Key Ideas + An identity is any micheinatical equation chat is tue For all values of the variable. For example, 3(x + 1) = 3+ 3 isan identgy. +A tsigonoimetrie dey i ny mathematical equation with ceigonometicexpresions that is rue for all vals ofthe vadable, Fundamental Ttigonometiic Identities Quotient Hdeneiy: Pythagorean Identicy: eFcote = 1 sine = 1 — coe? x dete 1 sin? *+ cis not always obvious thar both sides of a trigonometric expression are equal, To prove that it is an identity, a proof that shows that both sides of the expression are equal is fequired. follow these seep, To prove thar given expression isan identity 1s Separate the ewo sides of the expression, 2.. Simplify the more complicated side'unedil ie is identical to, che other side or transform both sides of the expression into she same expression. ‘+ The following strategies can be helpful for proving identivis. 1. Express all tangent functions in terms of che sine function of the cosine function. 2. Look for expressions to which the Pythagorean identity can be applied. 3. “Where necesiary, factor of find 2 cotnmon denorninator. + Its not always easy’ to prove an identity. If you get seuck or take a wrong curt, try another approach Practise, Apply, Solve 6.5 ® 1. Use the definitions sin 0 = 2, cos @ = 4, and tan @ = 2 to prove each identity. @ ed wo 1+ ant = hy (©) 1 sin? = cost2. y 2 Simplify @) sin x(<) ) (cos s9(tan 9) (0 1 ~ cote (@) 1 — sin? x (©) cos? x + sin? x ) (1 — sin 0(1 + sin a) ow 0 © (gohes 1+ mx OS (mas tar (0) an s+ |. Factor each expression. (@) 1- coe (b) 1 — sine (© sin? ~ cos (@) sin 6 ~ sin (©) cot 9+ 20s +1 © sin?@~2sin9 +1 - (a) Prove that 2% = 1 — sina, by expressing the left side in terms of (©) Prove the identity. (@) Prove that = 1 + sin xby expressing cos? xin terms of sin & T= Sine (b) Factor the expression in (@). (©) Prove the identity. Verify each idenciey @ Bie asx 1h) en ae ~ cord sink 1 Les © gig tuna =the (@) 1 = cot 0 = can cos Osin 0 Prove each identity. A = 1 + cos x a - ©) costx = (1 ~ sin (1 + sin 9) AA) sin? 2 cost = 1 cos?10. MW. 12. 13. 14. 5. 16. ( (©) (sin x-+ cosa} Prove each identity. (@) (sin x + cos 4)? = 1 + 2sin xcos x © aera Y aare 7 mT ind (©) cos x sinvtan x= Shy (@ Bx de= ane Prove cach identity. 02 0~ sin? 8 @ weer 20s 6 l-tnd (b) tant sin? x= sin? xean? x (©) tant x oot x= he = 1 cost x @— 1 2 Tread + Toe 3 Which equations are not identities? Justify your conclusion. Lb 2sin Booed a) Ee B en = in 8 + cos 8 @ ev SHEE (2 (1 = cos? )(1 ~ tan?) @) 1~2eote= Prove each identity. (@) cos x tan? x = sin x can? x (b) sin? @ + cos*O = cost + sin’ (WD tan? G+ cos? 8 + sin? 8 = Sig Prove that =. ‘Check Your Understanding: Prove thar sin? x(1 + Prove each identity. (@ 18 sn wap 7 Teco sox () [Score ~ daw ane si cost 6 + cor Prove that sinig+3cosg=3 — —sin? Prove that sin? ~ cos? @ — tan? g = HESSEN)EXAMPLE 3 Prove that tan? x +1 = sec? x for allx,x# $+ kn, kL, SOLUTION isrefore LS. = RS. ad the statoment is true for all real values of #7 + ke, REL PART & 1. Use the primary trigonometric ratios to show that cot @ except those 6 that make sin @ = 0. Bis true for all 8, 2. Express each of the following expressions in a simpler form, by usi ig a known ‘trigonometric identity. "a. cos 8 sce 6 B. tan 8 cos © 1—sin?0 tan 0 + cove e. VI care f. tan? 0 ~ sec? @ g. ~oee 4 ose hy sin? @ + 2 cos? @ T+sind * Tino 3+ Use some type of factoring to help simplify each of the following: & sint 6 + (sin? 6)(cos? 6) b. (in x)%see 29? + (sin xy? & 4 cos? 9 + 8 cos Osin 8 +4 sin?O d. cost x — sint x Prove that each of the following equations is an identity by simplifying the left side of the equation. ‘@. cotA sinA = cos A b. sec O(1 — cos @) = see @— 1 . sin? BU + cot? B) = 1 4.PART B 5. Use the analytic definition on a circle diagram to prove that sin(—9) = —sin 6 6. Prove that each of the following is an identity. a. tan + cot@ = see Bese 0 bb sin? 6 sec? 6 = sec? 8 1 « Se i. sin? @ + tan? @ = sec? 0 — cos? 0 e. (cosz=sinxP=1-2sinzeosx f. PEEE = SET sn = oan h. gaprims 7 seco — mane 7. Prove 2 sin(—0) ~ cot 0 sin ® cos ® = (sin 8 ~ 1)? ~ 2 is an identity equation. 8. Simplify the function f(0) = sin? @ + L528 + cos* a, 9. Prove that each of the following is an identity. tar A cos = a. peas b, SRLy - sec = tan 1 coste 4.2) = a. 2D cox 7 sear Bm) — a . aepna t aep ar 7288 Ie 40. a. Show that sin(45 + 60)° # sin 45° + sin 60°. & be, Show that sin(45 + 45)° # sin 45° + sin 45°. &, Find another pair of angles A and B to show that sin(a + B) # sin A + sin B, PART © 44. Prove that pig = sec? 8 — BF is an identity. WA 4 SoA 12. Prove the identity WA + EEG ca OF 13. Simplify £0) = Faareeas"s ~~ Funes