Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Publication No 266
NiDl
Distributed by the
Nickel Development Institute,
courtesy of Inco Limited
Contents
Pages
Part Ill. Fabrication Data for Heat & Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings .... 49-52
Machining ............................................................................................................. 49-51
Welding ................................................................................................................. 51-52
Part I
Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings
The heat-resistant casting alloys are those compositions that contain at least 12% chromium which are
capable of performing satisfactorily when used at temperatures above 1200 F. As a group, heat-resistant
compositions are higher in alloy content than the
corrosion-resistant types. The heat-resistant alloys are
composed principally of nickel, chromium and iron together with small percentages of other elements. Nickel
and chromium contribute to the superior heat resistance
of these materials. Castings made of these alloys must
meet two basic requirements:
1. Good surface film stability (oxidation and corrosion resistance) in various atmospheres and at the
temperature to which they are subjected.
2.Sufficient mechanical strength and ductility to meet
high temperature service conditions.
The heat-resistant alloys are listed in Table I along with
their chemical compositions and designations.
Commercial cast heat-resistant alloys can be identified
by designations of the Alloy Casting Institute, now a
division of the Steel Founders' Society of America, and
the American Society for Testing and Materials.* Some
of these materials are also listed in the Aerospace Mate*See ASTM Specification A 297
TABLE I
Compositions of Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings
Alloy
Casting
Institute
Designation
HA
HC
HD
HE
HF
HH
HI
HK
1
IN-519
HL
HN
HP
HP-50WZ
HT
HU
HW
HX
Chromium
Nickel
IN-6571
1
Alloy
Type
ASTM
Specification
8-10Cr
28Cr
28Cr-6Ni
28Cr-9Ni
19Cr-9Ni
25Cr-12Ni
28Cr-15Ni
25Cr-20Ni
24Cr-24Ni
30Cr-20Ni
25Ni-20Cr
35Ni-26Cr
35Ni-26Cr
35Ni-17Cr
39Ni-18Cr
60Ni-12Cr
66Ni-17Cr
A217
A297
A297
A297
A297
A297, A447
A297
A297, A351
A567
A297
A297
A297
A297, A351
A297
A297
A297
50Cr-5ONi
50Cr-48Ni
A560
INCO Designation
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, %
Nearest
AISI
Type
UNS
No.
446
327
312
302B
309
310
J92605
J93005
J93403
J92603
J93503
J94003
J94224
330
Ni
Cr
4 max
4-7
8-11
9-12
11-14
14-18
18-22
8-10
26-30
26-30
26-30
19-23
24-28
26-30
24-28
J94604
J94213
J95705
J94605
J95405
23-25
18-22
23-27
33-37
33-37
33-37
37-41
58-62
64-68
bal
bal
Other
0.20 max
0.50 max
0.50 max
0.20-0.50
0.20-0.40
0.20-0.50
0.20-0.50
0.20-0.60
Mn
max
0.35-0.65
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Si
max
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
Mo
max
0.90-1.20
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
23-25
28-32
19-23
24-28
24-28
15-19
17-21
10-14
15-19
0.25-0.35
0.20-0.60
0.20-0.50
0.35-0.75
0.45-0.55
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
0.35-0.75
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.50
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
Cb 1.4-1.8; Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
W 4-6; Zr 0.1-1.0; Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
48-52
48-52
0.10 max
0.10 max
0.30
0.30
1.00
0.50
Fe 1.0 max
Cb 1.4-1.7; N 0.16 max;
Fe 1.0 max
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
EFFECT OF CONSTITUENTS
Nickel
Nickel is present in cast heat-resistant alloys in
amounts up to 70%. Its principal function is to strengthen
and toughen the matrix. Microstructurally, nickel
promotes the formation of austenite which is stronger
and more stable at elevated temperatures than ferrite.
Nickel contributes to resistance to oxidation, carburization, nitriding and thermal fatigue.
Chromium
The iron-chromium-nickel heat-resistant alloys designed for service up to 1200 F often have mixed
ferriteaustenite matrices. However, alloys intended for
service above 1200 F are austenitic. The compositions
of these alloys are generally adjusted to prevent the formation of ferrite which has a detrimental effect on hightemperature creep-rupture strength. Long-time exposure at high temperatures, e.g., 1500 F, can result in
transformation of ferrite to the sigma phase with significant loss of toughness at room temperature. Thus, in
these alloys, the high-temperature strength is based
primarily on the solid solution strengthening of the austenite by the addition of nickel, chromium and certain
minor elements.
