InternetSite

"Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An Update on Identification and Treatment."

Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An Update on Identification and Treatment.
Web. 9 Dec. 2015.
Summary
Thiswebsiteprovidesveryimportantinformationonthenegativesymptoms
associatedwithschizophrenia.Negativesymptomsarehardertotreatandaremore
persistentthanpositivesymptoms.Researchshowsthatanadvancementinnegative
symptomsresultedinanimprovementoffunctions,likelivingskills,socialfunctioning,
androlefunctioning.Negativesymptomsincludemotivationproblems,socialproblems,
responsivenessproblems,emotionalandinteractionproblems.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thereseemstobealotofveryimportantinformationfromthiswebsite.Iam
mainlyfocusingonthecognitiveimpairmentsthatareassociatedwithschizophrenialike
memoryandlearningproblems.IthinkitisimportantthatIunderstandallsymptomsof
schizophrenia,especiallythenegativesymptomsbecausetheyaresodifficulttotreatand,
ifsuccessfullytreated,canreallyhelppatientssufferingfromschizophrenia.
Article
"The Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia, 2006 Update." - Harvard Health. Web. 9
Dec. 2015.
Summary
Similartothewebsiteabove,thisarticlealsofocusesonthenegativesymptoms
thatareassociatedwithschizophrenia.But,thisarticlealsodrawsaconnectionbetween
thesenegativesymptomsandthecognitiveimpairments.Studiesshowthatpatientswith
commonnegativesymptomsusuallyperformpoorlyontests.Researchersaretryingto
drawaconclusionfromthesetwofactors.Thearticleattemptstomeshnegative
symptomswithcognitiveimpairmentsbecausethetwoare,attimes,connected.
ApplicationtoResearch
ThisarticleishelpfulformebecauseIamfocusingoncognitiveimpairments.
Theassociationwithnegativesymptomandcognitiveimpairmentscanhelpmeimprove
myownscientificresearchandexperiments.Ihopetomaybedrawaconclusionbetween
theKYNpathwayandthecognitiveandnegativesymptomsassociatedwith
schizophrenia.
Article
"Schizophrenia Symptoms." Schizophrenia Symptoms. Web. 11 Dec. 2015.

Summary
Thisarticlegivesinformationaboutbothpositiveandnegativesymptoms
associatedwithschizophrenia.Inthisarticle,Iammainlyfocusedonthepositive
symptomsofschizophrenia.Positivesymptomsareusuallyassociatedwithadistortionof
normalfunctions.Usuallythesesymptomsareusedtohelpdiagnoseapatientwith
schizophrenia,especiallyhallucinationsanddelusionsarethemostuniversalsymptoms
associatedwithschizophrenia.
Applicationtoresearch
Thisarticleprovidesinformationthatiscriticaltomyownresearchbecauseit
focusesonthesymptomsofschizophrenia.Sincemyresearchfocusesonfindingadrug
tohelpalleviatesymptomsofschizophrenia,itisimportantthatIgainageneral
understandingofallofthesymptomsassociatedwithschizophrenia.Evenmore
importantly,itisimportantthatIresearchthesymptomstohelptransfermyanimal
experimentresultstohumans.
Article
https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/positivesymptomsofschizophreniathe
disorganizeddimensionandnegativesymptoms/
Summary
Thisarticleisexplainsandfocusesonthepositivesymptomsofschizophrenia.
Unlikethelastarticle,thisarticleincludesinformationlikethedrugsthatareusedtotreat
thepositivesymptomsincludedwithschizophrenia.Evenmorespecific,thisarticlealso
talksabouttheprosandconsofthedrugsandhowtheyaffectthebrainandthepatients
cognitivefunctions.
ApplicationtoResearch
Ithinkthisarticleprovidesalotofhelpfulinformation.Iamreallyhappythatit
includesseveralreferencesthatIcanusetofurthermyresearch.Ithelpsmegainabetter
understanding,overall,ofwerethescientificcommunityismedicallywithschizophrenia
andhowwearecurrentlytreatingit.
Journal

