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Korean e Beginning to Early Intermediate * Contains all grammar points covered by TOPIK Levels 1 and 2/ * Learn at a glance the differences between similar grammatical constructions! * Practice a variety of expressions used in the same situation! * True to life dialogues incorporating the introduced grammar points! DARAKWON Preface 4 Unit 3. Particles How to Use This Book. 6 @ nowt a @neve a Ones 74 IW Introduction to the Korean Language © Noi/a}, Nlonet, Naka 76 1. Korean Sentence Structure 4 @ na. . 78 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 0.15 @ noo i 3. Connecting Sentences ue, @ nol 2 . 83 4, Sentence Types. a © now 86 5, Honotific Expressions. 20 © Now Nova, NEEL NEAL 59 © nowiyetea a @nz 93 One 7 © netor 99 MW Getting Ready Once a @ ott (to be) 28 @ nop 105 @ 2UCt (to exist/be, to have) 28 © nope a 107 © Numbers. a1 One 410 @® Dates and Days of the Week.........97 © NAB, nztol 2 @ Time 30 © nec 114 © not 116 Unit 1. Tenses @® Present Tense A/V{A)HLICE... 42 Unit 4, Listing and Contrast @ Present Tense A/V-0/AS 45 @ w-z.... an 20 @ Past Tense A/V-Si/2OR 49 @ v7... @® Future Tense V-(2)=2 AOI @....52 @ w-xet @ Procressive Tense VT BCH @ 54 @w-eye/eei a @ Past Perlect Tense A/V-34/%ROAL ES Unit 5, Time Expressions @ N Bol, v-71 Zo... aus Unit 2. Negative Expressions ON FO, VS)E BOI an. ang Miers Near « © VB a snennnnion TB © AV -o1/0i2 AV tuorR)....22 ® v-oy/o1ns 139 @ & V-ol/o12 (v-x| Raia), 65 DING, VAO)E vines T4 @ v42)84, 145 @xsves i 148 @ v-xiort 181 @N5e. v-=E Set 153 ®ve). 31 187 Unit 6, Ability and Possibility @ vigye + wcyetct 160 @ vAe)e & et}/sect 163 Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition @ vae)al2, 166 @ v-x oa. 169 © AN-ol/ojor sie/atct wm @ an-o1ore sict 174 @ avez 2 sic} 176 © AN-a] Bole Sick (2h A/V—oF/0}e= SICH) : 179 Unit 8, Expressions of Hope @ v-z act 482 © AN-ay/stee Sach 184 Unit 9, Reasons and Causes @ aw-oro1y 188 @ anova 191 @ Nwea, av] Zo} 198 Unit 10. Making Requests and Assisting @® Vv-ol/o} EAI, v-oF/04 FAWOH2? 198 ® V-0l/o} SAL2, V-ol/0] BL? 201 Unit 1.1. Trying New Things and Experiences @ v-oi/o1 wet 204 @ v2)- Ao] wetyetct 207 Unit ‘1.2, Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions @ v-(e)a712? & ato @ vejam27 @ ate @ v-(2)HArc. 214 @ ve)AiMoi2? air © ve)ea27 © 219 Unit 13, Intentions and Plans @ -2012 © 222 @ve)e42 225 ® v4a)<242 @ 228 Unit 14, Background Information and Explanations @w-Qreae a2 @ vigQVu7} @........ 235 Unit 15, Purpose and Intention @ veel aic/ect 238 @-9az 240 ® v4 oetm Sct 243 @ NS/S PsH(Ad), v7] HHA)... 245 @ vie att 248 Unit 6. Conditions and Suppositions @ anaeya 252 @ vo)zet 255 @ W-ov/ol=. 257 Unit 17. Conjecture @ w-xol2 @ 260 @ W2)2 012 @ 262 ® we)en22 9 265 @ We) /eNeye 2 wet 267 Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech @ Bee 9)L/-EHS)EN 272 Ow 275 Orn 278 @ A-ol/orsict 281 Unit 19. Expressions of State @v-rec 2 284 @ v-or/o} ect 287 @ A-ovoizict 290 @ vA sic 293 Unit 20, Confirming Information @ ave) eal 296 @ v-= ol welcl/ect 299 @ w-ag? 301 Unit 21.. Discovery and Surprise @ w-z2/ez2 304 @a-ug 308 Unit 22. Additional Endings @ (2). 7187, v-Lie? os 310 @ w-2)- eae 312 Unit 23. Quotations @® Direct Quotations 316 @ indirect Quotations 319 ® Indirect Quotation Contracted Forms 322 Unit 24. Irregular Conjugations @ — 74 (ireguiar Conjugation) © ‘= B74 (\rrequiar Conjugation) @ ‘+ B74 (irregular Conjugation) @ ‘¢' 5574) (iregular Conjueation) © ‘© 774 (Irregular Conjugation)... @ ‘2° B74! (ireqular Conjugation) . @ ‘+ 8574! (regular Conjugation) Appendix © Good Things to Know: © Answer Key. © Grammar Explanations in Korean *® Grammar Index. 346 354 380 375 Introduction to the Korean Language 1. Korean Sentence Structure 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives 3. Connecting Sentences 4. Sentence Types 5. Honorific Expressions 1. Korean Sentence Structure Korean sentences consist of either “a subject + predicate (verb)" or “a subject + object + predicate (verb).” Ao] 7a. subject + predicate Carol goes. leo] ABS Bo} 2. subject + object + predicate Eric eats an apple. AB] 22. subject + predicate Carol sleeps. eo] Ez} AS gola, subject + object + predicate Eric reads a book in the library. Particles are attached to words in Korean sentences. They express the role that their respective words play in the sentence. After the subject of a sentence, the particle O| or 7} is used. After an | object, the particle or # is used. And after an adverbial, the particle Of] or O{|71| is used. (See also Unit 3. Particles) subject object ole] ABLE Fela, oo] EAB WS go}a, subject adverbial object While the predicate of a Korean sentence always comes at the very end of the sentence, the order of subjects, objects, and adverbials changes depending on the intention of the speaker. Regardless of their order in the sentence, however, the role of each of these parts can stil be identified because of the particle attached to it. 14 ABS elo] Bola. aS SAB Meo] Bole. ‘object + eubject verb) ‘object adverb + Subject + verb) anapple Eric cats abook inthelibrary Eric reads In addition, when the subject can be clearly understood from the context, it can be omitted, A oejo] aa? What is Eric doing? B (f24O]) AHS YOUR, — ets eating an apple A Ojcjol] 712.2 Where do (you) go? B Sato] 71-2, {0 900 schoo! 2. Conjugation of Verbs and Adjectives One of the characteristics of Korean verbs and adjectives is that they both are conjugated according to tense, politeness level, passive and causative forms, and speech styles. Verbs and adjectives consist of a word stem and word ending, with their base forms comprised of the word stem plus Ch. This form is also called the ‘dictionary form.’ Accordingly, a dictionary search for such words will reveal their base forms, such as 7}C} (to go), SC} (to come), HC} (to eat), and QICf (to wear). When conjugated, the word stems of verbs and adjectives do not change; rather, Cf is replaced with the appropriate form depending on the speaker's intention. @ Verbs hI otcoea HCH) + —H LICH (present formal ending) Ape et ZEATUTH (a0/g088) (referring to a superior/elder) woidstem wordendina | 7KCH) +—Al (honorific) + —HLICt (present formal ending) aoe ZU EL ver KCI) + -2t- (past tense) + LIC (present formal ending) Introcuction to the Korean Language 16 © Adjectives EES aac ZSUe} (is good) (CH) + -BLICt (present formal ending) 24 OF FYSUT} was ooo) word stem wordending | (CH) + St (past tense) + —SLIC} (present formal ending) {co be good) BASU} Goams be goo) B(CH) + A+ (guess) + LICH (formal ending) 3. Connecting Sentences ‘There are two ways to connect sentences in Korean. One is by using conjunctive adverbs (¢.9., 2JD (and), 1B1X/St (but), “ZEAE {so/therefore)), and the other is by using conjunctive endings. (2) And 29 Conjunctive Adverb Connection | Ute°] B18, 22]31 3-9].9, Itewindy- Andis cold z}o] Hat &o Conjunctive Ending Connection | “lete] Bat 912. asian (2) But =r = Conjunctive Adverb Connection | #*h= WeHet. PAI ats. Koh is spicy. But tastes good a} Auch onunctivctendiagéonnectonts| C7 )= GARE aes utt. Kimchi i spi but tastes eood (3) So/Therefore tee " : Conjunctive Advert Connection | %=°) 2:2, LeHA] do] Bo] etel2, Wssnowing, reefs tata is bac i Lo] us Conjunctive Ending Connection 0] 4) de] Bo] Hye] 2, It’s snowing, so the tratic s bad. When connecting two sentences with a conjunctive adverb, it is sufficient simply to place the conjunctive adverb between the two sentences. However, when using a conjunctive ending, the ending must be attached to the word stem of the predicate of the preceding sentence to connect the two sentences. () HO] Bc} +2 ++ SHV > HH an S92. 2 Halt MC} + —AIE + Stole — Hal7t walet gieloi2, (3) 0] Qc+ + Of + ZO] BLO] Stel — to] Sty Zlo| Bol Bee. 4. Sentence Types Korean has four main santence types: declarative, interrogative, imparative, and propositive, Moreover, the sentence type is influenced by Korean speech styles, which can be divided into three main types: formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain. The formal polite style (4) e§ LIC} is used most in formal or public situations, including the military, news reporting, presentations, meetings, and lectures. The informal polite style -Of/01 is the honorific form used most in daily life. Compared to the formal polite style, the informal polite style is softer and less formal, and therefore it is used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. Furthermore, although the formal polite style has different forms for each of the four sentence types (declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive), the informal polite style uses the same form for all four types. Thus, sentence types in this style are determined by the situation and sentence intonation, For this reason, the informal polite style is less complicated than the formal polite style. As for the Informal plain style —O}/0}, it is mainly used among intimate friends, by superiors toward persons of lower-rank, and among family members. It is considered rude to use the informal plain style with somebody one does not know personally or with whom one is not very close. Here we examine the formal polite and informal polite styles only. (4) Declarative Sentence Declarative sentences are used when explaining something or responding to a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) ® Formal Polite Style Declarative formal polite sentences are made by adding (4) t LIC} to the word stem. + AS Sof yd, 1 goto schoo SAS SUC, temtbeas Introduction to the Korean Languecs ® Informal Polite Style Declarative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/01 to the word stem. + AS Baro] 7h2, | g0 to school. + AS BS Hols, (eat breed (2) Interrogative Sentences Interrogative sentences are used when asking a question. (See also Unit 1. Tenses 01 Present Tense) @ Formal Polite Style Interrogative formal polite sentences are made by adding —(.) 4 L{77}? to the word stem. + Sve] ZU 7}? Doyeugato hac + abe BAUz? Do you set bread? ® Informal Polite Style Interrogative informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/0{2? to the word stem. Because they have the same form as declarative sentences, they are made interrogative by being spoken with a rising intonation at the end of the sentence (and also by adding a question mark to the written form). + ro} 748? Dervouigatesata + MS WojA? ayo ore (3) Imperative Sentences Imperative sentences are used when making a demand or giving advice. (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 01 V-(2)x1&) @® Formal Polite Style imperative formal polite sentences are made by adding (2)4JA|@ to the word stem. + Balo] AAAl2, Pisaze write in your notebook + AS Vora, Plaase read the book. 18 ® Informal Polite Style Imperative informal polite sentences can be made by adding —O}/01 to the word stem, just like in the other sentence types described above. However, using —(2) Ai] in place of —O}/ 013 is considered a more polite expression, and therefore —(©)Al|@ should be used. + Bao] Aye. Please writs in your notebook + aS Voye, Please read the book. (4) Propositive Sentences Propositive sentences are used when making a suggestion or agreeing with someone alse's, ‘suggestion. (See also Unit 12. Asking Opinions and Making Suggestions 03 V-{2) AIC) ® Formal Polite Style Propositive formal polite sentences are made by adding (2) AJC} to the word stem. -(2) AIC} can be used when the person being spoken to is younger or the same age as the ‘speaker. It cannot be used when speaking to a superior. It is considered improper etiquette to Use this expression toward a superior or elder. * 1so] SeAt, Let's meet at 11 otlock. + }7]o] A] BAS FAITH, Lets cat inch here. @ Informal Polite Style Propositive informal polite sentences are made by adding —Of/04, just like in the other sentence types described above. + 114)o] eye, Lets meet at 11 o'clock. + 17/014 BAS YO]B, Lots cat unch howe. ‘The preceeding sentence types are summarized below using the verb EC (to go). ela ael R si CMU OCR Dore FEB. \. WD go. (am going. wae | Aa? 7 aaltwiet | HAIL, | Go! Ties iL) FHIA2, Tracts trey sfots 7 FIR, > Let's go. The subject is omitted and understood by the situation or context. Introduction to the Korean Language 19 5. Honorific Expressions Due to the influence of Confucian thought on Korean society, it is common for Korean speakers to use both honorific and humble forms of speech in conversation according to age, farnily relationships, social status, and social distance (degree of intimacy). (2) Honoring the Subject of the Sentence Honorifics are used when the subject of a sentence is a person older than the speaker, a senior member of one's family, or a person of higher social rank. To honor the subject, (2)A| is added to the stems of adjectives and verbs. For verb stems ending in a vowel, ~Al is added, and for those ending in a consonant, —2.A| is added, (to go) Jt + -AR + -BLIC} J} + -Ab + -O12 ure JE + -Ale + -210/2 = 7t + -A- + {2)2 Ade = GED (0 read) Qt + -OAP + —eLIc} eT + “SAP + -018 # + SAP + Hoe a A+ -OAk + 42)= Ao > + AAA Maps Tez) ch. + obyalalAre Shao] 4el 7c 2, (2) Honoring the Listener 7HILICE 7. JI 7H AGI Seach HONS HeAodg aoa! 701e Tho teacher teaches Korean. My father wont to Busan last year Honorifics are used when the listener is older or of higher social status than the speaker and also when the speaker and listener are not acquainted with each other, regardless of age. Final endings are used to express the degree of respect, and they can be formed from each of the formal polite, informal polite, and informal plain styles, (See also Korean Sentence Structure 4. Sentence Types) EOPEAMA ZARILICH, (formal polite style) OPE A ZHAfHe, {informal polite style) oA Tope, (informal plain style) (3) Other Honorifics ® The honorific forms of some verbs are not expressed by adding -()Al to the verb stem but rather by using a different verb form altogether. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form AACE (co sleep) ZRAlct ach(ode | gor | BEBICE (wo speak) ‘HSHAICE EHPAZIEE (vo tale) axt7ict Bc (oe) | BFAICVEAICD | QC (co exist) AAI OHAICH (to drink) EAI SICH (to have) SIAC} + ofa] Aol] et AAS, Mother is not home right now. + HS AZ NOAA? Do you have time tomorow? ® Some nouns have honorific counterparts. