CHAPTER 6

GASES
PRACTICE EXAMPLES
1A

(E) The pressure measured by each liquid must be the same. They are related
through P = g h d Thus, we have the following g hDEG dDEG = g hHg dHg. The gs
cancel; we substitute known values: 9.25 mDEG 1.118 g/cm3DEG = hHg 13.6
g/cm3Hg
1.118g/cm3
hHg 9.25 m
0.760 m Hg, P = 0.760 m Hg =760.mmHg
13.6 g/cm3

1B

(E) The solution is found through the expression relating density and height: hTEG d TEG hHg d Hg
We substitute known values and solve for triethylene glycols density:
9.14 mTEG dTEG = 757 mmHg 13.6 g/cm3Hg. Using unit conversions, we get
0.757 m
dTEG=
13.6 g/cm3 1.13 g/cm3
9.14 m

2A

(E) We know that Pgas = Pbar + P with Pbar = 748.2 mmHg. We are told that P
= 7.8 mmHg. Thus, Pgas = 748.2 mmHg + 7.8 mmHg = 756.0 mmHg.

2B

(M) The difference in pressure between the two levels must be the same, just
expressed in different units. Hence, this problem is almost a repetition of Practice
Example 6-1.
hHg=748.2 mmHg 739.6 mmHg=8.6 mmHg. Again we have g hg dg=g hHg dHg.
This becomes hg 1.26 g/cm3 glycerol = 8.6 mmHg 13.6 g/cm3 Hg
13.6 g / cm3 Hg
hg 8.6 mmHg
93 mm glycerol
126
. g / cm3glycerol

3A

(M) A = r2

(here r = (2.60 cm

1m
) = 0.0130 m)
100 cm

0.0130 m)2 = 5.31 10-4 m2

F = m g = (1.000 kg)(9.81 m s-2) = 9.81 kg m s-2 = 9.81 N
9.81 N
F
P=
= 18475 N m-2 or 1.85 104 Pa
=
A
5.31 10-4 m 2
P (torr) = 1.85 104 Pa = 139 torr

208

Chapter 6: Gases

3B

4A

101, 325 Pa
= 1.000 104 Pa
1013.25 mb
The area of the cylinder is unchanged from that in Example 6-3, (1.32 10-3 m2).
F
F
= 1.000 104 Pa =
P=
A
1.3210-3 m 2
Solving for F, we find F = 13.2 (Pa)m2 = 13.2 (N m-2)m2 = 13.2 N
F = m g = 13.2 kg m s-2 = m 9.81 m s -2
F 13.2 kg m s -2
= 1.35 kg
=
total mass = mass of cylinder + mass added weight = m =
g
9.81 m s -2
An additional 350 grams must be added to the top of the 1.000 kg (1000 g) red
cylinder to increase the pressure to 100 mb. It is not necessary to add a mass
with the same cross sectional area. The pressure will only be exerted over the
area that is the base of the cylinder on the surface beneath it.
(M) Final pressure = 100 mb. 100 mb

(M) The ideal gas equation is solved for volume. Conversions are made within the equation.

1 mol NH 3 0.08206 L atm

25 273 K
20.2 g NH 3

17.03g NH 3
mol K
nRT

24.4 L NH 3
V
1atm
P
752 mmHg
760 mmHg
4B

bg

(E) The amount of Cl 2 g is 0.193 mol Cl 2 and the pressure is 0.980 atm (0.993
barr (1 atm/1.01325 barr) = 0.980 atm). This information is substituted into
the ideal gas equation after it has been solved for temperature.
0.980 atm 7.50 L
PV
T

464 K
nR 0.193mol 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1

5A

(E) The ideal gas equation is solved for amount and the quantities are substituted.
10.5atm 5.00 L
PV
n

2.11mol He
RT 0.08206 L atm
30.0 273.15 K
mol K

5B

(M)

1 atm
1000L

6.67 10-7 Pa
3.45 m3

PV
101325 Pa
1m3
n=
=
= 9.28 10-10 moles of N2
-1
-1
RT
(0.08206 L atm K mol ) (25 273.15)K

6.022 1023 molecules of N 2

1 mole N 2
14
molecules of N2 = 5.59 10 molecules N2
molecules of N2 = 9.28 10-10 mol N2

209

Chapter 6: Gases

6A

(E) The general gas equation is solved for volume, after the constant amount in moles is
cancelled. Temperatures are converted to kelvin.
. mL 2.14 atm 37.8 + 273.2 K
V PT 100
2.11 mL
V2 1 1 2
1.02 atm 36.2 + 273.2 K
P2 T1

6B

bg

(M) The flask has a volume of 1.00 L and initially contains O 2 g at STP. The mass
of O 2 g that must be released is obtained from the difference in the amount of
O 2 g at the two temperatures, 273 K and 373 K. We also could compute the masses
separately and subtract them. We note that 1.00 bar is 0.987 atm.
PV
PV
PV 1
1

MO

mass released = n STP n100 C M O

MO
R 273 K 373 K
R 273 K R373 K
0.987 atm 1.00 L
1 32.00 g
1

=
= 0.378 g O 2

1
1
0.08206 L atm mol K 273 K 373 K 1 mol O 2

bg
bg

7A

(M) The volume of the vessel is 0.09841 L. We substitute other values into the
expression for molar mass.
0.08206 L atm
22.4 273.2 K
40.4868g 40.1305g

mRT

mol
K

86.4 g/mol
M
PV

1atm
772 mmHg
0.09841L
760 mmHg

7B

(M) The gass molar mass is its mass (1.27 g) divided by the amount of the gas
in moles. The amount can be determined from the ideal gas equation.
1 atm
. L
737 mm Hg
107
760 mm Hg
PV
n

0.0424 mol gas

0.08206 L atm
RT
25 273 K
mol K
1.27 g
M=
= 30.0 g/mol
0.0424 mol
This answer is in good agreement with the molar mass of NO, 30.006 g/mol.

FG
H

8A

IJ
K

(M) The molar mass of He is 4.003 g/mol. This is substituted into the expression for density.
MP
4.003 g mol 1 0.987 atm
d

0162
.
g/L
RT 0.08206 L atm mol -1K -1 298 K
When compared to the density of air under the same conditions (1.16 g/L, based on
the average molar mass of air=28.8g/mol) the density of He is only about one
seventh as much. Thus, helium is less dense (lighter) than air.

210

Chapter 6: Gases

8B

(M) The suggested solution is a simple one; we merely need to solve for mass of gas from
density and its moles from the ideal gas law.
m(gas) D V 1.00 g/L 1.00 L 1.00 g

1atm
745 mmHg
1.00 L
760 mmHg
PV
n

0.0312 mol
RT
0.08206 L atm K 1 382 K
Therefore, the molar mass of the gas is as follows:
g
1.00 g
M

32.0 g/mol
mol 0.0312 mol
The molecular weight suggests that the gas is O2.
9A

(M) The balanced equation is 2 NaN 3 (s)

2 Na (l) 3 N 2 (g)

1atm
776 mmHg
20.0L
760 mmHg
PV
moles N 2

0.821mol N 2
0.08206 L atm
RT
(30.0 273.2) K
mol K
Now, solve the stoichiometry problem.
2 mol NaN 3 65.01 g NaN 3
mass NaN 3 = 0.821 mol N 2

= 35.6 g NaN 3
3 mol N 2
1 mol NaN 3
9B

(M) Here we are not dealing with gaseous reactants; the law of combining volumes
cannot be used. From the ideal gas equation we determine the amount of N 2 g per
liter under the specified conditions. Then we determine the amount of Na(l) produced
simultaneously, and finally the mass of that Na(l).
1 atm
Pressure: 1.0 barr
0.987 atm
1.01325 barr
0.987 atm 1.000 L
2 mol Na 22.99 g Na

0.619 g Na(l)
mass of Na(l)
0.08206 L atm
(25 273) K 3mol N 2 1mol Na
mol K

bg

10A (E) The law of combining volumes permits us to use stoichiometric coefficients for volume
ratios.
5 L O2
O 2 volume = 1.00 L NO g
= 1.25 L O 2 g
4 L NO

bg

bg

211

Chapter 6: Gases

10B (E)The first task is to balance the chemical equation. There must be three moles of
hydrogen for every mole of nitrogen in both products (because of the formula of NH 3 )
and reactants: N 2 g + 3 H 2 g 2 NH 3 g . The volumes of gaseous reactants and
products are related by their stoichiometric coefficients, as long as all gases are at the
same temperature and pressure.
2 L NH 3 g
volume NH 3 g = 225 L H 2 g
= 150. L NH 3
3 L H2 g

bg

bg

bg

bg

bg

bg
bg

11A (M) We can work easily with the ideal gas equation, with a the new temperature of
T = 55 + 273 K = 328 K . The amount of Ne added is readily computed.
1 mol Ne
nNe 12.5 g Ne
0.619 mol Ne
20.18g Ne
0.08206 L atm
(175
. 0.619) mol
328 K
ntotal RT
mol K
P

13 atm
5.0 L
V

11B (E) The total volume initially is 2.0 L + 8.0 L = 10.0 L . These two mixed ideal gases
then obey the general gas equation as if they were one gas.
. atm 10.0 L 298 K
PV T 100
. atm
P2 1 1 2
55
2.0 L 273K
V2 T1
12A (M) The partial pressures are proportional to the mole fractions.
nH O
0.00278 mol H 2 O
2.50 atm = 0.0348atm H 2 O(g)
PH 2 O 2 Ptot
.
0197
n tot
mol CO 2 0.00278 mol H 2 O
PCO2 Ptot PH 2 O 2.50 atm 0.0348 atm = 2.47 atmCO 2 (g)
12B (M) Expression (6.17) indicates that, in a mixture of gases, the mole percent equals
the volume percent, which in turn equals the pressure percent. Thus, we can apply
these volume percentsconverted to fractions by dividing by 100directly to the
total pressure.
N 2 pressure = 0.7808 748 mmHg = 584 mmHg,

O 2 pressure = 0.2095 748 mmHg = 157 mmHg,

CO 2 pressure = 0.00036 748 mmHg = 0.27 mmHg,
Ar pressure = 0.0093 748 mmHg

= 7.0 mmHg

bg

13A (M) First compute the moles of H 2 g , then use stoichiometry to convert to moles of HCl.

1atm
(755 25.2) torr
0.0355 L
760 mmHg
6 mol HCI

amount HCI =

0.00278 mol HCI

0.08206 L atm
3mol H 2
(26 273) K
mol K

212

Chapter 6: Gases

bg

13B (M) The volume occupied by the O 2 g at its partial pressure is the same as the volume
occupied by the mixed gases: water vapor and O 2 g . The partial pressure of O 2 g is
found by difference.
O 2 pressure = 749.2 total pressure 23.8 mmHg H 2 O pressure = 725.4 mmHg

bg

bg

1 atm
725.4 mm Hg
0.395 L
760 mm Hg
PV

0.0154 mol O 2
mol O 2
R T
0.08206 L atm K 1 298 K
2 mol Ag 2 O 231.74 g Ag 2 O

7.14 g Ag 2 O
1 mol O 2
1 mol Ag 2 O
Mass% Ag2O = 7.14/8.07 100 = 88.4%
mass Ag 2O = 0.0154 mol O 2

The volume of the dry gas in turn is determined as follows:

0.0154 mol 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 298 K
V
0.382 L
749.2 / 760 atm
14A (M) The gas with the smaller molar mass, NH 3 at 17.0 g/mol, has the greater root-mean-square
speed

urms

3 RT
3 8.3145 kg m 2 s 2 mol1 K 1 298 K

661m/s
M
0.0170 kg mol1

14B (D)

2180 mi
1h
5280 ft 12in. 2.54 cm
1m

974.5 m/s
1h
3600s
1mi
1ft
1in.
100 cm
Solve the rms-speed equation (6.20) for temperature by first squaring both sides.
bullet speed =

974.5 m 2.016 103 kg

2
urms M 1s
1mol H 2

3RT
2

76.75 K
T
urms
8.3145 kg m 2
M
3R
3
s 2 mol K
We expected the temperature to be lower than 298 K. Note that the speed of the bullet
is about half the speed of a H 2 molecule at 298 K. To halve the speed of a molecule,
its temperature must be divided by four.
15A (M) The only difference is the gass molar mass. 2.2 104 mol N 2 effuses
through the orifice in 105 s.
M N2
? mol O 2
28.014 g/mol

0.9357
4
M O2
2.2 10 mol N 2
31.999 g/mol

moles O 2 = 0.9357 2.2 104 = 2.1104 mol O 2

213

Chapter 6: Gases

15B (M) Rates of effusion are related by the square root of the ratio of the molar masses
of the two gases. H 2 , effuses faster (by virtue of being lighter), and thus requires a
shorter time for the same amount of gas to effuse.
M H2
2.016 g H 2 /mol H 2
105 s
28.2 s
timeH2 = time N2
M N2
28.014 g N 2 /mol N 2
16A (M) Effusion times are related as the square root of the molar mass. It requires 87.3 s for Kr to effuse.
M unk
M unk
unknown time
131.3 s

substitute in values

1.50
Kr time
M Kr
87.3 s
83.80 g/mol

M unk 1.504 83.80 g / mol = 1.90 102 g / mol

16B (M) This problem is solved in virtually the same manner as Practice Example 18B. The lighter
gas is ethane, with a molar mass of 30.07 g/mol.
M (C2 H 6 )
30.07 g C 2 H 6 / mol C 2 H 6
C 2 H 6 time = Kr time
87.3 s
52.3 s
M ( Kr)
83.80 g Kr / mol Kr
17A (D) Because one mole of gas is being considered, the value of n 2 a is numerically the
same as the value of a , and the value of nb is numerically the same as the value of b .
2

nRT
na
P
2
V nb V

1.00 mol

0.083145 L barr

mol K
(2.00 0.0427) L

273 K

3.66 L2 barr mol2

(2.00 L) 2

11.59 barr 0.915 barr

= 10.68 barr CO 2 g compared with 10.03 barr for Cl2 g

Pideal

nRT

1.00 mol

bg

0.083145 L barr
273 K
mol K
11.35 ~ 11.4 barr
2.00 L

bg

Cl 2 g shows a greater deviation from ideal gas behavior than does CO 2 g .