Winter,JB."PhysiologicalCorrelatesofProlongedSleepDeprivationinRats."
PhysiologicalCorrelatesofProlongedSleepDeprivationinRats.Web.1Sept.
2015.
Summary
Thiswebsitegivesmeaccesstoasciencejournalthatcoverssleepdeprivationin
ratsandthepsychologicaldamageitcanhave.Thewebsiteallowsmetolookatsomeof
thedatatakenfromtheratsandhowitmightrelatetohumans.Theytesteddifferent
substancesandchemicalsontheratsandrecordedtheeffectsithad.Itdoesntincludethe
entirejournal,butitgivesmealotofinformation.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thereseemstobeatonofinformationthatwillhelp.Thisisexactlywhatmy
mentorhastoldmethatIwillbeworkingonwithher.Ifinditinterestingthatthisarticle
waswrittenin1983.IamexcitedtoseeifIwillgetthesameresults.Itisalsoimportant
becauseitallowsmetoseehowtheratsbehavedwhenreactingwithdifferentchemicals.
InternetSite
"AMomentofScienceIndianaPublicMedia|HowHumansAreLikeRats."AMoment
ofScienceRSS.Web.1Sept.2015.

Summary
Thiswebpageeasilyshowssimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenratsandhumans.
Thesiteexplainswhyitisthatratsareexperimentedon.Forexample,thetextincludes
informationpertainingtothetypesofdiseasesratssufferandhowtheyrelatetohumans.
Thisgivesusinformationonhowthespreadofdiseasesiseasilytransferredbetweenrats
andhumans.Italsoshowssimilaritiesinpsychologicaldevelopment,whichis
particularlyimportanttomyresearch.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thissitehelpsmebetterunderstandtherelationshipbetweenhumansandrats.It
allowsmetoseewhyweexperimentonratsandhowitwillhelpthehumanrace.The
mostimportantthingfromthissitewasthatitallowedmetoreallyunderstandthe
psychologicalprocessofratsandhowsimilaritistotheofahuman.
InternetSite
Blaisdell,Aaron.RationalBehaviorInRats.Web.1Sept.2015.

Summery
Thisarticleallowsthereadertogaininsightintothebehaviorofrats.Itshows
howthebehaviorofratsisaffectedbyexperimentationandevengoesintotalkaboutthe
longtermeffectsoftheseprocedures.Itshowsthebehavioralprocessbehindtheratand
incontrastthebehavioralprocessbehindthehumanbrain.
Applicationtoresearch
AlthoughIwillbetestingmoreofthepsychologicaleffectsatmyinternship,I
stillthinkitisimportantthatIlearnaboutthebehavioralaspectsoftherat.Itcouldbe
importanttoknowwhenconductingmyownresearch.
Article
Boksa,Patricia."OfRatsandSchizophrenia."JournalofPsychiatryandNeuroscience.
U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine.Web.1Sept.2015.
Summary
ThisarticletalksabouttheresearcherconductedbyDr.Boksa.Itincludesher
researchaboutmentalillnessesinrats,specificallyschizophrenia.Shegoesindepthto
explainherresearchprocessesandthetestssheconducted.Itexplainstheeffectsthat
eachchemicalhadonratsandwhetherschizophreniawasactuallyintheratpopulation.It
alsotalksabouttheimportanceofanimalmodels.
ApplicationtoResearch
Ithinkthiswillbeaverybeneficialarticleformetokeep.Ithasalotof
informationonthingssimilartowhatIwillbeworkingonatmyinternship.Ithinkthe
informationandproceduresusedwerereallyinterestingandclever.
Journal

Black, Mark. "Neonatal Hippocampal Lesion Model of Schizophrenia in Rats: Sex

Differences and Persistence of Effects into Maturity." 6 Dec. 1998. Web. 9 Sept.
2015.
Summary

