals
inventions are prepared, and so on.
are
analysed,models of new
of whirling
to the machine
shop, a maze
Passing on, we come
wheels
and leather.
in
hopeless confusion, wheels
Everything seems
revolving one way and wheels revolvingin the oppositeway, belting
follow the
flyinground and round so quickly that the eye cannot
all,noise !
235

[By courtesy of Messrs. John

A
Low

ahead

pressure

the

In

HUGE

READY

TURBINE

and

turbine

astern

machine

for

TO

THE

great liner,with

all the

shop

LEAVE

upper

miscellaneous

turned

side of each

the

articles,the smaller
floor is

whole
the
As

as

It is also

possible.
we

will

You

wire

protectedby

Now

the works

the

we

being stored in
shavingsof metal.

that

the

and

should

be

few

The

These, by
the

scrap.

accidents

and

wheels

as
are

necessary.

"

the

what

as

boxes.

with

down

revolvingbelts

electric

come

melted

parts of all

rough lumps of
pileof finished

ordered

an

trucks

white

to

the

finishing
shop, and

see

for.

there

wherever

screens

finished articles to

that

notice

watch, along

warehouse.

is

carpeted with chips and

important

tools and

screws,

carefully
swept up
said, nothing is wasted.

have

As

such

ones,

machine

Co., Ltd.

is done.

work

floor is littered with

will be

way,
we

The

out.

"

part of casing raised.

small

small
Screws, nuts, bolts,wheels, ball-bearings,
are
descriptions
metal, and by

Brown

WORKS.

lines

the

remove

finished
"

we

have

ones

partlyto

noticed

the
all

indicate the roads

through the different

shops," for the works is a largeplace,coveringperhapsseveral acres.
In order
that the vehicles which
these roads
use
(trucksand small
in
travel quicklyfrom place to place,
the main) may
cranes
travelling

over

are

They

"

the

space

between
Woe

parts

in between

the white

betide

the

lines must

unthinkingman

the white

lines.
236

not

who

on

any

dumps

account
a

be

pileof

structed.
ob-

small

AN

ROUND

ENGINEERING

tired of the
eyes and ears
the machine
on
shop,we gladlymove
Our

This
the

thinkingis

with
and
are

old

is the

row

upon

row

The

When

the

brain

space of the
of slopingdesks, which
are

the

of

ink, and

and

of the

to the calm

whole

rules,bottles
blueprints,
busy here designingnew
ones.

whirlingwheels

designingdepartment,
done.

WORKS
the

noise of

drawing office.

of the

works, where

department

is

littered with

occupied
drawings

Many draughtsmen
machines
or
suggestingimprovements to
plans are completed they will be sent to the
so

on.

experimentaldepartment and a sample machine will be constructed for

testing. Or perhaps the plans will go to the laboratoryfor a model to
the sample machine
be built. If the model
or
gives the results the
Of
drawing office expect, the machines will be placedon the market.
much
ideas have often to be
modified.
the drawing-office
course
which
the
stalled
inof
the
machines
works
turn
out
are
Specimens
here to
in the demonstration
come
department. Customers
test the machines
they propose to buy and to learn whether they are
capable of the results which they require.
Then
are

there

the

until

There

is a great deal

works

is

clever

customers

grime

placeof
brains

and

the

warehouses, where

stored

learnt that,

very

are

can
more

be

products of

found.

to be

seen

if we

had

time, but

we

have

modern
a
engineering
notwithstanding,
interest
and
givesemployment to some
great

noise

very
and
many

skilful hands.

[By courtesy of Messrs.

THE

works

the

TURBINE

BLADING

WITHOUT
237

CASING.

John

Brown

""

Co.,Ltd.

