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1.C.1: Speciation and extinction have occurred throughout the Earths history
A. Speciation rates can vary, especially when adaptive radiation occurs when new habitats
become available.
1. The Earth formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago (bya), and the environment was
too hostile for life until 3.9 bya, while the earliest fossil evidence for life dates to 3.5 bya.
Taken together, this evidence provides a plausible range of dates when the origin of life
could have occurred.
2. Chemical experiments have shown that it is possible to form complex organic molecules
from inorganic molecules in the absence of life.
B. Molecular and genetic evidence from extant and extinct organisms indicates that all
organisms on Earth share a common ancestral origin of life.
Evidence of student learning is a demonstrated understanding of each of the following:
1. Scientific evidence includes molecular building blocks that are common to all life forms
2. Scientific evidence includes a common genetic code.
2.A.2: Organisms capture and store free energy for use in biological process
E: Photosynthesis first evolved in prokaryotes organisms, scientific evidence supports
that prokaryotic (bacteria) photosynthesis was responsible for the production of an oxygenated
atmosphere; prokaryotic photosynthesis pathways were the foundation of eukaryotic
photosynthesis
2.B.3: Eukaryotic knowledge 2.B.3: Eukaryotic cells maintain internal membranes that
partition the cell into specialized regions.
C: Archaea and Bacteria generally lack internal membranes and organelles and have a
cell wall
2.D.2: Homeostatic mechanisms reflects both common ancestry and divergence due to
adaption in different environments.
A: Continuity of homeostatic mechanisms reflects common ancestry, while changes may
occur in response to different environmental conditions.
C: Homeostatic control systems in species of microbes, plants and animals support
common ancestry.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustration
example such as the comparison of:
Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms and vertebrates
Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists
Osmoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial plants
Circulatory Systems in fish, amphibians and mammals
Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals
4.C.1: Variation in molecular units provides cells with a wider range of functions
B1: A heterozygote may be a more advantageous genotype than a homozygote under
particular conditions, since with two different alleles, the organism has two forms of proteins that
may provide functional resilience in response to environmental stresses.
4.C.2: Environmental factors influence the expression of the genotype in an organism.
B: An organisms adaptation to the local environment reflects a flexible response of its
genome.
To foster student understanding of this concept, instructors can choose an illustrative
example such as:
Darker fur in cooler regions of the body in certain mammal species