Thisjounralfocusesonschizophreniainrats.Itspecificallytalksaboutthe
behaviorsexhibitedbyeachratatdifferentstagesoftheirschizophrenia.Forexample,
thearticleaddressesthesexualdriveoftheratsandexamineswhetherschizophreniahas
increasedordecreasedthedrive.Italsofocusesonsleepdeprivationinratswith
schizophreniaandhowitaffectstheratsoveralldevelopment.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thereseemstobealotofhelpfulinformationinthisjournal.Itissimilartowhat
mymentorandIwillbelookingattheyear.Oneofthemostinterestingthingsaboutthis
journalisthatnotonlydoesittalkaboutcurrenteffectsschizophreniahasontherats,but
italsoaddressesfuturedevelopmentalissues.Iexpecttogetalotofuseoutofthis
journal.
InternetSite
"Studies of Sleep Deprivation-Relationship to Schizophrenia." JAMA Network. Web. 9
Sept. 2015.
Summary
Thissiteconnectssleepdeprivationandthementalillnessofschizophrenia.The
sitegivesaccesstoanarticlethattalkabouttheinitialpushtostudytherelationship
betweenthetwo.Commonsymptomsfoundinpatiencewithschizophrenia,like
hallucinations,canbefoundinindividualswhohavebeensleepdeprived.These
connectionscouldpossiblylinkschizophreniawithsleepdeprivation.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thissiteallowedmetoconnectschizophreniawithsleepdeprivation,whichis
whatIwillbefocusingonatmyinternship.Itgivesmetheopportunitytoresearchwhat
similaritieswerefoundinexperimentsconducted.Italsorelatestomyownresearch,
specificallyfocusingontherelationshipbetweensleepdeprivationandschizophreniain
ratsandhowiteffectstheirdevelopment.

InternetSite
Zarcone, Vincent. "REM Phase Deprivation and Schizophrenia II." JAMA Network. Web.
9 Sept. 2015.
Summary

ThisarticlefocusesonspecificallytheREMphaseandhowitrelatesto
schizophrenia.Thearticletalksaboutexperimentsandresearchthatattemptstomakea
connectionbetweentheamountoftimeanindividualspendsintheREMphaseandthe
conditionoftheschizophrenia.Thearticlealsodelvesintothepossiblecauseof
schizophrenia,asthatisyettobeidentified.Italsotalksaboutthelimitationsthistypeof
experimenthasandthedifficultiessurroundingtheaccuracyoftheresearch.
ApplicationtoResearch
ThisarticlewillbeveryhelpfulformebecauseIwillbeworkinginalabwhereI
havetoexperimentwithratsandtesttheeffectsofschizophrenia.Itishelpfultoknow
thelimitationsandsolutionstoexperimentssimilartotheoneIwillbeconductingwith
mymentorthisschoolyear.

InternetSite
Bunsey, M. "Conservation of Hippocampal Memory Function in Rats and Humans."
Web. 9 Sept. 2015.
Summary
Thisarticleshowssimilaritiesbetweenthecognitiveandbehavioralfunctionof
ratsandhumans.Itexplainstheeffectcertaindrugshaveonbothratsandhumansandthe
similaritiesanddifferencesthatoccur.Thearticlealsopresentsinformationonhowto
handletheratsinthelabsettingandhow,forthisexperiment,researchwasconductedon
therats.Italsoincludespicturesandxrayimagesofthebrainsofbothratsandhumans.
ApplicationtoResearch
Ithinkthisarticlewillbeveryhelpfultome!Ithelpsmehaveabetter
understandingoftheratbrainandtheprocessofworkingwithratsinalab.Italsohelps
megetakickstarttoaseminarIhavetotakepreparingmetoworkwithrats.
Journal
Jones, CA, DJG Watson, and KCF Fone. "Animal Models of Schizophrenia." British
Journal of Pharmacology. Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Print. 27 Sept. 2015.

Summary
Thisscholarlyjournalissomethingthatmymentor,Dr.AnaPocivavsek
recommendedthatIcheckout.Thejournalincludesthefullexperimentandstudy

conductedbyseveralscientistsonthebehavioralaspectsofratsdealingwith
schizophrenia.Itthenusestheseratsasmodelsoftheeffectsofthementalillness
schizophrenia.Theratmodelsareusedtocontributetotheproductionofnewdrugs.
Theseratmodelsareexposedtoseveraldifferentconditionsincludinggenetic
manipulation,lesions,chemicalexposure,anddevelopmentalaspects.Italsoreflectson
thefinalresultsandprovidesaconclusionthescientistsreachedthroughthisexperiment.
ApplicationtoResearch
MymentorrecommendedthatIreadthisarticlesothatIcouldgainabetter
understandingofwhyratsaresoimportanttothescientificcommunity.Idefinitely
understandhowimportantthesetinycreaturesaretothedevelopmentofnewdrugsand
moreknowledgeofthebody.BecauseIwillbeworkingandperformingsurgeriesonrats,
Ifounditreallyvaluabletoreadthisjournalandbetterunderstandhowratscontributeto
science.
Website
Boksa, Patricia. "Of Rats and Schizophrenia." Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 27 Sept. 2015.