[CentralNews.
MOTOR

"ALCANTARA,"

LINER

TO

BELONGING

ROYAL

THE

LAUNCHING

often

WE

of

DELICATE

see

in the

liner, but

usually performed by
wine

the

on

down

the

bows, and

act

breadth

and

generally

stem

The

stern

keel

generally
to

fixed

an

the

have
"

slightly convex

f
The

centre

slip

be

the

to

keel

the

many

apparently

is laid the

tide, and

depth

estimated

carefully considered.

be

blocks

the

and

of

gracefully

of the

this

before

act,

bottle

Only

positionsof

the

decided.

usually J inch per foot of length,but this is

if the vessel is
insufficient slope for the launching ways
The
down
river.
to the
ground or
rapid run
necessary
therefore
often
which
the
vessel
are
slides,
on
given a
laid with
a
end, and are
f inch per foot at the forward
"camber,"
increasing the declivityto
curvature, or
declivityis

"

ways

declivityof
about

on

the

understood

or

launch

final

slides

she

as

fall of the

launching weight of the ship, have

then
the
can
declivityof the keel
and

name

before

river,the rise and

the

button, breaking

known

Even

than

more

forethought necessary

performed.

of the

little

pressing
giving the ship her

careful

be

can

paragraphs describingthe

newspapers
they mention

is

CO.

OPERATION

lady, of

Little

ways.

preparations and
simple

PACKET

LINER

STEAM

MAIL

inch

per

next

point

line of the

foot
to

ship.

for

be
As

the
decided

last

100

is the

the whole
238

feet.
distance

weight

of the

of the

ways

from

ship is concentrated

the

[By courtesy of Messrs.

MOTOR

belonging

to

LINER
the Union

"CARNARVON
Castle
230

CASTLE,"

Line, leaving the launchways.

Harland

""

Wolff

Ltd

LAUNCHING

LINER

these

just before and during the launchingperiod,there is

danger
damaging or strainingthe shell. It is consequently
essential that they should
be arranged directlybelow
some
strong
of
the
and
this
such
tates
necessias
a girder,
part
ship'sstructure,
usually
them
well
the
of
bottom
under
the
being placed
ship. At the
time they must
the centre, or there will be
not be placedtoo near
same
when
in the water.
she is partially
If
over
danger of the shipfalling
in a suitable position
for the purpose, it is necessary
there are no girders
to stiffen up the hull with internal shoring.
Another
important point to be kept in view is the weight of the
ship relative to the area of the launchways. There is a tendency for
the timber supportingthe latter to crush if overloaded, and a danger
of the ways
owing to excessive friction as the top way slides
firing,"
on

ways
of them

"

the

over

fixed

When
built up

are

way.

pointshave been decided,the fixed or ground ways

the requiredheight on
baulks
of timber, and the sliding
placed alongside,ready to receive their coating of

these
to
are

ways

lubricant.
If the weather
from
or

in hot

four

cold

very

to

weather

weather

the

of the ways,

for

comes

is

temperate the greasingof the ways may be performed

six weeks
before the launch, but in very warm
the longer this process is delayed the better, as

grease

launching.

oil and
tallow,
with
brushes
hot,
; when

train oil is smeared

and

15 tons

of soft soap

3 tons

The

top

or

surfaces
the
and

keel
thus

of

bottom

over,

refuse
for

used

to

surfaces

when

move

faces
sur-

greasingthe

the
ways

and

said that

be

with

coated
finally

for

magnitude
a

of tallow and

largeliner
train oil

of the
a

layer
task

quantity

mixture, and

required.

sliding
ways

are

then

laid

the spaces
ship is filled in with

together,and

of the

the

it freezes the two

impressionof the

tallow, 5 tons
are

between

soft soap.
First, the pure tallow is applied
this has set hard a further coatingof a mixture

of soft soap.
To give some
of greasingthe ways,
it may
of about

lubricant

The

from

out

runs

while

train

of tallow

and

melts

in very cold weather

the result that the vessel may

with
together,
time

is

the fixed ways

cated
; the lubribetween
the sliding
ways, and
on

layer of making-up

timber

wedges.
closelyspaced hardwood
this
to
the
Up
stage
weight of the shipis stilltaken by the original
and bilgeblocks, but the wedges are now
gradually hardened
up,
the weight from the blocks to the ways, and the keel
transferring
240

LAUNCHING

and
is

bilgeblocks

LINER

until

removed,
carefully
the launchways.
taken
on
Along the amidship, or flat bottom

consists

of

the

where

only

layer of timber,

one

becomes
and

cut

much

fitted to

their fair share

take

section

transverse

making-up
timber,

are

of the

of

but

the

towards

vessel

biggerjob.
suit the shape

of the load.

the
finally

These

"