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form L40| (age) a 82! (birthday) atl Fiwor) | ae HI (house) etm & (meal/food) a O18 (name) ae Atet (person) # ‘OH (wife) Hol + Gonz], az] saj2, Grandpa, please have some dinner. + Bele ess) 7? How is your wife? Introduction to the Korean Language @ Honorific particles can be used after nouns incicating people. OZ} a SAE AA — ollai(Steif) —> 7A FAO] APO ALS SUCH, — wyounger sting over present toa tens SoA] AFola] AeS HAU. Grandpa gives a present to a friend. AL B7|S Foe, | Yke strawberries SOU AAE B7|S SOSA, crencma ines strawbentes. @® Nouns designating persons can be made honorific by adding the sutfix | Base Form HonorificForm | Base Form Honorific Form AV (teacher) vail 21+ (professor) ae AME (president) Abe) BEAL (doctor) SEA | SAL (pastor) SAtel BB (director) ae + AS) ASS thse] Sct. Our company president is a generous person. SA, 718) FAA Bech, Pastor, thank you for your prayer. ® Respect can be expressed toward the listener or target of an action by using the following words. Base Form Honorific Form Base Form Honorific Form | ISIC (to speak) weealc 2+ (10 ask) ofc CI (to give) Ear} SICH/BKLICE (co meee) act | + ofA) 7] 4c ag72? Shall we speak with Dad? + Bo}H{ Z|] o] Ae Szaja, Plesse giva this 400k to Grandpa. © The speaker can also show respect toward the listener by lowering his or her own status. LE oat) 2B] ofS] ow BE BES wore + AE DAIS Solee, also heard that news + Aa] Zo] ha Sz] OQ, lease stop by our house sometime. + BAPY, BSCS! Zo] OAUTH ches nave someting to tel you. (4) Things to Remember when Using Honorifics ® In Korean it is common to address others by repeatedly using their name or title rather than pronouns such as 4! (you), L (you), “2 (he/him), “LL (she/hen), and 1 (they/ them). ANH, TAY7} QS AF Ae Heel] AS} HALQ,” PK) SABO) Yoko, did you see Jasjun al work yesterday? Jaejun (He) was looking for Yoko (you), $0 Yoko (you) need to give Jaejun (him) a call" 'S{A1 is a mutual title of address used mainly between husband and wile, and therefore itis not used to address anyone other than one's spouse, Similarly, L] is a mutual title used only among close friends, + et, oft ALO] Lebel] ABHHlO} A? ooar aie you cast me? - YE 2S Fa]? ‘What are you going to do tociay? Introduction to the Korean Language @® Special expressions such as SZ}O| 017i] S|AI2? (What is your name?) and AA|7+ 048814] |i]? (How old are you?) are used when asking the name or age of someone you don't know or when the person you are asking is older or has a higher social status than you. + Bohs], Bo] OPP) SIA? (0) sr etaenp, may ask your name? opal, lS] Aya? (x) + APRA SANZ} OBA] EAI2.2 (0) mr President (ot a company), may | ask your age? APH Ho] 7b B tol 2? (x) ® In most cases, the word 4f is not used to refer to the age of someone older than the speaker. A THE A), SOps|Z] BAA} OF gi] SPA? carol, how oid is your grandfather? B Ss] US c}-olA, (0) He wil be 78 years old this year. 23] AEcpH ttojaya. (x) @ The two honorific forms of 8Cf are [2/Cf and EA/Ch. When the giver is younger than the receiver, then 2JC} is used, but when the actor is older ‘than the recipient of the action, 7EA|C} is used. + US ASS On] ERA, | gave a present to Mom. + PU AAT Lolz] ASS F2410].2. Mom gave a present tome. + Ue SAA ASS FMB, | gave a present to my litle brother/sister. mother little sister/brother Getting Ready @ OICt (to be) @ UCt (to exist/be, to have) @® Numbers @ Dates and Days of the Week @ Time What's this? A BRUM? (= HLA?) a o olalueh. (= ol2}H2..) Its a chair, > abst apeighu7t? (= a aRo}a1a2) Is she Korean? ul], et ARSE, (= Bist AHO} oFa.) Yes, she's Korean, a > ole] gut? (= olxjah.2.2) What country is this? aed, & tls.) Its Korea, Grammar Focus OC} attaches to the end of a noun to make it the predicate of the sentence. OIC} is used to express that the subject and predicate are the same thing. O|C} can also be used to specify something. ‘The formal descriptive form is Q{LIC}, and its interrogative form is Q{L|7}? The corresponding informal forms, 0{|$2/0]0||2, are the same for both the descriptive and interrogative forms, with the interrogative form rising in intonation as it is pronounced: O1|2?/0|012? When the preceding noun ends in a vowel, Ol is used, and when the noun ends in @ consonant, O|OI[$2 is used. The negative form of O|Cfis OLLIE}. (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) CMU Gga esis mal Polite Style Noun With Final Consonant ojos. euuict ALALOlOIS. AQUICH : 4AQILIch | Awol, | LABTRILICR. : SFERILICE, 1o{LIO12. Syyoloie, | OFDILIRILIG. : SHSRILICH, 3 In Conversation A Taly7? A What is this? B 7Peduct, B It's a bag A sya? 1A Are you a student? BY), Baaduch. 8 Yes, I'm a student, A tPA? ‘4 Who is that? B alfa, 8 That's my fiend, A To] ofrja].2? ‘A Where is your hometown? BAZ] a, 8 Seoul. Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using OIC. 4 Ala) 2 B 4), lal AZ a Bul, 7 io) aspen? a Aad Getting Ready M7} 1A} ei) Bea. e (Ht 212+ So] eset, - ‘There's a dog on the chair. $2) Zo] Alo} glola. (© 92] do] AKA euch) ‘Our house is in Sinchon, wah alt dela, (= at see) have a boyfriend. Grammar Focus 1 QUC} expresses the existence or location of something and means ‘to be located in/on’ in English. Although Cf is typically used in the form of ‘NO|/7} Nipiace)Ol] ZICH, the order of the subject and place in the sentence can be changed with no change in meaning: ‘N(place)0l] NO|/7} QICh.” ‘The opposite of QICH is SLC} When ‘NOl| ZICH expresses a place, the following location nouns can be used. Ot, Fl, A, ObeH (= B), (SE, SF), 7HSuI), Aol, Ot Ht © aH 91 244s fad (= Hat) oa oma on top of the desk under the desk in front of the desk behind the desk ome omy ee OMY Ee ® Aol beside the desk left of the desk right of the desk inbetween \ wi 9 Met 12d) one ouw con the desk: inside the house outside the house a O MS Poll ZE7t Mole. The computer is on the desk. @ Ae Oba © Het Voll) BF7t VOB. The shoes are under the desk. © Ate Stoll Six} Rois. The chair is in front of the desk. @ A! F)oll AO] Boia. ‘The bookshelf is behind the desk. © As Holl sist SAO|7} L012. The plant and coat hanger are baside the desk. © AA 2H S#0| Bole, The plant is to the left of the desk. OAS LEZ RAO|7t Yoig. The coat hanger is to the right of the desk. ® SHED} LAO| Afo|ol] Neko] 21012. The desk is between the plant and the coat hanger. ® AS HEA Clso| Vo12_ ‘The teddy bear is on the desk. © BF col Sori7t Rois. ‘The dog is inside the house. @ © Hol Deol} goa. ‘The cat is outside the house, 2 ICt is also used in the form ‘NO|/7} ACI to express possession, meaning ‘to have’ in English, The opposite of SIC is SACb. (See also Unit 2. Negative Expressions 01 Word Negation) + SUF goHg, FAO] gles, 1 aseeeaeh MaeianY inte pent i AAA SOS. AIF we, | have a bicycle. I don't have a car Getting Ready 29 In Conversation A Jo] ofrjo] Qloya? A Whereis the book? B 7FE tol] Bola, B It’s in my bag A ZAHo] o]rjol] o1.2? A Whereis the bank? B Bil Bol] ola, B It's next to the school. A Bt AP} Qojan? 4 Do you have any Korean triands? BU], SS} 254} Woe. 8 Yes, I have Korean fiends, A BFE] NAL? 4 Do you have a computor? BU], Boa, 8 Yes, | have one. Describe this room. Look at the picture and write the appropriate word in each blank as shown in the exemple. (wr Uae ees Aopen, | a 24 of] BBO] NAL, @ WF 2 of AS At Vos. 8 4 AFH 7HYO] ora, (4) 7H of Ae] dela. © AZo] 7A of Qo}2. © OV 27+ LEFo] WL, 30 b Sino-Korean Numbers Xos’ 5 eve aoe Gon eae Semen lcs 10 | aalaloalai|afi[e2)s|ale] =| a | ~ [| [so [ao [sc |e [mo | a |e | 100) aw [ow | ae | ae | ee | aw | ae | ee [ee | oo | 1,000 | 10,000 | 100.000] 1000000 a | o | ae | ae Grammar Focus ~................++ There are two ways to express numbers in Korean. One is by using Sino-Korean numbers, and the ‘other is by using native Korean numbers. Sino-Korean numbers are used to express such things as telephone numbers, bus route numbers, height, weight, address numbers, years, months, minutes, seconds, and prices. wasclal aoey A8eIOe} AHIB plese onset ae Apso] & wer sel a ojsatesziel at Getting Ready <> © In Korean, large nambers are read based on units of ten thousand (2H) instead of thousands (), ‘Thus, 354,790 is interpreted as 35,4970 and read as 3561 4970 (— AOUr ApetRetel4Y). Similarly, 6,354,790 is interpreted as 635,4790 and read as 6352 4790 (+ S¥iAAlout ApAPHIALA), + 26354790 — 2635/4790 OjRRMAHISBE APRaIMEA @ When a number larger than I begins with 1, the initial 1 (i) is not pronounced. (BAL) 110: SHB (aes) 110: MR (QIENMDS11.1 10: BE RIMIAY (BRE IUADO) oi @ 16,26, 36. 96 are pronounced [ls] [0 As] [eres]... FAMED ‘is pronounced as either 2 or 2. When appearing in telephone nunabers, @ is used. + 8508-8254 — R2Bgol[ol] Poleat + 010-a789-0274 SUS AWWAS|(0\] SOIWAL @ There are two ways to read telephone numbers. + 7804-2577 — SBRAOI[OH) HORA! — HAL Solfor] owe et * In this case 9] is pronounced [0], not [21]. In Conversation A ABEAO] W Sojo].27 ‘A What floor is the ofice on? B OFol a, CF) 8 The 3th oor. A ASPAS7} Fol? 1 Wiheite your phone number? B 019-8729-9500¢I,2, # ite 018-8728-8600. Sat B87 4\ [4] HLS) A BW BAg Ea? A What bus do you tke? B 705i HAS EbA, (Ze) B take bus humbor 705 A Ho] Supe]? 'A-How much is the book? B 25,0002e]4]2., (o}zk2 44) 8 I's 25,000 won, Write the following numbers in Korean as shown in the example. 2) 4 ATAS7} Moya? 8 2734-36980]2].2, CLAMS SS7B)clo]2, (yA FAs} Qe e? B Ul, 20]2, 010-738-35094]].8, ( dala, QA S777} B aera (ke)l12? S4d eT (kg)°l4]2. ( vaEraAlke)l2. A 717F B ALE} O] EI (om) o].2? TSA] 4] E| (em)o] 2. ( Vile} 4 (cm) }.2, a Aly} ante. a? B 62,000He]>I]2., ( Jeojo}2, w o Native Korean Numbers e DP pene eee eae eee nee SES) HeM/M eu) cat | ot aa | og oe it [Pa | ee | eae [90 100 Bj oe | a | oe | we | oe | oe cm ge au =5 Ut ua CHS 7H og a Getting Ready Oat Native Korean numbers are used to express time and units. They are generally used along with unit nouns that express the appropriate unit when counting things or people. Examples of unit nouns include @, Of2], 7H, &f, &, and ZH In these cases, the Korean numbers that precede these nouns are written in slighty different forms: S}Lf becomes St (S44 St H), S becomes | (7H F Otel), Ail becomes Ml (71H A] EH). ll becomes | (Z2t i] 4), and AS becomes AM (Afaap AG 7H), ete. ott + 7H | St Sh FH a ee | Mh tH | acne | Cyst + 7H CHS 2h | O16! + | O18 7H e+ 2B 2H = ols +74 5 a "| | Os + 7H Ons 7H atm | aA | Bott +H i we Se, eee AB+7H Ax IH Agel 4H | Ager 7h Age +24 AB 74 Unit Nouns a4 gi et 7H ae oe] te 2 = olal re eT 3 A fel Ma MA ae 4 wo | wa wats 5 cpa] | octet StH cat 6 oor | OI | OH Oat 7 wae wes | eso | eee wat wae 8 (Of oe | ogtorl | oft Ol! 9 Oe | «(OE OOO] | OR COKE o 88 ge) go ee oA gH ome | ogee | aero | gee) ome | mete In Conversation — A ERO] B yojoya? A How many family members do you have? Be] 7S2 uy] Bolo.a. 8 We are a family of four A So] B Arojoa? ‘4 How old are your younger siblings? BENS ABA Atoloa, '8 My younger brother is 28, end my younger sisters 20. ANS AT Boa. A 47] ASHE Al) 7H, Bek SEY FEAL, 4 prease give me 0 toke/buy) these three apples and one coke. 8 Ul, BE OaoeH gelych, 1 Okay, your totals 8,600 won. Getting Ready Oy Look at the picture and write the appropriate number in Korean in each blank. 2) PAPE, of} ag Qo}, (a) AE 12. 2) Bele) ao} sre) ghey a @ avt_ 7, ABE goia. ws} AT 6) 49] e128. #9] $9] Qo} 2. 201014 5% 7Y Bae 20108 Li? (what Year?) 201014: 0/4) 14, 190814: APHITALE LA, 18644: MEAS ALAS ‘3 Qi? (What Month?) va | 2m ga | aa | oa | en 7a | em | ow ga jog | ae ag | oa) ea) ae | ae | 108 118 128 awe Aolg O12!? (What Day?) 1a | ea ee aa ee ea ea ea ew) we) om | ae we | ce] ee | ae | ae ae ve | ize) ise | tae | toe | ten | 172 | 182 192 | 202 | | | ase sale! | Aloial | Alalel Alale) algal tial | Agta! | ata! | orgies | jiaeen| 222] | a AG 22) Be 24a ABU | 26 27Y | 28% | 20m | 308 | 31a ose OPUS! | ONO oI OMAR oles oysiaiad | ojgywe) | clave | AAI! | atalele fa OVATE OMA CLAW OWNER ONES OER OTe reel wae 2 22!? (What Day of the Week?) io | sera same, = use ase sige sau Bee sou In Conversation | A £30] 14Z0]o].27 ‘A What's today's date? B 5S 5U(eH O)ojo a, B It's May 5. A 230] FE 2elojo] a? ‘A What day of the week is today? B 3}2.cloloj A, 8 It’s Tuesday, A oA] ABR 2? AA When did you get married? B 20010] HA Yo] SE Rol A, 8B We got married in 2001. © The Korean words for June and October are read and written as $B and A/@, respectively, not $2 and A/a. @ When asking ‘what year, # is used, and when asking ‘what month, 3 #1 is used. However, when asking ‘what day, 0(2! is used in place of $42. + 2530] B2I0}0127 (x) — S50] MRO|0IS? (0) What is today’s date? oma Look at each picture and write the appropriate dates in Korean. 1994,3,25,(2) : MPMI AMM OISA Bae TORI (00) pein ecw «cis Se oan 2d POLS ADAG () aS CHE AL O14 AL AL AL wal St ALAA at Boe Ale Swe aA aus BAL ou BA) Salo FAME =FALHe eA AL HA) AS Grammar Focus In Korean, hours are read using native Korean numbers while minutes are read using Sino-Korean numbers. When referring to a time when an action takes place, the particle Ol| is attached to the end of the time noun. 2H(P.M), MAM) Although the literal meanings of 274 and @¥ are ‘before noon’ and ‘after noon’. respectively, in Korean 2% Is typically used to mean the morning hours while 2 is used to mean the afternoon hours. Furthermore, time can also be subdivided into smaller units, including AH (daybreak), OF] (morning), 2 (noon, lunchtime}, AY (evening), and ‘ZF (night), In Conversation A Ale Ala? A What tima is it now? B 2A obs 4] Al Bole A, (9210 A.M.) B tts 98:10 in the moming. A Ale BAIR? A What time is it now? BFA] Ae Aelea. B H's tan minutas to two, (= Its 1:50.) © SA) 24) Bo]e72.) 1:50) AB Alo VojU-R? 44 What tima do you wake up? B Obs) Ue Ale] deja, (7:00) B wake up at 7:00 in the morning. gas Look at the pictures and write the appropriate time in the blanks, Wei loy=33) @ Present Tense A/V—(A)HLIC} @ Present Tense A/V—-0}/012 © Past Tense A/V-%/Y%H2 @ Future Tense V-(2)2 Ale @ @ Progressive Tense V— UC} © Past Perfect Tense A/V-St/URMOL hse? e@ Sl cones on) FAME. This is the 9 o'clock news. ae dou? Do you have any questions? A OJAS of Bai] B24 74? ‘What's your opinion ofthis? 8 eeuch, think it's good. Grammar Focus ~ ‘The present tense of the formal polite style in Korean is made by adding (A) 4 LIC}. It is used mainly in formal or public situations such as in the military, news broadcasts, presentations, meetings, and lectures. Word Stem Ends in Consonant Word Stem Ends in Vowel such Such | sume | -aume | Preis Teac) vif | ah BUC —+ QUCf (Declarative) Wee RS un satec} HLA? — ZL7\? dnterrogative) aR are ect | = —eLICf — SUC Declarative) (to come) —HLIM? —» SLM? dnterrogative) yc} BUC} — YALICH (eciarative) onan [+ avin? — 1.1212 antonooaty ech gp SHEL BOLIC eceave cost) SLIM? — BLSLIZI? drtonogatne Base Form Declarative Interrogative xc} | Lc ALDH Ends in Vowel ae om onset? + -SLICh ol etic ain Ll? O}LICh OFELICt OIL IF? “ae SHSLICt BiSUni? act wauict aiaun ae Act Catach | aeLinte + -@Uc | | aume uct | geuch | taint auc ge | eietln? Sina are In Conversation A ao] B47? A Are you going to school? BY, Sao] Zc}, B Yes, I'm going to school. AOS Baez}? ‘4 Do you eat breakfast? Bl, such. B Yes, | sat breakfast. A SES TU? fb you esi? BY, 2s2 4c}. B Yes, | exercise. ATenses 45 we Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the exemple. 2 aay? 3 Sear, > a =z ay “2 AH ayy? oe e (3) (etttch) ayaa Ba A gEglo}.A? Doas it taste good? Bu], Brg a. Yes, it tastes good. A ofclol] 742.2 Where are you going? B S}alo}] 742, I'm going to school. aveala, Aa I, Hove you, Carol Grammar Focus The informal polite style is the honorific form used most in deily life. Compared to the formal polite style, this style is softer and less formal and is therefore used mainly among family members, friends, and other close acquaintances. The declarative and interrogative forms of the informal polite style are the same. The declarative form is therefore made by ending the sentence in a falling tone while the interrogative form is made by ending the sentence in a rising tone, OF is used when the word stem ends in # or -L. (@—OER is added when the word stem ends in a consonant. BC} + OF — ROKR = BIC — WOES, AIC} — ator @ If the word stem ends in the vowel +, one | is deleted. Ji} +@QR— 72 Ach 7g, eich — ete, Buc — Bue @If the word stem ends in a vowel, the following contraction can also occur. 2+ OZ — HH (Qt+ AML) wep we 1. Tenses {2 is used when the word stem ends in a vowel other than - or, @—01& is added when the word stem ends in a consonant. M+ OQ —S4OIs YC} — vol, eic}— oie @ if the word stem ends in the vowal 1, 4, or 4, the 01 of -C1& is deleted. auc +Qe = LYS IMAC} — XII, ME} — A, FIC} AD @If the word stem ends in the vowel -r, + and the O{ of O1S2 combine to form 1. HHSC] + O12 HHS (HHS + 12 — WHEL) — FC} ALS, BAC} — BRS @ When the word stem ends in the vowel |, | and the O{ of C12 combine toform 4. OFAC + O12— OAS (OA + 42 — DAB) ICI — JIA, SIOIAICE — shoiAs When the predicate ends in SICK, it is changed to aH. (Originally, 12 was added to 3} to form 5/12, but StC12 is now shortened to 32.) Bott} — Bee BHC — Beaks, Uslsict — AekHe, ofsesict — clelele, aletct — eletie ‘The verb O|Ct changes to Gi|52/0|0l|S2, with Ol1S2 used when the preceding word ends in a vowel and 0[0{1$2 used when the word ends in a consonant. @ When the noun ends in a vowel: S|AfOi2 (S/A} + oil) ARBIOICH— Atmos, O101L{0IC} — o1D{LIo2 @ When the noun ends in a consonant: |} O|O1IS2 (S|AHE + O01.) ASOICE— ALOIS, AW OIct —- Meeolollse | _BaseForm OL += BaseForm O12 += BaseForm a | etc eoie | gic Hoe wet (ach oR miuCE mR istsch (Ee ee ee | SILC pe) we: wee watt use ort 22 | OAc nie | aAisIc} aL oes |_wowslenaing | ole | weve | enoie Seg | Consonant Ending | -olol2 sWojole AAfolole —wojolsz 46 In Conversation A Ala 3 AR? B salsa, ‘A What are you doing now? 8 I'm doing homework. A RA AVS Yo] a? BRS 1] Ade Fog, Wet tra do youeat une ysl eck re A He AE 2/20] S99? 