Summary
Thiswebsiteallowsmetoviewanarticlethatdiscussestheneurologicalaspectof
ratswithschizophreniaandothermentalillnesses.SimilartothescientificjournalIread,
thisarticlepraisestheuseofanimalmodels.Specificallythisarticlefocusesonthe
productivityandefficiencyofantipsychoticdrugsonratswithschizophrenia.Sheisable
toconcludethatwhilethepsychotomimetic,phencyclidine,blocksNmethylD
aspartate(NMDA)receptors3ledtotheideaofglutamatergichypofunctionin
schizophrenia(Boksa).Itgoesontoexplainhowclozapinehasthehighestandmost
successfulantipsychoticeffectbecauseofitseffectonsleepdeprivation.Thisrelatesto
myowninternship.
ApplicationtoResearch
ThiswasanotherarticlethatmymentorrecommendedthatIcheckout.Ihadalreadyread
itbefore,butshetoldmetoreaditinadifferentperspectiveandrelateittomyresults.
Thisarticlehelpedmenotonlyunderstandratmodels,butappreciatewhattheyhave
contributedtothesciencecommunityandsociety.Italsogivesmeinspirationabout
possibleenzymestotestoutatmyinternship.MaybeIcouldsomehowrelatethe
enzymespresentintheseantipsychoticstosleepdeprivationinrats.Itreallyhelpedmeto
readthisarticleagainalongwithmyownresults.
Website

Cazaban, Adina. "The Effects of Schizophrenia on the Brain." The Effects of

Schizophrenia on the Brain. Web. 28 Sept. 2015.
Summary
Thiswebsiteprovidesageneralunderstandingoftheeffectsofschizophreniaon
thebrain.Itdescribessymptomslikehallucinationsanddelusions,andalsoprovides
basicvocabularyusedtorefertoconditionsassociatedwithschizophrenialikepositive
andnegativesymptoms.Positivesymptomsareusedtorefertosymptomsthatarefeltbut
notpresent.Forexample,delusionsandhallucinationswouldbepositivesymptoms.
Negativesymptomsareusedtorefertosymptomsthatareabnormaltothenormal
behavioroftheindividual.Forexample,speakingless,lessenergy,flataffectwherea
personbecomesdullandstopsmovingarenegativesymptoms.
Applicationtoresearch
EventhoughIamexperimentingandresearchingahigherlevelofunderstanding
aboutschizophrenia,Ifinditreallyimportantandbeneficialtoreadoverbasics
concerningschizophrenia.Ithelpsmeconnectmyresultsanddatawithbasicprinciples
seeninschizophrenia.Italsoallowsmetobetterunderstandthemoredifficultcontent
presentedtomeinmyinternship.
Article
Oliver, David. "Evaluating the Links between Schizophrenia and Sleep and Circadian
Rhythm Disruption - Springer." Evaluating the Links between Schizophrenia and
Sleep and Circadian Rhythm Disruption - Springer. Web. 26 Sept. 2015.
Summary
Thisarticlefocusesontherelationshipbetweendisruptionsinthecircadian
rhythmtosymptomsinschizophrenia.Thecircadianrhythmhelpsdetermineandregulate
sleepinthebody.DisruptionsorSCRDhaveshowntobelinkedwithbrainmechanisms
thatareassociatedwithschizophrenia.Thisarticleincludesastudythatteststhe
relationshipbetweenthesetwofactorsamongpatientsdealingwithschizophrenia.The
finalresultsshowthattreatmentofsleepdeprivationimprovesthepatientssleepquality
andschizophrenicsymptoms.Thishighlysuggeststhatthemechanismsofthebrainthe
controlthecircadianrhythmarerelatedtothatwhichcontrolsschizophrenia.
ApplicationtoResearch
Reallyawesomearticle!ThisisexactlywhatmymentorandIaretryingtotestin
thelab.Weexperimentonratstoseeifsleepdeprivationincreasestheirschizophrenic
symptoms.Ifinditinterestingthattheexperimentdidntalsotestwhichenzymesplaya

roleinthisoccurrence.Certainenzymesthatareusedinthetreatmentofschizophreniain
ratsarenotalwaysefficient.ThiswouldbesomethingtolookoutforthatIthinkcould
potentiallydisprovesomeofthisdata.
InternetSite
Chen, Yiquan, and Gilles Guillemin. "Kynurenine Pathway Metabolites in Humans:
Disease and Healthy States." International Journal of Tryptophan Research :
IJTR. Libertas Academica. Web. 10 Oct. 2015.