It consists of

end

those at the forward

pets,"and
only

not

have

to withstand

to

about

The

about

600

feet

waterborne)and
you
the

some

the forward

if you

can

THE

shape,

that

are

they

called

Brown

of
will

"

pop-

"5- Co., Lid.

important,as they
especially
of the weight of the ship, but
cradle when
the vessel is partly

are

of

20,ooo-ton
a

beam

long, supported at one end (as a

the other end restingon the fore

liner would

be

of this

weight, and
ship
partly
it
will
give
poppets,
and
structure
ship's
is when

of the pressure on this part of the

It is for this
portion of the slidingways.
241

in

STOCKS.

imagine

idea

forward
W.B.E.

on

launching weight

tons, and

14,000

end

support their share

the stress

waterborne.

ON

"AQUITANIA"

"

largebaulks

ship,so

supports

[By courtesy of Messrs. John

THE

weight

ship,the making-up
the ends of the ship,

resembles

of the

whole

reason

that

LAUNCHING
is
of the ways
declivity
extra
ensures
sharp declivity
the

one-third

and

the

on

the

the

towards

vessel

having

she is about

is when

critical point,which

most

increased

LINER

water's

rapid

edge. The

two-thirds

the

over

run

in the water

ways.

the launching ways

features about
is
interesting
the system of
triggers."These triggerslock the slidingway in
positionover the ground way, and are kept in a vertical or cocked
position
by hydraulicrams.
of the

One

most

"

before

Immediately

is launched

vessel
few

keel

are

knocked

the

the

last

bilge blocks

and

out,

that

so

the
triggersare now
only things preventingthe

the

vessel

sliding

signalis
lady performing

When

ways.

given the
the

the

touches

ceremony

button
the

triggers to

or

the
position,and
begins slowly to

vessel

into

slide
order

the

that

In

water.

there

Honbt

no

slip

horizontal

the

closed

ing
allow-

thereby

rams,

the

lever, releasing

or

into

the

down

be

may

ahnnt

lBy WMrtesJ, of Messrs. John

A

thp

PNEUMATIC

RIVETER
SIDE

it is usual
starting,
to provide a
hydraulic ram
that
if the ship is
so
way,
start
by operating the rams.

OF

D"*

" Co., Ltd.

PORTHOLES

CUTTING

IN

THE

LINER.

vessel

cases

all the
few

recorded

are

checks

inches

of

have

under

vessels

been

bound

the

the pressure

the
low

tallow

and

slidingway

it is usual

to

forward

little

which

of

end

lazy,"she

have

of the

even

rams,

each
be

can

refused
then
while

to

have
there

sliding
given a
common,

move

after

only moved
are

other

cases

the
two

soft soap on
to the fixed

keep

"

Although fortunatelynot

stickinghalf-way down
usuallybe ascribed to one of

weather

very

the

released,and

of vessels
can

at

fires under
242

slips. This failure to launch

reasons.
Firstly,in very frosty
the

one.

the

have
frozen and
ways
may
When
the temperature is

ship for

few

days

before

LAUNCHING
actual

the

the

camber,

speed

to

the

and

At

her

sunk

the

This

the ways.

is due

centre,

time

is

until she
A

heavy

the matter,

so

fullyafloat

vessel would

structure, and, of

quicklythan

point,just when

to the heat

course,

This

bringsus
she

ship once

of the

start

and

way,

blue

see

lifts

stern

smoke

the friction

boilingthe tallow,

vessel

the
moving down
varies with the length and weight of the
pick up speed more
quicklythan a light

ship 300

attain
the

to

possibly
sufficient

the

generated by

feet

long will

The weather
a liner 900 feet long.
be anythingfrom
that the time may

the vessel may

which

the

from

taken

or

the vessel to obtain

moving over the ground

sometimes
settingfire to it.

