Works Cited

"EFFECTS OF LONG TERM INCARCERATION." EFFECTS OF LONG TERM

INCARCERATION. John Howard Society of Alberta, 2009. Web. 13 Nov. 2015.
<http://www.johnhoward.ab.ca/pub/C35.htm#depriva>.
A Canadian prison system perspective on the psychological impacts of long-term
imprisonment. The article "EFFECTS OF LONG TERM INCARCERATION" focuses
mostly on issues such as a deprivation in the prison system. Deprivation of liberty
through solitary confinement that is dehumanizing the inmates. Deprivation of autonomy
through the dictating of every aspect of their life leading to an inability to make decisions
for themselves which can complicate their reentry into society as a independent adult.
Depravity of security by the constant presence of danger around them in prison arousing
acute anxiety. Finaly, deprivation or heterosexual relationships which has a profound
impact on both female and male inmates such as identity problems and victimization of
other inmates. The article also talks about the deterioration of a prisoners psychological
state in general but explains that the findings are not consistent and can not be connected
directly to long-term imprisonment. Prisonization and Coping theory both have similar
consistency problems but the effects should not be ignored because they are not seen
across the board. The effects of long-term imprisonment on women is also discussed and
while the psychological damage is just as prominent if not more so it comes from
different sources like an absence of family and hopelessness from lack of control and
responsibility.

Enns, Peter K. "The Public's Increasing Punitiveness And Its Influence On Mass Incarceration In
The United States." American Journal Of Political Science 58.4 (2014): 857872. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
An assistant professor in the Government department of Cornell University, Peter Enns
sets out to show us how public opinion has effected incarceration rates. By breaking
down and compiling the statistics showing the publics desire for harsh punishment Peter
Enns puts forth a very compelling argument even beyond a surface level understanding
that politicians have to pay heed to the people they serve. His findings show that there is
a direct correlation between the two, verifying the power of government and how the
public can have a hand in the direction we go hopefully leading to a solution.
Forman, James Jr. "Racial Critiques Of Mass Incarceration: Beyond The New Jim Crow." New
York University Law Review 87.1 (2012): 21-69. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov.
2015.
Written by James Forman, a Clinical Professor of Law at Yale law school, this article
addresses the unbalanced and distracting approach of labeling the laws leading to mass
incarceration as the new Jim Crow. His experience in law gives credence to his reliability
and his ability to asses both sides show the thoughtfulness and time he has given to
understanding the relation of racism to mass incarcerating.
James Forman shows how labeling mass incarceration as a new form of Jim Crow has
twisted the way we see mass incarceration both altering our focus away from causes and
skipping over important elements. His point of view helps to bring a balanced perspective
to the topic which seems to have a very heavy racial stigma attached to it.

Green, David A. "US Penal-Reform Catalysts, Drivers, And Prospects." Punishment &
Society 17.3 (2015): 271-298. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
A detailed, compiled summary of the various topics that play a part in the increased
punishment that has brought our incarceration rates to where they are today. This is a
great source to get a quick explanation to several problems and their relation to harsher
prison sentencing in our criminal justice system. These evaluations accompanied by an
extensive reference list is a great place to start for further research on any of the topics.
Luther, James B., et al. "An Exploration Of Community Reentry Needs And Services For
Prisoners: A Focus On Care To Limit Return To High-Risk Behavior." AIDS Patient Care
& Stds 25.8 (2011): 475-481. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
Filled with testimonials from released prisoners this article offers some extremely
authentic information. Dedicated to the topic of reentry, this article pinpoints the
vulnerabilities faced by those attempting reentry along with the barriers and neglect
imposed by the system.
LOBUGLIO, STEFAN F., and ANNE MORRISON PIEHL. "Unwinding Mass
Incarceration." Issues In Science & Technology 32.1 (2015): 56-61. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
This article focuses speaks to the subtlety of balancing the punishment and removal of
those who pose a threat to society with the problem of mass incarceration. Lobuglio and
Piehl take a cautious and thorough approach to reforming our Criminal justice system,
noting the dangers of quick fixes that have been attempted before they attempt to answer
the problem with a more intentional focus at getting prisoners reintegrated into society.
They acknowledge the reasons for criminal histories but bring up that those who have

