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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

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New Additional
Mathematics:
Cheat Sheet
For O Levels

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

1. Sets
A null or empty set is donated by { } or .
P = Q if they have the same elements.
P Q, Q is subset of P.
P Q, P is subset of R.
P Q, Q is proper subset of P.
P Q, P is proper subset of Q.
P Q, Intersection of P and Q.
P Q, union of P and Q.
P compliment of P i.e. -P

2. Simultaneous Equations
2 4
=
2

3. Logarithms and Indices


Indices
1. 0 = 1
1

2. =
1

3. =

4. = ( )

5. = +
6.

7. ( ) =
8. = ()
9.

=( )

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

Logarithms
1. = =
2. 1 = 0
3. = 1
4. = +
5.

6. =
7. =

8. =
9. =

10. log = log log =

log
log

4. Quadratic Expressions and Equations


1. Sketching Graph
y-intercept
Put x=0

x-intercept
Put y=0

Turning point
Method 1
x-coordinate: =
y-coordinate: =

2
42
4

Method 2
Express = 2 + + as = ( )2 + by completing
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

the square. The turning point is(, ).

2. Types of roots of + + =
2 4 0 : real roots
2 4 < 0 : no real roots
2 4 > 0 : distinct real roots
2 4 = 0 : equal, coincident or repeated real roots

5. Remainder Factor Theorems


Polynomials
1. ax 2 + bx + c is a polynomial of degree 2.
2. ax 3 + bx + c is a polynomial of degree 3.

Identities
() () () = () For all values of x
To find unknowns either substitute values of x, or equate coefficients of like
powers of x.

Remainder theorem
If a polynomial f(x) is defined by (x-a), the remainder is R =f(a)

Factor Theorem
(x-a) is a factor of f(x) then f(a) = 0

Solution of cubic Equation


I.

Obtain one factor (x-a) by trail and error method.

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

II.
III.

Divide the cubic equation with a, by synthetic division to find the


quadratic equation.
Solve the quadratic equation to find remaining two factors of cubic
equation.

For example:
I.
II.

III.
IV.
V.

The equation 3 + 2 2 5 6 = 0 has (x-2) as one factor, found by


trail and error method.
Synthetic division will be done as follows:

The quadratics equation obtained is 2 + 4 + 3 = 0.


Equation is solved by quadratic formula, X=-1 and X=-3.
Answer would be (x-2)(x+1)(x+3).

6. Matrices
1. Order of a matrix
Order if matrix is stated as its number of rows x number of columns. For
example, the matrix (5

2) has order 1 x 3.

2. Equality
Two matrices are equal if they are of the same order and if their
corresponding elements are equal.

3. Addition
To add two matrices, we add their corresponding elements.
For example, (

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6
3

2
4
)+(
5
4

2
2
)=(
1
7

0
).
6

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

4. Subtraction
To subtract two matrices, we subtract their corresponding elements.
For example: (

6
9

3
14

5
2
)(
5
4

7
20

4
5
)=(
12
1

4
6

0
).
6

5. Scalar multiplication
To multiply a matrix by k, we multiply each element by k.
For example, (

2
3

4
2
)=(
1
3

2
6
4
) or 3 ( ) = ( ).
4
12

6. Matrix multiplication
To multiply two matrices, column of the first matrix must be equal to the
row of the second matrix. The product will have order row of first matrix
X column of second matrix.

2 4
3 2 1 4
For example: (1 3 ) (
) = ( )
1 5 2 7

2 1
To get the first row of product do following:
a = (2 x 3) + (4 X 1) = 10 (1st row of first, 1st column of second)
b = (2 x 2) + (4 x 5) = 24 (1st row of first, 2st column of second)
c = (2 x 1) + (4 x 2) = 10 (1st row of first, 3st column of second)
d = (2 x 4) + (4 x 7) = 36 (1st row of first, 4st column of second)
e = (1 x 3) + (3 x 1) = 6 (2st row of first, 1st column of second)
f = (1 x 2) + (3 x 5) = 17 (2st row of first, 2st column of second)
g = (1 x 1) + (3 x 2) = 7 (2st row of first, 3st column of second)
h = (1 x 4) + (3 x 7) = 25 (2st row of first, 4st column of second)
i = (2 x 3) + (-1 x 1) = 5 (3st row of first, 1st column of second)
j = (2 x 2) + (-1 x 5) = -1 (3st row of first, 2st column of second)
k = (2 x 1) + (-1 x 2) = 0 (3st row of first, 3st column of second)
l = (2 x 4) + (-1 x 7) = 1 (3st row of first, 4st column of second)

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

7. 2 x2 Matrices
1 0
a. The matrix (
) is called identity matrix. When it is multiplied with
0 1
any matrix X the answer will be X.


b. Determinant of matrix (
| =
) will be = |




c. Adjoint of matrix (
) will be = (
)



d. Inverse of non-singular matrix (determinant is 0) (
) will be :

1

=
(
)

8. Solving simultaneous linear equations by a matrix method


+ =

(
) ( ) = ( )
+ =

() = (
) ( )

7. Coordinate Geometry
Formulas
= (2 1 )2 + (2 1 )2
= (

1 + 2 1 + 2
,
)
2
2

Parallelogram
If ABCD is a parallelogram then diagonals AC and BD have a common
midpoint.
Equation of Straight line
To find the equation of a line of best fit, you need the gradient(m) of the
line, and the y-intercept(c) of the line. The gradient can be found by taking
any two points on the line and using the following formula:
= =

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2 1
2 1

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The y-intercept is the y-coordinate of the point at which the line crosses
the y-axis (it may need to be extended). This will give the following
equation:
= +
Where y and x are the variables, m is the gradient and c is the y-intercept.
Equation of parallel lines
Parallel line have equal gradient.
If lines = 1 1 and = 2 2 are parallel then 1 = 2
Equations of perpendicular line
If lines = 1 1 and = 2 2 are perpendicular then 1 =

1
1

1
2

and 2 =

Perpendicular bisector
The line that passes through the midpoint of A
and B, and perpendicular bisector of AB.
For any point P on the line, PA = PB

Points of Intersection
The coordinates of point of intersection of a line and a non-parallel line or a
curve can be obtained by solving their equations simultaneously.