The

insufficient

or

the fore supports is greatest.

on
pressure
it is not uncommon
this periodof the launch
to

even

ship.

ground

little in the

critical

soft

to

to enable
declivity

over

LINER

sliding
way

of the

ways

have

may

enough

carry

arisingfrom
and

Secondly, owing

ways

had

have

not

launch.

speed of from

reach

the water

conditions

also affect

ing
65 seconds, dur-

35 to

10 to 14 miles

questionof checking the

more

per hour.

of the

movement

is afloat.

shipyardsin Great Britain where there is sufficient

of deep water, to allow the vessel to run
or
a largeenough area
room,
be brought to a standstill by dropping her own
free until she can
the vessel
anchor ; in the majority of shipyardsthe river into which
has to be launched
is narrow,
be brought up as soon
and she must
as
possible.To accomplish this,six or eightlargecoils of heavy chain
cables or steel platesare placed at intervals on the ground, along each
side of the ship; the coils or platesvary in weight from 80 to 100 tons
each, the number
varyingwith the size and weight of the shipand with
it is desired to pullher up.
the distance in which
These
pilesof plates
chains are called
or
drags,"and are connected
by heavy wire ropes,
chain
or
cables, to strong eyeplatesriveted temporarilyto the sides
of the ship. The lengthof check wire is so arranged that the aftermost
pair of drags begin to operate immediately the stem of the ship drops
the second
the end of the ways,
over
pair when she has run about
There

are

few

"

another

By

this

30

feet,and

so

on,

until the

vessel

is

arrangement the brake, or check, is put

inflict too

great

Immediately

shock
the

charge,and the check

basin
her fitting-out

to

vessel

the

check

on

cables

or

tugs
released,so

are

is at rest

ropes are
for completion.
243

brought

to

standstill.

and
gradually,
connections

to the hull.

in attendance

that

she

can

does not

be

to

take

towed

to

EDWARD

KING

TRAINS

THAT

has
LONDON
carry passengers
now

for
and

transportingletter
Railway Stations.

accommodates
gauge.

The

RUN

Tube
and
The

WITHOUT

which

internal

between

diameter

for west-bound

interestingfact

about

the

operatedwithout drivers !
The position
and destination of each wagon
of levers in the cabin, sets points for
by means
certain
proper

sections

section of the

of the

line with

platform,

or

runs

current.

DRIVERS

six and

few members

parcel mails

separate tracks
most

STATION.

Railway,between

at all and

not

BUILDING

the

of the
and

miles

seven

of the

long,which

publicever

principalDistrict Post Offices

is only 9 feet, and this

tunnel

east-bound

line, however,

traffic,each
is that

the

is notified to the control

the
The

does

It is used

see.

train then

through the station without

comes

to

feet

are

officer,
who,

desired

route
particular

of

trains

and
rest

gizes
ener-

at

the

further attention.

[By courtesyofthe Engineer-in-Clnef,G.P.O.

A

DRiVERLESS

TRAIN

OF

THREE

WAGONS.

[E. ff. A.
A
A

station

hydro-electricpower
in

EVER
in

at

he had

there

for

From

of

Such

into

have

long

farm-house
from

A
the
in

the

where

driving the
century

or

form

crude

in

ago

wheel

and

But

they

the

use

drove

of water-wheels

in the

had

to

be

located

in the

is

other

water-wheels

obtain

"

across

employed
machines

northern

the

near
245

counties

itself in that

way

meant

stream

for

drive.

water

converting
engineering
ioned
old-fashwhat
some-

grinding
the

the

farm.
for

of

driving
England ;

part of the

driving the

that

could

to rotale.

improved
for
on

runs

ing
consist-

an

largelyused

were

water-power
old

in

of wonderful

"

that
"

in the

wheel

the

come

to

in use,

immersed

caused

this age

at first used

possibleto

was

wished

been

picturesque water-wheel

cotton-spinning machinery
it

he

heavy grindstones used

fact,the weaving industry established

because

and

country ramble

chaff-cutters
so

have

stream

to-day, in

even

perhaps,

may,

the

longingly

obvious

was

poet's phrase,
the taking, provided he

implements

"

power

the

use

turbines

"

looked

It

the

through

passes
front.

has

streams.

for

on

in

seen

advantages of using

to

the

to

the

turned

above

"

water-wheels

crude

lake

race

muscles, he

his

was

the

tail

many

which,

flowing of

the

flour, and

skill,you

or

of power

times

from
"

the

swiftlymoving

harnessing it

that

way

wheels

corn

the

CANADA.