17B (M) Because one mole of gas is being considered, the value of n 2 a is
numerically the same as the value of a , and the value of nb is numerically the
same as the value of b .
0.083145 L barr
1.00 mol
273 K
nRT
n2a
1.47 L2 barr
mol K
2

11.58 atm 0.368 atm

P
V nb V
(2.00 0.0395) L
(2.00 L) 2
= 11.2 barr CO g

bg

bg

compared to 10.03 barr for Cl 2 g , 11.2 barr for CO, and 11.35 barr for CO 2 g .
Thus, Cl 2 g displays the greatest deviation from ideality, 11.4 barr.

bg

214

Chapter 6: Gases

INTEGRATIVE EXERCISE
(M) First, convert the available data to easier units.

A.

101.3103 Pa (1 atm/1.013105 Pa) = 1 atm, and 25 C = 298 K.

Then, assume that we have a 1 L container of this gas, and determine how many moles of gas are
present:
n=

PV
(1.00 atm)(1.00 L)
=
= 0.0409 mol.
RT
0.08206 L atm K 1 298 K

Knowing the density of the gas (1.637 g/L) and its volume (1 L) gives us the mass of 1 L of gas, or
1.637 g. Therefore, the molar mass of this gas is:
(1.637 g / 0.0409 mol) = 40.03 g/mol
Now, determine the number of moles of C and H to ascertain the empirical formula:
mol C: 1.687 g CO 2
mol H: 0.4605 g H 2 O

1 mol CO 2
1 mol C

0.0383 mol
44.01 g CO 2
1 mol CO 2
1 mol H 2 O
2 mol H

0.05111 mol
18.02 g H 2 O
1 mol H 2 O

Dividing by the smallest value (0.0383 mol C), we get a H:C ratio of 1.33:1, or 4:3. Therefore, the
empirical formula is C3H4, which has a molar mass of 40.07, which is essentially the same as the molar
mass calculated. Therefore, the actual formula is also C3H4. Below are three possible Lewis
structures:
H

HC

H
C

C
H

H
C

HC

CH2

215

CH3

Chapter 6: Gases

B.

(D) First, let us determine the amount of each element in the compound:

mol C: 151.2 103 g CO 2

1 mol CO 2
1 mol C

0.003435 mol C
44.01 g CO 2
1 mol CO 2

12.01 g C
= 0.04126 g C
1 mol C
1 mol H 2 O
2 mol H

0.007727 mol H
g H2O
18.02 g H 2 O
1 mol H 2 O

g C: 0.003435 mol C
mol H: 69.62 103

1.01 g H
= 0.007804 g H
1 mol H
PV
1 atm 9.62 103 L
2 mol N

0.0008589 mol N
mol N:
=
1
RT
1 mol N 2
0.08206 L atm K (273 K)

g H: 0.007727 mol H

14.01 g N
= 0.01203 g N
1 mol N
Therefore, the mass of O is determined by subtracting the sum of the above masses from the mass of
the compound:
g N: 0.0008589 mol N

g O: 0.1023 (0.04126 0.007804 0.01203) 0.04121 g O

1 mol O
mol O: 0.04121 g O
= 0.002576 mol O
16.0 g O

To determine the empirical formula, all of the calculated moles above should be divided by the
smallest value. Doing so will give the following ratios:
C: 0.003435/0.0008589 = 4
H: 0.007727/0.0008589 = 9
N: 1
O: 0.002576/0.0008589 = 3
The empirical formula is C4H9NO3, and has a molar mass of 119.14 g/mol.
To determine the actual formula, we have to calculate its molecular mass. We know the density at a
given volume and therefore we need to find out the number of moles. Before that, we should convert
the experimental conditions to more convenient units. T = 127 C + 273 = 400 K, and P = 748 mm
Hg/760 mm Hg = 0.9842 atm.
n=

PV
(0.9842 atm) 1 L
=
= 0.02999 mol
RT
0.08205 L atm K 1 (400 K)

MM = g/mol = 3.57 g/0.02999 = 119 g/mol

Therefore, the empirical and molecular formulas are the same, being C4H9NO3.

216

Chapter 6: Gases

EXERCISES
Pressure and Its Measurement
1.

(E)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

2.

3.

P 736 mmHg

1 atm
0.968 atm
760 mmHg

1 atm
0.766 atm
1.01325 bar
1 atm
P 892 torr
117
. atm
760 torr
1000 Pa
1 atm

2.22 atm
P = 225 kPa
1 kPa 101,325 Pa
P 0.776 bar

(E)

760 mmHg
748 mmHg
1 atm
h 928 torr = 928 mmHg

(a)

h 0.984 atm

(c)

h 142 ft H 2 O

12 in
1 ft

(b)

2.54 cm 10 mmH 2 O
1 mmHg
1 mHg

3.18 mHg
1 in
1 cm H 2 O 13.6 mmH 2 O 1000 mmHg

(E)

We use: hbnz d bnz hHg d Hg

hbnz 0.970 atm

4.

0.760 m Hg
13.6 g/cm3 Hg

11.4 m benzene
1 atm
0.879 g/cm3 benzene

(E)
We use: hgly d gly hCCl4 d CCl4
hgly 3.02 m CCl 4

1.59 g/cm3 CCl4

3.81 m glycerol
1.26 g/cm3 glycerol

5.

(E) P = Pbar h1 = 740 mm Hg 30 mm (h1) = 710 mm Hg

6.

(E) P = Pbar + h1 = 740 mm Hg + 30 mm (h1) = 770 mm Hg

217

Chapter 6: Gases

7.

F = m g and 1 atm = 101325 Pa = 101325 kg m-1 s-2 = P =

F
m 9.81 m s -2
=
1 m2
A

101325 kg m -1 s -2 1 m 2
= 10329 kg
9.81 m s -2
(Note:1 m2 = (100 cm)2 = 10,000 cm2)
mass (per m2) =

P (kg cm-2) =
8.

m
10329 kg
= 1.03 kg cm-2
=
2
A 10,000 cm

(E) Start by noting that 1 atm is defined as 101325 Pa. Pascals is the unit name used to describe
SI units of force (F) per unit area, and is expressed as N/m2. Since F = ma, the MKS units for
pressure are kgms-2m-2, or kgm-1s-2. The Imperial unit of measuring force is pounds-force, or
lbf. Considering acceleration due to gravity, an object weighing 1 N has a mass of (1/9.8 m/s2)
0.102 kg. We now can convert the MKS units to psi as follows:

101325

N
0.102 kg
1 lb
1 m2
(2.54 cm) 2

= 14.7 psi
m2
1N
0.453 kg
(100 cm) 2
1 in 2

The Simple Gas Laws

9.

(E)
(a)
(b)

10.

11.

762 mmHg
= 52.8 L
385 mmHg
762 mmHg
V = 26.7 L
= 7.27 L
760 mmHg
3.68 atm
1 atm

V = 26.7 L

(E) Apply Charless law: V kT .

(a)

T 273 98 371 K

(b)

T 273 20 253 K

Ti 26 273 299 K
371 K
V = 886 mL
1.10 103 mL
299 K
253 K
V = 886 mL
7.50 102 mL
299 K

(E) Charles Law states that V1/T1 = V2/T2. Therefore,

3.0 L 1.50 L
, and T2 = 225 K

450 K
T2
12.

(E) Pf Pi

Vi
0.725 L
105 kPa
33.8 kPa (0.334 atm)
2.25 L
Vf

218

Chapter 6: Gases

Vf

FG
H

IJ
K

(E) Pi Pf

14.

(E) We let P represent barometric pressure, and solve the Boyles Law expression
below for P.

Vi

721 mmHg

35.8 L 1875 L
1 atm

50.6 atm
35.8L
760 mm H 2 O

13.

P 42.0 mL ( P 85 mmHg) 37.7 mL

P
15.

42.0P 37.7 P 3.2 103

3.2 103
7.4 102 mmHg
42.0 37.7

(E) Combining Boyles and Charles Law, we get the following expression:

P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2
Therefore,

0.340 atm 5.00 103 m3 300 K

P2 V2 T1
T2 =
=
= 255 K
P1 V1
1.000 atm 2.00 103 m3

16.

(E) First, convert temperatures from Celsius to the Kelvin scale.

22 C + 273.15 = 295.15 K
-22 C = (-22 + 273.15) = 251.15 K

Volume decrease is proportional to the ratio of the temperatures in Kelvin.

251.15 K
0.851 (volume will be about 85% of its original volume).
volume contraction =
295.15 K
17.

(E) STP: P = 1 barr and T = 273.15. P (1 barr) = 0.9869 atm

0.9869 atm 0.0750 L
39.948 g Ar

mass Ar =
= 0.132 g Ar
L atm
1
mol
Ar
0.08206
273.15 K
K mol

18.

(M) STP: P = 1 barr (0.9869 atm) and T = 273.15 K (note: one mole of gas at STP occupies 22.698

L).

1 mol Cl2
L atm
250.0 g Cl2 70.906 g 0.08206 K mol 273.15 K
nRT

V=
=
= 80.08 L Cl2
P
0.9869 atm

1 mol Cl2 22.698 L at STP

= 80.03 L Cl2
Alternatively V = n Vm = 250.0 g Cl2

70.906 g
1 mol

219

Chapter 6: Gases

19.

(M)
(a)

Conversion pathway approach:

mass = 27.6 mL

1L
1000 mL

1 mol PH 3

34.0 g PH 3 1000 mg PH 3

22.698 L STP 1 mol PH 3

1g

= 41.3 mg PH 3

Stepwise approach:
27.6 mL

1L

0.0276 L

1000 mL
1 mol PH 3
0.0276 L
0.001216 mol PH 3
22.698 L STP
34.0 g PH 3
0.001216 mol PH 3
0.0413 g PH 3
1 mol PH 3

0.0413 g PH 3

(b)

1000 mg PH 3
1g

41.3 mg PH 3

number of molecules of PH 3 = 0.001216 mol PH3

6.022 1023 molecules

1 mol PH 3

number of molecules of PH 3 = 7.32 1020 molecules

20.

(E)
(a)

mass = 5.0 1017 atoms

1 mol Rn
222 g Rn 106 g
7
=
8.30
10
mol

1 mol
1g
6.022 1023 atoms

mass = 1.8 102 g Rn g

(b)
21.

volume = 8.30 107 mol

22.698 L 106 L
= 19 L Rn g

1 mol
1L

(M) At the higher elevation of the mountains, the atmospheric pressure is lower than
at the beach. However, the bag is virtually leak proof; no gas escapes. Thus, the gas
inside the bag expands in the lower pressure until the bag is filled to near bursting. (It
would have been difficult to predict this result. The temperature in the mountains is
usually lower than at the beach. The lower temperature would decrease the pressure
of the gas.)

220

Chapter 6: Gases

22.

(M) Based on densities, 1 mHg = 13.6 mH 2 O . For 30 m of water,

1 mHg
1000 mm
1 atm
30 mH 2 O
= 2.2 mHg Pwater 2.2 mHg
= 2.9 atm

13.6 mH 2 O
1m
760 mmHg
To this we add the pressure of the atmosphere above the water:
Ptotal 2.9 atm 1.0 atm 3.9 atm .

When the diver rises to the surface, she rises to a pressure of 1.0 atm. Since the
pressure is about one fourth of the pressure below the surface, the gas in her lungs
attempts to expand to four times the volume of her lungs. It is quite likely that her
lungs would burst.

General Gas Equation

23.

24.