grown past their failures are trapped by their past with now help to get out. Past
relationships and life situations can trigger impulse decisions that ruin hard sought
opportunities, but cognitive behavioral programming could help them resist those
impulses. A need for infrastructure to assist reentry into society so that released inmates
have something to stand on, and while these programs tend to be expensive they argue
that in the long run its worth it. Overall they show that it will be a long and complicated
process to unwind mass incarceration, and the issues they bring up are only part of the
problem, but it is definitely possible if we have strong leadership and community
involvement.
P., M. "Release from Prison: Shock or Growth?" Web log post. Bhikshuni Thubten Chodron.
N.p., 15 Oct. 2009. Web. 13 Nov. 2015.
<http://thubtenchodron.org/2009/10/transformation-freedom/>.
A letter from a man who has been imprisoned for a cumulative total of 20 years. He
recounts how people cope with prison life whether they seek to rehabilitate themselves,
learn how to become better criminals, or just try to survive. He moves on from there to
show what caused him to change as well.
Petersilia, Joan. "When Prisoners Return To Communities: Political, Economic, And Social
Consequences." Federal Probation 65.1 (2001): 3. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14
Nov. 2015.
Joan Petersilia, Ph.D., is Professor of Criminology, Law and Society at the University of
California, Irvine. She goes over the various problems with prisoners reentry into
society including problems with parole which has been increased by the immense amount
of people released every year numbering close to 600,600. With parole overwhelmed and

underemphasized about two thirds of those on parole will end up back in prison. She also
discusses how determinate sentencing, while restricting discrimination in the system also
took away the ability to earn your way out of prison and sends people out into society
when theyve reached the end of their term even though they may not be ready for
reentry. Mainly the article elaborates on the systems failings for those reentering society
such as a lack of needed supervision thanks to the failing parole program, political
alienation from laws that restrict people with a criminal history, the stresses of not finding
work because of their record so no money or security, and no help for mental and
physical health issues. She concludes that a proper parole system could effectively help
with a large portion of the issues accompanying reentry giving parolees accountability
and direction to the help they need.
Platt, Tony. "In Recovery From Rehab." South Atlantic Quarterly 113.3 (2014): 614620. Academic Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2015
Tony Platt was a student of criminology and taught it for several years. Consistently left
leaning he talk about the lack of established proper rehabilitation throughout the latter
half of the 21st century. He also speaks to the movement away from prison labor causing
an economic, reentry, and rehabilitation problem.
TETT, LYN, et al. "Learning, Rehabilitation And The Arts In Prisons: A Scottish Case
Study." Studies In The Education Of Adults 44.2 (2012): 171-185. Academic Search
Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
An interesting look at rehabilitation practices in Scottish prisons, this article by Tett, Lyn,
et al. investigates the role of the arts in prison rehabilitation through a case study
involving over 200 prisoners. The studies show a shift away from negative attitudes

towards learning like the literacy training that was taking place already and built a culture
that bread a desire for instruction. The teaching also enabled prisoners to work together
gaining a sense of group responsibility as they all worked towards a collaborative greater
good. Finally, it increased their confidence and self-esteem leading to a state where they
saw they were capable of change. While theres no evidence of the long term effects, the
study showed that participation in the arts program improved the prison climate, helped
with literacy, and moved the inmates towards positive growth.
Tonry, Michael. "Remodeling American Sentencing: A Ten-Step Blueprint For Moving Past
Mass Incarceration." Criminology & Public Policy 13.4 (2014): 503-533. Academic
Search Premier. Web. 14 Nov. 2015.
Michael Tonry presents a passionate article reporting the problems existing within the
criminal justice system that have led to a massive prison population and presents some
drastic solutions he sees as, not only necessary, but urgent needs. He offers roughly 10
solutions that would reduce our prison population by both changing or removing laws
that have caused the prison boom and allowing for sentences previously given to be
reevaluated. While his article doesnt offer the thoughtfulness and caution of others, his
zeal gives on the impression that we can make effective change quickly and with little
effort.