Summary
ThiswebsiteprovidesabasicunderstandingandexplanationoftheKynuireine
Pathway.Thispathwayisinvolvedinseveraldifferentdiseasessuchasdepression,
schizophrenia,andevencancer.Thepathwayplayanimportantroleintheimmune
systemandinvolvesoneofthemostessentialaminoacids,tryptophan.Thesitealsotalks
aboutthesedativeeffectsthatkynuireineacidshaveonthebrain.Thiscouldpossibly
relatetheKynuireinepathwaytosleepdisorderssuchassleepdeprivationandnight
terrordisorder.
ApplicationtoResearch
ThissiteisespeciallyhelpfulbecauseIamspecificallyfocusingonthe
Kynuireinepathwayinratsanditsrelationshiptoschizophreniaandsleepdeprivation.It
isimportanttogatherabasicunderstandingofeveryaspectyouareresearching,sothatit
canhelpyoudrawamoreaccurateconclusion.Iwillbeusingmyresultsfroman
experimentIamconductingonthe12thofOctoberinrelationtotheKynuireinepathway.
Website
"Tryptophan: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia." U.S National Library of Medicine.
U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 11 Oct. 2015.

Summary
Thiswebsitepresentsthereaderwithabasicunderstandingandanalysisofthe
aminoacidtryptophan.TryptophanisanimportantaminoacidfoundintheKYN
pathway.Tryptophanisnotproducedbythebody,butinsteadismadethroughseveral
differentfoodsources.Cheese,chicken,eggs,andfishallareabundantinthisamino

acid.Itisalsoessentialinthedevelopmentofinfantsandthestabilizationofnitrogenin
thebody.Itisalsoamainfactorintheproductionofserotoninandbalancessleep.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thisarticlehelpedmebetterunderstandtheimportanceandtheusageofthe
aminoacidtryptophan.Itcouldhelpsuggestthatalackintryptophancanresultinsleep
deprivation,whichinturncanresultintheworseningofcertainschizophrenicsymptoms
likehallucinationsanddelusions.Ifindthisveryhelpfulinmyresearchbecausemy
mentorandIhavebothexpressedinterestinresearchingthisaminoacidmore.
Journal
West, Louis. "THE PSYCHOSIS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION." The Psychosis of Sleep
Deprivation. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.
Summary
Thisjournalfocusesontherelationshipbetweensleepdeprivationand
schizophreniainhumans.Itincludesastudyanexperimentconductedin1893;where
severalpeoplewerekeptawakeforseveraldays.Theabsenceofsleepinthesepeople
resultedindelusions,chronicinsanity,and,inextremecases,death.Thestudyaimedto
provethatsleepdeprivationresultedinpsychosisinthebrain.
Applicationtoresearch
Thisjournalincludessomereallyhelpfulinformationandresults.Eventhough
severaloftheexperimentswereconductedin1893andwouldnowbeconsidered
unethical,theystillprovidealotofinformation.ThoughIamnottryingtoprovethat
sleepdeprivationresultsinpsychosis,Iamstudyingtheeffectsithasonschizophrenia.
Book
Greene, Ellen. "The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Symptoms of Psychopathology in
Healthy Adults." The Effects of Sleep Deprivation on Symptoms of
Psychopathology in Healthy Adults. Web. 12 Oct. 2015.

Summary
Thisjournalstudyteststheeffectsofsleepdeprivationinindividualswhodonot
sufferfromanymentalorphysicaldisorder.Theobjectofthisstudywastorelatesome
ofthesymptomsofsleepdeprivationtosymptomsfoundinmentaldisorderslike
depressionandschizophrenia.25healthyadultsweresubjectto56hoursofnosleep.The