8 AaolLa, ‘A What is Minu's job? 8 He's a teacher. @ In Korean, the present tense forms include not only the present tense but also the present progressive tense and a future tense in which itis clear that a future event will occur. + Present — alt= OSta2ol) CIVIC, + Progressive — AE Xia BSE SUcH/eI, + Near Future ~ A= U2) Stmo|| 21UIc}/72, | 90 to colege. | am studying now, [wl go to schoo! tomorrow, ‘The present tense is also used to express general truths and to describe things that occur regularly. “NPS Hie See Sols, + AH OMBJOICH 2718 a, ‘The Earth rotates around the sun, Iran every morning. 1 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. = | A SIRI? F 8 Ul, SIKIOL®, a (zh) mn te ats bl — es « a mf 8 (aa) (la) @ @ A A Hy + pe B (aw) amy 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. a | a HL? | saree, (ates) : (2) iy Ay Ha? a B «4 ? 6) (6) AF] a2? “ NS Sst) (pale 198144 38 SQol] Alo}yto]. 2. (The baby) was born on March 5, 1981 200414 289] HRS SUL, | graduated from collage in February 2004, Ado] BSBA. We got married last year, Grammar Focu: The past tense form of adjectives and verbs is formed by adding —2t/% to their werd stems. When the word stem ends in the vowel F or 1, ~2t0{@ is added, and when it ends in any other vowel, {012 is added. For verbs and adjectives ending in SEC}, —WO1 is added to form S++ RAL, which is then shortened to $101.2. In the case of the formal polite style, -Q/MASLIC and StSL|Cf are used. Mees usar ont et ai Maelo ecole ca aces Deh eiicisg SCH + ROS — BIOS | SIc}+-Moie—sWe0i@ | Bsc} BHsoie BaseForm 2012 | BaseForm | -R101@ | BaseForm | Moie 2c} soi ANC wigiojg | MASH | HARoia eich eHtOle oar} ois. gisteict | eletuoie ec egos auc age | gsc} | esxoe 4.Tenses 49° ct woe | Sct estos Basic} | geltoie zich weoie ech SHO | amsic} | AxigoIe “2Er} 6 BROIe “#Ect | Balle «ARISE «| AGIRLOI i a Vowelendng | -31012 ZsNgo2 Consonant Ending -0/101 swolgio1e ae Vowel Ending FOL I21019. | IBA OSLO. Consonant Ending 0] ofL|si012 | tao] OLLIgIOIR. * Irregular form In Conversation A ola A] Rol? ‘A What did you do yesterday? BeHw2, 8 | studied, A EQUOl] YstS Boj.a? ‘A Did you see a movie on Saturday? B Ul, HLA, aajaleloi a. 1B Yes, | saw a movie. It was interesting, A Fuel] 3 Mola? ‘A What did you do over the weekend? BBS SUR. B | listened to music. ‘While the past tense of 2c} can be written either as S@012 or HOS, and the past tense of SIC} can be ‘written either as 302 or §O{%2, the past tense of cfs written only as BAL, not 2242. + FCh + Rik — FRO (0) HoIg (0) + Ht + —gioi2 — wigio1@ (0) oie (0) + SE + -Ri0i2 — Bfo1@ (0) Qz1g (x) onus What did Carol do this week? Refer to the calendar and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using 2/2012, 710} 2 eye athe th ef Beh Ao ME OFLU] gC +1279: wy) ate (2) Bz (3) Bay +129 8: @) Hs}ol Os (©) E7} ra, +129 98: 7 Hlel7}__ . BAe} Zein, +122] 102: @ mas +129 119: @ * 129 122: (10) SSS (11) GS} 4. Tenses Grammar Focus 2 Fo 24S AL lala, Pi buy a car two years from now. Sto] HAS & Ada. Vl go fishing this weekend, i) Gai Behe] SH SAMA, Vil visit China during my vacation, 19 This pattern is used to express a future plan or intention and means the same as ‘will’ or ‘is going to’ in English. It is formed by adding (2)= 74OI[ to the stems of verbs. = 7404|@ is used when the verb stem ends in = or a vowel, and —& 740i] is used when the verb stem ends in a consonant. Mere cuneate nA en ksi! Jie} +2 Ade — 2 role Neri Eee ud FC} +2 Ade — 42 Ade Base Form 2 Anis Base Form 2 01s sich | woe ick “gg ole at | 702 ee euch | Yo. aac we 72 Bratch ase role “ect 53 71012 “arc # Holz “ect #8 71012 comct | ste iis “sch Eg 702 * regular form 62 A al 24] Soll Aaa? ‘4 When will you return to your hometown? B Use] Bolt Ajo] a., B Miireturn next year. A Sao] HS Aa? ‘A What will you do over the weekend? B aS SZ. 2 Il ide my bike, was The following calendar is from Wang Jing’s daily planner. What will Wang Jing do this week? Choose the ‘appropriate word from below to fil in each blank using -(2)= 7012. 2 ee ee ee SE 54 AMola, yale 54 5) ‘ejeop ojos, ae} yjel stazol) et 7} WS US REIS ay _. RAMEN] AatScte Bo] Q AADIEB . Bade) M9) 18 9) Nei, eA 2 Vel] Stat BAR|] (ay Eade Ae ANDINA, FAS SUS 6) alt ao Al eS @__ ee . Bade eH a : A.Tenses 5S WAVE Ai S92 Bz glola, Dane is listening to music now. eld Ab ag dol 7A glo}, ‘Minu is going home now. olay) 2177} ae] Stel] ASS, Alu ASE] Ae AAP BGO} 2, Yesterday, a friend called Wesley on the phone. Weslay was sleeping at that time. Grammar Focus © This pattem expresses the progression or continuation of an action and is the equivalent of ing’ in English. It is formed by adding —72 QC} to the stems of verbs. To express the continuation of an action that occurred sometime in the past, —i1 QSACt is used. IC} + 32 UEP 7h ict ACh + al CH — FA CE _ Base Form | Bae Bae | AIC ALT OR RUHR 2c | wp goa 7 olga gole ehuch ohm gloie gem giz oct 27 012 Best Zesln goie In Conversation © ‘22 A Yaa, Az Aol Del 72. A arg lg te pols ta eet eco B us| a, 214 S413 S31 Qo]a, 8 I'm sorry, out I'm doing my homework right now. A of ob) ashe @ eistol2? ity Sa ehamower ee pnea union 2 AF} glsiolo, i era toe A alg olejola) At 01.9? a Wea ng ra B ALSO] Ah? Yoja, 8 I'm living in Seoul. “To express that an action simply occurred in the past, the simple past form ~Sh/204 is used. A OFR| EKO? What ss you co yesterday? 8 SIONAL At stole (x) — SIOAY AISHOIS. (0) relaxed at home, gare aerretne soneenmmere nen was Lock at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. a Aa a aia? 5 Hors AT Mog, (lol ZICH) | 2) cay, Aled 8122 & A BS ¥] aL? < 8 x (aleretty) (eset we CS) ASS A Aa ot = 42? Bo} 2. (axe Bc) (3S ech) 4. Tenses é BSH] ARAL. | have been to the U.S. (wert to, and have already retumed from, the U.S) SHANA ANML, 1 (have) ved in China. (don't tive in China now) obs 17} SEO, My father was overweight. (He's not overweight now.) This pattern is used to express something or a situation that occurred in the past but did not continue or something separate from the present because it occurred much earlier than when the speaker is describing it. It approximates to ‘did/had (in the past)’ in English. It is formed by adding -WBOAL to the stems of verbs and adjectives with stems ending in the vowel F or -L. Otherwise, -WMOH is added. For verbs ending in SHC}, 3494012 is added. NCU =ne tN anc STEN Moda ag AC} + MMOS — NOS IC} + -Aola — BIeeIOIa Besic} — Bwaoiw Base Form 21/21. Base Form R/ AOD tc ASO ect usizole Act xsi | AC susie. HEC aH S act Buroie ict | eiiscie | | aringoia wsict que | Bi iBIgiole “ect SUNIL | caRsioe * Irregular form In Conversation @ & A SHS ot w]e? A You don't smoke? B AE HHS BAe a. B I smoked last year. But | don't smoke now. Ag 4|at AS et wg 2. A 2S Hfejoh Alle] gola, ee ee B SS ARTO] Bstse 2. There were many people (there) in the summer, A Satol ¥] R1a? ‘A What did you do aver the weekend? B RAYSEM ANo1#, B I went to Lotte World, It was really interesting, ob aa) go, Expresses that something simply occurred Expresses a past occurrence that does not in the past or that an action or situation that continue to the present. ended in the past has remained that way. + HAI hol eto Bois, + HS Sho} BiROH Stsio12. {Dane may sil be in Korea. We don't know what (Cane came to Korsa and later left; he isnot in Koraa happened ater ne came to Korea. He may be in ew) some place other then Korea) + HM MOL 1H Sel atgizCLO, + HIE MOI 1H agtoig. (Cane previously lived in Seoul for one year, but now (Dane has been ling in Se0u! for one year he does not ive in Seoul) He previously lived in Seoul for one year, but we don't know where he lives nove) qa ‘What was Hayeong like 10 years ago? Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks as shown in the example. SIE AS OS A HGIO12, (rag each ag ale (Pt ACH aie (olel7t ac) 8 AS i (male 2 ch a9 ae (ainis et eich i Ceveze pa Ae Expressions @ Word Negation © 2 AV-O1/O12 (A/V-AI 2012) @ & V-0l/012 (V-A] Rol 2) aS Apepolola, @ She is Korean, aS Abeto] of eya, She is not Korean. £9] Yoia, ‘eee =] Mola. | don’t have any money. aaape efop.g, 1 know Korean. see Beha, | don't know Korean, Grammar Focus © Negative sentences can be made either by negating the entire sentence or by negating a word. When making a negative sentence by negating a word, O|C} is changed to OFLICE, QIC Fis changed to SIC, and QICf is changed to SC}. Of these, OLLICt is written in the form O|/7# OFLICH, but when used in the spoken form, O|/7tis often omitted. Muu leeuecce rere Rs y OHLICH = Olt OFEILICE OFLoll BICt — QUE SEC} Sct SBuUct | eg > BLP 7} BhHofoH. a? A tain stent OL], BVO] off o].2, AY YO]O].2, @ No, he's not a student. He's a teacher. ol-}a, So] of Jo} AARYeloHa,) o A 2% Alzt go}a9 {Do you have some tims today? B OHA, 235 A}ZEGIOLA. UPMLA, 8 No, Idon't have any time toxay. I'm busy. A wo}S oo}.a? ‘A Do you know Japanese? B oS, Seh2, 8 No, I don't know Japanese Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. A ulat A}eo}o}. 2.2 BOR, ust AOI nog, Ys! A}}ojoH.A. Ada Ba? 8 ofS, x ae _ EHoloI2, a lel AI7E Sho? Bota, 7H 2 A Bale} a A} 3112? soja, ay AAI Ae sS qora7 sachin, ALANS dees RAZ BOER, 2 Noga Expressions 67 Ale 2Yo}S A Foe, G AE 2481S 4A] Bora.) | don't eat squid, ARE O ea, HE az] eo...) ‘Those shoes aren't pretty. ufo] ef wloy.8. = wo] 2] eoh2..) “The room is nat spacious. This pattern is added to verbs and adjectives to negate an action or state. It approximates to ‘not’ in English. It is formed by adding Qf to the front of verbs and adjectives or —X| GLO} to the end of verb and adjective stems. Qt + JIC} — et ES JIE} +R] BOL — 71x] BOR? 2+ Sc} — eae Ac} +—A] Moke — 22) Gore Because verbs that end in SfC} are comprised of ‘Noun + SIC}’, they are negated by adding Qt to the front of the verb, forming ‘Noun 2t S}CP. Adjectives, on the other hand, are negated by adding OF to the front, as in ‘Ot + Adjective’. Note, however, that for the verbs SO}SICf (to like) and 4J0{S}C} (to dislike), because they are not verbs in the form of ‘Noun + S{C}, but rather are indivisible, single verbs, they are written as Qt BOFSHCL/BOPSHA] BICH and St OHSICH/AOLStAL SAC. 62 Qi+ sit} — 2 of sis Asic} +2] Borge — Aor] Bore Qt + Siwaict — ef alate BASIC! + -2| BOR — AASiA| Bors 2+ Rorsict — ot Borsie/Borsial Bole (c) Bot ot she (x) Base Form wave | aL BF ect Or ete ER] Soh Ee ces & woe al gos - Sect ata weisiz| ole Byaict ae et ale Bait gos “ct 2h cise ex] yole “ict 9h aoe xl go} * Irregular form Although 2F and —X| QC} can be used in declarative and interrogative sentences, they cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences. + 71412 (x), 7] E2412 (x) 713) 9H}42-(0) Pease don't go + EBACE OO, HA] BBA (x) 14) wale (0) Lets not at In Conversation A Bu7|S Sops]27 ‘A Do you like Korsan bulgogi? 8 Oh|2, Ae w71S ek Hola, B No, Idon’t eat meat. A ENS] SA}oH 71-22 A Do you go to the office on Saturdays? BYR, EQSlojl= 7}2] ole. 8 No, on Saturdays, I don't go to work. a ao] Beja? As your house far away? B Ya, e ola, 771912, 8 No, its not faraway. Its close. 2. Negative Expressions OG Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in the example. A mBq HH} RA? | SB B OWI R, WrHAL, / HUAI Bor2, AQ BSS 32? BOHR, amd Seen? Boa, A 0] 2012? Bo, A Al O27} SAR? Boje, 64 1K) can'tewin, Seema, © 242 22 ul] Zea.) | can't drink today. AS HS KE BAM, © AE LHS FEZ] RHQ.) | can't sing, Grammar Focus © This pattern expresses the subject's lack of ability to do something or the fact that something does not 90 according to one’s wish or hope due to some external factor. It corresponds to the English ‘cannot’ and is formed by adding & in front of a verb or —X| S284 to the end of a verb stem. (See also Unit 6. Ability and Possibility 01 V-(2)= + aiclyeich) B+ 7h 272 ict + —2] Bale — 7/x| Voie Rt Vasict > Qa] Rokk (o) & Velo (x) Base Form R-o/2 i =X] ZaH2 a) Ze Eb] Bais. a: ae pe & qos ‘Hal R312 aiaich on he agaist] ee on ee ee st 2 Bolg 2x] 812 * Irregular form: 2. Negative Expressions A 28012? Boa, 241 Bale, SAS A ROM, A 9 BS ek Boia? 8 ol7} ofA, “La4) 2] eae, @ Combines with both verbs and adjectives. Stano}| 21 742, (©) 4) don't goto school OEP} GF OFM, (0) Tha skit i nol pretty. @ Expresses not doing something regardless of ability or external conditions. AE SEZ Ct SG. | don't dive. {Hinew how but don't want to} +262 ANS sir] Role, Liwon't go shopping tocay. {| simply con't feel tke going shopping) wee ‘A Bo you drive? B No, I can't drive. | never learned how. A Why aren't you eating? @ My tacth hurt, so I can’t eat, @ Combines with verbs, but not normally with adjectives. + SURO} 5-742, (0) (cant go to seneo, + Aloft Solis (x) @ Used when one is unable, oritisimpossible, to do something, + HE SNS EAM. teantarve {ould ke t be able to dive but cant ds to sore sxtonal circumstance, such as eg injury) + SES AB sal Reig, { cen't go shopping today. (want to 90 shopping but can't cue to some ‘extern creumstance, such 2 lack of money ortime) Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using ‘< as shown in the example, 8 OW2, Roe / DEAIKI BOW, Fol 7422 Bora, ume a ARS, SS UAL? ae] 42) Bel 3 A oll] BS 30] 2? Boh A, 7} GRR, Particles @ Nol/7t @ng/e @nz/s ® N22, N(olzt, NSE @ ne @ Nol @ @ Nol @ © Nol @® NOW NZI, NS#E1 NZI ® Notlzi/stel @N= @ net © N#toll @NS)z2 & NOL D ® NOL @ @ne ® NAH, NZ] ® N=ct ® Nolct WA} Fork, The weather is nice. NS] S-E7} AUB, ‘Along time ago, there was a princess. AZ| AE AED. There's Jaojun coring (this way), Grammar Focus 1 0]/7} is added to the end of a subject to designate it as the subject of the sentence. For words ending a vowel, 7} is added, and for werds ending in a consonant, O| is added, +29 SS Fog, Joe! eats bread, ‘When 7} is added to Lt, H, and 5-1, they combine as follows: WW MME ete | + U7 EEO, tm Richa. U7} RIMS OIR. Ox) + R7t SEA, M11 do it AI} BAAR. (2) + 457} BASHMOLD? Who wil clean up? SE F7t AASHOID? (X) Particle GS om 4. Some friends have gathered to have a party. What will each of the following people be doing? Look at the pictures and fill In the blanks using 0|/?}. @) A 7} ARS BS Age? 8B A @) a 4-7} Alle ths Aaa? B Alas wes Ada, @) 4 2h, +7} SEES 4 74e]82 B Of, Ere Ta, (4) & “12]5t +7} Shs Su) e 7] 2? __ She Ene Aaa. 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 01/7}. @ a WA He, ee Bau wells, ¢ > 8) a | co =P) Alsiglola, ehgsPIN? Als Woleya, Hello, 'm Dane, Be 7p AM, SYS Wt obs, [My older brother is tall. My younger brother Is short HU Ae PSS AHR, APA Se KAA, Bud! is good at sports. Studying, however, is net his forte 1 £/£ designates the topic, or the target of exposition, of a particular sentence or group of sentences. Thus it means the same as ‘as for’ or ‘regarding’. For words ending in a vowel, = is added, and for words ending in a consonant, 2 is added. oA te Ae, I'm Korean, + 2] AE ML: ASIC, Richard is 29 years od AAIS TAD, matewer 2 2/£'s also used when referring to something mentioned earlier in a conversation or when talking about something already known by both sides in the conversation. In other words, 2/= is used when expressing ‘old! information +e Wiel ALAS gba, AST AE elo go}, Iiimeet Yoko tomrrow. Yoko came from Japen, + ASS Flo} FBO] Zio} A, 4G. AE OMBEH HOLA, | went to New York last year. New York was really beautiful. + ghee] Ghd} BOL. LAH: obo }so] FY slo a. (Once upon a time, there lived a man. He had two sons. 3, Particles In Conversation 2/¢ is used when comparing or contrasting two things, and, in such cases, it can be attached not only to subjects but also the objects or other parts of the sentence + PAS ols} Ao oa, Tale See es} ARCA, Eric is American. Junho, howeve, is Korean. (eubject comparison) AS She SR, 181th OFS Sols} Bop, {Ike soccer However, | dont cara for basaball (@bject contrast) + APSA eo] HOUR. SARE bMS 9] 2] Osho} a. ‘Snow fen Seoul In Pusan, however, snow did not fall (location contrast) AAS 0129 Do you have apples? BOR] A, WE OLA. No, (but) we have peers. (alludes to the fact that while there are no apples, there are, however, pears) Derr rani eer nee ect ies ALES 7188 Soke. MOWAZ SlAfol2. | AIBEE S02 ABS SSO UHL. & A HEY 2}99] Fa] 2? 'A What do your parents do? B CHAZ = SA} ola, B My father isa company employee, Jalal UL AAPQoo.2, ‘And my mother is a teacher. A Es} uj? A How's Tokyo? BEE Bo] Bea. B Tokyo is really crowded, A Megs}? aS Bach, 4s Hell, I'm Dane, B gaa? as AB a, 8 Hell I'm Caro. 