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

8. Linear Law
To apply the linear law for a non-linear equation in variables x and y, express
the equation in the form
= +
Where X and Y are expressions in x and/or y.

9. Functions
Page 196 of Book

10. Trigonometric Functions


+
90

Sin
2

All
1

180

0,360

Tan
3

Cos
4
270

is always acute.

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

Basics
sin =
cos =
tan =
tan =

sin
cos
1

cosec =
sec =
cot =

sin
1

cos
1
tan

Rule 1
sin(90 ) = cos
cos(90 ) = sin
tan(90 ) =

1
tan

= cot

Rule 2
sin(180 ) = + sin
cos(180 ) = cos
tan(180 ) = tan

Rule 3
sin(180 + ) = sin
cos(180 + ) = cos
tan(180 + ) = +tan

Rule 4
sin(360 ) = sin
cos(360 ) = +cos
tan(360 ) = tan

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

10

Rule 5
sin( ) = sin
cos() = +cos
tan() = tan

Trigonometric Ratios of Some Special Angles


cos 45 =
sin 45 =

1
2
1

2
tan 45 = 1

cos 60 =
sin 60 =

1
2

3
2

tan 60 = 3

3
2
1
sin 30 =
2
1
tan 30
3

cos 30 =

11. Simple Trigonometric Identities


Trigonometric Identities
sin2 + cos 2 = 1
1 + tan2 = sec 2
1 + cot 2 = cosec 2

12. Circular Measure


Relation between Radian and Degree

= 90

3
2

= 270

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= 180
2 = 360

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11

= where s is arc length, r is radius and is angle of sector is radians


1

= = 2

where A is Area of sector



=

13. Permutation and Combination


! = ( 1)( 2) 3 2 1
0! = 1
! = ( 1)!

=
=

!
( )!

!
( )! !

14. Binomial Theorem


( + ) = + 1 1 + 2 2 2 + 3 3 3 + +
+1 =

15. Differentiation

( ) = 1

( + ) = 1 + 1

( ) = 1

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

12

() =
+

( )=
2

Where v and u are two functions


Gradient of a curve at any point P(x,y) is

at x

16. Rate of Change


The rate of change of a variable x with respect to time is

100%

( + ) = + +

17. Higher Derivative

= 0 when x =a then point (a, f(a)) is a stationary point.


= 0 and

2
2

0 when x =a then point (a, f(a)) is a turning point.

For a turning point T

I.

If

II.

If

2
2
2
2

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> 0, then T is a minimum point.


< 0, then T is a maximum point.
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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

13

18. Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

(sin ) = cos

(cos ) = sin

(tan ) = sec 2

(sinn ) = sinn1 cos

(cosn ) = cos n1 sin

(tann ) = tann1 sec 2

19. Exponential and Logarithmic


Functions

( ) =

+
(
) = +

A curve defined by y=ln(ax+b) has a domain ax+b>0 and the curve cuts the
x-axis at the point where ax+b=1

1
( ) =

1
(ln ) =


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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

14

[( + )] =

20. Integration

= =

1 2
1
( + ) = = 2 +
2
2
+1
=
+
+1

( +

+1 +1
=
+
+
+1 +1

( + )+1
( + ) =
+
( + 1)

[()] = () () = () ()

() + () = ()

() = ()

() = 0

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

15

(sin ) = cos cos = sin +

(cos ) = sin sin = cos +

(tan ) = sec 2 2 = +

1
1
[ sin( + )] = cos( + ) cos( + ) = sin( + ) +

1
1
[ cos( + )] = sin( + ) sin( + ) = cos( + ) +

1
1
[ tan( + )] = sec 2 ( + ) 2 ( + ) = ( + ) +


( ) = = +

( ) = = +

21. Applications of Integration


For a region R above the x-axis, enclosed by the
curve y=f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a and
x=b, the area R is:

= ()

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

16

For a region R below the x-axis, enclosed by


the curve y=f(x), the x-axis and the lines x=a
and x=b, the area R is:

= ()

For a region R enclosed by the curves y=f(x) and


y=g(x) and the lines x=a and x=b, the area R is:

= [() () ]

22. Kinematics
=

=
=
=

= +

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New Additional Mathematics: Cheat Sheet

17

1
= + 2
2
1
= ( + )
2
2 = 2 + 2

23. Vectors

= ( ) then |
| = 2 + 2
If

= and k > 0 a and b are in the same direction


= and k < 0 a and b are opposite in direction
Vectors expressed in terms of two parallel vectors a and b:
+ = + p = r and q = s
If A, B and C are collinear points AB=kBC
If P has coordinates (x, y) in a Cartesian plane, then the position vector of P
is
= +

where i and j are unit vectors in the positive direction along the x-axis and
the y-axis respectively.
is
Unit vector is the direction of
1
1

( + )
()
2 + 2
2 + 2

24. Relative velocity

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