Pf V f
Pi Vi
nR
is
Ti
Tf
obtained from the ideal gas equation. This expression can be rearranged as follows.
Vi Pi Tf 4.25 L 748 mmHg (273.2 26.8) K
Vf

4.30 L
Pf Ti
742 mmHg (273.2 25.6) K
(E) Because the number of moles of gas does not change,

(E) We first compute the pressure at 25 C as a result of the additional gas. Of

course, the gas pressure increases proportionally to the increase in the mass of gas,
because the mass is proportional to the number of moles of gas.
12.5 g
P=
762 mmHg = 953 mmHg
10.0 g
Now we compute the pressure resulting from increasing the temperature.
62 + 273 K
P=
953 mmHg = 1.07 103 mmHg
25 + 273 K

b
b

25.

g
g

(E) Volume and pressure are constant. Hence niTi =

nf
ni

PV
= nfTf
R

Ti
(21 273.15) K
=
= 0.609 (60.9 % of the gas remains)
T f (210 273.15) K

Hence, 39.1% of the gas must be released. Mass of gas released = 12.5 g
26.

39.1
= 4.89 g
100

(M) First determine the mass of O 2 in the cylinder under the final conditions.
115
. atm 34.0 L 32.0 g / mol
PV
. g O2
mass O 2 n M
517
M
L atm
RT
0.08206
(22 273) K
mol K
mass of O 2 to be released = 305 g 51.7 g = 253 g O 2

221

Chapter 6: Gases

Ideal Gas Equation

27.

bg

(M) Assume that the CO 2 g behaves ideally and use the ideal gas law: PV = nRT
1 mol CO 2
L atm

89.2 g
0.08206
(37 273.2) K

1000 mL
nRT
44.01 g
mol K

5.32 10 4 mL
V

737 mmHg

28.

FG 358. g O
nRT H
(M) P

29.

(E) mass n M

PV
RT

1 atm

1L

760 mmHg

IJ
K

1 mol O 2
0.08206 L atm

(46 273.2) K
32.00 g O 2
mol K
2.29 atm
12.8 L
M

11.2 atm 18.5 L 83.80 g/mol

702 g Kr
L atm
0.08206
(28.2+273.2) K
mol K

30. (M)

Mol He = 7.41 g He (1 mol He/4.003 g He) = 1.85 mol

PV

nR

3.50 atm 72.8 L

1.68 103 K
L atm
1.85 mol 0.08206
mol K

t (C) = (1.68 103 273) 1.41 103 C

31.

32.

1 mol gas
8.3 1015 mol gas
23
6.022 10 molecules gas
We next determine the pressure that the gas exerts at 25 C in a cubic meter
L atm
298.15 K
8.3 1015 mol gas 0.08206
101,325 Pa
K
mol

P=
= 2.1 1011 Pa
3
1
atm
10 dm 1 L
1 m3

3
1 m 1 dm
(M)
1 mol CO 2
n CO2 1242 g CO 2
= 28.20 mol CO 2
T = 273.15 + (-25) = 248.15 K
44.010 g CO 2

(M) n gas 5.0 109 molecules gas

1000 L
0.250 m
VCO2 = r 2 h = 3.1416
= 85.9 L
1.75 m
2
1 m3

L atm
101,325 Pa
248.15 K
28.20 mol CO 2 0.08206
1 atm
K mol
= 6.77 105 Pa
P=
85.9 L
222

Chapter 6: Gases

33.

(E) The basic ideal law relationship applies here. Molar volume is the amount of volume that
one mole of a gas occupies. If PV=nRT, then molar volume is V/n, and the relationship
rearranges to:
V
R T
= Vm =
n
P
(a) Vm = (298 K0.08206 LatmK-1)/1.00 atm = 24.4 Lmol-1
(b) Patm = 748 mmHg / 760 mmHg = 0.978 atm
Vm = (373 K0.08206 LatmK-1)/0.978 atm = 31.3 Lmol-1

34.

(E) The molar volume formula given above can be rearranged to solve for T.
T = (P/R)Vm = (2.5 atm/0.08205 LatmK-1)22.4 Lmol-1 = 682 K

Determining Molar Mass

35.

(M) Use the ideal gas law to determine the amount in moles of the given quantity of gas.
M

mRT
PV

0.418 g 0.08206

L atm

339.5 K
mol K
= 104 g mol-1
1 atm

743 mmHg 760 mmHg 0.115 L

Alternatively
1 atm
1L

743 mmHg
115 mL

PV
760 mmHg
1000 mL
n

0.00404 mol gas M =

RT

36.

L atm

mol K

(273.2 66.3) K

(M) Use the ideal gas law to determine the amount in moles in 1 L of gas.
n

37.

0.08206

0.418 g
= 103 g / mol
0.00404 mol

PV
RT

1 atm

725 mmHg 760 mmHg 1 L

0.02801 mol gas

0.08206

L atm

mol K

415 K

M =

mass

moles

0.841 g
= 30.0 g mol-1
0.02801 mol

(M) First we determine the empirical formula for the sulfur fluoride. Assume a 100 g
sample of SxFy.
1 mol S
1 mol F
moles S = 29.6 g S
= 0.923 mol S
moles F = 70.4 g F
= 3.706 mol F
32.064 g S
18.9984 g F
Dividing the number of moles of each element by 0.923 moles gives the empirical formula
SF4.
To find the molar mass we use the relationship:
dRT
4.5 g L-1 0.08206 L atm K -1 mol-1 293 K
Molar mass =
=
= 108 g mol-1
P
1.0 atm
molecular formula mass
108 g mol-1
Thus, molecular formula empirical formula
SF4 = SF4
=
-1
empirical formula mass 108.06 g mol

223

Chapter 6: Gases

38.

(M) We first determine the molar mass of the gas.

T = 24.3 + 273.2 = 297.5 K

P = 742 mmHg

1 atm
= 0.976 atm
760 mmHg

mRT 2.650 g 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 297.5 K

155 g/mol
1L
PV

0.976 atm 428 mL

1000 mL

Then we determine the empirical formula of the gas, based on a 100.0-g sample.
1 mol C
mol C = 15.5 g C
= 1.29 mol C 0.649 1.99 mol C
12.01 g C
1 mol Cl
mol Cl = 23.0 g Cl
= 0.649 mol Cl 0.649 1.00 mol Cl
35.45 g Cl
1 mol F
mol F = 61.5 g F
= 3.24 mol F 0.649 4.99 mol F
19.00 g F
Thus, the empirical formula is C2 ClF5 , which has a molar mass of 154.5 g/mol. This is
the same as the experimentally determined molar mass. Hence, the molecular formula is
C 2 ClF5 .

M=

39.

(M)
L atm
(23 273) K
mRT
mol
K
(a) M

55.8 g/mol
PV

1 atm
1L
749 mmHg 760 mmHg 102 mL 1000 mL

(b) The formula contains 4 atoms of carbon. (5 atoms of carbon gives a molar mass
of at least 60too highand 3 C atoms gives a molar mass of 36too low to be
made up by adding Hs.) To produce a molar mass of 56 with 4 carbons requires
the inclusion of 8 atoms of H in the formula of the compound. Thus the formula
is C4 H 8 .
0.231 g 0.08206

40.

(M) First, we obtain the mass of acetylene, and then acetylenes molar mass.
mass of acetylene = 56.2445 g 56.1035 g = 0.1410 g acetylene
L atm
0.1410 g 0.08206
(20.02 273.15) K
mRT
mol
K

26.04 g/mol
M
PV

1 atm
1L
749.3 mmHg
132.10 mL

760 mmHg
1000 mL

The formula contains 2 atoms of carbon (3 atoms of carbon gives a molar mass of at
least 36-too high and 1C atom gives a molar mass of 12-too low to be made up by
adding Hs.) To produce a molar mass of 26 with 2 carbons requires the inclusion of
2 atoms of H in the formula. Thus the formula is C2H2.

224

Chapter 6: Gases

Gas Densities
41.

(E) d

MP
RT

dRT

L atm
(32 273) K
760 mmHg
mol K

28.0 g/mol
1 atm

1.80 g/L 0.08206

P 1.21 103 mmHg

1L
28.0 g N 2
Molar volume
N2
15.56 L/mol
1.8 g
1 mol N 2

L atm
(22.8 273.2) K
mol K
62.5 g / mol
1 atm
756 mmHg
760 mmHg
62.5 g
1L
Molar volume

24.4 L/mol
mol 2.56 g

dRT
42. (E) M

43.

(M)
(a)

(b)

44.

45.

2.56 g / L 0.08206

MP

RT

28.96 g/mol 1.00 atm

1.18 g/L air
L atm

0.08206
(273 25)K
mol K

44.0 g / mol CO 2 100

. atm
MP

180
. g / L CO 2
RT 0.08206 L atm (273 25) K
mol K
Since this density is greater than that of air, the balloon will not rise in air when
filled with CO 2 at 25 C ; instead, it will sink!

44.0 g / mol 100

. atm
MP
MP

becomes T
454 K = 181 C
RT
RT 0.08206 L atm 118
. g/L
mol K
L atm
2.64 g/L 0.08206
(310+273)K
MP
dRT
mol
K
becomes M

124 g/mol
(E) d
1 atm
RT
P
775 mmHg
760 mmHg
Since the atomic mass of phosphorus is 31.0, the formula of phosphorus molecules in
the vapor must be P4 . 4 atoms / molecule 31.0 = 124
(E) d

225

Chapter 6: Gases

46.

(M) We first determine the molar mass of the gas, then its empirical formula. These
two pieces of information are combined to obtain the molecular formula of the gas.
L atm
2.33 g/L 0.08206
296 K
dRT
mol
K
M

57.7 g/mol
1 atm
P
746 mmHg
760 mmHg
1 mol C
mol C = 82.7 g C
= 6.89 mol C 6.89 1.00 mol C
12.0 g C
1 mol H
mol H = 17.3 g H
= 17.1 mol H 6.89 2.48 mol H
1.01 g H
Multiply both of these mole numbers by 2 to obtain the empirical formula, C2 H 5 ,
which has an empirical molar mass of 29.0 g/mol. Since the molar mass (calculated as
57.7 g/mol above) is twice the empirical molar mass, twice the empirical formula is
the molecular formula, namely, C4 H10 .

Gases in Chemical Reactions

47.

(E) Balanced equation: C3 H8 g + 5 O 2 g 3 CO 2 g + 4 H 2 O l

Use the law of combining volumes. O 2 volume = 75.6 L C 3 H 8

48.

5 L O2
= 378 L O 2
1 L C3H 8

(E) Each mole of gas occupies 22.7 L at STP.

H 2 STP volume 1.000 g Al

1 mol Al 3 mol H 2 (g) 22.7 L H 2 (g) at STP

26.98 g Al 2 mol Al(s)

1 mol H 2

= 1.262 L H 2 g
49.

bg

(M) Determine the moles of SO 2 g produced and then use the ideal gas equation.

Conversion pathway approach:

3.28 kg S
1000 g S 1 mol S 1 mol SO 2

mol SO 2 = 1.2 106 kg coal

100.00 kg coal 1 kg S 32.1 g S 1 mol S

1.23 106 mol SO 2

nRT
V
P
L atm
1.23 106 mol SO 2 0.08206
296 K
mol
K
V
3.1 107 L SO 2
1 atm
738 mmHg
760 mmHg

226

Chapter 6: Gases

Stepwise approach:
3.28 kg S
3.94 104 kg S
100.00 kg coal
1000 g S
3.94 104 kg S
3.94 107 g S
1 kg S
1 mol S
3.94 107 g S
1.23 106 mol S
32.1 g S
1 mol SO 2
1.23 106 mol S
= 1.23 106 mol SO 2
1 mol S

1.2 106 kg coal

50.

nRT

L atm
296 K
mol K
3.1 107 L SO 2
1 atm
738 mmHg
760 mmHg

1.23 106 mol SO 2 0.08206

bg

(M) Determine first the amount of CO 2 g that can be removed. Then use the ideal gas law.

mol CO 2 = 1.00 kg LiOH

51.

nRT

1 mol CO 2
1000 g 1 mol LiOH

= 20.9 mol CO 2
1 kg
23.95 g LiOH 2 mol LiOH

L atm
(25.9 273.2) K
mol K
519 L CO 2 (g)
1 atm
751 mmHg
760 mmHg

20.9 mol 0.08206

(M) Determine the moles of O2, and then the mass of KClO3 that produced this amount of O2.

1 atm
1L
738 mmHg
119 mL

760 mmHg
1000 mL

mol O 2
0.00476 mol O 2
L atm
0.08206
(22.4 273.2)K
mol K

mass KClO 3 = 0.00476 mol O 2

% KClO 3 =
52.

2 mol KClO 3 122.6 g KClO 3

= 0.389 g KClO 3
3 mol O 2
1 mol KClO 3

0.389 g KClO 3
100% = 10.9% KClO 3
357
. g sample

b g

bg

bg

(M) Determine the moles and volume of O 2 liberated. 2 H 2 O 2 aq 2 H 2 O 1 + O 2 g

1 mol O 2
1.01 g 0.0300 g H 2 O 2 1 mol H 2 O 2
mol O 2 = 10.0 mL soln

1 mL
1 g soln
34.0 g H 2 O 2 2 mol H 2 O 2

= 0.00446 mol O 2

227

Chapter 6: Gases

L atm
(22 273) K
1000 mL
mol K

109 mL O 2
1 atm
1L
752 mmHg
760 mmHg

0.00446 mol O 2 0.08206

53.