'm American. “is ARB) A, A The following is Tiruen’s self-introduction. Read it and fill in the blanks appropriately with 2/=. PIAL? (1) Al Ole BSA 2, @ 4 aE Aree) ofR. @ A De eeo|a, a) seo] ols SH e12. Ae 71H] 3S 2 918. 6) OFA] Sola, @ 2el2 oe AA oleso, @s4__ Hea, @ S3__ BS Sora, @) A__ SS Sr AS, AA SSS Bo] HB, 10) TSA TY__—- HAYA. 2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 2/. () 9] ARE 24) Aaa. 2) 33 4 Ss Hol AoAi $to1.2., @) 2°) H2., MAS Heche, ) Me] Tel] ool, we] ob} go} a. 3. Particles He At BSH BLA, _ Bugi watches a movie opi} ABS goa. Dad reads the newspaper. RS 7} SS Bojan, ‘Yoko listens to music. Grammar Focus The object particle &/# is added to a noun to express that the noun is the object of the sentence. For nouns ending in a vowel, Sis added, and for nouns ending in a consonant, & is added. Common verbs that require this object particle include YC} (to eat), OLAICH (to drink), SOFSHC {to like), SCF (to read), EAC (to see), BHLICH (to meet), ACH (to buy), 7HEAICH (to teach), HECK (to learn), and AAC} (to write), In colloquial speech, /Z is sometimes omitted. eter nakcmcneae AME OS S202 Sate Bie dee 2 ape vue Ades ue TEE A Rei2 nee SS ace 2 In Conversation ATE SES Sra? ‘A What kind of exercise do you like? BSS Soha, B | like soccer, A PAS wea? ‘A What do you study? BUS MAR, B I study Korean, A 23 8 Bh} a? A Who will you meet todey? BoA} FS why, 8 I'l meet my aiffend, <> ae © N+ dtc}—neatct ‘When 2/3 is omitted from verbs like 3 Sich, +8 Sic}, SEZ SIch, and 4144S atch, the form becomes shortened to a single one-word form: BIC, Balch SEI, and Awstc}. However, for the verbs Bojstc} and Mofstch, because SOP and AJO{— are not nouns, the forms BopstC} and ‘A0}3HCH are the one-word verb forms, @ Asi27 ‘The question noun 794 can be shortened to 70), which can be further shortened to 9. Thus, the question #5 3127 can be shortened to @! aif22, which can be further shortened to 4 sh22? This form is often used in conversation. a F015 + F918 8197 — 9IB 819? — § 212? — 9 #427 om Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using #/S. (2) A RP 7} SS: 0? A Se] APE SS aha? pe BELO. paso] gla, 8 >, a x7} Hea? B é As Hs} Ble Soraya, e | like watermelons and strawberries, (= AS G71 HUhS Fopsi.a.) i srr wri ofa] 7PaeLeF BAKE ALLS, Sei Sara ne ba (= 14 BA PHS aoe.) Yesterday, | bought a hat and a bag. I'l have a hamburger andi coke, please. Grammar Focus ‘1 These particles express the listing of various things or people and correspond to ‘and’ in English. 2/2} is used mainly in writing, presentations, and speeches while (0|)@f and S}1 are used in everyday conversation. For nouns ending in a vowel, 2f or Zt is used, and for nouns ending in a consonant, Zor O|2f is used. StI is used regardless of whether a final consonant is present. eto saints ota ee Dene ar Runecut ou ies RSH HAO] VSUCL AZo SAS SUCt SOPSS OWS S]AfoH] 742. | - SMe Ae O0/ARBS Sosa, sais biel ic Aol2. RAD SSS S AZ, | 2 These particles can also indicate the target with which the subject performs an action and ‘correspond to '(together) with’ in English. When indicating such a relationship, Zt0| and Sta] normally follow the particle. + Uj ZPepSt Ze] BOS = 7Jo]A. | plan to see a movie (together) with my friend tomorrow. + 7SS BA FBS 7D Aon, I want to go on a trip (together) with my family. + $2] Abst Zo] AAlebots Shall we have lunch (together) with the teacher? In Conversation ~- @ ee A Wolf +7} WS47? ‘A Who's in the classroom? BAS Ha BRS] euch, 8 The teacher and students (are in the classroom). A BE LAS Sopa a7 's What kind of food do you like? BWM BS Sorea, 8 | like naengmyeon and kimbab. ann —— ae © When functioning as particles to list things, (0)}@ and 8132 can be added to the final noun in the list, but 21/3} cannot. + BIXIE IIS AOI (0) + HiNtoia 7Hate 4tO1g. (0) + HIZIS 7S A012. (0) | bought pants and « 6ag. + 201g 7/WOle 2, (0) + RSID 71WSI AE, (0) + RD} HETERO) I buy clothes and a bag @ Although 21/2}, (0))2, and 8121 can all be used similarly to list things, they cannot be mixed within the same sentence. + Hie S7ISt UILILIota. Bolt AS Sores. (x) + HE 71S} MHLW} Bat ZS BOS, (0) | tke strawberies, bananas, tangerines, and persimmons. “ME B716D ULL BED AS Holei2 (oc) + HS 7/2 BLL! Bola 2H@ Bolsta. (0) a) ATRE SHHL? A Of Moly EB Blo}? eae 2 oak ws 718 Beta, ola, AS Fam o¥e . ee 2 Hea? 5 age | waa, Ce IAS Ase] Zola, G oa Ae] Aoloja.,) This is Wesley's book one Hr as] Aa aluct, Go#e Fo 4 Aad.) ‘This is Bud's teacher Al ole BSL, © AS] eS BSq]Uth.) ‘My name is Yoko. Grammar Focus 2] expresses the possessive relationship of the first noun being the possessor of the second noun. It corresponds to the possessive ‘of’ or (Noun)'s’, in English. When 9 is used in this possessive sense, it can be pronounced as either [2]] or [04[] although [0f[] is used most often. Furthermore, the particle 21 is often omitted in colloquial speech. In the case of pronouns representing people, such as Lf, A, and L}, rather than being omitted, 2] combines with each to form L}2] — LH, 742] — A], and L42} — Ui. Ina sentence, 21 is placed between the possessor and the possession AINE] OfO4L) (= ALAS ofD{L)) alo| May (= 22] Mate) Lio} ai /uy a AQ] 018 /A 01 49] AH/t4 2 a @ In Conversation A ORS SPS} OAH? a AS mo] 2abeluep, A ORS FFPel] 2? B Ale AS] oejyaa, A 13°] Hele? 8 7) BS oe 42, ‘A Whose umbrella is this? 8 It's Jacjun's umbrella ‘A Who is this person? 8 (She's) Jason's mother. ‘A What's your name? 8 My name is Lee Minu, When referring to a group with which one is associated (home, family, company, country, or school), it is common to use the pronouns $21/7481 in place of Lt Also, $22] is used in place of Mf and Ly when referring to one’ family members. However, in the case of 44, 4 4 and | S24 are used more often than $2] S44 (our younger brother/sister). + Ul I fy house) a + UH 7% omy fami = + AL SIAF my company) A L&E my country) = + A S22 (my school) = + Uf CICA ony mother) = + a Of (my fatnor = + 2 SILI imy older sister) = + HA EBY/OFLH (my husbandinile) > + Ail /OHS (my daughter/son) i “7A 48 (my younger brotherisister) 221 &I (my/ow house) 22 21% onfour fami » 22] BIA} (my/our company) P2lL42t ¢myfour country) 22] Bf (mur achoo) $221 O101L1 ¢myfourmotner 22] OFSAL eryfourftnen $22] 214] rylour aldor ston 22) EIBVOLA (ny husbanchwie) 22] S/O1E (you deugmeis0n) ‘When showing respect to the listener, 34, the humble from of $224, is used. Examples include #18) 0{0{ U and %43) O}:4), However, when referring to one's country, only 22|L{21 is used, not X18] Lie}. tetera 9. Particles Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 21. A ole 9] 7h¥oloH.22 8 7HHoIoH. A) A TRE 79] 2}zoloh.a? 3 aigelel2. (E] a) A 7 PARES TPQ? B (2s, 29 A ORES PaO? Bolte (221, of4U)) AT} BFA Oh. My friend is coming to Korea. So] eta] ys, IMy little brother goas to school the dol] seo] Soya. | go back to my hometown next month. Grammar Focus 1 | is used mainly with the verbs JIC} (to go), SCF (to come}, CHIC} (to attend/commute), OLICK (to return), SEAFSHC} (to arrive), BELECE (to go up), and LYBA7ECH (to go down), It expresses the direction in which a particular behavior proceeds. It corresponds to ‘to’ in English. ‘OHS! SIAtoH 74S el Nol QH2 Blo CHS 2 Ollis also used with QIC} and Q{C} to express the location of a person or thing. It comesponds to ‘in’ or ‘on’ in English. (See also Getting Ready 02 2Ic} (to be)) + St Ha] BOrA|7} Noa. The dog is on the sola. + Ale Boll 1714S} $480] ois. Right now my mother and Ile brother/sister are in the house. 3.Paticles 8 In Conversation A elejoy 7422 A Where are you going? B Ys}go] 7-2, 8 I'm going to the department store. A Sal M7} AYA TPElo] 9-89 {A Is Yoko coming to the birthday party? Boh, gabe, ihrer leet, A QS QF} HL? 1k Wat wil you do tis aternoon? B Aaa 72, 8 I'm going tothe bookstore. Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks using ol. A Aa AZ} olc}ol] 73:2.2 8 A Le 7 thts SARL? BY, SURIL, 23 A Ale SJ] Ofc gloja? B A ASP )7} 144] 3ho}.2.? B Al OF 8A} Bopp, Bae | wake up at 8:00 in the morning, 3H 22] Ayo] Bole. | came to Korea on March 2, ELM] wh}, ‘See you on Saturday. iis also added to nouns that indicate time and expresses the time when some action, event, or situation occurs. It corresponds to ‘at’ or ‘on’ in English. Off can also combine with the particles = and & to form OE and Of. eran Riu 200904), 4}A0il Hol, LAOH Aol, XILHIOL, Olt SoH, CHS Glo | Day 48 1820), AGLOH, ofZI0/LioH, ==21AcLAoH | Day of Week ALaol, |2Lol, Aol Time : BE Alo}, S240}, SoH, oF oH, 74H Season ‘ol, O1Rol, 7101, 71201 8, Particles Of the nouns that indicate time, Of] cannot be added to 1%] (= 171A) (the day before yesterday), O1AIl (= O12471)) (yesterday), SS (today), LHL! (tomorrow), 224 (the day after tomorrow), or 2471] (when). + lalla Atel a. (x) — o}] A548 Bela, (0) I met my friend yesterday, Lol BSE S Aaa. (x) — Wel BHF B AaB, (0) | plan to see a movie tomorrow. = Mao] Ae 7-22 (x) — Mal DEH 7:27 (0) ‘When will you go to Japan? In Conversation A HE B Ale] 22? ‘A What time do you normally go to sleep? Be YT 11 Jo 28, B Lusually go to sleep et 11:00 PM. A Al Deol] Bors Aaa? ‘A When will you go back to your hometown? B Ud 62] Sols Aa. B I plan to go back in June of next year. A RH AZbO] Voda? ‘4 Do you have time on the weekend? BY], Fete A1zto] gloda. B Yes, Ihave time on tha weekend ‘When more than one noun representing time is used in a sentence, then ol is added to the final noun only. + 4S F0] SSQo| O*0} 104) sowol eILIS. (x) — 12 = SVU OM 104) so#ol BIS. (0) Let's mest next Saturday at 10:30 A.M. g | Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using oj. A B99) BR Z)o] B48? 2 A MR] Ha] Boia? 8 a Bl AS] Ae] me]S ola] aa? B Ar] Ae ea] Aza? B ® aio] 719, Aso] FAS a0, I'm going to school. | study at school. Sse] oA, SAAT BEES HOLA, | wont to the theater. | saw a movie at the theater. Adel J Aaa. ASIA WS AS Ais, ''m going to the cafeteria, I'll eat at the cafeteria. Grammar Focus OI|AY is added to the end of nouns to express the place at which some action or behavior occurs. It corresponds to ‘at’ or ‘in’ in English. HSESOI Aso, SALA S312. PABOIM BAB SUS. ANigOlAl 7iN}e OAS, | UASeOI Sete, In Conversation A ojcjol]A| 4t0}.2.? BASHA Aoh-2. ‘A Where do you live? B I live in Seoul A O17] ol 2? BBS ATS titolg. AUS 4 S422 A What will you do toriorrow? B EAM BR Aaa, 8 study atthe tibary ex> or = When used before the verb AICf, the particles o| and Af can both be used. There is very litle difference ‘in meaning. + HE MOl AOID (0) Describes the stale of iving or existing in Secu!) + HE MGIA{ 410}. (©) (Emphasizes the actor bohavor of Iving in Saou!) ‘A What did you do yesterday? 8 | met my friend at Myeongdong, Pa aT Indicates the place where a person or thing is located or moves and is mainly used with verbs denoting movement, location, or existence. + ABS Hao Qo12. (0) ity Hal isn Seoul + HoH 104210) BiOL2. (©) “The hovse does not have an air conditioner. o Alsen Ue eis. Go} + SiO SIROHE HHO, (0) oH BOIS MIHOID, (x) (learned ne Koran language a acho. Indicates the place where an action occurs and is used with a variety of verbs. + AIS MBOIA 2042, (0) + HlOWAY O10}Z40| SiOHR. (><) + AISOIAL SHS e012. (0) | eatin the dining room. BPatces Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using oll. 4 OTSA e922 8 a o}cloyy labs E22 B A EQS] Fe Aa? B A 9} 20) 3] glo}? Sal A) Ase. I walked home from school. ASMA HAbAZ| AI] Gap Az2? How long does it take to gat from Seoul to Busan? 2A SABE OF SAI) Lah, Twork from 9:00 A.M. until 5:00 P.M. Grammar Focus ‘These particles express the physical or temporal range over which an action or event occurs and correspond to ‘from... to...’ and ‘from... until...’ in English. When expressing physical locations, normally ‘Noundi]44 Noun)" is used, and when expressing a range of time, ‘Noun5#E] Noun?}X| is used. Sometimes, however, both expressions can be used with no distinction. ea MN gle i hore CG HOA Sta7}2| HAS 202 Baye, AMAZE QS 1A\HE 2AAIQLCH. SRO SEMA wR B+ YUoig, BLUSE] SLI7|| S{inol| 7-2, 42/01 7 EX] SE O|EX(m)oH 2? THE SBA] BSlOlo|2. (= O17 EA |74| & O|E{(m)ol2?) (= 7 BoA] 8B7| BSt0jo2.) In Conversation & A 47] Sht7}4| Bola? 4 Is it far from here to school? BU), HAR AS aaa, 8 Yes, it takes about one hour by bus. AO} EARS ELV] ZS YY? A lettin tora open on Saturdays? BY, HAUS Oa 10x}24] 8 Yes, on Saturdays, i's open from 10 AM. unl 4 PM. 2% 4x)7A] AUCH, A SSA STH] 0] i] 712.2 ——_& How do you get from Myeongdong to Dongdaemun? B Ae-a 48.442 Eb! 7p 2, 8 Please take subway line 4 gous Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either O1A{~7IXI or S=1~717|. KAS AP art ag? 8 Ha7|= It aed, A any deja? 8 74A= 10H Aaa, AB ALPE] # Al742) Aalalztolo}. 2? 8 2+ 14] 2A] aac, A UATE] Cal7}4] Stat el). 8 shal S12. (10, 8-10, 10) 27} AS Al ABS Suh. ‘> Jagjun gives a present to Gero. AAS] ASH] Usho1S 7S AC, ‘The teacher teaches Korean to the students, SHO] AR US AL, My litle sister feeds the dog. Grammar Focus [24] SHE] are added to nouns representing people or other living creatures and indicates that the noun is the recipient or target of an action. $tEl] is more colloquial than O4{74]. Of|71|/StEl] are only used when the preceding noun is a person or other living creature. Otherwise, (for plants, things, places, etc.) Oj] is used, 0{|2i[/StEl| cannot be used with all verbs. The limited number of verbs they can be used with include ECT (to give), MBIT (to give a present), FIAIC} (to throw), EALHC} (to send), 542 |Cf (to ship/send), OIC} (to attach), ACH (to write), AS}SH} (to phone), BC (to ask), 7HERICt (to teach), BSHLH (to speak), BICt (to sell, 7ECf (to go), and QC} (to come), or eer lie Vs | MTU wea ccc hol AS | ol 2S AQ Rola ARS LYS HzO] AVS sys AMA Be S|Atoi] Boje s a pete MeHe AHPAlol| TBH Of |7} Sobstell Sta Bt Fel Soll 212. In Conversation A ete] Bz}S AB? ‘A Who are you writing a latter to? B We Bee] ANS AB, B Fim writing a letter to my friend back home. A 2 BS 4122 ‘A Why did you buy flowers? B oz} Aete] AST Aaa. BT golngto give nem to my gitend as a present A Ag, Gh Bale SPS 7} A Teacher, ha isthe phone number for Namsan Mo] 2? Seen a ujgs|a, 2 Sepa, fm sory, but | don't know, Please cal iactony 1140] alata waa, sssstance at) 114 <> © When giving or doing something for someone equal or lower in social status than the speaker, oli FECt is used. However, when the target of the action is someone of higher social status to whom the speaker must show respect, the honorific 7 is used in place of O71/8#2H, and 2c} is used in place of Cp. (See also Introduction to the Korean Language 5. Honorific Expressions) US BONA ABS SQBUICH — Ue Rolex Me SROLICt {gave a precent 0 my Grarcna + ARIEIOUH Mehe SRELICL — API SRS Smet, | rade cal to the bess, + OfuIAlOHAA SEMELICE — OFX SHR RRALICH tld my fates, @ When receiving or learning something from another person, OJ] ZEC}/HHECH or BIELAY WIC /EHS Chis used, Aj can also be omitted, in which case the expression becomes Of7|| ¥C1/4} 2c} or Stel] Wt Hvac. When the thing being received or learned comes from a person of higher social status, the ‘honorific 74 is used in place of olf}Ai and ZEAL + Uy) SRL FOIA LES wRSLCh = HH Meol Aol MES wersucy, | got a present tom my enc: on my birthday. + ORO HEIDE SIRS HeRSLICH, INearnad Korean from my eactor, Lee veonge. + ORS cf Sto}ilxtal GLxtS weRIALIC. Heared Chinese characters from my grandfather when Iwas Iie, ORO AMM StEH SIRS UH SE UC. Look et the pictures and fill in the blanks using oll7i)/ste!. Ma 7h tb 7 Asa, ole) 7} aa 282 28d. a At. $e aac. BS AE ee ec. Oe We Ue AOA. @ Ae]at ARE = AOlo A, Mukul Is Indian, And his friend is also Indian. onal 717} Ag, 2D A= 7I7} AQ, My father is tal, And | am tall, too. 24 Ae ABS Sora, 2e]a a7|= Soraya. Wang Jing likes applas. And she likes strawberries, too, Grammar Focus . Eis used after subject and object nouns to express the listing of subjects and objects or the addition of a subject or object to one mentioned previously. This meaning corresponds to ‘also’ or ‘too’ in English. Ute She APBIQILIC], ela SIAR St APB ALC}. OBIXHE 0] GSLICL Tala ZH BRSLICL. Ube ABS BOrsicich. ela ets SopsiLict. US SSS SUC. dala Sse SBUch. When added to a subject particle, the subject particle is omitted, leaving only 5. Ue BS Aol a. Dalal AHS sy Ape}, (x) the ay Apa, Dela Ze SF AN o]eH.a. (0) I'm Korean, And my friend is also Korean. Similarly, when added to the object particle, S/H Is omitted, leaving only =. + Us= AHS Sopsya, De]at 7] Solas, (x) — Ute ASHE $opsHM, De]at G7] = FopsyA, (0) Like apples. Andi (ike) strawberries, too. When & is added to particles other than subject or object particles, however, the other particle is net omitted. + Deo] AY} Vola. Deja v)Hopse AP Boia. (0) | have a friend in Japan. And (\ have a friend) in the USA, too. Azo] AY} Qol2, Te} w]e AY} Qo}B. (x) + Aoi BPO, TelT. EAROPTE Beaha, (0) | study at home. And (| study) in the library, too. AA BHAA, Del EAE BHAA. (x) + APOHA ASS FUR. Deja! SYM ASS FUR. (0) | gave a present to my friend. And ( gave a present) to my younger sister, to0. ASA AES $O1O. 2171 HAE ALS FOIA, (x) In Conversation dieck, \S2/ A Foe WS Ao]9? A What will you have to eat? a Hehe Fe Jala, 8 ("i have bibimbap. And I'l have doenjang stew, too Ae|n Sabai IS Falls, ALE TAS HAR? 