resultsshowedthattherewassomeincreaseinpathologicalsenses,meaningthat
applicantsweremoreanxious,sad,andangered,buttherewasnosignificantdatato
suggestthatitrelatedtoschizophreniaanddepression.
ApplicationtoResearch
IfoundthisveryinterestingandIplantoshowittomymentor!Thestudywas
testedonhealthyadults,whichcontradictswhatwearetestingon,whichareanimalsthat
aresufferingfrommentaldisorders.UnlikethestudyconductedbyGreene,weare
testingtoseeifsleepdeprivationworsens,notcauses,symptomscommonlyfoundin
schizophreniaandotherrelateddiseasesandhowthatmightrelatetotheKYNpathway.
InternetSite
"Sleep Deprivation." American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
Summary
Thisarticlecoversthebasicsofsleepdeprivation.Thesitegivesanoverall
scientificjournaldisplayofwhousuallysuffersfromsleepdeprivation,thesymptoms
associatedwithit,causes,andadefinitionofwhatsleepdeprivationis.Sleepdeprivation
canaffectanyoneatanyage,butitismostcommoninadolescents.Sleepdeprivationis
usuallycausedbystress,sleepdisorders,andmedicalproblems.Sleepdisordersthatare
associatedwithschizophreniaincludenightmaredisorder,insomnia,andnightterrors.It
canalsobeseeninmentalillnesseslikedepression,schizophrenia,andbipolardisorder.
ApplicationtoResearch
Thereisalotofimportantinformationinthisarticle.Iamstudyingtheeffectsof
theKYNacidonsleepdeprivationinschizophreniaandhowitrelatestothebrain.Ifeel
likeknowingandunderstandingthebasicsofsleepdeprivationisessentialtomyresearch
sothatmyexperimentcanbebasedaroundconfoundingvariablesrelatedtosleep
deprivation.Forexample,sleepdeprivationisoftenrelatedtostress,andinorderto
combatthat,myexperimentsneedtoensurethatthetestanimalsareinastressfree
environment.
Journal
"Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of
Medicine. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.

Summary
This scientific journal details an experiment that tests and analyzes an increase in
KYN acid and CPS fluids in patients with schizophrenia. The experiment aims to show a
relationship between KYN acid and schizophrenia through cerebrospinal fluid in

schizophrenic patients and healthy patients. The conclusion shows the there is an increase
in KYN acid and CPS fluids in patients with schizophrenia, while there is a lesser amount
of the CPS fluids and KYN acid in patients that do not suffer from schizophrenia.
Application to Research
This scientific journal included an experiment conducted by a university lab. It
contained the purpose, procedure, and conclusion as well as a graph and correlation chart
to help show the effects of the KYN acid and the CPS fluid in patients which I can use
and incorporate in my own experiments and solutions. I plan to maybe also test the CPS
fluid in my own rats and see if I have similar results.
InternetSite
"What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?" - NHLBI, NIH. Web. 16 Dec. 2015.
Summary
Thisinternetsitediscusseswhatsleepdeprivationandsleepdeficiencyis.Even
morespecifically,thissitehelpsdifferentiatebetweenthetwodisordersandwhatthey
are.Sleepdeprivationiswhenanindividualdoesntgetenoughsleep,whilesleep
deficiencyiswhenanindividualcontinuouslysleepsatthewrongtimeofday,hasasleep
disorder,andhastroublesleeping.Sleepdeprivationismorecommonlyassociatedwith
stress,whilesleepdeficiencycanresultinmentalandphysicalillnesses.
Applicationtoresearch
Ifeellikeunderstandingsleepdeprivationandsleepdeficiencycanhelpmebetter
understandthedifferenteffectsthatKYNacidcanhaveonpatientssufferingfrom
schizophrenia.AlsoitcanhelpmeidentifyifanincreaseinKYNacidresultsinsleep
deprivationorsleepdeficiency;thiswillinturnhelpmeunderstandhowImightbeable
totakethisintoconsiderationwhileconductingmyownresearch.
InternetSite
"Sleep Deprivation Leads to Symptoms of Schizophrenia." Universitt Bonn. Web. 16
Dec. 2015.
Summary
Thissitegivesanindepthexplanationofahypothesisthatattemptstodrawa
conclusionbetweenschizophreniaandsleepdeprivation.Thearticlediscussessomeof
themostcommonsymptomsofschizophreniathatarecausedbysleepdeprivationin
patients.Forexample,symptomsofhallucinations,delusions,andadistortedsenseof
smellandvisionwereallprominentinindividualswhoweresubjectedtosleep

