MODULE

ICT IN EDUCATION
Prepared and compiled by:
DR ABDUL HALIM MOHAMED
abdul_halim66@yahoo.com
017-5976617

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2. Educational technology is the effective use of technological tools in learning. As a concept, it concerns an array of tools, such as
media, machines and networking hardware, as well as considering underlying theoretical perspectives for their effective application.
Instructional Technology (IT) is a field concerned with improving the efficiency and effectiveness of learning, performance
improvement andinstruction through: Designing instruction (including all the phases of activity from needs assessment to
evaluation) Applying learning theory to instructional design.

Learning theories are conceptual frameworks describing how information is absorbed, processed, and retained during learning.
Cognitive, emotional, and environmental influences, as well as prior experience, all play a part in how understanding, or a world
view, is acquired or changed and knowledge and skills retained.
An Instructional theory is "a theory that offers explicit guidance on how to better help people learn and develop." Instructional
theories focus on how to structure material for promoting the education of human beings, particularly youth.
What is Theory?
a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the
thing to be explained.
What is Model?
a three-dimensional representation of a person or thing or of a proposed structure, typically on a smaller scale than the original.
What is procedure?
an established or official way of doing something.
What is Knowledge?
facts, information, and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a
subject.
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What is a profession?

Determines own preparation and training standards

Is recognized legally; licensure and certification defined by members
Possesses a unique role; specialties within profession determined by members
Has its own professional ethics
Has procedures for disciplining those who behave unethically

Features of a Profession:

Specialized body of knowledge

Respect, status and income
Autonomy
Accountability

Specialized Body of Knowledge:

Professionals have mastered a specialized body of knowledge that allows them to deal with their work more effectively than the
average person.

In other words, the amount of knowledge demanded of professionals, such as doctors and architects, differs significantly from
other persons from other fields.

Accountability:

Because individuals in a profession command specialized knowledge that others do not have, they are allowed to carry out their
responsibilities with minimal supervision.

Accountability

Professionals have considerable control over who can enter their profession.

Furthermore, they create codes of ethics and professional boards to monitor the practices of peers. These boards have the
authority to expel members who have violate professional standards of behavior or practice.
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Teaching is what teachers do.

Learning is what students do.
Teaching is defined as an interactive process, primarily involving classroom talk, which takes place between teacher and pupil and
occurs during certain definable activities (Edmund Amidon).
Teaching is an intimate contact between a more mature personality and a less mature one which is designed to further the
education of the latter (H.C. Morrison);
Teaching is a system of actions involving an agent, an end in view, and a situation including two sets of factors those over which
the agent has no control (class size, size of classroom, physical characteristics of pupil etc.) and those that he can modify (way of
asking questions or ideas gleaned.) (B.O. Smith)
Teaching is a task of a teacher, which is performed for the development of a child (T.F. Greens).
Teaching has been defined by Wells, G. (1982) as cluster of activities that are noted about teachers such as explaining, deducing,
questioning, motivating, taking attendance, keeping record of works, students progress and students background information.
Teaching is the process that facilitates learning (Farrant).
The teacher has an important role to play because he acts as catalyst, actively stimulating learning.
TEACHING AS AN ART:

Teaching as an art: reflective, inventive

Art: Teaching is an act of interpretation and self-expression on the part of the educator.
The art of teaching involves the adaptations, a teacher must make to accommodate his/her specific situation and style.
The art comes from the teachers personality, experience, and talents.

TEACHING AS A SCIENCE
Teaching as a science: effective techniques
Science: Teaching follows research-based practices to promote student achievement.
The science of teaching involves the generalizations from the research about effective teaching.
The science comes from knowledge of child development and the structure of the curriculum.
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Effective teaching is a craft:

Combining science and art makes teaching a craft. It combines the science of educational psychology, human development,
communication with a talent for teaching, connecting to learners and the intuitive ability to communicate so that a person can refine
and become more competent in the craft of teaching.

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Source: https://erinbgillespie.wordpress.com/theme/plants/etec-511-mapping-foundations-of-e-learning/

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1-Inquiry-Based Learning
This is a learning process that is based on inquiry or asking questions. Through asking challenging questions learners get
intrinsically motivated to start delving deeper to find answers for these questions and in doing so they are exploring new avenues
of knowledge and insight.
Inquiry-based learning is a cyclical learning process composed of many different stages starting with asking questions and results
in asking more questions. Inquiry based learning is not just asking questions, but it is a way of converting data and information
into useful knowledge. A useful application of inquiry based learning involves many different factors, which are, a different level of
questions, a focus for questions, a framework for questions, and a context for questions.
2- Problem-based learning
In a problem-based learning (PBL) model, students engage complex, challenging problems and collaboratively work toward their
resolution. PBL is about students connecting disciplinary knowledge to real-world problemsthe motivation to solve a problem
becomes the motivation to learn.
3- Project-based Learning
an instructional approach built upon authentic learning activities that engage student interest and motivation. These activities are
designed to answer a question or solve a problem and generally reflect the types of learning and work people do in the everyday
world outside the classroom.
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3 Education Domains

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What is Instructional Design?

Instructional Design is the systematic development of instructional specifications using learning and instructional theory to ensure
the quality of instruction.
It is the entire process of analysis of learning needs and goals and the development of a delivery system to meet those needs.
It includes development of instructional materials and activities; and tryout and evaluation of all instruction and learner activities.
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ROBERT GAGNE
Robert Gagne's distinguished career began with a bachelor's degree from Yale in 1937, and a
Ph.D. in 1940 from Brown University. He served on the faculties of Connecticut College (1940 1949), Penn State University (1945 - 1946), the US Air force (1949 - 1958), and at Florida State
University until his death in 2002. Gagne's major contributions were as an experimental
psychologist who worked with learning and instructional methods. His landmark book,The
Conditions of Learning was published in 1965.

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TECHNOLOGY INTEGRATION

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THE COURSEWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

This extract describes one possible approach to the courseware development process.
It is obviously not the only approach, but is useful in that it itemizes the various activities
which are involved. The text is taken from Chapter 7, Preparation, of "Computerbased Instruction" by Alessi and Trollip, (1991).

Step 1. Determine needs and goals

Step 2. Collect resources
Step 3. Learn the content
Step 4. Generate ideas
Step 5. Design instruction
Step 6. Flowchart the lesson
Step 7. Storyboard displays on paper
Step 8. Program the lesson
Step 9. Produce supporting materials
Step 10. Evaluate and revise

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