'A What do you study these days? B erolS ua. B I study Korean, And | also learn taekwondo. Ae|T YAS ye, A OA] BA Belo] +7} Qoj.a? ‘A Who came to the birthday party yesterday? B Ube 27} Soja, 8 Martin came. And Yoko also came. Az|T QS WE Zea, 9,Particies 95 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using =. a FE S412 Solel? SEIS Fog, Jen vet Fora, 4 A Ye7k eH 29 ie 8 SEQ 7} aah a 2R* Yy ® & daa A ofa HE Bio} a? Bas. : ae] of ast A A AHA POLS ate] 2? Bas aaa a 2 Bato] a ANE Ho}2., Coat Se) ag at a aes TH AS ofa et FolQ, w7|" Bola, Dane doesn't eat vegetables. (He) only eats meat. SER 7th a] AB, Please wait for just five minutes. Grammar Focus Gt expresses the choosing of one thing to the exclusion of other things. It corresponds to ‘only’ or ‘just’ in English. When used after a number, it can also mean ‘minimum’. It is used by adding @t to the end of the word being chosen or being stated to the exclusion of other things. | JHE! MIS UEXIBE CIO. Carol only wears pants, AASS BLU so12. ‘That restaurant is closed on Mondays only. SeAS| AILIDY MILE AFZISt 74012 | will love only Jennifer for eternity. F2| Ole SF SY AlVet aa, Our child just plays games all day long. The particle 2t can be used either in place of the particles O[/7}, 2/+, and S/, or it can be used together with them. When used together, Bt is added first, followed by O|, &, or &, to form B40], St ©. and BS. + £O10 Feho] YeIo}a, (0) = Aco] upstol gstsHo4a. (0) ‘Only Junho was accepted to the university. sedi te ake of alot is}atet gloia, (0) =H1Oe HE We ct gla WOES glola, (0) bu ics boc bead ne otter ack However, when used with particies other than O|/7}, 2/=, and S/S, Bt comes after the particle, to form OAIEE, OMAIBE, and HEXIBE, for example. + F2] SS LOA SPSS BoA SHS] BOHR. (0) Our daughter studies only at school, and doesn't study at home. FASS FMA SPAS DOA SSH] BOHR. (x) + BS MOA ARS BL (0) | gave a present just to Junho. ES WPA ASS BAB. 00) = AOS AE 12A|7}2| 8k BALS}a! A}. (0) Jason studies only until 12 o'clock, and then sleeps. Alles ARS 1A REMALRE SPST! AEB. (x) In Conversation & A BYE] ct oa? ‘A Have all the students arrived? B Ft] AR et Yoja, 8 Only Budi hasn't arrived. 2 spe oh sola, The others have all arrived. A Aso] Aas} 2 OAR? ‘A Do you take both sugar and cream in your coffee? B age go} Fala, 8 dust sugar, please. oes Look at the pictures end fill in the bianks using 2. AAD AS} QA] LEO] A}zo/o}. 2? Borys, HS a) a SHOE AAS Wola? 8 hye, (#24) a dee] AIAE BA} DS a2? Bora, cn) Aap} & 7Hebell ek gror a. There's only one apple left. WAL] rere Bola, ‘There's nothing but milk in the refrigerator. ASS 7S wsrel.2, @ | only received one present. f0l] expresses the only thing or option available, with no possibility of anything else. It corresponds. to ‘only’ or ‘nothing but’ in English. The word that comes before $f04| has a connotation of being very small or few in number, and @ negative form must follow it. Deen ot (= XI SCH) ea SP4B0| F Sytoll et Boia. cela & (= -2| Ratt) A SORE AS Bt 7Hsfol S ALS. gag SA0| RS Holl Coie, B22 Rote ‘Chsshila’stol Bele. Aithough 4fO!l is always followed by a negative form, it cannot be followed by OFLC, nor can it be followed by imperative or propositive forms. NFS SYReteH OF oR. () + EDES ZrO] AL] ob. (x) — 3. Particles = 10231 7132} Wale. (0) — 108SE EATER. (0) Let's wait just 10 minutes. (Compare with Unit 3. Particles 12 21,16 N(O})Lt ©) In Conversation @ A LAS Bo] egloya? {k Did you read much of that book? B Oey cl Sto] # gi gio] a 8 It's difficult, so | could only read five pages. A sHE}o] AlZHSO] yo] $0189 {A Did alot of people come to the party? B {08S 212, B I invited 30 people, but only 20 came. Ae] 2OYHToH et SB. A Alzto] Siaptt gk] 27 ‘A How much time is left? B LOH] ek skola. 8 There ar only 10 minutes remaining, “The particles $fol and @! have similar meanings, but while @t can be used in both positive and negative sentences, ¥foll is used in negative sentences only. + AION HE Io 2042. (x) + MOIS TIE lpr 2012. (0) BAO AHE AlstoH Bote. (0) Only Jaen i inthe classroom, ‘Only vacjun is in the classrooms. BANE x1 alot Bole. (0) + AHO 2122804 A012. (x) Everyone but daejun isin the classroom, PHO TIgA¥IOL Gt ALOIS. (0) {Al the other students are preaent) ‘only bought ruta he store + 7ptORA wkBlet Atois. (0) |only bought fruit atthe stor. PIOLA BIE 2 ALOIS. (0) "bought things other than fruit at the store, {bought all the other ingredients) Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 404. @ a cis a Aol Saya) alzbo] wo] Zea? a7 8 oh2, 244 BP) 108 _ aaa, A A 919 wo] ao} 27 2 o}49, A] ANE Se Ato} a, A Blo ofS}Yo] WoL? B A Alo jj] ze] glo} 2? CTE St sa re ee @. Particles © 107 e a7)4] SEROS 712, Please go to the right from here. ASO ARENA B71 72, niapnesun canbe ste AS SS AeA, () cut the paper with scissors. BSOE AS TSMIg, O-6 so Grammar Focus 1 (©)® expresses a direction (toward a place). It means ‘to’ or ‘toward’ in English. When the preceding noun ends in a vowel or @, Sis used, and when the noun ends in a consonant, 23 is used. EOS 7A, ZO] ULM, Please go to the right. You'll see a bank. + 9.22 S 7p IQ, $-A]S0] Yo].R. Please go straight forward. There's a post office, 2 (2)& is also used when expressing means of transport, other means, tools, and materials used to make something, This meaning corresponds to ‘by’ or ‘with/using’ and ‘from’ in English. 102 + YAlol] 7]2}2 Z Ao|.@, igo to Busan by train. WE SS Baa, |-cut the paper with scissors. + SI75RE WES ESO}, make bread from flour NUM SUTIN onic Relea Nails RU Recrui HAS 72 2528 7g Ha87 I ROHL, PEROR IMS Alerwe 2 7102 ERoe 712 BOR Bole Boe Usk we wee RVRIOE Hog In Conversation “-........... & A Aa, So] ojo] 31012? a Pardon me. Where is the bank? BA OF oA] PSHOS 7pI2, 8 Please go to the right from that pharmacy (over there). A ASA BAlo] of gay 7.29 ‘A How do you get to Busan from Seou!? B 7A 7HS. 7147+ Behe, 8 (Please) go by train, The train is fast. A 0] SHAY} TRQO}2, BLS BHE91O}.8.7 4 this candy is good, What's it made of? BO] JAKE BE VHS Slo] 2. B This candy ig made of rice, > BS ARES S7 POE BES Fo]. a Koreans eatrrice with a spoon. UE ARTS 7h YAS PO].2. —s The Japanese eat ice with chopsticks, o ‘When a means of transport is represented by a verb instead of a noun, ~0}/O1¥ is added to the verb, such as in O14, HOA, S241, SSH, and aia. + StmO1M IMAI BOI 712, | g0 home from seco by foot + MBO AA! SABHA 2012, went from Seoul to Busan by driving a car. = FAO A MPSS TIX] Bal Zt 74012. | plan to swim (go by swimming) from Busan to Jeju Island. 3.Patices 103 © What is the difference between Ri $012 and BMSIM 20197 + 012 refers to getting in a car and traveling, with the subject either driving the car or riding, a5 a passenger. However, 27844 81012 can only be used when the subject actually drove the car. UP UE RE BO _ 2g ip eae Sei2, * Can’be used when expressing that Minu traveled by | * Can be used when expressing that Min traveled by oer ving 2 ca, * Can be used when Minu drove the ca. + Can be used when Winu crove the car | "Gan be used avon when Mina was nal the one wa | * Carnot be used when Mina was nat the one who | aor, | stove. @ What is the difference between (2) 7c and —ofl 7ICK ~(2)E PIC} expresses going toward a particular direction, with the focus being on the direction. 0, 74C4, on the other hand, focuses on the destination, and thus only the destination is expressed because no sense of direction is conveyed. Sele 7 01 7ieF | * Focus on direction * Fosus on destination O12 W7} RIOR 712. (Cc) Bre goestoris home, | OH#| AE BIO 7E, (©) Este goes this home. PERLE 72 (0) — Goto theright 2EROl HID, (x) Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks using (2)2. a) a BoA B74 of 87] 73.92 B 7st, c 7a, Dae TS, A Al BAEZ] of Bi) 71:2.2 7M, (3) x ey 8 aAlS 3] "ia. _ 24S, 4) a 2 Aleta) 7 WS WS] a. 104 & ore Sort WS Bola, In the mornings, | eat bread or rice. Ho] Wea, Bony eA Hapa, \'m thirsty. Please give me some water or juice. Ysfo] AE Bebo] 7haz aoa, | want to go to Jeju Island or Mt. Seorak curing the school vacation. (0|)L} means that one of the two or more listed nouns will be chosen. When the preceding noun ends ina vowel, Lt is used, and when the noun ends ina consonant, O|Lf is used. In the case of adjectives and verbs, —74L+ is added to the verb stem. (See also Unit 4. Listing and Contrast 02 V-?{L4) (GNU eiueliuemeavoyiclies Noun Ending in Consonant + SAI eS SS | AIZOILE BAS BO | S7ILt ts AS | PSfOIL} 87 |B ALD Pelt SS oe BOL SSS OS BICHLE Atoll 712. OIL HECHO 7k. STU FSS He FSO STS HL When (O|)Lf is added to a subject or object, the subject or object particle is omitted, leaving only (O|) Lh in place of O|/7} or B/S, respectively. © fPPU7AY oh] AI7} Qala. (x) — of oFs]2]7} Beha, (0) ‘My mother or father cooks. SOY WS YOUR. (x) — Bol} YS BO}.2. (0) () eat bread ortioe, B.Paricles 105 When (O|)Lf is used together with the particles Off, Ol|Ad, and O24], (O])L# can either be used alone with the first word(s) in the list while Oll, OA, and Oj]4] are used with the final word, or (O|)Lf can be used together with Of, Ad, anc O71] to form OLE, OIL}, O1HILE. However, the use of (O|)Lf by itself is more natural. + ENA} 12 lo] 2a, (0) = BRAM] } Alo] VE (0) () exercise on Seturday or Sunday. + Aloe Bfol] 7}.2. (0) = Abo] Up uo} 7:8. (0) ()), go to the mountain or sea. / Let's go to the mountain or sea. + FAM 5] 14] Fo]EaA, (0) = Feely Axo So}Esa, (0) {0e) date atthe park ora cottee shop. +» AVE ay AOA] EAA, (0) = NOU ast 4h] Aaa, (0) (ask questions to my teacher or Korean friend. In Conversation © AFR AML? ‘A What will you buy? B FEU 7PES 4 Aa, B | plan to buy some shoes or a bag Ao] 2H BAS H BEAo} A, ‘A Idon’t understand this grammar question. BO} AMON 4 AAV Oly] 8 Please ask instructor Lee or instructor Kim. ena, qos Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using (O/)L+ ® => oP 4 Ro) og] 7:29 ec 3 Al8i4) vee eHaLa, A OA MS She 712? seed SUN AS Aaa. a Jeol] ofejol SF Ao}2? Spee eA Ss ATS Alo 7icwola, | waited for my friend for no lass than two hours. ofo|7t og) Boh} Yo1a, (We) have {as many as) eight children. ABIPE NLS, Le BAHL VIOLA. ‘The apples are tasty. So | ate (as many as) ten of them. Grammar Focus {O))Lf indicates that the number or amount of something is much higher or more than expected, or +s at a level higher than what is generally considered normal. it corresponds to ‘as many as’ or ‘no ‘es than’ in English. When added to words ending in a vowel, Lf is added, and when added to words ending in a consonant, O|Lfis added. Neuen an tres Noun Ending in Consonant + BILILHS QE HLF Pigtos. Bi poia| CHS! MOIL} AIsisO12. ‘St AlZt SOt 30 MOIAILE IOS | O1M| SE AIZHOILE AtO1 2. Compare with Unit 3, Particles 13 N¥tol) 3. Particles In Conversation A FA] SS Bo] palo 2? ‘A Did you drink a lot of alcohol yesterday? BY, ee S Bol aHicia, 8 Yes, | drank no less than 10 bottles. A 72} Alzho] Sap} eho? A How much time is left before the train arrives? B 30Ho}L} Heto] a, 8 There's (stil as much as) thirty minutes remaining. A ULE] = ZEERI7} OE A? A Does Marin have a lat of cars? B Ul, Sci glo}, 28 Yes, he's got as many as five While the particle 4fol indicates that a number or amount is less than expected or doesn't meet a general standard, (0))L indicates that a number or amount is more than expected or exceeds a general standard, Depending on the perspective, a certain quantity can be viewed as either smaller or lrger than expected, and thus $0 and (0))L4 can be used to express such views. 2 + Bo] eho! gioie. 4“) {The amount is less than expected.) = + Bo] HOLE giciz, Ss {The ameunts mere than expected) APPS Of0/7t 4] BOM BIOL, (The number fst viewed 22 very many) BY SOIL 2012? xi st BeIc|e. (The numbers viewed as more than usual) GH Olet AIBIOIAT OBIOILE wRtOHe (Dane nermally scores around 70, 50, io him, 80 is abeticr than expected ecore,) BE ole AIROLA eoziMtoll = ehztoie. (Wang Jing normally scores around 90, $0 to her 80 Is @ worse then axpacted scora,) AS 2) 4 ea B wore, Sapa) = Ages Garey A a BS} AM 2? BY, Us Aelgeia, eay_ ON 4 alo] aA] 4219189 8 Hl, ala, as) ele we Aol, 6H) A 29 | aol 77} Woks, 5% ma] gol? np eae eee ey ae (10042) a Ea AS AMS BE wo] ota, Bo Ole oc eee eee (ea) 3, Parties sHEo] 209% Beja, ‘About 20 people came to the party. SU TAS EAHHa, | arrived at the airport around 1 o'clock & Eu-E7} 3,000UF a2. ‘These days, tomatoes cost about 9,000 won. & is added to nouns denoting numbers, quantities, and time to indicate approximation. It corresponds to ‘about’ or ‘around’ in English. | bt Ala eMIAICH. | 10,0008 212, = ge wiHO12. | SHE BitO1e, In Conversation a ud BAS ehe42? A At about what time shall we mest tomorrow? BAZ a? 8 How's around 1 o'clock? 4-9J0] 124] 5020] Ba, My class ends at 12:50. A two] 4l7}2] uh} Avie? 1 How long does take you to geo schoo fem home? BAS 20ES Aga, 8 It takes me about 30 minutes by bus. A aso] U7] 2440429 ‘A When did you come to Korea? B 1M’ AS Roja, 8 lcame about year ago. ‘When referring to approximate prices, ‘Noung 3iC}’ is used more often than ‘Noun SOIC: AAI 2S Stoke 22? ‘About how much ere apples these days? 8 2S J7Hol 20008 O12, Focantly they cost about 2,000 won for three. A BIN BIA] 37} QOH B42? About how much i the airfare to China? 5 BMS, 300.0008 St 71012. Um, it will probebiy cost around 200,000 won, Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using 2. w @ © AO B Xo] glojyto} n> A yA] Bop} Ae 2? B A BoA Buby HY RO}.2? B APOE ABA BHA )7t SHS By]? 3. Particles PAA MHS A Bee, & He sings like a professional singer. OY Ae AAO] Aa. Hayeong Is as kind as an angel. Beh L2ol AVAIL, Ho's as handsome as a movie actor. Grammar Focus 34H /2ZO] expresses that some action or thing appears the same or very similar to the preceding ‘noun, It corresponds to ‘like’ or ‘as ... as’ in English. CIA! Os. (= O1BZO| oft.) OVI L012, 71210] LH2.) ‘HOPE! SIBSHe. (= Yoleo} Ashe.) ASAR SeeAg (= AZo] Heese) StSAH BOR. (= Stezo| S0le.) In Conversation A BLS AY ofa} 27} Hin |A Is Minu's giririend pretty? BY, Azo} Z ofa a, 8 Yes, she's as pretty as Miss Korea 112 A AP} FMR? ‘A What do you think of (my) boytiona? B Fulrjelzto] Au}gleia, 1 HeGax funy as accmadion A AS°] SAL? A Is Seoul crowded? BY, Ue aaa Sse. 8 Yes, it's crowded like Tokyo, Japan. #2/ZO| are often used in Korean to express characteristics metaphorically by comparing them to animals or other things in nature. Thus you will often encounter the following figures of speech used to describe people: someone scary is S2}0|42 FC someone cute is E71HE ISIC, someone slow to act is HO[HBi LeIC, someone overweight is SIME] SSOICt, and someone gencrous is UICHAE! OF go] eich. () 92] AYE LeAyalg VES sree. 2) S35) fla S90}2. @ 2°] Bad B42. @) $2] Bopzi= Sgolqa HA4\9)a, © SDqAa +Ss Tag. © Fee 7ee] Aas, 88377} 7144} Behe, & 7/ARaEH FBZ |7} BEES.) Airplanes are faster than trains. So] WUT El 712, © dyer $99] 4 AL.) ‘My itl sister is bigger than my elder sister. ajopae] ARE e] UPA, ( Ar} SHO] FE} BLA}. ‘The department store is more expensive than the markt. EAT} indicates that the word preceding it is the standard from which a comparison will be made. It corresponds to ‘more than’ oF “-er than’ in English. Though SIC is added to a noun to form 'N O|/7} NSIC} —SICF, the order of the subject and noun with SIC} added can be reversed with no change in meaning. Also, while the adverbs CJ and &! are generally used together with KIC}, they can be omitted, AtBHACE B7 1s (4) SOtsH a. SUeCt +Se (4) Bele. OAC O50) (3) FHQ, AYARCH Sol 0) HO] S012. In Conversation * A ES SovaQ, FSS Sopa? ‘A Do you like spring or summer? BGR HS fF Sopa. 88 | like spring more than summer. AWA, EAS] BHHEA ‘A Dane, are you busy on Saturday or Sunday? ARMS] wpa? BAS ARse} wel 7-2. B 1 go to church on Sunday. ayA] YRVo} c] sha, So I'm busier on Sunday, A ABS! ABopaL ‘A Which is warmer, Jeju Island or Seoul? olcy7} aa A? B AEEZI E UpeaHa, B JojuIsiand is warmer, Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks using SC}. > a) ES PA Seats] MYO] | B7Ig09 B ii (tut, 5a) (25, 3ea) > Auy} Baa, Sz} Baa? ; oe a 8) & oA et a B » (30000) (50,000) > «BSI OS BVT Fl 717427 a 8 Parties Deitel age] ats e.a.eluhey we8loh 7.2, Rho| ar ‘Wesley goes to church every Sunday. ZAKS AEST} 0} 8, ‘The train comes once every hour. ett 717} gabe, Every country has a different flag 1. DICH is added to time nouns. OKC expresses the repetition of the same or a similar situation or behavior over a set period of time. It corresponds to ‘every’ or ‘once every’ in English, + oH} o]e]S ZEPA., | cut my hair (once) every two months. + 2 BIC} X]5}410] 24a. The subway train comes (once) every five minutes. 