(M) First we need to find the number of moles of CO(g)

Reaction is
3 CO g 7 H 2 g
C 3 H 8 g 3 H 2 O l
1 atm
28.5 L 760 torr
PV
760 tor = 1.27 moles CO
n CO =
=
L atm
RT
0.08206
273.15 K
K mol
7 mol H 2
L atm
n H2 RT 1.27 mol CO 3 mol CO 0.08206 K mol 299 K
VH2 (required) =
=
= 73.7 LH 2
1 atm
P
751 mmHg
760 mmHg

54.

(M)
(a) In this case, H2 is the limiting reagent.
2 L NH 3
Volume NH 3 = 313 L H 2
= 209 L NH 3
3 L H2
(b) Moles of NH3 (@ 315 C and 5.25 atm)
2 mol NH 3
5.25 atm 313 L
= 2.27 101 mol NH 3

3.41 101 mol H 2

L atm
3 mol H 2
0.08206
(315 273)K
mol K
L atm
2.27 101 mol NH 3 0.08206
298 K

mol
K
= 5.80 102 L NH 3
V (@25 C, 727mmHg)
1 atm
727 mmHg
760 mmHg

af

af

af

af

Mixtures of Gases
55.

(M) Determine the total amount of gas; then use the ideal gas law, assuming that the
gases behave ideally.

1 mol Ne
1 mol Ar
moles gas = 15.2 g Ne
+ 34.8 g Ar

20.18 g Ne
39.95 g Ar

= 0.753 mol Ne + 0.871 mol Ar = 1.624 mol gas

L atm
.
mol 0.08206
(26.7 273.2) K
nRT 1624
mol K
V=
=
= 5.59 L gas
P
7.15 atm

228

Chapter 6: Gases

56.

(M) 2.24 L H 2 (g) at STP is 0.100 mol H 2 (g). After 0.10 mol He is added, the
container holds 0.20 mol gas. At STP, pressure is in barr; 1 barr is 0.987 atm
L atm
0.20 mol 0.08206
(273 100)K
nRT
mol
K
V

6.2 L gas
P
0.987 atm

57.

(M) The two pressures are related, as are the number of moles of N 2 g to the total
number of moles of gas.
28.2 atm 53.7 L
PV

61.7 mol N 2
moles N 2
L atm
RT
(26 273) K
0.08206
mol K
75.0 atm
total moles of gas = 61.7 mol N 2
= 164 mol gas
28.2 atm
20.18 g Ne
mass Ne = 164 mol total 61.7 mol N 2
= 2.06 103 g Ne
1 mol Ne

58.

(M) Solve a Boyles law problem for each gas and add the resulting partial pressures.
2.35 L
3.17 L
PH2 762 mmHg
324 mmHg
PHe 728 mmHg
418 mmHg
5.52 L
5.52 L
Ptotal PH 2 PHe 324 mmHg + 418 mmHg 742 mmHg

bg

59. (M) Initial pressure of the cylinder

1 mol O 2
(1.60 g O 2
)(0.08206 L atm K -1 mol-1 )(273.15 K)
nRT
31.998 g O 2
=
P=
= 0.500 atm
V
2.24 L

We need to quadruple the pressure from 0.500 atm to 2.00 atm.

The mass of O2 needs to quadruple as well from 1.60 g 6.40 g or add 4.80 g O2
(this answer eliminates answer (a) and (b) as being correct).
One could also increase the pressure by adding the same number of another gas (e.g. He)
mass of He = nHe MMHe
1 mol O 2
= 0.150 moles = 0.150 moles of He)
31.998 g O 2
4.0026 g He
mass of He = 0.150 moles
= 0.600 g He ((d) is correct, add 0.600 g of He)
1 mol He

(Note: moles of O2 needed = 4.80 g

229

Chapter 6: Gases

60.

(M)
(a) First determine the moles of each gas, then the total moles, and finally the total pressure.
1 mol H 2
1 mol He
moles H 2 = 4.0 g H 2
moles He = 10.0 g He
2.02 g H 2
4.00 g He
= 2.0 mol H 2

nRT

P
V
(b)
61.

= 2.50 mol He

(2.0 2.50) mol 0.08206

PH 2 23 atm

4.3 L

L atm
273 K
mol K
23 atm

2.0 mol H 2
10 atm
4.5 mol total

PHe 23 atm 10 atm = 13 atm

(M)

(a)

1 mol C6 H 6
L atm
(35 273) K
0.728 g
0.08206
78.11 g C6 H 6
mol K
760 mmHg
nRT
Pben

2.00 L
1 atm
V
= 89.5 mmHg
Ptotal = 89.5 mmHg C6 H 6 g + 752 mmHg Ar g = 842 mmHg

bg

(b)
62.

(D)
(a)

Pbenzene 89.5 mmHg

bg

PAr 752 mmHg

The %CO 2 in ordinary air is 0.036%, while from the data of this problem, the
%CO 2 in expired air is 3.8%.
38%
P {CO 2 expired air}
.
CO 2

11
. 102 CO 2 (expired air to ordinary air)
P {CO 2 ordinary air} 0.036% CO 2

(b/c) Density should be related to average molar mass. We expect the average molar
mass of air to be between the molar masses of its two principal constituents,
N 2 (28.0 g/mol) and O 2 (32.0 g/mol). The average molar mass of normal air is
approximately 28.9 g/mol. Expired air would be made more dense by the
presence of more CO 2 (44.0 g/mol) and less dense by the presence of more
H 2 O (18.0 g/mol). The change might be minimal. In fact, it is, as the following
calculation shows.

28.013 g N 2
31.999 g O 2
M exp.air 0.742 mol N 2
+ 0.152 mol O 2

1 mol N 2
1 mol O 2

44.01 g CO 2
18.02 g H 2 O
+ 0.038 mol CO 2
+ 0.059 mol H 2 O

1 mol CO 2
1 mol H 2 O

39.9 g Ar

+ 0.009 mol Ar
= 28.7 g/mol of expired air
1 mol Ar

230

Chapter 6: Gases

Since the average molar mass of expired air is less than the average molar mass
of ordinary air, expired air is less dense than ordinary air. Calculating the
densities:
(28.7 g/mol)(1.00 atm)
d(expired air) =
1.13 g/L
(0.08206 L atm/K mol)(310 K)
d(ordinary air) 1.14 g/L
63.

(E) 1.00 g H2 0.50 mol H2 1.00 g He 0.25 mol He

Adding 1.00 g of He to a vessel that only contains 1.00 g of H2 results in the number
of moles of gas being increased by 50%. Situation (b) best represents the resulting
mixture, as the volume has increased by 50%

64.

(E) The answer is (b), because the volume at 275 K with 1.5 times as many atoms is roughly 4/3
larger than the drawing.

65.

(M) In this problem, you dont need to explicitly solve for moles of gas, since you are looking at
the relationship between pressure and volume.
4.0 atm 1.0 L = 4.0
PV
mol O 2 =
=
RT
RT
RT
2.0 atm 2.0 L = 4.0
PV
mol N 2 =
=
RT
RT
RT
total mol. of gas = 8.0/RT

Therefore,
nRT
8.0 RT
P=
=

= 4.0 atm
V
RT 2.0
66.

(M) Like the above problem, you also dont need to explicitly solve for moles of each gas to get
the total moles, because you are ultimately looking at pressure/volume relationships:

0.75 atm 1.0 L = 0.75

PV
=
RT
RT
RT
0.45 atm 2.5 L = 1.125
PV
mol Xe =
=
RT
RT
RT
1.20 atm 1.0 L = 1.2
PV
mol Ar =
=
RT
RT
RT
total mol. of gas = 3.075/RT
mol He =

The total volume after the opening of the valves is the sum of the volumes of the flasks (VFlask)
and the tubes (VTube). Therefore,

231

Chapter 6: Gases

P=

nRT
3.075
RT
=

= 0.675 atm
VFlask VTube
RT 4.5 VTube

Solving for VTube, we get a volume of 0.055 L.

Collecting Gases over Liquids

67.

bg

(M) The pressure of the liberated H 2 g is 744 mmHg 23.8 mmHg = 720. mmHg

1 mol Al 3 mol H 2
L atm

(273 25)K
1.65 g Al
0.08206
26.98 g 2 mol Al
mol K
nRT
V

2.37 L H 2 (g)
1 atm
P
720. mmHg
760 mmHg
This is the total volume of both gases, each with a different partial pressure.
68.

(D)
(a)

bg

The total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of O 2 g and the vapor
pressure of water.
Ptotal PO2 PH2O 756 mmHg = PO2 19 mmHg

PO2 (756 19) mmHg = 737 mmHg

(b)

(c)

The volume percent is equal to the pressure percent.

VO
PO
737 mmHg of O 2
%O 2 (g) by volume 2 100% 2 100%
100% 97.5%
Vtotal
Ptotal
756 mm Hg total
Determine the mass of O 2 g collected by multiplying the amount of O 2
collected, in moles, by the molar mass of O 2 g .

bg

mass O2

69.

bg

1 atm
1L
737. mmHg
89.3 mL

760 mmHg
1000 mL 32.00 g O 2
PV

0.115 g O 2
L atm
RT
1 mol O 2
0.08206
(21.3 273.2)K
mol K

(M) We first determine the pressure of the gas collected. This would be its dry gas
pressure and, when added to 22.4 mmHg, gives the barometric pressure.
1 mol O 2
L atm
146
0.08206
297 K
. g
32.0 g O 2
mol K
nRT
760 mmHg

729 mmHg
P

V
116
. L
1 atm
barometric pressure = 729 mm Hg + 22.4 mmHg = 751 mmHg

FG
H

IJ
K

232

Chapter 6: Gases

70.

(M) We first determine the dry gas pressure of helium. This pressure, subtracted
from the barometric pressure of 738.6 mmHg, gives the vapor pressure of hexane at
25 C .
1 mol He
L atm
1072
.
g
0.08206
298.2 K
4.003 g He
mol K
nRT
760 mmHg
P

589.7 mmHg
V
8.446 L
1 atm
vapor pressure of hexane = 738.6 589.7 = 148.9 mmHg

FG
H

71.

IJ
K

(M) The first step is to balance the equation:

2NaClO3 2NaCl + 3O2

The pressure of O2 is determined by subtracting the known vapor pressure of water at the given
temperature from the measured total pressure.
PO2 = PTOT PH2O = 734 torr 21.07 torr = 713 torr
Patm = 713 mmHg / 760 mmHg = 0.938 atm
mol O 2 =

0.938 atm 0.0572 L = 0.00221 mol

PV
=
RT
0.08206 L atm K 1 (296 K)

Mass of NaClO3 is then determined as follows:

0.00221 mol O 2
%NaClO3 =

72.

2 mol NaClO3
106.44 g

= 0.1568 g NaClO3
3 mol O 2
1 mol NaClO3

0.1568 g
100 17.9%
0.8765 g

(M) The work for this problem is nearly identical to the above problem.

2KClO3 2KCl + 3O2

The pressure of O2 is determined by subtracting the known vapor pressure of water at the given
temperature from the measured total pressure.
PO2 = PTOT PH2O = 323 torr 25.22 torr = 298 torr
Patm = 298 mmHg / 760 mmHg = 0.392 atm

233

Chapter 6: Gases

mol O 2 =

0.392 atm 0.229 L

PV
=
= 0.003657 mol
RT
0.08206 L atm K 1 (299 K)

Mass of KClO3 is then determined as follows:

0.003657 mol O 2
%KClO3 =

2 mol KClO3
122.54 g
= 0.299 g KClO3

3 mol O 2
1 mol KClO3

0.299 g
100 72%
0.415 g

Kinetic-Molecular Theory
73.

(M) Recall that 1 J = kg m2 s-2

urms

74.

3RT

J
1 kg m 2 s -2

303 K
mol K
1J
326 m/s
70.91 103 kg Cl 2
1 mol Cl2

3 8.3145

(M)
2

3RT1
M =
3RT2
M

T1

T2

T1
273 K

Square both sides and solve for T1 .

T1 = 4 273 K = 1092 K

Alternatively, recall that 1 J = kg m2 s-2

3RT
Solve this equation for temperature with urms doubled.
184
. 103 m/s
M
Murms 2 2.016 103 kg/mol (2 1.84 103 m/s) 2
T

1.09 103 K
3R
J
1 kg m 2 s-2
3 8.3145

mol K
1J
urms

75.

(M)
J
298 K
3RT
mol K
M

0.00783 kg / mol = 7.83 g/mol. or 7.83 u.

2
(urms ) 2
mi
1 hr
5280 ft 12 in.
1m

2180

hr 3600 sec 1 mi
1 ft 39.37 in.

3 8.3145

76.

(E) A noble gas with molecules having urms at 25 C greater than that of a rifle bullet will
have a molar mass less than 7.8 g/mol. Helium is the only possibility. A noble gas with a
slower urms will have a molar mass greater than 7.8 g/mol; any one of the other noble gases
will have a slower urms .