deprivation.Thiscouldshowamajorcorrelationbetweensleepdeprivationanda
worseningofschizophrenicsymptoms.
ApplicationtoResearch
ThisarticleprovidesalotofinformationpertainingtotheresearchthatIam
conducting.Similartotheexperimentdetailedinthissite,Iamalsotestingtheeffectsof
sleepdeprivationandschizophrenia.Whilethesitetestssleepdeprivationonhealthy
patientsandanalyzetheschizophrenicsymptomsthatarise,Iplantotestsleep
deprivationonschizophrenicpatientsandanalyzetheworseningofschizophrenic
symptoms.Thissitecanhelpmeinprovingmyhypothesisthatsleepdeprivationhasa
directrelationshipwithaworseningofschizophrenicsymptoms.
InternetSite
"StagesofSleep."StagesofSleep.Web.12Nov.2015.
Summary
Thisarticleexplainsabasicunderstandingofsleepwavesandwhatisexpectedto
beseenduringeachstageofsleep.ThearticlecoversthedifferencesbetweenREMsleep
andnonREMsleepandhowtodifferentiatebetweenthetwo.DuringREMsleep,the
individualisthesleepthatismostassociatedwithdreaming.Whenindeltawaves,the
subjectisexperiencingitsdeepestsleep.
ApplicationtoResearch
ThisinformationwillprovetobeveryhelpfulformeasIamcurrentlyanalyzing
theresultsofmylastexperiment.Ineedtogainabetterunderstandingofhowtoidentify
anddescribethedifferentstagesofsleep,especiallyinrats.Iwillbeutilizingthisarticle
asIcontinuemyanalysis.
Journal
Lovell,Kathryn."NormalSleepPatterns."Web.12Nov.2015.
Summary
Thisisascholarlyjournalthatcontainstheanalysisandexperimentconductedby
KathrynLovell.Theexperimentdetailedinthisjournalfocusesonthesleepwaves
presentinratsduringdifferentstagesofsleep.Italsoanalysissanddistinguisheseach
sleepwave.Thejournalconcludesthattherearesimilarsleeppatternsbetweenhumans
andrats,makingratsasuitablemodel.Anotherimportantfeatureisthatthejournalgoes
overthedifferentmusclemovementandeyemovementduringeachstageofsleep.
ApplicationtoResearch

Thisjournal,likethepreviousarticle,isverywellsuitedfortheanalysisIam
currentlyconducting.Ihadnttakenintoconsiderationallofthemovementsoftherats
duringtheexperimentsoIwillhavetomakesurethatmyanalysisareabletocorrectly
distinguishbetweensleepandconsciousness.
Interview
Pocivavsek,Ana.PersonalInterview.October29,2015.
Dr.AnaPocivavsekdescribedabasicunderstandingofwhattheoverallgoalof
theMRPCfacilityis.Shereviewedthepurposeofourexperimentwithratswastoseeif
thekynureinepathway,andevenmorespecificallytheKYNacid,affectedschizophrenic
symptoms.Sheexplainedindepththattheratsinourstudydidnotactuallysufferfrom
schizophrenia,butratheramodelofthedisease.Thismodelwouldresultincognitive
impairmentsintherats,butnosignofphysicalimpairmentsassociatedwith
schizophrenia.
Applicationtoresearch
Thisinterviewwithmymentorhelpedmegainknowledgeonthepurposeofour
studyandhowtheexperimentwouldrelatetohumans.
Article
Chen,Yiquan,andGillesGuillemin."KynureninePathwayMetabolitesinHumans:
DiseaseandHealthyStates."InternationalJournalofTryptophanResearch:
IJTR.LibertasAcademica.Web.12Nov.2015.

Summary
ThisarticlegivesabasicreviewofthefunctionsoftheKYNpathwayandits
importanceinthebody.TheKYNpathwayisametabolicsitethatworksprimarilyinthe
brainwithhormones.Someofthemostimportanthormonesandaminoacidsitworks
witharetryptophanandKYNacid.Thesetwoacidsareassociatedwithseveraldifferent
mentalillnesseslikedepressionandschizophrenia.Arelationshipbetweenthepathway
andmentalillnessesiscurrentlybeingresearched.
ApplicationtoResearch
IfinditimportanttoreviewabasicunderstandingofwhatIamresearching.Itis
importanttounderstandthebasicsifIplantocontinuemyworkinamoreindepthlevel.

UtilizingthissitewillhelpmeremindmyselfofwhatitisthatIamlookingforinmy
studyandwhathormoneswillbehelpfulinmyexperiments.