IN

water
to

own

series of baffles mounted

in such

The
thence

and

which

earliest

the
of

and
source

means

HOUSE

head."

of his

that

ever," and

devise

corn

of

house

POWER

recognizedthe

since Man
excess

"

for low

power

waterfalls

the

on

the

GREAT

the

try
coun-

looms.

machinery

itself,since the

power

WATER

MAKING

WORK

could

transmitted

only be

distance

by

pulleysand
methods

of the

means

belts

which

rapid growth of
other
industry some
the

had

NOZZLE

FROM

JET

AT

FULL

in the

districts in which
small

While, however,
rivers

and

streams

the swift

wheel,

and

by

rivers

With

the

cotton

of

source

nately,
Fortucovered
dis-

engine was

this

time

and

so

continued

industry

to

first established.

was

of power

amounts

could

from

obtained

be

the waterin the

waterfalls

the

it

the

were

found.

steam

about

PRESSURE.

the

develop

be

to

the

shafts,

available.

then

power

short

in

uplands
the

could
be
not
gorges
in this way
harnessed
at all,since
it was
impossible,in the days
mountain

railways, to establish
industry (togetherwith homes
the people employed in it)in
before

far
use

sive

of

from

Thus

towns.

water-power

scale remained

on

an

an

for
tricts
disthe

extenOF

SECTION
a

NOZZLE

dream.

NEAR

posmON

BUCKETS.

With

(or
to

rather

"

the

the
be

electricity
of

the

was

these

changed.

miles
to

bladed

or

in turn

made

THE

FROM
POWER

NOZZLE

DIFFUSED

DEVELOPED

TO
BY

THE

be

wheels,
to drive

which

transmitted

and

barren

industrial

areas,

over

country

driving

machinery, lighting
and
homes,
performing

our

JET

can

of wild

the

and

waterfall

electrical generators from

current

REGULATE
WHEEL.
246

how

swiftlyrunning river can

compelled to drive large

turbines"

and

of

knowledge

of

power

now

coming

it)all this

use

The
of

the

our

in-

MAKING

tasks

other

numerable

it

Once

drudgery.

WATER

that

used

WORK

involve

to

that

realized

great deal of human

could
electricity

be

easily
of water-power, the
science of
cheaply generated by means
correct
title, hydrowater-power engineering or to give its more
electric
Instead of
by leaps and bounds.
engineering advanced
and
inefficient
water-wheels
have
we
now
employing slow-moving
turbine which, rotatingat high speed
efficient forms of water
various
the utmost
else drivingthrough gearing,enable
or
proportion of the
was

and

"

"

"

"

of the

power

water

into

converted

turbines

water

less than

no

will

of

at

to

that

high speed strike the buckets, as

thus
the
and
cause
previous page,
will develop 15,000 horse-power.
wheel

Jets of water
the pictures on
This

rotate.

at

idea

some

of

has

power

the

rapidity with

developed

the

first installation

the

first

America.
there
the

water-power

from

Canadian

to

The

States.

of

ing
rushthese

stupendous

falls have

harnessed

both

Canadian

sides,and

been
the

on

at

and
you

the American
will

gather

employment of waterit was

only in 1895 that
Niagara, this being indeed

the

that

down

in the continent
kind
of
any
of this earlystation was
15,000 horse-power,
of

Put

of

To-day, on
horse-power each.
developed is approximately
power

5,000

alone, the total

horse-power.

wheel

fact

the

from

in

shown

which

installation

total power
three turbines
side

the
laid

was

The

being

1,000,000

WATER-WHEEL.

river

the

part separates

waters

TURBINE

the

on

Canada
United

is

thoughts
mighty

our

Falls

in

which

[By courtesy of the English Electric Co., Ltd.

ten

water-power

once

Niagara

PELTON

as

hard

men.

mentioned,

LARGE

taken

least

at

When

power
horse-

the

representing
strong

develop

each
be

may

labour

are

power,
60,000 horse-

and

turn

there

in which

"

single"wheel

be

electrical

To-day

energy.

to

in another
247

way,

it may

be

said

that

this

labour

representsthe
than

more

all,for Niagara has

eight-hourday,

or

be at least

figureshould

the

that

its surroundings.

and

seven-

no

considerably

or

men,

populationof London

day and all night,so

all

works

but

entire

that is not

Even

able-bodied

of 10,000,000

of the

that

WORK

WATER

MAKING

trebled.