INFLUENCE OF MICROSTRUCTURE
Carbides also contribute to strengthening these alNickel and chromium have the greatest effect on the
loys. As noted previously, these alloys have carbon
properties of heat-resistant castings but the minor alloycontents ranging from 0.20 to 0.75%. In the as-cast
ing elements also influence the properties.
condition, the microstructures consist of carbides disCarbon content ranges from 0.20 to 0.75%. It pro- persed in an austenite matrix which also contains dismotes dispersion-strengthening through the formation of solved carbon. By interfering with dislocation movecarbide in the structure. Increasing the carbon content ment, these precipitated carbides assist in strengthenimproves the high-temperature strength and creep ing the alloy. During long service at elevated temperaresistance of the heat-resistant alloys at the expense of tures in the range 1000 to 1800 F, additional chromium
lower ductility.
carbides precipitate in finely divided form and also asSilicon has a beneficial effect on the high- sist in strengthening the alloys. At temperatures sometemperature corrosion resistance and on resistance to what above 1800 F, the primary carbides have a tencarburization. In amounts greater than 2%, it lowers the dency to coalesce and the secondary carbides to redishigh-temperature creep and rupture properties and, in solve in the matrix. Nickel and chromium retard this
general, the silicon content is limited to 1.5% in castings tendency.
intended for service above 1500 F. Silicon promotes the
formation of ferrite.
GROUPS OF HEAT-RESISTANT
Manganese, although important in melting operations, has little or no effect on the mechanical properties ALLOY CASTINGS
or corrosion resistance when present in moderate
The heat-resistant alloys can be classified according
amounts.
to composition and metallurgical structure into three
Molybdenum improves the high-temperature creep broad groups:
and rupture strength by promoting stabilization of car1. Chromium-iron alloys: HA, HC, HD.
bides. In some instances, it also increases high2. Chromium-nickel-iron alloys: HE, HF, HH, HI, HK,
temperature corrosion resistance. It slightly increases
IN-519, HL.
resistance to carburization.
3. Nickel-chromium-iron alloys: HN, HP, HT, HU, HW,
Work to improve the creep and stress rupture properHX.
ties of the heat resisting chromium-nickel-iron alloys
In addition, chromium-nickel heat-resistant alloys inthrough the addition of small amounts of tungsten, zirco- clude 50Cr-50Ni and IN-657.
nium, titanium, columbium, nitrogen, or combinations of
A general discussion of each group is followed by a
them, has been pursued for several years under Steel
discussion
of each alloy.
Founders' Society of America sponsorship and by
CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS
This group consists of alloys in which chromium predominates with up to 30% chromium and up to 7% nickel.
These alloys are ferritic and have relatively low hot
strength. They are seldom used in critical loadbearing
parts at temperatures above 1400 F, but have found use
in applications involving uniform heating and certain
atmospheric conditions, such as high-sulfur atmospheres.
The alloys in this group include the HA, HC and HD types.
HA (9Cr)
Type HA is a chromium-molybdenum-iron alloy that is
resistant to oxidation up to about 1200 F. The molybdenum content contributes desirable strength properties
to the alloy at these moderate temperatures. Typical
uses are furnace rollers, Lehr rolls, refiner fittings and
trunnions.
HC (28Cr-4Ni max)
The HC type is limited to applications where strength
is not a consideration or for moderate load-bearing
service around 1200 F. It provides excellent resistance
to oxidation and flue gases containing sulfur at temperatures as high as 2000 F. It is also used where high nickel
content tends to crack hydrocarbons through catalytic
action. Due to the low nickel content, the ductility and
impact toughness are very low at room temperatures
and the creep strength is very low at elevated temperatures. Typical uses are boiler baffles, furnace grate
bars, kiln parts, recuperators, salt pots and tuyeres.
HD (28Cr-6Ni)
HF (19Cr-9Ni)
This type is comparable to the popular wrought
corrosion-resisting 18-8 compositions and is suitable for
use up to around 1600 F. It approaches the HH grade
in many properties and combines moderately high hot
strength and ductility. Its microstructure is essentially
austenitic. Typical uses include burnishing and coating
rolls, furnace dampers, annealing furnace parts, etc.
