FLUID FLOW METER

GROUP MEMBERS
NAME

MATRIC
NUMBER

AHMAD FIKRI B AHMAD SUPIAN

CD140150

AHMAD SYAKIR B MOHD

ZAINUDDIN

CD140149

FATIN AMIRA BINTI REBBUAN

CD140123

HILDA FAZRINA BINTI MARWAN

CD140031

MOHAMAD FAIZ B MOHD ZIN

CD140068

INTRODUCTION

THEORY

Using the Bernoullis equation

ORIFICE PLATE

 A plate with a machined hole in the center.

The flow rate is determined by measuring the
pressure drop as the flow passes through the plate.
for orifice meter with D1 and D2 being diameters of
the pipe and the orifice hole, respectively.
The frictional losses in the orifice meter are much
larger than in the venturi meter and a typical value
of the discharge coefficient Cd.
Precise value Cd should be determined

experimentally.
The pressure is measured by manometer.

So we solving it by bernouli equation.

VENTURI METER

A venturi meter is a tube of nonconstant diameter

To minimize disturbances to the flow, the
edges of the venturi meter have the
same diameter as the pipe into which
the meter is inserted.
Variation of the tube diameter leads to
variation of the fluid pressure inside the
meter.
Therefore, we can determine the flow
rate by measuring pressures p1 and p2
at these locations and substituting them
into the Bernoulli equation.
The kv is constant in calculation.

PITOT TUBE

 A Pitot or impact tube makes use of the difference

between the static and kinetic pressures at a single
point. A similar device which is in effect a multiple
pitot tube, averages the flow profile

The principle is based onthe Bernoulli

Equationwhere each term of the equation can be
interpreted as pressure.
The pitot tube is a simple and convenient
instrument to measure the difference
betweenstatic, totalanddynamic pressure (or
head).
So the discharge coefficient for pitot tube is same
as venture meter

The kp is constant.

OBSERVATION

BEFORE TESTING
Level the apparatus on the
hydraulic bench.
Open the discharge valve (2) of
the test set. Open the vent valve
(1) on manometer top manifold
and attach the hand air pump.
Open the measuring tank
discharge valve and closed the
bench supply valve.

AFTER THE TEST

Switch on the hydraulic bench pump and open the
bench supply valve for maximum flow rate until air
bubbles are completely removed from the test set.
Set the manometer reading (3) to 22 l/min by
control the bench supply valve.
Close the vent valve and pump air into the
manometer head manifold until the manometer
level in tube 1 give a reading of 40 cm.
Close the measuring tank discharge valve and
record the time to fill in 5 liter of water into the
measuring tank.
Record the water manometer level for orifice
meter, venture meter and pitot tube.
Open the measuring discharge valve to flow back
the water into a water tank.
Repeat the step for flow rate 20,18,16,14,12,10
and 8 l/min.

Observation of the
experiment conducted
When flow rate increase, the time is
decrease which cause the actual flow rate
slightly less than theorical flow rate.
For orifice meter, the flow rate increase,
the inlet and outlet also increase.
For venture meter, the flow rate
increase, the inlet increase, the outlet
decrease.
For pitot tube, the flow rate increase, the
inlet and outlet decrease.

CALCULATION & RESULT

Table 6.3 Calculation of Discharge Coefficient for Venturi

Meter, Cv

Table 6.4 Calculation of Discharge Coefficient for Pitot

Tube, Cp

DISCUSSION

A) From the graph, Explain the change of discharge coefficient, Cd due to

flow rate Q.
From the graph we can see that the value of Co, Cu and Cp is fluctuated. This
can be happened due to errors that occurs when conducting the experiment
and can cause unaccurate value. The error that happen is Parallax Error when
record the reading of the water level for rotameter and manometer. To avoid
it, student eyes must be parallel with the water level of the indicator when
reading the value

B)

Describe why the different of the discharge coefficient occur between the
orifice, venturi meter and pitot tube.
From the result we can see that the value of discharge coefficient is different
in each apparatus which is orifice meter, venturi meter and pitot tube because
the shape of the devices. Other than that the velocity and pressure in each
device can make the value of discharge coefficient become different. From
the table we can see that venturi meter has the highest value of discharge
coefficient while in pitot tube the value of discharge coefficient is lowest.
This because the diameter of inlet and outlet is the same.

CONCLUSION
&
RECOMMENDATION

 In conclusion, students are able to understand about fluid flow

meter and gain knowledge about the process and how its work.
Students are able to determine the value of discharge
coefficient of an orifice meter, venturi meter and pitot tube.
The problem we faced during the experiment is when record
the reading the value of height of fluid in manometer because
the indicator keep moving up and down. For improvement I
suggest a better indicator that make it easier to read such as
using digital reading meter. However this experiment was
successful.

REFERENCE

1. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/airplane/pitot.html
2. Yunus A. Cengel, john M. Cimbala , Fluid MechanicsFundemantals and Application (2006), McGraw Hill.
3. http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pitot-tubesd_612.html
4. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?
q=cache:k1InDUUjxF0J:www2.emersonprocess.com/site
admincenter/pm%2520daniel
%2520documents/fundamentals-of-orifice-measurementtechwpaper.pdf+&cd=4&hl=en&ct=clnk
5. http://beta.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/venturi
6. Robert A. Granger (1998), Experiments in Fluid
Mechanics, HRW, Inc.