or

If you are
other
any

enough

fortunate

place where

able

to be

is

water-power

to

Niagara Falls,

visit the

ling
resemb-

machinery

any

in

slightestthe

the

old-fashioned
wheel

water-

indeed, you

find

As

house.

fact, the

which

water

the

is led either

power
of

matter

drive

to

is

turbines

through pipes

structed
specially con-

along

or

covering
dis-

buildingsat

suggestiveof

used

may

difficultyin

any
all

find

will not

obtained, you

canals to the power

house, this usuallybeing a

statelyand

even

picturesque

building

in

which

turbines

water

electric
drive

CONSTRUCTING
This

leads

to the water
this point a

the water
turbines.

depth

of

Niagara

from

canal

The
140

is

for

48

distance

feet

the

CANAL.

QUEENSTON-CHIPPAWA

THE

General.

of

wide,

8J

and

or

feet.

the

Where,

as

is

water

Niagara,
being erected,
at

an

from

the

water

is led from

river

for about

for

where

actual

further

it falls

falls.
a

height

has

to

Thus, for the

pointwell

above

the

be

built

Queenston

"

big a

of

of
farther
Power

be
from

object being
head,"
above

water

turbines,

number
ever-increasing
each

as

miles
at

even

may

falls,the

to attain

has

The

installed.

house

the

they

considerable distance

[Sport"

and

generators

are

power

the

possible.

as

stations

using
farther

and

Station, the

Niagara Falls along

natural

canal
4^ miles, thence along a speciallyconstructed
miles
the cliffs well below
to a point on
8J
Niagara,
to
turbines, placed in a power house
through huge pipes
248

MAKING

the

at

river-level.
"

under

head

Because
above

the

"

this way
of 305 feet.

of the

continual

falls it is feared

use

for

turbines

drawing of
that

if the

enabled

are

from

water

to work

points

numerous

development

of

hydro-electric
to continue unfettered, the falls would
ultimately
amounts
to be taken are now
regulated.
carefully
Niagara, but

only places near

this energy

WORK

these

In

schemes
were
power
be drained dry. The
Not

WATER

cities several

their streets and

lighting

hundred

miles

[Ronne
THE

On

the

NIAGARA

side alone

Canadian

FALLS

million

one

VIEWED

FROM

horse-power is obtained

away

houses, doingtheir cooking,

AN

"

Washburn.

AEROPLANE.

by making

the

water

work

as

described

in

this article.

drivingtheir trams,
distinct

Two

is

what

is known

high
employed.

while

types of

water

hydro-electric
power

in modern
use

running

the

machinery

in

host

of farms

and

of all kinds.

factories

we

and

for

old-fashioned

"

heads

The

stations.

have
For

developed

been
low

"

"

heads

for

use

of watei

Francis, or reaction, type of turbine,

the Pelton wheel, or impulse,type of turbine

as
"

turbine

Francis

the

turbine

is not

greatly dissimilar

water-wheel, since it is the pressure

249

of the

from

water

the
upon

MAKING
the

vanes

is led to

blades

or

of the wheel

of which

The
on

direction
to

to the

on

of the

form
of

number

The

huge snail,near

mounted

serve

at the

The

the wheel.

by

water

blades which

be altered to suit the load

can

the electric generator driven

of

guide

of the wheel

vanes

guide blades

it to rotate.

causes

in the

arranged a

are

to direct the water

WORK

which

somewhat

casingshaped

the middle

WATER

centre.

coming

vanes

wheel

the

on

are

ranged
ar-

so

that

the

rotational

maximum

effect is obtained
the

water

passes

them

over

as

it

before

reaches

is

what
"

the

termed

tail

race," the largeopen

outside

space

house

power

water

the

river

from

where,
its work,

having done
the

the

to

returns

stream

or

which

it

With

came.

the Pelton

type of turbine
have

one

nozzles

more

direct

which

jet

or

of

we

water

at

high velocityon
a

series of

vanes

buckets
[E. N. A.
A
The

STATION

HYDRO-ELECTRIC
"

tremendous

"

pipe-lines
to

of water

and

to

that

MOUNTAINS

the water
in the

the

OF

from

the

high-level lake

valley.

the

force,acting on

In

stations

"

some

of water

rushes

from
miles

feet per second, or 320

speed of an express train.