77.

(E) We equate the two expressions for root mean square speed, cancel the common
factors, and solve for the temperature of Ne. Note that the units of molar masses do not
234

Chapter 6: Gases

have to be in kg/mol in this calculation; they simply must be expressed in the same
units.
T
300 K
3RT
3R 300 K
3R TNe
Square both sides:
Ne

4.003 20.18
.
M
4.003
2018
20.18
Solve for TNe: TNe 300 K
1.51103 K
4.003
78.

(E) um , the modal speed, is the speed that occurs most often, 55 mi/h
38 + 44 + 45 + 48 + 50 + 55 + 55 + 57 + 58 + 60
average speed =
= 51.0 mi/h = u
10
382 + 442 + 452 + 482 + 502 + 552 + 552 + 57 2 + 582 + 602
26472
miles
urms =
=
51.5
10
10
h

79.

(D) The greatest pitfall of this type of problem is using improper units. Therefore, convert
everything to SI units.

MM O2 = 32.0 g/mol = 32.010-3 kg/mol

32.0 103 kg
1 mol

Mass of O 2 molecule:
= 5.314 1026 kg
23
mol
6.022 10 molec.
R =8.3145 Jmol-1K-1, or kgm2/(s2molK)
Now, we must determine the urms first to determine kinetic energy:
3RT
3 8.3145 298
urms

482 m/s
M
32.0 103
Kinetic energy of an O2 molecule is as follows:

ek
80.

1
1
2
m urms
= (5.314 1026 kg)(482 m/s)2 = 6.17 1021 J/molecule
2
2

(D) To calculate the total kinetic energy for a certain quantity of gas molecules, we must first
calculate the (average) kinetic energy for one molecule and then apply it to the bulk.

MM N2 = 28.0 g/mol = 28.010-3 kg/mol

28.0 103 kg
1 mol

Mass of N 2 molecule:
= 4.650 1026 kg
23
mol
6.022 10 molec.
R =8.3145 Jmol-1K-1, or kgm2/(s2molK)
Now determine the urms first to determine kinetic energy:
3RT
3 8.3145 298
urms

515 m/s
M
28.0 103
Kinetic energy of an N2 molecule is as follows:
235

Chapter 6: Gases

ek

1
1
2
m urms
= (4.650 1026 kg)(515 m/s)2 = 6.17 1021 J/molecule
2
2

Therefore, the kinetic energy of 155 g of N2 is:

1 mol N 2
6.022 1023 molec.
6.17 1021 J

ek : 155 g N 2
= 4.11104 J
14.0 g N 2
1 mol N 2
1 molec.

Diffusion and Effusion of Gases

81.

82.

(M)
rate (NO 2 )
M (N 2 O)
44.02
x mol NO 2 / t

0.9781
rate (N 2 O)
46.01
0.00484 mol N 2 O/ t
M (NO 2 )
mol NO 2 = 0.00484 mol 0.9781 = 0.00473 mol NO 2
(M)
rate (N 2 )
mol (N 2 )/38 s
64s
M (unknown)

1.68
M ( N2 )
rate (unknown) mol (unknown)/64s 38s

M (unknown)=(1.68)2 M (N 2 ) (1.68)2 (28.01 g/mol )=79 g/mol

83.

84.

(M)
(a)

rate (N 2 )

rate (O 2 )

(c)

rate (14 CO 2 )

rate (12 CO 2 )

(M)
rate of effusion O 2

M (O 2 )
32.00

107
.
M (N 2 )
28.01
M (12 CO 2 )

M (14 CO 2 )

M(SO 2 )

(b) rate (H 2 O)
rate (D 2 O)

44.0
0.978
46.0

M (D 2 O)
20.0

105
.
M (H 2 O)
18.02

235
238
(d) rate ( 238 UF6 ) M (235 UF6 ) 352 1004
.

rate (

UF6 )

M(

UF6 )

349

64
= 2 = 1.4
rate of effusion SO 2
32
M(O 2 )
O2 will effuse at 1.4 times the rate of effusion of SO2. The situation depicted in (c) best
represents the distribution of the molecules. If 5 molecules of SO2 effuse, we would
expect that 1.4 times as many O2 molecules effuse over the same period of time
=

(1.4 5 = 7 molecules of O2). This is depicted in situation (c).

85.

(M) For ideal gases, the effusion rate is inversely proportional to their molecular mass. As such,
the rate of effusion of a known gas can be determined if the rate of effusion for another gas is
known:
rate of effusion of Ne

rate of effusion of He

MM He
MM Ne

236

Chapter 6: Gases

Since effusion is loosely defined as movement of a fixed number of atoms per unit time, and
since in this problem we are looking at the time it takes for the same number of moles of both Ne
and He to effuse, the above equation can be rearranged as follows:
time He
MM He
molNe molHe

=
timeNe timeHe
time Ne
MM Ne
x
=
22 h

4.00
20.18

Solving for x,
x = 22 4.00 / 20.18 = 9.80 h
86.

(M) The same reasoning discussed above works in this problem:

time Hg
MM Hg
molRn molHg
=

timeRn timeHg
time Rn
MM Rn
1
=
1.082

200.59
MM Rn

Solving for MM Rn gives a value of 235 g/mol.

Nonideal Gases
87.

nRT
n2a
2
V nb V
Pideal = 11.2 atm, off by 1.3 atm or + 13%

(M) For Cl2 (g), n 2 a 6.49 L2 atm and nb 0.0562 L. Pvdw =

At 0C, Pvdw = 9.90 atm and

1.00 mol

(a)

(b)

(c)

nRT

V
0.08206 L atm
T
1.00 mol
mol K
6.49 L2 atm

0.0422 T atm 1.62 atm

2
2.00 0.0562 L
2.00 L

At 100 C Pideal

Pvdw

0.08206 L atm
373K
mol K
15.3atm
2.00 L

=0.0422 373K 1.62 14.1atm Pideal is off by 1.2 atm or +8.5%

0.08206 L atm
473 K
1.00 mol
nRT
mol K

At 200 C Pideal

19.4 atm
V
2.00 L
Pvdw =0.04222 473K 1.623 18.35 atm Pideal is off by 1.0 atm or +5.5%
0.08206 L atm
673 K
1.00 mol
nRT
mol K

At 400 C Pideal

27.6 atm
V
2.00 L
Pvdw =0.0422 673K 1.62 26.8atm Pideal is off by 0.8 atm or +3.0%

237

Chapter 6: Gases

88.

(M)
(a)

V = 100.0 L,
Pvdw

nRT
na
2
V nb V

0.083145 L barr
298 K
1.502 7.857 L2 barr
mol K

(100.0 1.50 0.0879)L

(100.0 L) 2

1.50 mol

= 0.3721 0.0018 barr SO 2 g 0.3704 atm

0.083145 L barr
298 K
mol
K
0.372 barr
Pideal
100.0 L
The two pressures are almost equal.
1.50 mol

89.

(b)

V = 50.0 L, Pvdw = 0.739 barr; Pideal = 0.744 barr.

Here the two pressures agree within a few percent.

(c)

V = 20.0 L, Pvdw = 1.82 barr; Pideal = 1.86 barr

(d)

V = 10.0 L, Pvdw = 3.60 barr; Pideal = 3.72 barr

(E) The van der Waals parameter b is defined as the excluded volume per mole, or the volume
that is taken up by 1 mole of gas once converted to a liquid.

From Table 6-5, bHe = 0.0238 L/mol. Therefore, the volume of a single He atom is:

Conversion pathway approach:

11012 pm
0.0238 L
1 mol He
1 m3

mol He
6.022 1023 atoms
1000 L
1 m3

= 3.95 107 pm3 / He atom

Step-wise approach:
0.0238 L
1 mol He

3.95 1026 L/atom

23
mol He
6.022 10 atoms
1 m3
3.95 1026 L/atom
= 3.95 1029 m3 /atom
1000 L

110

12

3.95 1029 m3 /atom

pm

1 m3

= 3.95 107 pm3 / He atom

V = (4/3) r3. Rearranging to solve for r gives r= 3 3V 4 . Solving for r gives an atomic
radius of 211.3 pm.

238

Chapter 6: Gases

90.

(M)
(a) The process is very similar to the above example. From Table 6-5, bCH4 = 0.0431 L/mol.
Therefore, the volume of a single CH4 molecule is:

11012 pm
1 mol CH 4
0.0431 L
1 m3

= 7.16 107 pm3 / CH 4 molec.

23
3
mol CH 4
6.022 10 molec.
1000 L
1m
3
V = (4/3) r . Solving for r gives a molecular radius of 258 pm. This value is greater than
r=228 pm, because our calculated value is based on b, which is the volume taken up by a mole of
gas that has been condensed into a liquid.
(b) Compression ratio is given as follows:
1 mL
1L
16.043 g

Vm
= 2.43 103 L mol1
66.02 g
1000 mL
mol
PVm
(100 bar)(2.43 103 L mol1 )
Z=
=
9.0 103
1
1
RT
0.083145 bar L mol K 325 K

Integrative and Advanced Exercises

91. (E) A millimeter of mercury is 1/760 of an atmosphere of pressure at sea level. The density
of mercury (13.5951 g/cm3) needs to be included in this definition and, because the density
of mercury, like that of other liquids, varies somewhat with temperature, the pressure will
vary if the density varies. The acceleration due to gravity (9.80665 m/s2) needs to be
included because pressure is a force per unit area, not just a mass per unit area, and this
force depends on the acceleration applied to the given mass, i.e., force = mass
acceleration.
92. (E) Of course, we express the temperatures in Kelvin:

0 C 273 K, - 100 C 173 K, 200 C 73 K, 250 C 23 K, and 270 C 3 K.

(A)

V
10.0 cm3
k
0.0250 cm3 K 1
T
400 K
V 0.0250 cm 3K 1 273 K = 6.83 cm3
V 0.0250 cm 3 K 1 173 K 4.33 cm 3
V 0.0250 cm 3 K 1 23 K 0.58 cm 3

239

V 0.0250 cm 3 K 1 73 K 1.8 cm 3
V 0.0250 cm 3 K 1 3 K 0.08 cm 3

Chapter 6: Gases

(B)

(C)

20.0 cm 3
V
k
0.0500 cm 3 K 1 V 0.0500 cm 3 K 1 273 K 13.7 cm 3
400 K
T

V 0.0500 cm 3 K 1 173K 8.65 cm 3

V 0.0500 cm 3 K 1 73 K 3.7 cm 3

V 0.0500cm 3 K 1 23K 1.2 cm 3

V 0.0500 cm 3 K 1 3 K 0.2 cm 3

40.0 cm 3
V
k
0.100 cm 3 K 1
T
400 K

V 0.100 cm 3 K 1 273 K 27.3 cm 3

V 0.100 cm 3 K 1 173K 17.3 cm 3

V 0.100 cm 3 K 1 73 K 7.3 cm 3

V 0.100 cm 3 K 1 23K 2.3 cm 3

V 0.100 cm 3 K 1 3 K 0.3 cm 3

As expected, in all three cases the volume of each gas goes to zero at 0 K.
93. (M) Initial sketch shows 1 mole of gas at STP with a volume of ~22.4 L.

Velocity of particles = vi. Note that velocity increases as

T (i.e., quadrupling temperature,

results in a doubling of the velocity of the particles).

a)

Pressure drops to 1/3 of its original value (1 atm 0.333 atm). The number of
moles and temperature are constant. Volume of the gas should increase from 22.4
L 67 L while the velocity remains unchanged at vi.

b) Pressure stays constant at its original value (1 atm torr). The number of moles is
unchanged, while the temperature drops to half of its value (273 K 137 K).
Volume of the gas should decrease from 22.4 L 11.2 L while the velocity
drops to about 71% to 0.71vi( T 0.5 T ).
c)

Pressure drops to 1/2 of its original value (1 atm 0.5 atm). The number of
moles remains constant, while the temperature is increased to twice it original
value (273 K 546 K). Volume of the gas should quadruple, increasing the
volume from 22.4 L 90 L. Velocity of the molecules increases by 41% to
1.41vi( T 2 T ).

d) Pressure increases to 2.25 times its original value (2.25 atm) owing to a
temperature increase of 50% (273 K 410 K) and a 50% increase in the
number of particles (1 mole 1.5 moles). The volume of the gas should remain
unchanged at 22.4 L, while the velocity increases by 22% to
1.22vi( T 1.5 T ).

240

Chapter 6: Gases

n = 1 mol
P = 1 atm
V = 22.4 L
T = 273 K

(initial)

v = vi
n = 1 mol
P = 0.333 atm
V = 11.2 L
T = 273 K

(a)

v = vi
n = 1 mol
P = 1 atm
V = 11.2 L
T = 137 K
v = 0.71vi
n = 1 mol
P = 0.500 atm
V = 11.2 L
T = 273 K

(b)

(c)

v = vi
n = 1 mol
P = 2.25 atm
V = 22.4 L
T = 273 K

(d)

v = vi

94.

