Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Chemical Equations
a) Oxides of Carbon
Burning carbon compounds, or anything
Greenhouse effect
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (CO) is produced when
b) Oxides of sulfur
Found when coal and crude oil or tar are
Air Pollution
flaring
When low quality natural
gas is produced, it is
burned off to produce SO2
and SO3 = flaring.
Adds oxygen to hydrogen
sulfide to form products.
c) Oxides of Nitrogen
Whenever any fuel is combusted, nitrogen
d) Monitoring emissions
Neutral
molecular
Neutral
ionic
Acid
base
Solutions of
compounds that
are composed
of non-metals
only.
Solutions of
compounds that
are composed
of metals
combined with
non-metals
Solutions of
compounds that
produce
hydrogen ions.
Solutions of
compounds that
produce
hydroxide ions
C12H22O11(aq)
NaCl(aq)
HCl(aq)
KOH(aq)
CH3OH(aq)
CaBr2(aq)
H2SO4(aq)
Mg(OH)2(aq
No effect
on litmus
No effect
on litmus
Turns
litmus red
Turns
litmus blue
a) Types of deposition
2 types of deposition:
b) Acids
Can be classified by properties (empirical)
or by chemical composition.
Classified as a molecular compound but
behave like ionic compounds when
dissolved in water (electrolytic solutions).
The water molecules break the bonds in
ionic compounds; these charges can now
move in a direction = conduct electricity.
Electrostatic Attraction
Force that pulls oppositely charged
Arrhenius
Svante Arrhenius formulated a theory in
1887 that all acids had a H+ ion and
bases had an OH- ion.
Problems:
1.
2.
c) Bronsted-Lowry Acid-base
reactions
Describes the actions of acids and bases
Writing reactions
Loss of a H+ ion by acid = conjugate base.
3.
4.
5.
HCl
acid-base
EXAMPLE - Conjugate Acids: Write the formula for the conjugate acid of
(a) F-, (b)NH3, (c) HSO4-, and (d) CrO42-.
Solution:
In each case, the formula for the conjugate acid is derived by adding one H+ ion to
the formulas above.
a. HF b. NH4+ c. H2SO4 d. HCrO4EXAMPLE - Conjugate Bases: Write the formula for the conjugate base of
(a) HClO3, (b)H2SO3, (c) H2O, and (d) HCO3-.
Solution:
In each case, the formula for the conjugate base is derived by removing one H+
ion from the formulas above.
a. ClO3b. HSO3c. OHd. CO32-
Proton hopping
Confirmation of Bronsted-Lowry theory.
Used lasers to do this; captured images of
d) Acid Deposition
Emissions that are from
human sources
are anthropogenic; from combustion of
energy sources.
These emissions combine with water to
form acid rain= acidic precipitation.
Rain is acidic due to natural and human
sources; the degree of acidity can be
measured using pH.
e) pH and pH scale
pH is measuring the amount of hydronium
pH scale was
developed in 1909 by
Sorenson; designed to measure dilute
acids.
pH scale measures from 1-14 (1-6 = acid,
7= neutral, 8-14 = base).
pH
pH calculations
1909 - Sren Srensen came up with power
of hydrogen or pH
pH corresponds to the hydronium ion
concentration in mol/L
[ H3O+(aq) ] = 10-pH
pH = 5 then [ H3O+(aq) ] = 10-5
[ H3O+(aq)] = 0.00001 mol/L or 1.0 x 10-5 mol/L
36
pH = - log [ H3O+(aq)
[ H3O+(aq)
] = 10-pH
37
Example ...
of:
1.89 x 10-4 mol/L
Answer
pH = - log [1.89 x 10-4]
pH = 3.723 this is an acidic solution
Practice
= 10-7 = 1 x 10-7 mol/L
1 a)
pH = 7
1 b)
pH = 11
1 c)
pH = 2
1 d)
pH = 4
1 e)
pH = 14
Practice
2 a) [H3O+(aq)] = 10-3 mol/L
pH = - log [ 10-3 ] = 3
pH = - log [ 10-5 ] = 5
pH = - log [ 10-7 ] = 7
2 c)
2 d) [H3O
] = 10
(aq)
-10
mol/L
pH = - log [ 10-10 ] = 10
42
f) Indicators
The Rainbow
Connection
Demonstration
Examples:
According to the acid-base indicator table, what is the color of
each of the following indicators in the solutions of given pH?
RED
YELLOW
BLUE
Example Problem:
Separate
samples of an unknown
solution turned both methyl orange
and bromothymol blue to yellow,
and turned bromocresol green to
blue. The pH of the unknown solution
is likely __________
Example Problem:
methyl
bromothymol
bromocresol
The
a) Buffering
b) pH and plants
Plants
A neutral
c) Leaching
Biomagnification
A pollutant
increases in concentration up a
food chain.
Causes disease and death.
Measured in
ppm (106) or
ppb (109) or ppt
(1012)
a) Titrations
Used
Given:
n = .243 mol
V= 250 mL (0.250 L)
Formula: C = n/V
= 0.243 mol/0.250 L
= 0.972 mol/L
mol/L
Technique
Titration Set-up
TITRANT
SAMPLE
Titration Process
Calculate:
Find the concentration of a solution of potassium
hydroxide, KOH(aq), if it requires 8.32 mL of a 0.100
mol/L standard solution of hydrochloric acid to
neutralize 10.0 mL of the potassium hydroxide
solution.
Strength Concentration
Strength refers to the % of the acid or base that
dissociates in water
You can change the concentration but you can
NOT change strength
Strong acids and strong bases dissociate
completely in aqueous solutions
Weak acids - only a portion of the acid
molecules release protons
Weak base only a portion of the base
molecules accept protons
Example:
Example:
c) Buffers
Sources of buffering
Natural