Stacey Davis

English 123
November 8, 2015
Professor Sung
Annotated Bibliography
Works Cited

Bopp, Blair A. "Setting a Better Standard: Evaluating Jail Officials' Constitutional Duties
in Preventing the Sexual Assault of Pretrial Detainees." Missouri Law Review
80.2 (2015): 499-517. Print.

Within this article, personal rights of inmates are discussed, specifically focusing
on sexual assault. The expectation that guards are to keep prisoners safe within
the prison is explored, venturing into infringement upon inmates rights when a
guard or other staff member assaults them, or when staff refuses to investigate
claims of an assault by either staff or another inmate. Legal cases are brought up
for support, stating that sexual assault should not be ignored or accepted within
prison walls. Explanation through the Eighth Amendment is given, which states
that inmates are to be free of cruel and unusual punishment.

Bozelko, Chandra. "Why We Let Prison Rape Go On." New York Times 8 Apr. 2015,
164th ed., Commentary sec.: A19. Print.

The author explains briefly the PREA passed in 2003, which places conditions on
prison funding through a requirement of adopting a zero tolerance policy of
sexual assault. According to this article, only 2 states have been compliant with
this act, and a 6 states governors have flat our refused to comply, forgoing funding
in the process. It is believed that prisons neglect to enforce a zero tolerance
policy on rape, because doing so would attack the prison itself, as over half of all
complaints filed are against prison staff.

It is estimated by the Justice Department that prison rape and assault reaches
about $51.9 billion a year. This also includes compensation for victims and a
higher rate of recidivism. On the other hand, it is estimated by the Justice
Department that national compliance would only cost $468.5 million a year.

Decker, Brett M. "America's Prisons Remain Rife With Rape." USA Today 20 July 2015,
News sec.: 9a. Print.

This news article contains a brief statement from President Obama at the NAACP
Convention, sharing tolerance of prison rape should be zero as should jokes
surrounding it. The article criticizes the enforcement of PREA, since it
enactment, indicating it is believed that prison rape is actually on the rise.
Explanation suggests guards and staff cover up these incidences or ignore them.
The author shares his belief that President Obama should be held accountable for
this issue over the next 18 months.

Garland, Brett, and Gabrielle Wilson. "Prison Inmates Views of Whether Reporting
Rape Is the Same as Snitching: An Exploratory Study and Research Agenda."
Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28.6 (2013): 1201-222. Print.

This article explores the traumatic consequences a victim faces after sexual
assault, regardless of whether the victim comes forward, or not. Attention is
given to the cultural norms within prison, and why an inmate may believe filing a
report of sexual assault is still considered snitching. Also covered, is the fact that
males are less likely to report sexual assault, and even more likely to remain silent
in prison. The author states that as this is a highly underreported phenomena,
research may be inaccurate and lacking, requiring further study.

Reid, Elizabeth A. "The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) and the Importance of
Litigation in Its Enforcement: Holding Guards Who Rape Accountable." Yale
Law Journal 122.7 (2013): 2084-097. Print.

The introduction of this article discusses the authors own experience as a prison
rape survivor and goes into detail regarding the unwritten consequences a
survivor encounters if she reports a sexual assault forced by a guard, under the
Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA). Victims are immediately sent to solitary
confinement while an investigation is conducted, often for months at a time,
leaving the victim feeling as if she was at fault for the assault. The other option
was to remain quiet and face continual abuse.

The article discusses several cases of the defense being treated as the victim,
while the victims are treated as the suspects. Accounts include instances of
victims being supervised by their own attacker, after a complaint has been filed,
and instances where defendants are left to watch inmates in secluded areas where
no surveillance is available.
In conclusion, the author explains the effects of rape. She shares her belief that as
a felon, she cannot be a victim. Closing statements include brief coverage of Jane
Doe vs. Clarke and the settlement agreed upon, which included termination of the
guards accused, and the authors sentiments that this is at least a start to change.

Rowell-Cunsolo, Tawandra, Roderick Harrison, and Rahwa Haile. "Exposure to Prison

Sexual Assault Among Incarcerated Black Men." Journal of African American
Studies 18.1 (2014): 54-62. Print.

This article includes a study of 134 African-American male inmates. Due to the
rate of incarceration of this particular demographic, the author felt chose to
research the statistics of either hearing a sexual assault or being the victim of
sexual assault. This article includes a table of the outcome of the study, including
covering the effects victims may experience as a result of assault. The author also
covers the limitations of the study.

Sontag, Deborah. "Push to End Prison Rapes Loses Momentum." New York Times 13
May 2015, 164th ed., Cover Story sec.: A1-A17. Print.

On the reporting quarter for PREA, Passion Star, a transgender inmate, was
interviewed in this article. Her account is given, of what challenges reporting
sexual assault in prison drudge up. She explains the difficulties she faces, in
particular, as a transgender inmate. Included is her treatment, which includes
brutality and being moved often, yet still facing other inmates vicious attacks.
Although Passion Star has requested, and has a lawyer working to protect her
rights and safety, much of her case has currently been dismissed or denied.
Passion Star was convicted of kidnapping at the age of 18, along with her
boyfriend at the time. Both were sentenced to 20 years in prison, and while her
former boyfriend has been granted parole, she has been refused parole.

Sontag, Deborah. "U.S. Spars With Texas on Ending Prison Rapes." New York Times 23
May 2015, 164th ed., National Desk sec.: A14. Print.

The author expands on the new governor of Texas choice to attempt to reverse
the previous governors decision to ignore PREA. While his decision was
overturned, he continues to find ways to put small parts of this act into place
within prisons. He reported to Department of Justice that a quarter of Texas
prisons are abiding by PREA requirements. As of reporting date, May 15th, 9
states have reported compliance to the Department of Justice. Several states are

still refusing to comply, while others have signed forms from the Department of
Justice, stating they are still taking measures to achieve full compliance with the
PREA.

Struckman-Johnson, Cindy, and Dave Struckman-Johnson. "Stopping Prison Rape: The

Evolution of Standards Recommended by PREAs National Prison Rape
Elimination Commission." Prison Journal 93.3 (2013): 335-54. Print.

This article contains a historical account on sexual assault within prisons. A brief
summary includes the movement of stopping prison sexual assault from the1930s
to 2003, whence the PREA was put into place, unanimously by Congress and
George W. Bush. The authors include the humanitarian, security, and safety
issues, and mental health issues surrounding the topic, making this a top issue
within prison reform. Topics of prevention, response, and monitoring of PREA
are discussed.

Tannura, Tammi A. "Rape Trauma Syndrome." American Journal of Sexuality Education

9.2 (2014): 247-56. Print.

The author in this article explains the aftermath of rape. All symptoms fall under
a diagnosis of Rape Trauma Syndrome (RTS), and includes behaviors and
reactions to rape. The author has also included the definition of rape, federally, a
summarization of much of what rape trauma syndrome includes, and lyrics to a

song which depict rape trauma syndrome. This article was created as a lesson
plan for college students, emphasizing that often times when rape is discussed, it
is from a preventative educational standpoint. This lesson, or article, attempts to
explore the ramifications of rape for a victim.