the

where

nozzles

an

hour,

Some

250

at

which

idea

the

rim

wheel.

the

of

of

velocityof

more

jet is
the

causes

this

feet is available

is five times

the

by

buckets, which
turbines

Owing

great "head"

force exerted

exceeding 5,000
the

arranged

around

to the

nozzle

or

NORWAY.

it is this

"head

the water

station

above

rotate.

employed a

THE

conduct

power

available

enormous,

wheel

the

IN

to

type

; this

means

than

faster than

of the force exerted

by

are

this

500
the

jet

MAKING

will be

gainedfrom
nozzle

is

the statement

90

horse-power.
Unfortunately,there

one

country

is available

power

Britain

and

to

In
a

the

of water

work

done

examples

many

owing

mountainous.

are

second

not

are

WORK

that if the amount

gallon per

by

the

waterfalls in Great

WATER

to the

fact that

Scotland

certain extent

is

it is to such mountainous
but
electricity,
Norway, and certain parts of France that we

equivalentto

of the

harnessingof

few

parts of the

so

in North

and

discharged

is

Wales

being harnessed
countries
must

produce

to

Switzerland,

as

go to

water-

water-power

see

so
generated on an extensive scale. In Switzerland
widely is the
used
for
so
driving machinery in work-shops,
electricity
generated
cooking,and for almost all purposes
heating,
operatingrailways,lighting,

that

water-power has

most

remote

villages
you

In Great
Nature
When

has
our

Britain
been

not

black

coal

to be

come

we

called

will find electric

have

generous
becomes

abundant
to

us

"

white

coal."

lightin the
suppliesof

in the

exhausted,

in the

chalets and
"

black
of

matter

it must,

as

Even

"

shops.

coal," but

white

coal."

doubt

no

the

of harnessing
the sluggish
engineerswill developmeans
rivers which flow through these islands,despitethe fact that the head
it is possible
that
available may
But
of water
not exceed
2 or 3 feet.
of obtainingelectricity
method
new
some
totally
may be devised which

ingenuityof

our

will render

us

ALFRED

of

"black

coal"

alike

REGNAULD,

B.Sc.(Eng.Lond.),A.R.C.Sc.,

NOT

and

SNAIL

coal."

"white

independent

BY

M.I.E.E.

ANY

MEANS.

of the Francis,
turbine
It is
or
reaction,type under construction.
so
big that the largest railway engines
veloped
decould
through it. The
run
power
is equal to the
by such a machine
A

giganticwater

manual

251

labour

of

thousands

of

men.

AN

TELEPHONE

AUTOMATIC

"ARE
THE

THE

RECEIVER.

SWITCH.

THERE?"

YOU
AUTOMATIC

NEW

DIAL

TELEPHONES
"

phone," the
telephoneswe have used so long are graduallybeing replaced
in large cities,including London, by automatic
telephones.With
these we no longerneed to call
ring
Exchange," but can ourselves

AS

all children

know

homes

whose

are

the

on

"

"

"

the

up

number

required by merely
putting a finger
successivelyon the
pulling
figures,
proper
the
revolving
dial clockwise
to

the

and
After

round

finger stop
letting go.

time

or

two,

it seems

very simple,
if you could get
behind
the
scenes

but

you

would

be

prised
sur-

at the amount
[Topical
ASSEMBLING

THE

NEW

AUTOMATIC

DISTRIBUTION

TO

READY

TELEPHONES

FOR

* WOriC

the

SUBSCRIBERS.
252

mVOiVe"

Dy

change-over

AUTOMATIC
and

by

the

of the

ness
unerringcleverelectrical adjustments

which

establish

and

thousands
many
of connections
without
any
interference.
human
cut

off

TELEPHONES

so

There

is not

to tell how

space here
it is done, but

the

photographs give some

idea
of
the
preliminary
of bringing the thouwork
sands
of labelled
the

the number
which
is

over

of

have

to

In

frame.
distributing

London

made

cables

nections
con-

to

be

five millions!

