Chapter 7: Periodic Trends

Effective Nuclear Charge

Atomic Radii
Isoelectric Series
Ionization Energy
First Ionization Energy
Second ionization
Energy
Electron Affinity
Metallic Character
Metalloids

The charge experienced by an electron due to nuclear charge

and shielding by core electrons (inner shell e-)
Measured as half the distance between two atoms of the same
electron
Atoms or ions with the same number of electrons
The energy required to move an electron from an atom
The energy required to move the first electron
The energy required to move the second electron
The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to a
gaseous change
The extent to which an element exhibits physical & chemical
properties of metals
Have properties of both metals and nonmetals

Period Trends
Effective Nuclear Charge
-

Zeff Increases from left to right as the number of protons increases but the number of

core e- stays the same

eff Increases slightly down a group because core e- become less effective at shielding
as they move farther from the nucleus, and nuclear charge increases

Atom Radii

- Atomic radii decrease from left to right as e- are added to the same energy level but
coulombic attraction increases with increasing # of protons and electrons
- Atomic Radii increases down a group as electrons are added to higher energy levels and
are farther from the nucleus

Ionization Energy
- I.E. increases from left to right as nuclear charge increases and size decreases
- I.E. decreases down a group as electrons are farther from the nucleus

Electron Affinity
- Electron Affinity increases from left to right as nuclear charge increases and radius
decreases
- Electron Affinity decreases down a group as electrons are farther from the nucleus

Metallic Characteristics
- Metallic characteristics decrease from left to right
- Metallic characteristics increase down a group

Effective Nuclear Charge:

Zeff = Z S
Z is the nuclear charge (# of protons)

S is shielding (# of inner shell electrons)

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE

-

Mendeleev first organized the elements in order of increasing atomic mass

and recognized a recurring pattern of properties.
Mendeleev left blank spaces for elements unknown at the time
Later elements were organized in order of increasing number of protons, or
atomic number
Elements in the same column have the same number of outershell electrons
and have similar physical and chemical properties
Moseley organized the periodic table by atomic number rather than by atomic
mass

Coulombic Attraction Depends on both the magnitude of the charges and the
distance between them
Attraction increases as nuclear charge increases and distance decreases
Cations are smaller than their neutral atoms since electron repulsions and outermost
E level are reduced
Anions are larger due to the electron repulsions
Increasing nuclear charge
Decreasing size

Properties of Metals
-

Lusterous
Malleable
Ductile
Good thermal conductor
Good electrical conductor

Properties of Non-Metals
-

Not Lusterous
Not malleable
Not ductile
Brittle when solid
Poor thermal conductor
Poor electrical conductor