2 O}C} can also indicate all, or every one, of something, with no exceptions. In this sense, it corresponds to ‘every’ or ‘all’ in English. OFC} is added to the noun being described. + Pan} o] 8S; 7EB. | take a trip every weekend, + ALTOS 1g0IC} Abept lola, During lunchtime, all the cafeterias become full (nave no seats available). 1AIZHOECE HAT} Bette, ‘aolct BASIS, SHO SIS HS st. EQaole} 7SolD Ashes. 116 In Conversation * oe A Op 4s R21 AO] AlZE WO} 2? 4 Do youhave time this Friday evening? B PLA} yaAeS mye, 8 Ihave taekwondo lessons every Friday. Tal] A)Zb0] gio} a, So! don't have any time. A HaZI7E AEE QB? A Are there a lot of fights? B Sut} Wejk, 18 There's a fight every two days. A QHEL7} WAln}T} goa? A Ave there computers in every classroom? BY], BE wo] cy glola, 8 Yes, ell classrooms have them. =< a © The phrases Sojc, Sa UOHC, OIC, and HOF} can also be written as Of, OHS, O#B/OHE, and oF. + OICH SIApO 22. = tall 72 | 9010 work (at he compen) daly. =1'90t0 Work [athe company) avery dey + MEBOIC} BI9171 glow, = mR a1017} oie. We have a mesting weakly = We have & meting every week + Bolc) Exp) Laie. = mavalE BrP} Lae. “The magazine is published monty. = The rragazineis published every mont + AHCI} O1SI, = alt OLAISKS, | move (change residences) once a year ~ | move every year @ Inthe case of the word 21, SI0}Ct is used instead of SI0}C}. + SBolk= WEOIC] SIS AIBALA. Those days, all houscholds usa tha Intemat Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using ofc}, APL A, S1ayoH Abe 7? B (aay) A USAR VIEL, e7ietoe Appa, 2 1S AS o]aap eH, lie AES hoe altaia. 41) wate] deh, (ep A QS WAR? Bu), BER, a (eae) 4 Bante} asia] ha 8 Sa Adee tom) areal Contrast @AV-2 @v-Aut @ AV-218t @AVH2)L-/Edl © Aa Ae 7)7} aot Sea. mi Carol is tall and slender. elo ais as ola a WS SH ach, ‘Minu is Korean, and Dane is British. ofa] seo) 2G 27) eee BET Be ReIL. ‘At yesterday's party, Tiluen sang songs and danced. 1 —Z1is used to list two or more actions, states, of facts. It corresponds to ‘and in English. —77 is added to the stems of verbs and adjectives. Be AR, 12D FT Zo}, My older brothers big. And my younger brother is smell “YS an SYS 4}8. My older brother is big, and my younger brother is smal. —iZ is also used to express that the action in the first clause was performed before the action in the second clause. It corresponds to ‘and (then)’ in English. Tense is only expressed in the second clause, not the first, (See also Unit 8. Time Expressions 03 V-a2 LEA) ca WS Ugela, Talat Sais gola, Yesterday, ata nerd Id my homework =o} YG BT SpA Gola, (ofA) SHE PASI Sal Yesterday, | ate dinner, and then did my homework. TIE} + at = 7h Se ae Base Form | ae Base Form —2 | se | on | ofmcp oe sch wn ape + an | AIC} an gusice | wat “The form ‘NE VstZ2. NE: V’ is used when combining two or more facts about the same subject. +82 $98 thie, alu STS Bee, My older brothers good at swimming, And (he's) elo good at basketball — 82405 ate STs wale, My oler brother fs good a svimming and a0 (goed a) basketbal ‘B7IS SotstQ. BzlD ws Zora, ko straeibories, A (ike bananas, too. — Ais B71 ROPE SHU s ROHL, | ike strawberries and also (lke) bananas. In Conversation | @ A Ua 3 a 7a? ‘A What will you do tomorrow? B OAo]E 25S phy at 8 In the morning, Ill meet a friend, OFS azo] Z 7aa, and nthe ateroon, got the ran A Ola] BWR? ‘A What did you do yesterday? B DAE Bal YSh= Hoja, E Late pizza and saw a movie. A lz} 27} lm. Q? ‘A What do you think of your gitfriend? B FEST oma. B (She's) smart and pretty ‘4, Listing and Contrest 727 Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks using —z, A a7 oma? 2 ate] $940. (ech A ULE a iat A177} olny? 8 (Stich, Stzeich) A ABEL Fe] BE SLL? 5 Om as (2selch, clolestch A ofa) 29 AS] AHA] 4] Hola? B Te ove, E (22/8 Sich, Menus Sich) ofall BS BAY $473 oa, In the morning, | (either) eat bread or drink milk. Feo] QS SAY Bas B aha, ‘On the weekend, | plan to listen to music or watch a movie, BLAU 720] 7S w BALS ELA, | take 2 taxi when I'm busy or my bag is too heavy. Grammar Focus —71Lt is added to the stem of a verb or adjective to express a chaice between that verb or adjective 2nd the one following it. It means the same as ‘or’ in English. Usually, it is used only once to connect ‘wo verbs or adjectives, but it can also be used to connect three or more. In the case of adjectives and verbs, -74Lf is added to the verb stem, but in the case of nouns, —O|L} is added. ‘See also Unit 3, Particles 15 N(o|)Lt &) SBC} + ALE SLY CE + ALE YL BaseForm = ALE. SS Base Form ~2ALt tcl RAL sc Bau aiLtc | SILL | =ct silt |} ~ wect eS7iut | Beret Bers | 4, Listing and Contrast In Conversation opal #etey] 9] a Aaa? A Wnt wi you do this weekend? B I"l.go exercise. 1 (either) play tennis or go swimming, o> A So] olah2, 1 [have a sore throat. BA Babe BPAY APES EAHA, 8 Then (you shouta) drink some ginger tea or eat some candy. 7) Ao FS 7le].a? ‘A. What wil you do on your wedding anniversary? BS 7A AAS BH 7a] a, B (Well) take a trip or go out to eat. On AU sea], 4] Al} fg] BQ? 8 was EePlch. A cha! 2 lok, Ashi 2. 24 Hol] Sa)a. 871s. He Aas ols Byala! a) Ao) oS 2 Bea, B eo] avo _ AAS Bone, (zou) A 23 BA} APS] 720] 8 Soha, a wh alpola melo! (wee ach) IWS ofeadeh atnlglola, ® Korean is dificult but interesting. Be aA SIS sora, My older brother is big, ut my younger brother is small. oS Ate Wel Baler See a, Hayeong eats lot, but she’s slim, Grammar Focus —Z|BE is used when the information in the second clause of the sentence is opposite or contrary to that in the first. It corresponds to ‘but’ in English. —X|2t is added to the stems of verbs and adjectives, and in the case of the past tense, —2t/QA|Pt is added. ATE} + -AIBE— Aix let ‘BU + -xiet— Bxlet Base Form xia 3 3 =xiBt ect xiet Sixt ech eee) amy wDEEX|ot uct | aS RIGE act Ariat saech Saiabeie wieich wfataieh (Compare with Unit 4, Listing and Contrast 04 AW-(2). /ECHl a) 4. Listing and Contrast In Conversation A 2 7} Of MQ? ‘A How is the weather today? B Bho] 2)ct #2he Hohe, 8B It's windy but not cold. A 251M, Of} E7} ofnf.a2? ‘k How is your apartment, Yoko? B 22) ZAI, 2 its small but leon, A WAZ; USES AL? ‘A Can Dane speak Korean well? B Ul, Qs} ARTO] 2/g1 STE Are, Yes, (he's) a foreigner, but he can speak Korean well, Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using —AI2!, > Ss S416] OMA? (eet, 2269 > du7} Sela? BARS WS cory (auuiwoic A FHtol ie BHA? B gaol TE. ‘ ome) (@sic) A Ustelob a, He]07 Bega eee (Se 0) VIC BCH) walt ies, AY} LA Hol 27} Bk., i In the afternoon, there are a lot of cars, but at night, there aren't any. AS Qwh= WEG] A= Woe, | have an older brother, but nat an older sister. Lets KOREA) SE A AQ, | can't sing, but | can dance well This pattern is used when the information in the second clause of the sentence is opposite of, in contrast to, or an unexpected result of what is presented in the first clause. It corresponds to ‘but’ in English. When added to an adjective ending in a vowel, — EY] is added while —2U] is added to an adjective ending in a consonant. As for present tense verbs, past tense verbs, and QIC}/@iCh, -EUl is added. re el Present Tense O[c} ee aC) ean tie ze F Attar PeXe) eros (ory No Final Consonant Final Consonant “Ua! -2u =u) U/BEH OC Hed 2=q] AEG | Bea) Beal Seale lel) Sd) Weel BEa] | SAtt=q] SHwo|weal Base Form (2)L/e0 BaseForm | {2)L/E0i 3c} 2a ICE ThEGI 4, Listing and Contrast ict a owe | “act a aisict aisha “eed “we weal alc AREA logic HoHgiecl etic ate 7 exer rie . nica a aaa _ (Compare with Unit 4. Listing and Contrast 03 AWV-RI2!) In Conversation A SH 2 Azole ER? ‘A Why don't you go to that market? BAS Ae] UF Bola, 8 The prices are cheap, but it's to far away. A 3] Olu} 2? ‘4 How's your job at the company? B22 Bed BAe Aoig, 8 There are many things to do, but the salary is small. A LAN ofny 2? (aie, we) A Elsall 4] Zo] oj} 2? Bye ave ‘ (aa eich emoich A AS AS BEM] a? 2 ola, of) Pat ASHE Bol, (B& ot atch) A AY vigioLn? 2H yt ah, cic a Time Ce Cedi @N Hol, v-7! oil @N Sol, v-(2)- Sol @ V-a LA ® v-of/o14 @N WH, AVH2)2 tH © V2)BM @na ves @ Valor ON Set, v-= Set @v-(e)e I ard Aol esto] SoS, came to Korea two yoars ago. AVA} Bolo] She ALA, Please take this medicine before meals. FEal7] Ad SZSS Aa, | do warm-up exercises bafore swimming. Grammar Focus This pattern means ‘before a certain period of time’ or ‘before some action’, and corresponds to “before’, ‘ago’ in English. It is used in the forms ‘Time {O04|', ‘Noun {4Ojl', and ‘Verb —7| Hoff’ in a sentence, ‘Noun 20j' is used mainly with nouns to which SHC} can be added to make verbs. For this reason, —7| AOI] can be added to the corresponding verb stem to produce the same meaning (SAF MOH, AJAPSE7| Ol). However, for ali verbs other than SfC} verbs, only —7| MO can be used. FESS ee tu ek AAL + Soll — ALAE Biot ALAS + -71 Soll + AlAtst7| Soll | Time + Soi] N+ Soll Base Form v-a| Holl 1AIZF MoH] ALAE S04) ALAKGIEH) AlAtsP | Soll ‘et Hol, Ofet Soll ofea(stct) Ofetst7| Moi | Zoi ae(sic) weeri co | 21 Boll | a ca tao | eatin | sete | eetetz1 a0 ai aol seu | xich | xp) ato | - olAict | open - ch | =) xo oS A @o] AAAI. B leben. 14)21 Aol] Abe] a, a aol As] Ao] at as Susi, 8 Qe E Zohn, A Sapo] 27] Alal] ofcjol] 4gto].2.2 B a SoHl4] Astol.a, A Let's have lunch together. 8 Sorry. | ate an hour ago. A In Korea, before getting married, the groom wil secure @ home, & I's the same in my country. 1A Where dic you live before coming to Korea? B lived in New York. What's the difference between the expressions 1A| Soll and 1Alz Sol? + 1A] Biol Oni, (tt means the person can come any tine before 1:00, such a8 12:50, 12:00, or aven 11:00) + ARE Bio) 242, (it means the person should come axactly one hour before some previcusly stated time. For example if there is a meeting scheciuled for 3:00, then the parson should come at 2:00, 6. Time Expressions 13 was ‘What should be done before performing each action shown under (71)? Find the most appropriate answer under (LH, connect both actions with a line, and then complete each of the sentences that follow using either “40l| or -71 Zo. Ch a 2) a 132 4) tS Fo} of Iz ao} Grammar Focus U2, My baby will be born in one month, WS FS Fo] |S Hora. | brush my teeth after dinner. stat S49 Fol AAS Mola. | gota jb after college graduation. G WSLS Set Fo] AAS Hola.) | got job after graduating from college. ‘This pattern means ‘after a certain period of time’ or ‘after some action’ and corresponds to ‘after’ or ‘ater’ in English. It is used in the forms ‘Time $04]', ‘Noun S0j|’, and ‘V-(2)t- SOF’ ina sentence. When attaching to verbs, —L. 320I] is added when the stem ends in a vowel, —2 301] is added when the stem ends in @ consonant, and when the stem ends in 2, = is deleted, and — 0] is added to the remaining part of the stem. —(©)L_ C}SOl] can also be used in place ot (2). S04). ey Ler | Nay easily ‘Stem Ending in Consonant At #04 TECH —L Ol — Zt 04] ACH -2 Hol — AL Fo} Time] NO] BaseForm V-t #Ol Base Form V-£ #0 1Al Roll AIA Rol] ALAKGGIEH) ALANS 0} wce 2 Sol Atel | Gets) | QsKsIC) esis Ro] CH Sasol | wat Rol rt Seo) act 2 aso) | aeisol | chit | eso) | “Ect [sch | eso auc x2 so | i “oct | BE Sal “ect | ® Irregular form In Conversation A UA) DRFoH] Sopa? A When will you return to yourhometown? B 1d Fol 72, 8 In one year from now. A ‘430}'7} Baa? ‘A. What is meant by "S01"? B Ststo]A] O}A} SE Fol] SHE THEE, a it's a Korean housewarming party for someone who just moved into a new house, A 29] Fell Az glo] a? A Seinen anor essey B Hghya, upahe, =o] BU 8 Sorry. I'm busy, After class ends, | have THLo] AoA] OLUPO]ES 3.9, a part-time job at 2 restaurant. ‘Whats the difference between the expressions 14| #0 and 14|Z! ol + 1A) FO SHI, (it means the person can come anytime after 1:00, such as 1:10, 2:00, or even 3:00.) + 1Al2} 20] 22, (it means the erson should come exactly ona hour after some praviaus'y stated me, For exampio, i there is ‘meeting scheduled for 8:00, then the person should come at d:00;) our Own | Oi) What should be done after performing each action shown under (71)? Find the most appropriate answer under (14), connect beth actions with 3 line, and then complete each of the sentences that follow using, either $04 or (9). Fo}, “ AP HS, este) Qs SONS FAS. (orate 8 AlSAS ELD, cualeh 4) APSe WA, ere acy 5. Time Expressions ae ae yp aud, | est after finishing my work. dae|as Bat Ay ach. | sleep after watching TV. ofS Bat Ad AES BUTI, | read the newspaper after eating breakfast Grammar Focus 71 LH expresses the finishing of one behavior followed by the beginning of a subsequent behavior and thus corresponds to ‘do (something) after’, ‘upon finishing’ or ‘and then’ in English. Although in some cases —J1 can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence, such as in 2 S[IL LP AMIS and US St HAMIL, the inclusion of —Z1 LH instead of simply —Z1 helps clarify the fact that the first behavior has completely ended. | SSC} + DLP Bhar LA SC} + at LAY — @fan LAY | Base Form -7 UA Base Form —Z UA Buct | Bua Ly ‘ett Sz Lt ct | Bm LA stt Sz uy =ct} | Siu Stetct BHolD UA Because —Z1 L}Aq expresses temporal order, it can only be used with verbs. Further, when the subjects of the first and second clauses are the same in sentences using the motion verbs 7}C} (to 90), SEF (to come), HO{7IC tto enter), BOLL (to exit), LIVICH (to leave), LEACH (to emerge {from), B2}7ECH (to go up), anc LH2Y7ECH (to go down), and the verbs SO|LECH (to gev/stand up), SICH (to sit), ECF (to lie down), and EALEC (to meet), -O}/O44 is used in place of il and —31. LEA + Us Shilo] 7452 U2] (US) SPH, (x), + URS Shilel] 7F4] (HRS) SAA, (0) | go to schoo! and () study. HIAOWAT SE UA] (LHe) SO}, (x) “z HAGA eto} (LE) $o1.8. (0) =) Today, (I) rode on the bus and (I) came (here). In Conversation A % BARA, AES AAI] =] 2Y7ER? 2 Manager Kim, () whan shall | give you the documents? B 3]2|7} Buy UA FAB, 2 Please ajve them to me after the meeting. A -S7] AWS 1B BEA? ‘A How do you take the listening test? B Be #8 ae 72, 8 They will ead the questions twice. BAS HST UY OPES OAS, —_Lstento the questions carey, anc then nd the answer. > J 4 ws zs a8 2 8 A What does 'S§#2!" mean? o Se te 2 H ae ej I= fe a Ee 2 ie B It’s what you write after you finish reading 2 book. won Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either —4 or <7. LL, WAS obo ay. AMS WA. 0) ora) APES Bet. By S4le] Wash. obs selol Puech, a Ball BASIN Vols SAU. Bol HAS 12a] BU. VS Cop aS BUT, SETS 6) _ AS meldeh. Alyy GA)HE] QAl7}Z| Bq] Helo] Resp. Waele Az] Bauch, aga|zh a MIRTH, BF4] 4H] 7) age] qc, dAgel4| Sse a UTH, (8) Al 2th. Ball 9) _ daelas Buch, est Eel} MASE. wh = 124)0] AP ]cHh. SRE HH gol, (The monkey) pasiad a banana and ata it. UY) AZ Set SAN opAy o]ok7] Hoya, (We) sat in a park for four hours and talked. oi} Atoll BoE AHA) EGON, bought 4 necklace for my girfriend and gave it to her. Grammar Focus —0}/0A4 is a connective ending indicating the temporal relationship between events. Specifically, expresses the occurrence of the action in the second clause after the action in the first clause has ‘occurred, The two actions are so closely related that the second action cannot occur without the first action occurring first. This expression corresponds to ‘and’ or ‘(in order) to’ in English. Moreover, Af can often be omitted from —O}/01A1, leaving just -Of/01, but this is not possible with certain verbs, including 7Cf {to go), Ct (to come), and AIC} (to stand). It is formed by adding —OFAd to stems ending in the vowel + or -L. Otherwise, O11 is added. For verbs ending in SICH, SHAd is added. WSculsienennevkea Sen i Tm ates Mere sae Tag burn akelaees ZICH + OM — EA MIC + OOM —» MOLT | BASIC} + GHBSHAL Base Form ovo | Base Form =| 0/01 AK AM | eect Sheol ct | Bom | 2alaict Balai 6. Time Expressions etc ator “eieisich - Ustad | Shc} DELEAY SRIsICh | His "ACH aia “get | Fa * Irregular form In the case of sentences in the past, present, or future tense, the tense is expressed only in the second verb, not the first. + ofa] ASHE RL] Jal Wola, Yesterday, I met a friend to watch a movie. = U)Q) 2S UA oh a olla, Tomorrow, | will meet @ frend to watch a movie, The subjects of both verbs are the same. “Ute ola) ase RL} CS) Aste Me}, (0) Yesterday | met a friend and (watched movie, Une O17) AS IEA ANS SEES WO}. (x) In Conversation A FH ASKS 32] Bat Fo}.a? A Why do you eat apples without peeling them? B ALS 4o}44 4]2u ute] glo]a. 8 Apples aren't tasty if you peel and et them. A 24 Ble] 2[s}21z go]29 A Did you come to school by subway today? BU), Lee) BAZ Set AA] HAY 8 Yes, but on the way, | stood for an hour, rel} osha, and (s0) my loge ara sor. A Fl OBHpOES a2? |A Why are you coing that part-time job? BES BolA 7nehs 4 a2. 