Illustrations Bureau.
ENDLESS

REQUIRED

When

DEALING

which

the

connection
of

hanks

hook

is done
what

are
"

pre-selector
"

selector
pass

takes

the
establishing

as
"

SO

CABLES.

off

"

known
and

of

ARE

WITH

subscriber

series

PATIENCE

OF

receiver

desired

over

IN

the

the work

by

AND

THOUSANDS

MANY

his

CARE

their
of

"

switches

"wipers"
contacts

"

nections
representingpossible con-

then

and

first the

pick out
"

thousands

the "hundreds

"

figure,then
"and

"tens,"

Bureau.
[Illustrations

FIXING

TAGGED

CABLES

TO

DISTRIBUTION

FRAME.
253

and

erringly
un-

finallythe

unit.

AND

WASH

BRUSH

FOR

UP

THE

SCOTSMAN."

"FLYING

TOILET

FOUR-HOURS'

LOCOMOTIVES

GIANT

FOR

(Photographsreproduced by courtesy of the

who

MANY

"

have

seen

The

London

North

and

Railway Co.)

Eas'.ern

Flying Scotsman,"

or

other

some

wondered
have
doubt
no
flyer,"leave the terminus
well groomed.
how
it is possibleto keep these
so
giant locomotives
is that every
The
secret
day they undergo a four-hours' preparation
before drawing up to the platform.
fic
At the depot outside
King's Cross Station, where the great Pacialmost
locomotives
sleep when off duty, engines are to be seen
The
everywhere some
coming in from duty and others going out.
famous

"

"

"

"

"

"

difference

going to

between

the
so

two

their toil and

First, the
Then

the

by

the

the time

of 80 Ib. of steam.

marked

as

same

that

as

returning at

men

receive

engines

set
fire-boys

that

the

is

attention

from

the

Every

two

or

three
254

days

the

end

the
the

going by throwing live

driver comes
on
duty the

fire

workmen

between

of the

coal into
boiler has

boiler

day.

boiler-smiths.

is

the
a

box,
firehead

thoroughly

LOCOMOTIVE'S

of scale

barrowloads

cleaned,and

ordinaryhousehold
are

power
the

of these

3,800 feet
to keep

cause

these

Each

of the

whole

the

bright parts
"

driver

Scale,soot and

pipesof
Pacific

by the

paint-work is

then

the

the

steel and
have

his mate

and

for

axle-boxes, valve-motions

lubricatingthe

driver

receives
the

Although
occupation it

must

cleaners

the

that

engines enables

interior

other

in the

ties
impuri-

locomotive, and

cleaningof
be

as

it is very

there
sary
neces-

boiler itself.

over

gone
brass

"

and

of oil

the

the

cleaners,

time,
polished. Meanproceed to oil-upand
is very
used
one
"

great

and

accordingto his

on

for lubricating

working parts,

valve-chests

of oil

that

are

other

by

are

lubrication

locomotive

remembered

drivers

of the

and

of

certain ration

the future

working parts,and

locomotive

arrived

The

water.

"

steam

importance of
hard-workingengines. Two kinds
in

the
other

in

The

the

that is found

impuritiesconsiderablyreduce the
greater consumption of coal. At King's Cross
about
twenty minutes by an ingeniouswashing

is actuated

appliance,which

take

cleaned

pipes are

and

pipesin

"

"

fur

clean, for the

them

also

and

internal

"

(likethe

removed.

kettle)are

quicklycollect in the

TOILET

the

cylinders.
day's run.

not appear
a romantic
may
the ranks
of the
it is from

recruited.
trains are
Cleaning
express
driver to gain considerable knowledge of the
of

he becomes

familiar

FINISHING

with

TOUCHES.
255

the controls.

From

being

he

LOCOMOTIVE'S

his way

cleaner

works

shunting fireman,

then

TOILET

through various
goods fireman,

up
local

grades, first becoming

main

line

fireman

and

fireman.
Before
he becomes
a
driver, however, he
passenger
express
in regard to the mechanism
has to pass a stiff examination
and working
of the engine,and there are also sighttests,colour tests and so on
"

to

say
he will
and
the

nothing

control
as

of
the

a
"

and

signallingtests

probably have

of passenger

beauty

of

to

spend

engines
main-line

on

many

branch

passenger

routine

years

as

lines before

OUT

he

THE

256

is trusted

of
engine,arid especially

Flying Scotsman."

CLEANING

then
running. Even
driver of goods engines

SMOKE-BOX.

with
such

BJ

University of Toronto
Library

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