(M) We know that the sum of the moles of gas in the two bulbs is 1.00 moles, and that both bulbs
have the same volume, and are at the same pressure because they are connected. Therefore,
n1T1 =n 2 T2
n1 T2 350 K
=
= 1.556
n 2 T1 225 K
n1 =1.556 n 2

Therefore,
n2(1.556) + n2 = 1.00. Solving the equation gives (Flask 2) n2=0.391, and (Flask 1) n1 = 0.609.
95.

(M) First, calculate the number of moles of gas:

PV
(1.00 atm)(6.30 L)
n=
= 0.2377 mol

RT 0.082058 L atm K 1 (323 K)

Molecular mass (MM) then can be calculated:

MM = (10.00 g)/(0.2377 mol) = 42.069 g/mol
Now we must determine the mole ratio of C to H:
85.6 g C (1 mol C/12.01 g C) = 7.13 mol
14.4 g H (1 mol H/1.01 g H) = 14.3 mol

241

Chapter 6: Gases

Now, divide both by the smallest number:

C:C mole ratio = 1
H:C mole ratio = 2
Therefore, the empirical formula is CH2, with a formula unit molar mass of ~14.03 g/mol. To
determine molecular formula, divide MM by formula unit MM:
42.069/14.03 = 3.00. Therefore, the molecular formula is C3H6.
96.

(M) First we determine the molar mass of the hydrocarbon.

L atm
0.7178g 0.08206
(65.0 273.2) K
mRT
mol
K

52.0 g/mol
0.00987 atm
PV

99.2 kPa
0.3907 L
1 kPa

Now determine the empirical formula. A hydrocarbon contains just hydrogen and carbon.
1 mol CO
2 1 mol C 0.05514 mol C 0.05514 1.000 mol C
amount C 2.4267 g CO
2 44.01 g CO 1 mol CO
2
2
1 mol H O
2 2 mol H 0.05513 mol H 0.05514 1.000 mol H
amount H 0.4967 g H O
2 18.02 g H O 1 mol H O
2
2
The empirical formula is CH. This gives an empirical molar mass of 13 g/mol, almost precisely
one-fourth of the experimental molar mass. The molecular formula is therefore C4H4.

97.

(M)
Stepwise approach:
Note that three moles of gas are produced for each mole of NH4NO3 that decomposes.
1 mol NH 4 NO3
3 moles of gas
amount of gas = 3.05 g NH 4 NO3

= 0.114 mol gas

80.04 g NH 4 NO3 1 mol NH 4 NO3
T = 250 + 273 = 523 K
P=

nRT
0.114 mol 0.08206 L atm mol-1 K -1 523 K
=
= 2.25 atm
V
2.18 L

Conversion pathway:
nRT
P=
V
3.05 g NH 4 NO3
P=

1 mol NH 4 NO3
3 moles of gas

0.08206 L atm mol-1 K -1 523 K

80.04 g NH 4 NO3 1 mol NH 4 NO3
2.18 L

= 2.25 atm

242

Chapter 6: Gases

98.

(M) First, lets convert the given units to those easier used:
P = 101 kPa (1 barr/101 kPa) (1 atm/1.01 barr) = 0.9901 atm
T = 819 C + 273 K = 1092 K
1 mol NH 4 NO 2
mol NH 4 NO 2 128 g NH 4 NO 2
= 1.998 mol
64.052 g
3 mol gas
mol gas = 1.998 mol NH 4 NO 2
= 5.994
1 mol NH 4 NO 2

V=

99.

5.994 mol 0.082058 L atm K 1 1092 K

nRT
=
= 542 L
P
0.9901 atm

(M)
(a) nH2 = 1.00 g/2.02 g/mol = 0.495 mol H2; nO2= 8.60 g/32.0 g/mol = 0.269 mol O2
ntotal RT 0.769 mol 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 298 K

12.5 atm
Ptotal PO2 PH 2
V
1.50 0L
The limiting reagent in the production of water is H 2 (0.495 mol) with O2 (0.269 mol) in excess.
2 H 2 (g)

O 2 (g)

2 H 2 O(l)

(initial)

0.495 mol

0.269 mol

after reaction

~0

0.022 mol

0.495 mol

so Ptotal PO2 PH 2O
PO2
Ptotal

ntotal RT 0.022 mol 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 298 K

0.359 atm

1.50 L
V
23.8 mm Hg
0.359 atm
0.39 atm
760 mm Hg/atm

100. (M)
4.0 L air
1000 mL 3.8 mL CO 2 1 mL O 2

76 mL O 2 /min
1 min
1L
100 mL air 2 mL CO 2
(b) We first determine the amount of O2 produced per minute, then the rate of consumption of
Na2O2.

(a) mL O 2 /min

1 atm
0.967 atm
T 25 273 298 K
760 mmHg
0.967 atm 0.076 L
PV
n

0.0030 mol O 2
RT 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 298 K
0.0030 mol O 2 2 mol Na 2 O 2 77.98 g Na 2 O 2 60 min

28 g Na 2 O 2 /h
rate
1 min
1 mol O 2
1 mol Na 2 O 2
1h

P 735 mmHg

243

Chapter 6: Gases

101. (E) Determine relative numbers of moles, and the mole fractions of the 3 gases in
the 100.0 g gaseous mixture.

N 2 46.5 g N 2

amount

1 mol N 2
1.66 mol N 2
28.01 g N 2

2.86 mol
0.580

1 mol Ne
0.629 mol Ne 2.86 mol
0.220
20.18 g Ne
1 mol Cl2
0.575 mol Cl2 2.86 mol
0.201
amount Cl 2 40.8 g Cl2
70.91 g Cl2
Ne 12.7 g Ne

amount

total amount 1.66 mol N 2 0.629 mol Ne 0.575 mol Cl2 2.86 mol
Since the total pressure of the mixture is 1 atm, the partial pressure of each gas is numerically
very close to its mole fraction. Thus, the partial pressure of Cl2 is 0.201 atm or 153 mmHg
102. (M) Let us first determine the molar mass of this mixture.

dRT 0.518 g L1 0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 298 K

M
13.4 g/mol
1 atm
P
721 mmHg

760 mmHg

Then we let x be the mole fraction of He in the mixture.

13.4 g/mol x 4.003 g/mol (1.000 x) 32.00 g/mol 4.003x 32.00 32.00x
x

32.00 13.4
32.00 4.003

0.664

Thus, one mole of the mixture contains 0.664 mol He. We determine the mass of that
He and then the % He by mass in the mixture.
mass He 0.664 mol He

4.003 g He
1 mol He

2.66 g He

%He

2.66 g He
13.4 g mixture

100% 19.9% He

103. (M) The volume percents in a mixture of gases also equal mole percents, which can be
converted to mole fractions by dividing by 100.
M

air

0.7808 mol N 2

28.013 g N 2
1 mol N 2

0.00036 mol CO 2

0.2095 mol O 2

44.010 g CO 2
1 mol CO 2

31.999

1 mol O 2

O2

39.948 g Ar

0.0093 mol Ar 1 mol Ar =28.96 g/mol

244

Chapter 6: Gases

104. (M)
(a) PTOT = PO2 +PN2O = 154 torr + 612 torr = 766 torr

We know that PO2 = O2 PTOT . Therefore, O2 = 154/766 = 0.20

To determine the wt% of O2 and N2O, we have to use the mole fractions and determine the mass
of each species:

mass O 2 : 0.20 mol O 2

32.0 g O 2
= 6.432 g
1 mol O 2

mass N 2O: 0.80 mol N 2 O

44.0 g N 2 O
= 35.20 g
1 mol N 2 O

6.432
100 = 15.4%
6.432 35.20
wt% N 2 O =100 15.4 84.6%
wt% O 2 =

(b) Apparent molar mass of the mixture:

(32.00 g/mol)(154 torr/766 torr) + (44.02 g/mol)(612 torr/766 torr) = 41.6 g/mol
105. (M) The amount of N2(g) plus the amount of He(g) equals the total amount of gas. We use this
equality, and substitute with the ideal gas law, letting V symbolize the volume of cylinder B.
n N 2 + n He = n total becomes PN2 VN 2 + PHe VHe = Ptotal Vtotal

since all temperatures are equal.

Substitution gives (8.35 atm 48.2 L) + (9.50 atm V) = 8.71 atm (48.2 L + V)
420 402
402 L atm 9.50 V 420 L atm 8.71V
V
23 L
9.50 8.71
106. (M) To construct a closed-end monometer, fill the tube with mercury, making sure to
remove any air bubbles. Inverting the tube results in a column of mercury with a
vacuum in the space directly above the column.
vacuum
gas
vacuum

difference in height
of columns of
mercury is the
pressure of the gas

pressure equals
difference in
heights of the
two columns of
mercury

When the container is evacuated, the heights of both mercury columns are equal. As
the gas pressure in the container increases, the heights of the mercury columns will
change. Because the system is closed, Pbar is not needed. One drawback of this
system is that gas pressure much larger than one atmosphere cannot easily be handled

245

Chapter 6: Gases

unless a very long column is used. (> 1 meter). Otherwise, the column of mercury
would be pushed up to the closed end of the monometer at a critical pressure, and
remain unchanged with increasing pressure.
An open-ended monometer, would be better suited to measuring higher pressure than
lower pressure. A gas pressure of one atmosphere results in the columns of mercury
being equal. A sidearm of 760 mm pressure would allow one to measure pressures up
to 2 atmospheres.
107. (D)
g 23.2
g 17.7
g 1.1
g 50.5
g
44.01 +
28.01 +
2.016
+
16.043
+
28.01
100
mol 100
mol 100
mol 100
mol 100
mol

1 atm
g
763 mmHg
24.56

PM
760 mmHg
mol
g
Mav = 24.56 g/mol
density =
=
=1.015
RT
L

L atm
0.08206
296 K
K mol

(a) Mav =

8.0

(b) Pco = Ptotal

V%
23.2 %
= 763 mmHg
= 177 mmHg or 0.233 atm
100 %
100 %

(c) CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)

H2(g)+ O2(g) H2O(g)
CH4(g)+ 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Use the fact that volume is directly proportional to moles when the pressure and
temperature are constant. 1000 L of producer gas contains:
232 L CO which requires
116 L O2
88.5 L O2
177 L H2 which requires
22 L O2
11 L CH4 which requires
226.5 L O2 (Note: air is 20.95 % O2 by volume)
Thus, the reaction requires

226.5 L
=1.08103 L .
0.2095

108. (M) First, balance the equation:

C20H32O2 + 27 O2 20 CO2 + 16 H2O

mol O 2 needed: 2000 g C20 H 32 O 2

1 mol C20 H 32 O 2
27 mol O 2

304.52 g C20 H 32 O 2
1 mol C20 H 32 O 2

= 177.33 mol O 2
Using the ideal gas law, we can determine the volume of 177.33 mol of O2:
1
nRT 177.33 mol 0.082058 L atm K 298 K
vol O 2 =
=
= 4336.30 L O 2
P
1.00 atm

246

Chapter 6: Gases

To determine the volume of air needed, we note that O2 represents 20.9% of air by volume:
x(0.205) = 4336.30 L. Solving for x gives 20698 L, or 2.070104 L.
109. (M) First recognize that 3 moles of gas are produced from every 2 moles of water, and
compute the number of moles of gas produced. Then determine the partial pressure these
gases would exert.
amount of gas 1.32 g H 2 O

1 mol H 2 O
3 mol gas

0.110 mol gas

18.02 g H 2 O 2 mol H 2 O

nRT 0.110 mol 0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 303 K 760 mmHg

P

717 mmHg
V
2.90 L
1 atm

Then the vapor pressure (partial pressure) of water is determined by difference.

Pwater = 748 mmHg - 717 mmHg = 31 mmHg

110. (D) First, balance the equations:
Fe + 2 HCl 2 FeCl2 + H2
2 Al + 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 + 3 H2
Then, we calculate the partial pressure of O2:
PO2 =PTOT - PH 2O =841 - 16.5 = 824.5 torr

mol H 2 =

1.0849 atm 0.159 L

= 0.007192 mol
0.082058 L atm K 1 292 K

Now, we will try to express the calculated moles of H2 using the mole relationship between the
metals and H2:
1 mol H 2
3 mol H 2
mol H 2 =
mol Fe +
mol Al = 0.007198 mol
1 mol Fe
2 mol Al
1 mol Fe
1 mol Al
1.0 mass Fe
+ 1.5 0.1924 mass Fe

55.85 g Fe
26.98 g Al

0.007192 0.017905 mass Fe 0.01070 0.055597 mass Fe

Solving for massFe yields 0.09307 g of Fe.
%Fe = (0.09307/0.1924) 100 = 48.4%

247

Chapter 6: Gases

111. (M) The total pressure of the mixture of O2 and H2O is 737 mmHg, and the partial
pressure of H2O is 25.2 mmHg.
(a) The percent of water vapor by volume equals its percent pressure.