8 (1 plan) to make some money and buy a camera. 2 © —2is a connective ending similar to ~0}/04,4 in that it indicates the temporal relationship between events. However, while -0[/0{4 is used when the frst and second actions are very closely related, ~21 is used to connect two unrelated actions that happen sequentially. + TQS MOA (2 Zhaks) HOIR + Bus AD (cle 41g) Hole, (You) wash the fruit and eat the fr, (You) wash the fruit anc then eat (something ese), + SEAS SILI (5 IAS} ZO) SEIS Moe, IHS SIL ET (Ly Bx} ee HE AIT) Sats MOIR. | mata friend and (ogethar we) watched a movia. I met a fiend and then ( by myself or with somabodly else) watched @ movie. @ When used with verbs designating the wearing of clothes and accessories, ~2 is used in place of ~o1/0444 + HES QOiA SHG, (x) + HES UT SHAS. (0} | put ona coat anc stuey. + ABO] SAE MA 712, (x) —- AIHSOL SANS AAD 7/2. (0) People are putting up thelr umbrellas ane going + Of0I7} G1 ANA AB ME, (x) — O}0I7} IS AT HS HERR, (0) Tha chié puts on glass to reac books A Oa) ¥] ola? 0 om] ISO PS Go] AAO, A 253 S| Sol] o] St loa? B sage] seeHet Alea, Ane Se Bein? Bo], Hele Be Bola. A dat S92, B 1e]R 7] 31404) ojop7 aa. S.Time Expressions 147 YOH(8.2-8.3 1), {Pt a oH=Bhe]=S ala, @ | work a part-time job during vacation. 4at Wl Apzlolof2, This is a picture of me when | was 4 years old. A182 ah ol Aso} Aea1g 22) upg, Don't look at your neighbors’ answer sheets when taking the test. Grammar Focus I expresses the time when an action or state occurs or its duration. When following a noun, Ml is used, and when following a verb, 2 lf is used when the stem ends in a vowel or &, and —& Uf is used when the stem ends in a consonant. Noun | a | Stem Ending in Vowel or = [stem Ereitiikecneenei | ‘whet + oy — BSF of 7h +2 a ea C+ ml Fe [Na Base Form vem) | BaseForm | Veal 10am sich sq ict 3k Ales eich oe gict ee a eo ee ee) ‘act veg 2A oh ee ee) seq AS a “mzatch nee “ec Sea) * Irregular form In Conversation * A RAW A goles Hoja? ‘8 How old were you when you went on your fist date? B 204 Hy Boa, 8 (1 wert when} [was 20 years ol. A 25S}al TH 4A SS AEE EAYR? a Doyou often meet your friends from elementary school? BO, zt Bhp aA, B No, I don't meet them often. Ao) 22 dace, A This clothing is made of sik. AIS} wy] RASHALA, Be careful when you wash it. B Hl, grea. B Okay, | wil {is not used together with 244, 2%, 0/44, or the days of the week. + 2H il SEE she, (x)— Seo SHE a2. (0) I studyin the morning. + QF tll SES ae. (x) —- VFOl SES s2. (0) exercissin the aternoon. + B2al tf Bol 742. (x) + BLIod Ble 712 (0) | (ui) goto the airport on Monday. ‘What’ the difference between =12|An}A0j and S2|A0}4 of? For some nouns, such as 744, 244, and ¥1S!, the meaning is the same whether they are written in the form of 'N af’ or ‘Noi! However, for some nouns, especially those representing holidays, ike B2|ADA and AF, the form ‘Noff refers to the specific day(s) ofthe holiday while the form ‘N tf? refers tothe approximate time period just before, during, and after the holiday. For example, 321 }Aoj refers to Christmas Day, December 25, and 32|A0A tf refers to the span of the few days surrounding Christmas, such as the day before and the day after Christmas. + 2]ADIA al The period around Chvistmes, including the day before, Christmas Day, and the cay ater, + Be|A0A0| Christmas Day (December 25). Either ti or | can be used after nouns such as 2444, 24), and ¥6t with no difference in meaning, + AIM = Zio, BHA! a = aialol, eat cH = erator 5. Time Expressions 7 Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using either it or +2)2 a. 144 sch ABE gtk Aap an? a} BpelS tH 7\q].2. A B 4: fe shee. ANAL. Rae 8 ule) 29} Yo] a Wel Soren? BAe] abs sola, A ola Fea? 2 BAlao, abgahe, we Boa Ive seh | eat while watching TV. 94] UUs Does AAA eS aa, Mylour older sister sings while she plays the piano. Sasa Ass] sp 2, eee. Don’t use the phone while criving, Its dangerous. Grammar Focus —(2)P1A{ Indicates that the actions of the first and second verbs occur simultaneously. It means ‘while’ in English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2, —BA{ is used, and when it ends in a consonant, —O D1 Aq is used. Cea ue our kode Sereda Muertos 7ict + BLA — 7h SIC} + el — Botsl * megular form ‘ 6. Time Expressions 145 The subjects of both clauses are the same. That is, they must be the same person. +9 ae teal ha AS eal (Hayeong) plays the piano while she (Hayeong) sings. 8] A] Wealth AE Set HS ME soles ue, (0) ‘While Hayeong sings, Jaejun plays the piano. When the subjects of the two verbs are different, += St is used. + SC] ASS She SA ALS WS Mes] c While my litle brother/sister was cleaning the house, my older sister did the laundry. (Gee also Unit 5, Time Expressions 08 N SB, VE OH) Past and future tense endings are not added to the verb preceding (2) FIA, It is always written in present tense, - oP 39) ie Ses GOA woes ASU 6) — OF] StS Hits aS obRl4 glo Bare, (0) ‘Yesterday, Hayeong sang iwhile she played the piano. In Conversation 2.oL0 SL? A Do you like rmusic? B Ul, TAA] Soke SOA] FAES SILA, 8 Yes, thats why listen to music while | study. ‘A Were you very busy yesterday? B UY, Ta] EWA) joa 8 Yes, that's why | ate a sandwich while working. Bees, A LF 9] Wey N? ‘A Why are you tired these days? B Stale CHUA] OFS B}O]ES a, a Ihave part-time job while attending school. ‘That's why I'm tired. 4) 3] 231.2. 146 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using (9)2144. (einige OFC, O) @ coftee (ete Sich, ABE stct) (piASee ch, ach) (PB icielct. 4 eich) 5, Time Expressions xoPa Br SMe. ‘The subway is under construction, © A188 SABE SUH) ‘The subway is in the course of construction. APS Fo] SW. ‘The presicientis in a meeting, ABhe aoe: Sach) ‘The president is currently having a meeting. Alt Bol Zhe SONAL. ('m) on the way home. oA AS, all] AS SHE Sole, {intend to move. So I'm looking for a new place to live. This expression is used with a noun that indicates the content of an action and means that the subject Is in the process of performing the action. It corresponds to ‘in the process/middle of" or ‘currently doing’ in English. After a noun, 3 is added, and after a verb, = 2 is added to the vero stem. Xe ead Neu) a+ S— as aloaict +E S— ase S Base Form NS VES sekeich 4a See sloisich a8 alolati & a BAKBICD Se |. ayes BASE Sausich S25 ees | act ee i ac ‘ehSch * Irregular form In Conversation A So} Bi] Zo} eps} a? ‘Ak Why Is there so much traffic? B Mao] Ala Solel2. 8 The department store is having a sale. Sra} Zo] 73.2. ‘That's why there's trafic. A OHA]? Sy Fo} B]AP SIL A}? ‘1 Hello? Is this the Korea Trade Company? 2] Wah] S Beh ch I'd lke to speak with Section Chief Kim. BA MHIS AF AS SOLUTE a Section Chiet kim is currently out of 2% 5Alol] Bo}o4) Que} tho office, He should be back at 5 PM, A ZAMS 9012? \ Do you have a drivers icense? B LF OAS Woe Sola, 8 Recently, I've been leaming how to ative, the So] Qzidla) Aas whe, Ttake a ctiving tost noxt week SO|cf and —Z $chare used in similar ways, However, while 2 9C¥ has no restrictions regarding what subjecis it can be used with, = #0|C} cannot he used with subjects representing natural phenomena, + 8I7t 2 Solel, (x) —-u)7+ 27 glol2. (0) sreining + ol St Boloke (x) — tro] S11 Yoke. (0) ws siowing + SHO] Hi Sola, (x) — wR] BT B04. () The wine e blown, mee seers aimeatamnannanpnnnin inns S.Time Expressions | 14 5 Owls ® ir of © Whe S e@ Us Za Aa] Qa} stoh a. ‘ee | was s0 tired I went to sleep as soon as | got home, Bo] Uap} 23 2)7} Boho, ‘The fe truck arrived as soon as the fre started 4919] Bub FSS wale Uztoh a, The students left the classroom right after class was over. Grammar Focus | —X}O}At indicates that something occurs immediately following the end of some event or action. It is added to the verb and means ‘as soon as’ or ‘right after’ in English. it} + woke — 7iRtOHt SiC; + —xfaH} — 2x0} BaseForm | HOH Base Form | -10Rt ch saxjoet aac xpos HAC axial ect eerioist Buc Buia ec | extort amir | alateiatois; | ech ‘Batol a ee SSHokt 5. Time Expressions ‘The subjects of the first and second clauses of the sentence can be either the same or diferent. + (AP Aol 92a} C7) Ao} 2, ‘As soon as | arrived home, I slept, + deb Paap 17} £048, As soon as the mother leaves, the baby starts crying. Tense is not expressed in the verb of the first clause, but it in the second. + Bo] Zap OLA. (><) — Bo] 7A A OLA, (0) ‘As soon as | got home, | slept. + Aol Az} zt Alaa, (x) — Boll 714} 2 AAR, (0) ‘As soon as | get home, I'm going to sleep. In Conversation A Boy AS} hal AS ZY oye? A When will you marry Jeonga’? B PSS SAS} AEE AA, & wen get marred as soon as we graduate from college. A 25 F 7/20] % Soha? ‘A Why are you in a bad moos today? B lA] P-Ahe Ao] 2. 8 I bought an umbrella yesterday. Lele] PALS ALA} Qlopw]gjo]_g_ But lest tas soon as | bought it. A 7} A Bee, 4 Ahad A Vm so fll, | want to la dawn and go to sleep. aoa, B YS Ba}npa} om Azo B It's not good for your health if you lie down right after ok Bo}, eating, What did the following people do? Connect each picture on the left with @ picture on the right with a line, and choose the appropriate word from below to fil in the blanks using —A/OHX}. (2) @) ® a re 2 «) af % Ag, @ D7} lA} of7|7} £048. @) BePI aa, A tea. &TimeExpressions 153 ofa) AA ZEB BIO 2, a Yesterday, | studied for four hours. BE AS Ste] ASS Aa, Bears hibernate curing winter APE] AAS IE SY UL Sales Hola, | did my homework while my friends were eating lunch. Grammar Focus This pattern expresses the length of time starting when a certain action or behavior begins and lasting until it ends. It corresponds to ‘during’ or ‘while’ in English. After nouns, S@t is added, and after veros = Betis added, J} +e Bet — ke Set Sic} ++ Set — eH Set Nee | Base Form V-E set 108 Se _| a At _aAest oe! Sot ict ae set P tese ec sce get S2t [ ofeysict ofeisi Set 271 Set “alc NE Se When used in the form ‘V-= 391, the subjects of the first and second clauses can be either the ‘same or different. + G7) MH] ARs Sek (HS) FS ATSS Po] whtoja, While ved in Kors, | rede alot ef good Hende et BUS lately] Sale] SHAo}a Wl played wih my Fonds mye tothercor was sucying ard at schoo A Spt eet eo] QS AL? ‘A How long will you be in Korea? B Std Set Ws Aa, | should be here for hres years. A We} Seto] F] & Ao]a? ‘4 What will you do during the vacation? 8 al ASS Aaa, 8 | plan to vist my relatives’ home. A S]8g7]7} 2a)zk Fol] Sasa, ‘A The plane will depart in two hours. zyB Blaa7|S 7] che] Ser 8 In that case, let's do some shopping atthe duty BAA] 453 Balch, free shop while we wait for our flight. How are~(2)21M and += Set different? -(2)94.4 is used when one person performs two or more actions simultaneously. However, = E2HOl) can be used even when the subjects of the first and second clauses are not the same; that is, it can be used to indicate that while the subject of the first clause is performing some action, the subject of the second clause is also performing an action, eee ea == Beto ‘The subjects of the first and second clauses | ‘The subjects ofthe first and second clauses can | must be the same. be different. +819 le BS BOM AB gIRIELICh 9 up} Bors Be Bell NE We ate Hayeorg istened to music whie (sre) eadatbook. | ARELICI. ‘Wile Hayoong Hist to muso,daeiun ead a ook, | 10:00~10:30, 10:00~10:30 Ma, Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either 2! or = Se. ae, FA Ae oHa. AVgo]4] O22] 2S Bo}. ofnyu 7p of Z|7} AS ae, olh AJ BEA7} ABS Fal 712. ALS ese] S A) 20] Elgisuch. Its been two years since I came to Korea. a HS 2] tS Eola. Its been one menth since | stopped smoking, ATE AGS tA] 5alzbo] AgMolg, It's been five hours since you started playing computer games. Grammar Focus (2) Z| indicates how much time has passed since some situation or action occurred and thus corresponds to ‘since’ in English. It can be expressed in various ways, including -(2)t- X| ~ EICh, +(©)L Al ~ CH and—(©)L A] ~ St SICF When the verb stem ends in a vowel or 2, — | is used, and when it ends in a consonant, 2 Al is used. Sea slaen on ‘Stem Ending in Consonant 7ieh +e KI — 28] BIC + -2 xI— a2 a) [pes =a | BaseForm -241 [ 231 at) weal p Ate aL “ech seal Bret | “ect i eal eal “auc [aga | ste a] ‘ect 271 * Irregular form 5. Time Express In Conversation A CAE] BS} BA gMo}.7 1 When did you stant studying Korean? B TSto}S LAT A] G7HWe] |]LOLM. w tee b0en six months since began studying Korean A 7} A519} Supp 41599101. Bibi loro rare ou teerektra teen et B A 4) 3ule] goa, 8 Wo've been dating for thre yeas, Read the following passage and complete the sentences that follow using (2). |, Le iealitt 4 J ea Ga” mansa Gece Giaces _ aidatw okays Rt BRNO ARMS Are WRoFuect YAY ee Re oe = 0) DAE Ae OSS ¢ od Sigtguck Aa AS i 5a weleud., @ JAE AL aaa] ae 4a Siu WS AS MM aa aie, © IS ae fa ae S Steet. @ AAS WS x, 1d 5 Me] Ssucy. m AAS ANS 3, >, ado] S aise. 158 Ney Tavera exe) tay @ v(e)= + ich/eict @v(Q)2 Ychy/Sec} °) B8tS SB + Mola, (ee (We) can see this movie. \9o A| BSrS B > Wola, (We) can't see that movie. Pea oe e gade BS ela. cornea ee oftel7} he t+ Bola, 0 cant speak Airikaans. US AS + Hoa. | can read Chinese charactors Abe dS + Mola, | can't read Chinese characters. Grammar Focus This pattern expresses ability or possibility. When someone or something is able to do something, or when something is possible, (2) 4 SIC} is used, and when someone or something is not able to do something, or when something is not possible, {2)2 4+ {Ct is used. In English it means ‘can.’ When a verb stem ends in a vowel or @, —=@ =F QICH/SICt is used, and when a verb stem ends in a consonant, —S += QCt/SiCt is used. Seue Ln RAN ce ket Suen) UCH BCH — Abe VCH SCE ACH + BE SICH RICE Gesu + alch/eict | Base Form == + 1012/12 BaseForm | -@ # Yoj2/zioi2 cs rs wegqoiewie we WS + UOIA/eOIR auct | Ble + gloiaysiois , | S84 aoieeoia ee + “ect ‘alc 24 dole/zo1e : | 58 + 20I@/eoiR * leequiar form In Conversation * e A FA SES BA qola? ‘\ What sports can you play? 8 SLE DE Blo]M, Le] at ARIE w tcan play soccer And! also know BE Qo1O, LRA RES ee how toc) taokwondo, But cant sm, gola. A G51 A, 2% A] Yol BPD 4 310]2P a Yoko, can you meet me this evening? a neke}a, ght = glo}2, ® I'm sony. | can't meet you. | have other plans. Fo] O42, A SHS} Capos olayst = gl0}2? ‘A Can you understand Korean TV dramas? BOY), SPE AF Oa =F WOU, fs Yes, 1 can understand TV cramas somewhat. BZ] eh A Olas + glo}2, But | can’t understand the news. aD KE gp Adding the particle -7} to (2)2 4 QICI/QICt to form 42)=2 47} SICl/Stc} makes the phrase more emphatic in meaning than -(2)= 4 $)C}/2iC} alone, + SHROI7E OHSIAL SHE 4 B1012, Thecdackbokkds spicy 0 I can't ett = GROI7t OPAL SS ++7t BOIL, The ddeckbokki is so spicy that | (realy) can't eat it. + Bol ted 2 stoi. ‘Thee 2 lot of trafic, sol won't be able to make it + 0] aBiAi 247} ole, “There's so much trafic that | really can’t make it no matter wat 6. Ability and Possibity Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using 49) = + IC} Fich. (oa A BFE] DH Ola, BU ate cle ? BY, eas A OH eR? B Ho] ofa. Ao Be 8 Agar) oa. Wz Was ts S dora, know how to make strawberry jam. FASS AIS BY S Aha, | enow how to send pictures by mobile phone. DIAS VIA FA S tora, | know how to cook a tasty doenjang stew. Grammar Focus This pattern expresses whether one knows how, or has the ability, to do something. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or @,—2 # QIC}/H=Ct is used, and when the verb stem ends in a consonant, —S % QIC}/S=Ct is used. it corresponds to ‘know how to/doesn't know how to’ in English, Seis lucene Rese Suns al ARG ute SIUC} + -2 & Qcl/Sect | ch + -S & etel/sect — sid B ecy/eect | See eeeyesch Base Form | = @@0le/se2 | BeseFom | —@ # ola/wzis ath BB oreeaie ict aes woes ‘DaICh Dal ® wole/#ale act aa @ woig/aaie alga) =| Ala) & eoia/gaie zc EE woie/gee usc | eisaaoigeia | 3c nee ages | * (regular form 6. Ability and Possibility In Conversation Ave, AE 7191 ACHA|ZE'S US Lota? 8 cha, BS Sepa, ofa) a? AHS S218 Ue & dota? BAS sa AydyqgS uke @ dopa, @ & Carol, do you know how to play the computer game Starcraft? BB No, I don't. How do you play it? A What kinds of foods do you know how to make? 8 I know how to make Korean japchae and spaghetti. Expresses whether one knows how or has the ability to do something, Ub SORSS cls & Belg, | don't know how to meke strawoery jam. Used not only to express the ability to do something but also whether a situation permits something to be done. + Ue Spite ce + giole, {1} don't knowhow to make stravibeny jem. {2 1 know how to make strawberry jam, but for some reeson (auch 28 lack of strawberries | exn’t make itrignt now. Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using -[2)2 & et cart. | wa ; =u} a Aalst ABE, B A+ AbBaCp eb % veya? BU), We aizi . Aeeh BSS. A O17] oP BA A+B A122 Bays. AR Demands and Obligations, Permission and a ceeliyiacely @ v(S)al2 @ v-al one © AV-0f/010F EICt/Stct @ AV-O1/O1 SICt © AV-(2)H et SICt @ AV-A| BOLE EICH (Qt A/V—O}/O1 SICH) O17] SEONLD., Please sit here, A 15eS Maye, Please see (ook at) page 16 in the book °] d= S 7a, Please go straight up this road. Grammar Focus (2) AI is used when politely asking the listener to do something or when making a request anc when giving directions or orders. It corresponds to ‘please (do)’ in English. In such situations, OF 01 can also be used, but -(2)A|@ is more polite than —O}/012. When the verb stem ends = a vowel, —A1| is added, and when it ends in a consonant, 2 is added. Some verbs hav= ‘special forms though. The formal polite style uses (JAJA. eer nanene | JICR+ — FAI BaseForm | -Mi@ | Base Form | {2)M@ | Base Form |Special Form Ate AA eet | ewe | eicyorich | Sale sc | sae | Bet wei | RIE Fee act | aM | wt Woe ect | aNaatMI eset | esa | we | woe |) oc | Ae ee “ach | AMIR | “et M2 Ee A|S * Irregular form # (See also Introduction to the Korean Language 5. Honoritic Expressions) en —(2)A|Z is used in the imperative sense to give an order, it can only be used with verbs and rot O|Cf or adjectives. + 2440] 44]. (x) — S]A}7} E]4] 2, (0) Please become a doctor. + {HAA (8) = 7] mSPAIG. (0) Be happy. (3¢Agjective changed to its verb form) See also Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech 04 A-0}/0/sIcl) However, there are a number of adjectives ending in SEC} used idiomatically that can be used with —2H2. MA, Asea. Se] Sal] Aya. Grandpa, please be healthy. Live along, long time. 29S UE Sal Ea) baa, Hall ot Soke, ul, eloi2, °] S2S Bz] mp2, Aln1goyg, ‘A Shall | take the bus? 8 There's a Iot of traffic, so don't take the bus, (Please) take the subway. A How's this movie? 's ttinteresting? B (Please) con't see this movie. It's boring, {A (Ploaso) don't listen to music too loudly. I's bad for your ears, B Okay, The following friends each have @ problem. Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks using ~2| nL. 6 aaa 8 ae 87a aay AUT SSHR, te wD ao}.2, . MH ae A 2S Ho] Ya osha, » Sans mech ABS Yel 2S Rate, __. 7m OHANCH) ARS Ee] Bo] olsta, . ERE AB atch) Grammar Focus ‘107 Wel Aree} Blois. aya] BP soF A, | have an exam tomorrow. So | must study. Ole} AF AY ALS Ao} sha, It's my airfiond’s birthday, so | have to buy her a present. ¥7] Bol E2 Yok sa. You have to pay before you eat. —O}/O10F SICH/SECE expresses an obligation or necessity to de something or the necessity of a certain condition. It corresponds to ‘must' or ‘have (to)' in English. If the stem ends in the vowel or 4, then —OfOF S|C}/SHCt is used, and for all other vowel endings, -O{0F S|C}/SCt is used. As for verbs ending in S}Cf, the form changes to HOF SICH/SICh. The past tense form is -Of/O10F S01 2/012. ile rye Vowel Sci aes a ee celal laa Neonat QC O}OF SICHSICr «=| ICHaICH + OlOF SICYaHch = BSI = Sfolor s1eH/atc = 7ICK=AOF SICH/aICt — Batok Icl/sict Base Form 12 | Base Form —01/0F SHS /a42 ey [ aaatct AABIOF SIS/342 fect ae al diner etc} “act MOF SHS /s = eich | *xteEt walof a/ akect ch BOj0} 512/84 * lregular form 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Proton In Conversation | ‘ee A OH Bo] YS} BL? {k Shall we see a movie this weekend? B n]eray2. o}nyL] Balo]z} a} 2 Sorry, but i's my mother’s birthday, and I have to 5130] 7}oF BA, visit home, A Bl AE 7HEISL BHA, {A I'm planning to go to Jejuistand in the summer. B HY7] HS oro? 8 Did you reserve a plane ticket? A lot of people will ALe}O] BoHA] w]e] ofOFsok =I). be going there, 60 you have to reserve yourtioket in i: . advance. A OFA] A THEJo] et 2490} 27 ‘A Why didn’t you come to the party yesterday? B GO] OHA, B]A}OH AT A SHOF $RO1.B_ 8 had alot of things to do, so I had to stay at the office and work. ~ol/Ol0F SIct/{ct has two negative forms, one meaning itis not necessary to do something, ~| ROE | ‘{c], and the other expressing the prohibition of some behavior, (©)2! @F SIC}. © -X| Gols SIC} (don't need to, don’t have to) {See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 06 A/V—X] 220K =IC#) ALR! SIAlOH 7127 Do you goto the office tomorow’ BOILER, UNBKE B7IZEA} SIAIO} 74%] GOES S52, No, comorrow is a holiday, so | don't have to go to work. A BRUT] HAZ 712? (Do you) take the bus tothe park? BUNGE, 2A LIAS ELA] QLORE SHS, ZOH7HS SH. (The park is nearby. Se | don't need to take the bus. | can walk, @ ~(2)21 ¢ SIct (shouldn't, be not allowed to) (See also Unit 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 05 A/V-(2)94 2 SIc}) + SHEEIOIAI AHIS 41091 2 £12. You're not alowed to take photoarachs inside the museum, + AMOI SHE Te! OF SHS, You shoud not smoke indoors. Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -o}/ojoF Sicl/atch. A 2 AZ Om Be] HUA A727 8 uieke} a, Seo] eso] 244) (eal 7c) A aepo]y Vata Bola, 8 ea : err) A 20] S tt a U2? B UIT, OF (eesic) Aa 29] SS E712, A 450] Qhoja| Alufo] 14]744] 7Iek aA. B18 (12A)o) sth) A Al FH AAS Hol] Mt Bo] 2-7 B HO] 9] oft} AT aseted 720) 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohiniion é APS Bole 2? May | take a picture? 47] StoHe 3.2? May | sit here? we AR AR? May | use that pen? —0}/O/S Cf expresses permission or approval for a behavior. it corresponds to ‘may’ or ‘be allowed to’ in English. If the stem ends in the vowel F or -L, then OHS S|Cf is used, and for all other vowel endings, O15 S ICs used. As for verbs ending in SICH, the form changes to SHE. SIC In place of -OL/O1S ICE, —O}/O1S 2HAICH and —O}/0] 5 Ct can also be used. eee Reece e oe cule oe ee ee es ACH + Off SIC} OPAICH + OL Sich | aaict — AS Sch OM Sic — FB eH Ich Base Form a SOL SHS “xeECh aes He east | gaia | “sth SPIE SH * regular form In Conversation * A Bol] ASPsIE HAR? A May | call you at night? 8 B=o]| a, Ado I]a, 8 Sure, Please call anytime. A AHS Gol= Ha? ‘A Do you mind If| open the window? B88, Sole Ha, 8 Not at all. You may open it. A tes AS HL? ‘A May | turn on the radio? 8B o}o}7} 4} Wola, AA) sya, 8 The chit is asleep. Please don't tum it on Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using -O|/O|> Sich. Serr ACE Cy 2 "gore A NaS ? BH), Aaa, aa ? B Sao] Aza, Ae Ale} SoA, a ASS 2 BU), Ala 2, 7. Demands ard Obligations, Permission and Prohibition CB YSN GE wal oF sh, on ‘Smoking indoors is not allowed. £4 Sol ARspa et HQ, Using the phone while driving is not allowed. ala ae Aya te, ‘You may not crass the street now, Grammar Focus (2)P1 Ot SICH expresses the pro! can represent social conventions or commen sense dictating that a behavior or state is prohibited or not tolerated. It corresponds to ‘may not or ‘not allowed to’ in English. When the stem ends in a vowel or 2, — Qt EICf is used, and when the stem ends in a consonant, —OH Ot EICf is used. ion or limitation of a particular action of the listener. It also Neer Seether TIC} +B SI@ — 7a oF SI IC} + OF QF SIS — BjOO! OF se. ae Base Form oa ea | oa sick Oi OF sie ict | wosi or sie | [sc | moet o) 2 Sct “ch posi ot aie In Conversation @ A + Allo] Bole Wee Ha? ‘A May | speak in English during class? B +4 Alte Sz Bora 8 During olass, you may not speak in English. ot HID, UES Spi]a, Fipeee peak o Seppe A ROE PS ASW] AS BA A inkKorea, you're not supposed to blow your nose ore, when eating. B oO}, 222? Bezoje2, 8 Oh, realy? | didn’t know that A EAZOA] of7}oHa of 5.2 ‘A You're not allowed to talk in the library. B of, Aeett, 8 Okay, 'm sony, (2) 2 ict can be used in the double negative form, that is, —x] 224 2 Sct, to emphasize that a particular behavior must be performed. + BHE B7/LOIL(7} wigh7] HS ole] AI Ow! et ee. = BE ole] jor 42.) ‘August is vacation season, $0 (you) must Duy plane tckets in advance. (Plane tickets have to be boucit in advance.) + SO] AIZKHA SSiR| YO! OF SHe (= SesHiOF she) Because the less is serious, surgery must be performed. (We have to perform surgery) + CHS Fo] Sot Alo] Boi Beapx| gow o she. (= BsHor 2) Because (have an important test next week, Imust study have to study) 7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition 7 “oleh Sieh aoc A ZISABIA 7S 71H HR? Bote, AMAR, AMS oe 4? 3 A 7) oi] Re7]S 8 asec. A S72? Bee ee ee eae 178 ( @ PAWS HA BSS WA) Gole SQ, Preschoo! stucients don't have to pay the bus fare, Bdoli7} BSseS Fz] APA] Sole S.A, Because i's a weekday, we don't have to buy tickets in advance, Pade: We a) Moke Aa, On Fridays, we don’t have to wear suits. Grammar Focus =X] QfOHE SICH expresses that 2 particular state of affairs or behavior is not necessary and is the negative form of -O/O1OF S|Ct/StCt. which expresses the obligation to perform a particular behavior. It corresponds to ‘does not have to’ in English. It is made by adding —A] SOF SICt or St —O}/04S= SIC} to the verb stem. ‘See also ‘-o}/015=" conjugation in Unit 16. Conditions and Suppositions 03 AV-o}/01) 7it} + —R] Ok SIct Ofc} + —K] Rok SIC — 7hn| Gols Sic (= et 7H SICH) — O(n] QOH SIC} (= BF HOKE: Eich “Base Form -A| BOHR 12 | 2 01/01 S12 act | AR QOKE S12 ot AS He. Sc | QOS eI oF MIE He asisict | ‘ustsis] ots she Ha ot aE AAS vicrelct “yin gor swe | PICEA SHS 7. Demands and Obligations, Perrission and Pro! [sect Ex! dois 2. et Sole i “Sach AX| BOS She OF AMSE SHS zHech AE MO 2 Ot Bets 2 * regular for In Conversation > 3 ale B 7hop 1.2? opel eb 7H HL, Als Holo} sof sha! alse Sela, Ho}OL=s}Z] BoHs she, oo o o> ‘A Must | goto the dinner today? 8 If you're busy, you don't have to go. A T’ve got to go ona dist! 8 You're already slender. ‘You don’t need to diet. Look at the pictures and fil in the blanks using elther—x| ols Sct or Bt —off/c1= Sich. AAS Ao 82 B EAlzto} 2.47} ABO} 7]chelo} HL? B APH] GO 7} yo] A FALE wofo} 91.29 3 ohn, alsba) ooh Ab Auge a] alep}.29 8 UE +20] 2.50] glou7 Sec ell Hope @ v-7 4c} @AN-LW/ALA SAC Se jas 2 2. UTS Bea Boa, | can't speak Korean wall. | want to speak Korean well, TES 2d SAH WHOA, 710] Mal Hoja, | naven't seen my family for two years. | want to see my family WS 4a A18, | want to eat strawberries. Grammar Focus —Z1 4ICt expresses the wish or hope of the speaker and corresponds to ‘want to’ in English. ~ZL 4 Chis added to verb stems. if the subject is in the first or second person, then —32 41Cf is used, but when the subject is in the third person, then —Z2 4{0{5}Ct is used. (See also Check it Out) Ach +a Alc — Ata Alc oleh + Ach— gi sic BaseForm RI OKE SH === Base Form -R| OLE SH. tet 7H HO | ect a2 Ho. sch Bar oie ict Bin Aja DHLICh win Noe wesc} | Bsn Aol esc stSx Yoie ec en 4ol2 ac auc ae ez Hoje. | In Conversation A ¥] ual dle] 9? ‘A What do you want to drink? 8 S42. Axe Az ala, B I'm sleepy. | want to drink some coffee. A Be] AupAof HS ASS WSL 4101.2? 4 what do you want for Christmas? B aM ApS what Alo] @ 8 I'd like some nige looking gloves. <> © When the subject is in the third person, a2 HOISICtis used (See also Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech 04 A-Ol/0f8iC}) + O12] AS AISI ALL Sols (0x) — OFF! WHE KESAIE AlsD ACHSHD. (©) Ere wants to buy a car @ Although —7 4c} cannot be added directly to adjectives, if -0}/0(AIC} is first added to an adjective, making ita verb, then {tt can be used. (See also Unit 19. Expressions of State 03 A-O1/0Z/C), | + SEMI AOD. (x) > SPMEARIT 4012 (0) | want to become sim. © -7 Achcan be combined with the particles -&/& and ~01/7. + 7ABO| S80. 4101. (0) 1 want to see my family. + JESS 1D. SOL, (0) | want te see my tami. ‘The following exercise concerns people who have come to Korea. Look at the picture and fill in the blanks with the appropriate sentences using 7 Ct. iD (IRE. 2 ele) (2 Os, Aes eich) (3) (@aiaia, aici) @ (ear, Buch 6) (a8) dich) 7 A UAL SAL, | wish | had a car. =o] BOA SAL. [wish I hed a lot of money. AejAr+o] 2°] HOA SAA, | hope it snows on Christmas. Grammar Focus —2t/ALA ZAICt expresses a person's wish or hope about something that has yet to be realized. It can also be used when expressing a desire for a situation to become the opposite of what it currently is. This expression corresponds to ‘hope/want’ in English. When the verb stem ends in F or AL, then -UOHA BACH is used; while -WLA BAICt is used for all other verb stem endings. As for verbs ending in SHC}, the form changes to HOM SAIC}. In addition to -2/BAOM BIC, —QU/MOA SIC can also be used, but -—W/ROM BACH indicates a stronger degree of hope or desire. ees cham mces Toho, og MA Verb Ending in sit fagsict — HOE Sat | — AMO Bact | 3s OHO BACt "BaseForm | USSR Bzoi2 | BaseForm | RUMOR EAloie 2c YOR SHoa2 Hc HULA SHoaig AIC agent axioie os WEAoe! Saloia s:atolc} | AiuglOR! Exloig ‘Sexfolch EHOe S202 alk AIOE exon = exon exile * Irregular form In Conversation ™............. AB ao] Azle on? 'k At wet age do you want to get married? 8 204 Alo] SERou Sao a, 8 I ke to get marie before f'n 30. A 23% wpHe? A Are you still Busy these days? BU, Ale Be, 8 Yes, I'm still busy, SA9Oa SAC. wish | could have some time off. A |e Sto] 4] St 7}e].22 A What will you do this vacation? B Ass} Az] 40] 4 Aaja, 8 | pian to go skiing with my friends. HPS}o] Be] Go Sao} 2 | wish vacation would come sooner. > gs (2)@ SACt can be used in the same sense as —3i/YO% SAC}, but because —Q/AOM SICH | ‘supposes the realization of an as yet unrealized state, It more strongly emphasizes the verb. +20) SM EMOLD (the speakar i simply wishing to have lol of money) + 0) URL SAIS. (The speaker is supposing a stuation in which he has a lot of money, whch is in contrast to hss currant situation of having no maney;, thus the wish is emphasized) a 8. Expressions of

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