% H2O

25.2 mmHg
100% 3.42% H 2 O by volume
737 mmHg

(b) The % water vapor by number of molecules equals its percent pressure, 3.42% by number.
(c) One mole of the combined gases contains 0.0342 mol H2O and 0.9658 mol O2.
molar mass = 0.0342 mol H 2 O

18.02 g H 2 O
31.999 g O 2
+ 0.9658 mol O 2
1 mol H 2 O
1 mol O 2

=0.616 g H 2 O + 30.90 g O 2 = 31.52 g

% H 2 O=

0.616 g H 2 O
100% = 1.95 % H 2 O by mass
31.52 g

112. (D)
(a) 1 mol of the mixture at STP occupies a volume of 22.414 L. It contains 0.79 mol
He and 0.21 mol O 2 .
4.003 g He
32.0 g O 2
0.79 mol He
0.21 mol O 2
mass
1 mol He
1 mol O 2
STP density =
=
= 0.44 g / L
volume
22.414 L

25 C is a temperature higher than STP. This condition increases the 1.00-L volume
containing 0.44 g of the mixture at STP. We calculate the expanded volume with the
combined gas law.

Vfinal 1.00 L

b25 + 273.2g K = 1.09 L

273.2 K

final density =

0.44 g
= 0.40 g / L
1.09 L

We determine the apparent molar masses of each mixture by multiplying the mole
fraction (numerically equal to the volume fraction) of each gas by its molar mass, and
then summing these products for all gases in the mixture.

28.01 g N 2
32.00 g O 2
39.95 g Ar
M air 0.78084
+ 0.20946
+ 0.00934

1 mol N 2
1 mol O 2
1 mol Ar

= 21.87 g N 2 + 6.703 g O 2 + 0.373 g Ar = 28.95 g / mol air

4.003 g He
32.00 g O 2
9.9 g mixture

M mix 0.79
= 3.2 g He + 6.7 g O 2 =
+ 0.21
1 mol He
1 mol O 2
mol

248

Chapter 6: Gases

(b) In order to prepare two gases with the same density, the volume of the gas of
smaller molar mass must be smaller by a factor equal to the ratio of the molar masses.
According to Boyles law, this means that the pressure on the less dense gas must be
larger by a factor equal to a ratio of molar masses.

Pmix

28.95
1.00 atm = 2.9 atm
9.9

113. (M) First, determine the moles of Cl2 and NaClO. Then, determine the limiting reagent
4.66 atm 1.0 L
mol Cl2 =
= 0.2007 mol
0.082058 L atm K 1 283 K

mol NaClO = (0.750 L)(2.00 M) = 1.50 mol

4 mol NaClO
0.2007 mol Cl 2
0.8028 mol NaClO needed
1 mol Cl2
Therefore, NaClO is the excess reagent.
Now, we must calculate the theoretical yield of ClO2:
2 mol ClO 2 67.45 g ClO 2
0.2007 mol Cl2

27.07 g ClO 2
1 mol Cl2
1 mol ClO 2
%yield =

25.9
100 95.7%
27.07

114. (M) First, determine the moles of Na2S2O3, then use the chemical equations given to determine
the moles of O3 in the mixture:

mol Na 2S2 O3 = 0.0262 L 0.1359 M = 0.003561 mol

1 mol I3
1 mol O3
mol O3 : 0.003561 mol Na 2S2 O3

0.001780 mol O3
2 mol Na 2S2 O3 1 mol I3
Using the ideal gas law, we can determine the moles of gas:
0.993 atm 53.2 L
moles of gas =
= 2.2123 mol
0.082058 L atm K 1 291 K

O
3

115.

0.001780 mol
= 8.046 104
2.2123 mol total

(D) First compute the pressure of the water vapor at 30.1C.

1 mol H 2 O 0.08206 L atm

(30.1 273.2) K
0.1052 g 18.015 g H O
mol K
760 mmHg

2
PH2O

13.72 mmHg
8.050 L

249

1 atm

Chapter 6: Gases

The water vapor is kept in the 8.050-L container, which means that its pressure is proportional to the
absolute temperature in the container. Thus, for each of the six temperatures, we need to calculate
two numbers: (1) the pressure due to this water (because gas pressure varies with temperature),
and (2) 80% of the vapor pressure. The temperature we are seeking is where the two numbers
agree.
(T 273.2) K
(T ) 13.72 mmHg
P
water
(30.1 273.2) K
(20. 273.2) K
13.3 mmHg
P(20C) 13.72 mmHg
(30.1 273.2) K
For example,
T
20. C
19. C
18. C
17. C
16. C
15. C
Pwater, mmHg
13.3
13.2
13.2
13.1
13.1
13.0
80.0% v.p.,
14.0
13.2
12.4
11.6
10.9
10.2
mmHg
At approximately 19C, the relative humidity of the air will be 80.0%.
116. (D)
1/A 1/V
(cm-1)
0.0358
0.0328
0.0394
0.0437
0.0493
0.0562
0.0658
0.0787
0.0980
0.1316

3500

-1

Plot of Pressure versus A

3000

Pressure (mmHg)

Pgas
(mmHg)
810.8
739.8
896.8
996.8
1123
1278
1494
1796
2216
2986

2500
2000
1500

Equation of the line

P = 22670(A-1) + 2.5377

1000
500
0
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

A-1(cm -1)

Factors that would affect the slope of this straight line are related to deviations real gases exhibit
from ideality. At higher pressures, real gases tend to interact more, exerting forces of attraction
and repulsion that Boyles Law does not take into account.
117. (D)
(a) T = 10 C = 283 K
kg m
R = 8.314472 2
s K mol

M = 28.96 g mol-1 (from question 99) or 0.02896 kg mol-1

m
g = 9.80665 2
h = 14494 ft 12in 2.54 cm 1m 4417.8 m
s
1ft
1in
100 cm

0.02896

P = Po 10

Mgh
2.303RT

760 mmHg 10

kg
m
9.80665 2 4417.8 m
mol
s

2.303 8.314472

250

kg m
283K
s2 K mol

760 100.2314 = 446 mmHg

Chapter 6: Gases

(b) h = 900 ft

12in 2.54 cm
1m

274.3m
1ft
1in
100 cm

0.02896

P = Po 10

kg
m
9.80665 2 274.3 m
mol
s

2.303 8.314472

kg m
283K
s K mol
2

= 0.967455 Po =

29
Po
30

or

1
smaller
30

118. (M)
(a) urms is determined as follows:

3 8.3145 J mol1 K 1 298 K

3RT

482 m/s
M
32.00 103 kg

u rms

(b)

M
Fu 4

2 RT

3/2

u 2 exp Mu 2 / 2RT

32.00 103
Fu 4

2 (8.3145)(298)

3/ 2

32.00 103 (498) 2

1.92 103
(498) exp

2(8.3145)(298)

119. (D) Potential energy of an object is highest when the kinetic energy of the object is zero and the
object has attained its maximum height. Therefore, we must determine the kinetic energy. But
first, we have to determine the velocity of the N2 molecule.
u rms

3 8.3145 J mol1 K 1 300 K

3RT

517 m/s
M
28.00 103 kg

2
1
1
2
mu rms 28.00 103 kg 517 m/s 3742 J
2
2
e k e p m g h 28.00 103 kg 9.8 m/s 2 h = 3742 J

ek

Solving for h, the altitude reached by an N2 molecule is 13637 m or 13.6 km.

120. (D)

251

Chapter 6: Gases

121. (D) (a) First multiply out the left-hand side of the equation.

an 2
an 2 abn 3
P 2 (V nb) nRT PV Pnb
2
V
V
V

Now multiply the entire equation through by V2, and collect all terms on the right-hand side.
0 nRTV 2 PV 3 PnbV 2 an 2V abn 3
Finally, divide the entire equation by P and collect terms with the same power of V, to obtain:
2
n 3 ab
RT bP 2 n a
3

0 V n
V
V P 0
P

P
(b)
1 mol CO 2
n 185 g CO 2
4.20 mol CO 2
44.0 g CO 2
(0.08206 L atm mol1 K 1 286 K) (0.0429 L/mol 12.5 atm)
V2
0 V 3 4.20 mol

12.5 atm

(4.20 mol) 2 3.61 L2 atm mol2

(4.20 mol)3 3.61 L2 atm mol2 0.0429 L/mol

V
12.5 atm
12.5 atm

3
2
V 8.07 V 5.09 V 0.918

We can solve this equation by the method of successive approximations. As a first value, we
use the volume obtained from the ideal gas equation:
nRT 4.20 mol 0.08206 L atm mol 1 K 1 286 K

7.89 L
V
12.5 atm
P

252

Chapter 6: Gases

V = 7.89 L
(7.89)3 - 8.06 (7.89)2 + (5.07 7.89) - 0.909 = 28.5
Try
V = 7.00 L
(7.00)3 - 8.06 (7.00)2 + (5.07 7.00) - 0.909 = -17.4
Try
V = 7.40 L
(7.40)3 - 8.06 (7.40)2 + (5.07 7.40) - 0.909 = 0.47
Try
V = 7.38 L
(7.38)3 - 8.06 (7.38)2 + (5.07 7.38) - 0.909 = -0.53
Try
V = 7.39 L
(7.39)3 - 8.06 (7.39)2 + (5.07 7.39) - 0.909 = -0.03
The volume of CO2 is very close to 7.39 L.

>0
<0
>0
<0
<0

A second way is to simply disregard the last term and to solve the equation
0 = V3 - 8.06 V2 + 5.07 V
This equation simplifies to the following quadratic equation:
0 = V2 - 8.06 V + 5.07, which is solved with the quadratic formula.
8.06 (8.06) 2 4 5.07 8.06 6.68 14.74
V

7.37 L
2
2
2
The other root, 0.69 L does not appear to be reasonable, due to its small size.
122. (D)
(a) The van der Waals gas equation is used to determine the actual pressure.

n 2a
P 2 V nb nRT
V

2
nRT n 2 a 1 0.083145 280 1 1.382
P

96.5 bar = 9.65 MPa

V nb V 2 0.2168 1 0.0319 0.2168 2

%error =

9.65-10 100 3.5%

10
(b) The volume using the ideal gas law is given as follows:
V = nRT/P = (1 mol)(8.3145 kPaLK-1mol-1)(280 K)/(10103 kPa) = 0.233 L
%error = (0.233 0.2168)/0.2168 100 = 7.47%

123. (M)
(a)

PV = RT 1+

P 0.500

V = 500 cm 3 mol-1

B = -21.89 cm 3 mol-1

2
V T= 273 K

C = 1230 cm 6 mol-2

-21.89 cm 3 mol-1 1230 cm 6 mol-2

L
L atm
=
0.08206
273
K
+
1+

2
3
-1
mol
K mol
500
cm
mol
500 cm 3 mol-1

L atm
L

P 0.500
0.961
= 22.40
mol
mol

253

22.4
P=

L atm
mol

0.961

0.500 L

mol

= 43.1 atm

Chapter 6: Gases

(b) The result is consistent with Figure 6-20. In Figure 6-20, the compressibility
factor is slightly below 1 at pressures between 0 and 400 atm. At a pressure of
~50 atm, the compressibility factor is just slightly below 1. Using the data
provided, a pressure of 43.1 atm has a compressibility factor of 0.961, which is
slightly below 1. The data is consistent with the information provided in Fig 620.
124. (M)

1 atm
0.9618 atm
760 mm Hg
0.9618 atm 0.202 L
PV
mol H 2

7.99 103 mol

1
1
RT
0.08206 L atm mol K 296 K

PH 2 752 mm Hg 21.07 mm Hg

n H2 = n H2 (from Al) + n H2 (from Mg) Let x = mass of Al in g, therefore 0.156 x = mass Mg in grams

1 mol H 2
1 mol Al 3 mol H 2
1 mol Mg
n H2 = 7.99 10-3 mol H 2 = x

(0.156 x)
26.98 g Al 2 mol Al
24.305 g Mg 1 mol Mg

7.99 10-3 mol H 2 = 0.0556x + 0.006418 0.04114x

0.001572 = 0.01446x
x = 0.1087 g Al
0.1087 g Al
mass % Al =
100% = 69.7 % Al
0.156 g mixture
mass % Mg = 100% 69.7 % = 30.3 % Mg

FEATURE PROBLEMS
125. (M) Boyles Law relates P and V, i.e., P V = constant. If V is proportional to the
value of A, and Pgas = Pbar + PHg (i.e. the pressure of the gas equals the sum of the
barometric pressure and the pressure exerted by the mercury column), then a
comparison of individual A P products should show a consistent result or a
constant.
A
(cm)
27.9
30.5
25.4
22.9
20.3
17.8
15.2
12.7
10.2
7.6

Pbar
(atm)
739.8
739.8
739.8
739.8
739.8
739.8
739.8
739.8
739.8
739.8

PHg
(mmHg)
71
0
157
257
383
538
754
1056
1476
2246

Pgas
(mmHg)
810.8
739.8
896.8
996.8
1123
1278
1494
1796
2216
2986
254

A Pgas
(cm mmHg)
22621
22564
22779
22827
22793
22745
22706
22807
22601
22692

Chapter 6: Gases

Since consistent A Pgas results are observed, these data conform reasonably well
(within experimental uncertainty) to Boyles Law.
49.4
) = 32.1 u of X
100
32.7
) = 16.0 u of X
Nitrosyl Fluoride 49.01 u (
100
18.6
) = 16.0 u of X
Thionyl Fluoride 86.07 u (
100
31.4
Sulfuryl Fluoride 102.07 u (
) = 32.0 u of X
100
The atomic mass of X is 16 u which corresponds to the element oxygen.
The number of atoms of X (oxygen) in each compound is given below:
Nitryl Fluoride
= 2 atoms of O
Nitrosyl Fluoride = 1 atom of O
Thionyl Fluoride = 1 atom of O
Sulfuryl Fluoride = 2 atoms of O

126. (E) Nitryl Fluoride

65.01 u (

127. (M)
(a) The N 2 g extracted from liquid air has some Ar(g) mixed in. Only O 2 g was
removed from liquid air in the oxygen-related experiments.
(b) Because of the presence of Ar(g) [39.95 g/mol], the N 2 g [28.01 g/mol]
from liquid air will have a greater density than N 2 g from nitrogen
compounds.

bg

bg

bg

(c)

bg

Magnesium will react with molecular nitrogen

3 Mg s + N 2 g Mg 3 N 2 s but not with Ar. Thus, magnesium

reacts with all the nitrogen in the mixture, but leaves the relatively inert
Ar(g) unreacted.
(d)

The nitrogen remaining after oxygen is extracted from each mole of air
(Rayleighs mixture) contains 0.78084 + 0.00934 = 0.79018 mol and has the
mass calculated below.
mass of gaseous mixture = 0.78084 28.013 g/mol N 2 + 0.00934 39.948 g/mol Ar
mass of gaseous mixture = 21.874 g N 2 + 0.373 g Ar = 22.247 g mixture.

Then, the molar mass of the mixture can be computed: 22.247 g mixture /
0.79018 mol = 28.154 g/mol. Since the STP molar volume of an ideal gas is
22.414 L, we can compute the two densities.

b g

d N2 =

28.013 g / mol
28.154 g/mol
= 1.2561 g/mol
= 1.2498 g / mol d mixture =
22.414 L / mol
22.414 L/mol

These densities differ by 0.50%.

255

Chapter 6: Gases

128. (M)
(a)

First convert pressures from mmHg to atm:

Density (g/L)
1.428962
1.071485
0.714154
0.356985
(b)

Pressure (atm)
1.0000
0.75000
0.50000
0.25000

Density/Pressure (g/L.atm)
1.428962 1.4290
1.428647 1.4286
1.428308 1.4283
1.42794 1.4279
average = 1.4285 g/L.atm

d
M O2 = 1.4285 g/L atm 0.082058 L atm/mol K 273.15 K
RT
P
= 32.0175 g/mol Thus, the atomic mass of O2 = M O2 / 2 = 16.0086

M O2 =

M O2
This compares favorably with the value of 15.9994 given in the front of the textbook.
129.

(D) Total mass = mass of payload + mass of balloon + mass of H2

mass(m)
RT
Use ideal gas law to calculate mass of H2: PV = nRT =
Molar mass(M)
3
3

2.54 cm 110-3 L

g
3 12in
1atm 120ft

2.016
3
3
3

1cm
mol
1ft
1in
PVM

=
m=
= 306 g
RT

L atm
0.08206
273K
K mol

Total mass = 1200 g + 1700 g + 306 g 3200 g

We know at the maximum height, the balloon will be 25 ft in diameter. Need to find
out what mass of air is displaced. We need to make one assumption the volume
percent of air is unchanged with altitude. Hence we use an apparent molar mass for
air of 29 g mol-1 (question 99). Using the data provided, we find the altitude at
which the balloon displaces 3200 g of air.
25
4
4
Note: balloon radius =
= 12.5 ft. volume = ()r3 = (3.1416)(12.5)3 = 8181 ft3
2
3
3
3
3
-3
12in 2.54 cm 110 L = 231,660 L
Convert to liters: 8181ft 3
3
3
1cm3
1ft
1in

1atm

2.710 2 mb
(231,660 L) 29

1013.25 mb
PVM
mol
=
At 10 km: m =
= 97,827 g
RT

L atm
0.08206 K mol 223K

1atm

5.5101mb
(231,660 L) 29

1013.25 mb
PVM
mol
=
= 20,478 g
At 20 km: m =
RT
L atm

0.08206 K mol 217K

256

Chapter 6: Gases

1atm

1.2101mb
(231,660 L) 29

1013.25 mb
PVM
mol
=
At 30 km: m =
= 4,215g
RT
L atm

0.08206 K mol 230K

1atm

2.9100 mb
(231,660 L) 29

1013.25 mb
PVM
mol
=
= 937 g
At 40 km: m =
RT
L atm

0.08206 K mol 250K

The lifting power of the balloon will allow it to rise to an altitude of just over 30 km.

SELF-ASSESSMENT EXERCISES
130. (E)
(a) atm: Pressure exerted by the atmosphere at sea level per unit area, or 760 mm Hg
(b) STP: Standard temperature and pressure, defined as a pressure of 1 barr at 273 K
(c) R: Gas constant, which is the ratio between the product of the molar volume of a gas and
pressure, and temperature.
(d) Partial pressure: The ratio between the pressure of a gas in a container and the total pressure
of the container
(e) urms: Root mean squared velocity of gas molecules in a sample

131. (E)
(a) Absolute zero: the lowest theoretical temperature, and the temperature at which all
molecular/atomic vibrations cease.
(b) Collection of gas over water: The process of isolating a gas (which does not react with water)
generated by a reaction by bubbling it through a bottle and measuring its volume by the
displacement of water.
(c) Effusion of a gas: the escape of gas molecules from their container through a tiny orifice or
pinhole.
(d) Law of combining volumes: the volume ratio of gases consumed and generated is the same as
their mole ratio, provided that temperature and pressure are kept constant throughout.
132. (E)
(a) A barometer measures atmospheric pressure, whereas a manometer measures the pressure of
a generated gas in a closed vessel.
(b) Celsius temperature uses the freezing and boiling points of water to generate a temperature
scale, whereas the Kelvin scale uses the temperature below which no molecular vibrations
can occur as the zero point.
(c) The ideal gas equation states the relationship between pressure, volume, moles, and
temperature in an ideal gas. The general gas equation uses the ideal gas equation to set up a
linear relationship between P, V, n, and T (P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2).

257

Chapter 6: Gases

(d) An ideal gas is one in which the gas molecules themselves dont occupy a volume, and that
their interaction with each other is negligible. A real gas takes into account molecular
volume of the gas and intermolecular/interatomic interactions.
133. (E) The answer is (d). The following shows the values for each:
(a) P = ghd = (9.8 m/s2)(0.75 m)(13600 kg/m3) = 99960 Pa
(b) Just for a rough approximation, we assume the density of air to be the same as that of
nitrogen (this underestimates it a bit, but is close enough). The density of N2 is 0.02802
g/22.7 L = 1.234 g/L = 1.234 kg/m3. P = (9.8 m/s2)(16093 m)(1.234 kg/m3) = 194616 Pa.
(c) P = ghd = (9.8 m/s2)(5.0 m)(1590 kg/m3) = 77910 Pa
(d) P = nRT/V = (10.00 g H2 1 mol/2.02 g)(0.083145 LbarrK-1)(273 K)/(22.7 L) = 4.95 barr
= 495032 Pa
134. (E) The answer is (c), because the temperature decreases from 100 C (373 K) to 200 K.
135. (M) P1/T1 = P2/T2. To calculate T2, rearrange the formula:
T2 = 2.0 barr / (1.0 barr 273 K) = 546 K
136. (M) The answer is (d).
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2

V2

1 atm 22.4 L 298 K

= 16.3 L
273 K 1.5 atm

137. (M) The answer is (b). Since the same number of moles of all ideal gases occupy the same
volume, density is driven by the molar mass of the gas. Therefore, Kr has the highest density
because it has a molar mass of 83 g/mol.
138. (E) The answer is (a). Using the formula urms = (3RT/M)1/2, increases T by a factor of 2 increase
urms by a factor of 2 .
139. (M)
(a) False. They both have the same kinetic energy
(b) True. All else being equal, the heavier molecule is slower.
(c) False. The formula PV=nRT can be used to confirm this. The answer is 24.4 L
(d) True. There is ~1.0 mole of each gas present. All else being equal, the same number of
moles of any ideal gas occupies the same volume.
(e) False. Total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures. So long as there is nothing else but
H2 and O2, the total pressure is equal to the sum of the individual partial pressures.

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140. (E) The answer is (c). Partial pressures are additive, so:
PTOT =PH2O +PO2
PO2 (atm)=

PTOT PH2O
760 mm Hg

751 21
0.96 atm
760

141. (M) The answer is (a). First, determine the # moles of NH3 using the ideal gas law relationship:
n = PV/RT = (0.500 atm 4.48 L) / (0.08206 Latm K-1 273 K) = 0.100 mol
If 1.0 mole of a substance has 6.0221023 atoms, 0.100 moles has 6.0221022 atoms.
142. (M) The answer is (b). Since PV = nRT, the number of moles of O2 needed to satisfy the
conditions of the problem is:

n = (2.00 atm 2.24 L) / (0.08206 Latm K-1 273 K) = 0.200 moles

1 mol O2
0.050 mol O 2
32.0 g O 2
To have an additional 0.150 mol in the system, we would add 0.6 g of He to the container.

The amount of O2 available = 1.60 g O 2

143. (E) The volumes of both gases were measured at the same temperature and pressure. Therefore,
the proportionality constant between volume and moles for both gases is the same (that is,
volume can essentially replace moles in the following calculations):

25.0 L H 2

3 L CO
= 10.7 L CO needed
7 L H2

So, all of the H2 and 10.7 L of CO are consumed, and 1.3 L of CO remain.
144. (M) The answer is (a), that is, the partial pressure of H2 in the container is less than SO2. The
reasoning can be derived from the kinetic molecular theory of gases. Gas molecules with smaller
molar masses travel faster, and as such can escape faster from an orifice. This is expressed in
Grahams Law in section 6.8.
145. (M) The answer is (c). Gases behave more ideally at high temperatures and low pressures.
146. (M)
(a) He or Ne: Ne has higher a and b values.
(b) CH4 or C3H8: C3H8 has higher a and b values
(c) H2 or Cl2: Cl2 has higher a and b values

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147. (D) We know that pressure is force per unit area, that is:

F mg

A
A
Using the fact that area A=r 2 =(D/2) 2 and that mass m=d V , and that volume of a cylindrical
tube is V=A h (where h is the height of the liquid in the tube), we can express the pressure
formula as follows:
F d V g d A hg
P= =
=d h g

A
A
A
Therefore,
dVg
d h g, and,
A
d
d
h=
A D/2 2
P=

As we can see, the height, h is inversely proportional to D. That is, the larger the diameter of the
tube, the shorter the height of the liquid.
148. (D) First, convert the given information to more useful units. The pressure (752 torr) is
equivalent to 0.9895 atm (752 mm/760 mm Hg), and the temperature is 298 K. Then, use the
ideal gas relationship to determine how many moles of gas are present, assuming 1 L of gas:

PV = nRT
n=

0.9895 atm 1 L
PV

0.04046 mol
RT 0.08206 L atm K 1 298 K

From the problem, we know the mass of the gas per 1 L, as expressed in the density. Mass of 1 L
of this gas is 2.35 g. The molar mass of this substance is therefore:

MM = g/mol = 2.35 g/0.04046 mol. = 58.082 g/mol

Now, lets calculate the empirical formula for the hydrocarbon gas and see how it compares to
the molar mass:
1 mol C
mol C = 82.7 g C
= 6.89 mol
12.01 g C
1 mol H
mol H = 17.3 g H
= 17.1 mol
1.01 g H
H:C ratio = 17.1 mol / 6.89 mol = 2.5
The ratio between H and C is 2.5:1 or 5:2, making the empirical formula C2H5. The mass of this
formula unit is 29.07 g/mol. Comparing to the calculated molar mass of the gas, it is smaller by a
factor of 2. Therefore, the gas in question in C4H10 or butane.

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149. (E) N2 comprises 78.084% of atmosphere, oxygen 20.946%, argon 0.934%, and CO2 0.0379%.
To graphically show the scale of this difference, divide all values by the smallest one (CO2).
Therefore, for every single mark representing CO2, we need 2060 marks for N2, 553 marks for
O2, and 25 for Ar.
150. (M) To construct a concept map, one must first start with the most general concepts. These
concepts are not defined by or in terms of other concepts discussed in those sections. In this
chapter, pressure is the overarching concept (6-1). The topics that fall under the rubric of
pressure are liquid and gas pressure, and measuring pressure. Simple gas laws are derived from
the concept of pressure (6-2). Simple gas laws include Boyles Law, Charles Law and
Avogadros Law. These laws combine to form another subtopic, the Ideal Gas Law and the
General Gas Equation. Take a look at the subsection headings and problems for more refining of
the general and specific concepts.

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