HH (25Cr-12Ni)
This type is one of the most popular of the heatresistant alloys and accounts for about one-fifth of all
heat-resistant casting production. This alloy contains
the minimum quantities of chromium and nickel to supply a useful combination of strength and corrosion resistance for elevated temperature service above 1600 F.
The chromium range is high enough to assure good
scaling resistance up to 2000 F in air or normal
products of combustion. Sufficient nickel is present,
aided by carbon, nitrogen and manganese, to maintain
austenite as the major phase; however, the
microstructure is sensitive to composition balance. For
high ductility at 1800 F, a two-phase structure of
austenite and ferrite is appropriate but such a structure
has lower creep strength If high creep strength is
needed and lower ductility can be tolerated, a
composition balanced to be completely austenitic is
desirable.
HI (28Cr-15Ni)
HN (25Cr-20Ni)
HK (25Cr-20Ni)
HT (35Ni-17Cr)
About one-seventh of the total production of heatresistant castings is HT alloy because of its value in
resisting thermal shock, its resistance to oxidation and
carburization at high temperatures, and its good
strength at heat treating furnace temperatures. Except
in high-sulfur gases, it performs satisfactorily up to
2100 F in oxidizing atmospheres and up to 2000 F in
reducing atmospheres. It is used for load-bearing members in many furnace applications, retorts, radiant tubes,
HL (30Cr-20Ni)
cyanide and salt pots, hearth plates and trays quenched
This alloy has excellent resistance to oxidation at with the work.
temperatures over 2000 F, and is resistant to corrosion
in flue gases containing a moderate amount of sulfur up HU (39Ni-18Cr)
to 1800 F. It is used where higher strength is required
This type has an exceptionally high combination of
than obtainable with lower nickel content alloys. Leading creep strength and ductility up to 2000 F and is used
applications are for radiant tubes, furnace skids and where high hot strength is required. It is suited for severe
stack dampers where excessive scaling must be service conditions involving high stress and rapid thermal
avoided, such as in enameling furnace carriers and cycling. HU alloy has good resistance to corrosion by
fixtures.
either oxidizing or reducing hot gases containing
This alloy is a modification of HK alloy in which the
25-20 base has been altered, the carbon content has
been reduced and columbium (niobium) has been
added. As a result, the high-temperature stress-rupture
strength has been improved. It is used for centrifugally-cast catalyst tubes in steam-hydrocarbon reformer furnaces.
moderate amounts of sulfur. Typical uses are heat treating salt pots, quenching trays, fixtures and gas dissociaThe nickel-chromium-iron alloys are fully austenitic
tion equipment.
and contain 25 to 70% nickel and 10 to 26% chromium.
They can be used satisfactorily up to 2100 F because
no brittle phase forms in these alloys. They have good HW (60Ni-12Cr)
weldability and are readily machinable if proper tools
The HW alloy performs satisfactorily up to 2050 F in
and coolants are used. The specific types of alloys in strongly oxidizing atmospheres and up to 1900 F in
this group are HN, HP, HT, HU, HW and HX.
oxidizing or reducing products of combustion, provided
NICKEL-CHROMlUM-IRON ALLOYS
heating elements. Other applications are cyanide pots, CHROMIUM NICKEL ALLOYS
gas retorts, hardening fixtures (quenched with the work), Chromium-Nickel Alloy (50Cr-50-Ni)
hearth plates, lead pots, muffles and other parts in
This alloy was developed to improve the resistance of
cyaniding and carburizing operations.
heat-resistant alloys to fuel oil ash. It is widely used
worldwide (and in fact is specified almost exclusively in
HX (66Ni-17Cr)
Europe) for resistance to oil ash corrosion in power
The high-alloy content of this grade confers high re- plants, petroleum refinery heaters and marine boilers at
sistance to hot gas corrosion even in the presence of temperatures up to about 1650 F. Its applications insome sulfur and permits it to be used for severe service clude such parts as sidewall and roof hanger supports inapplications where corrosion must be minimized at tem- furnace radiant sections, tube sheets, re-radiation cone
peratures up to 2100 F. It is used to great advantage tips in vertical furnaces and for burner parts.
where maximum and widely fluctuating temperatures are
encountered because of its ability to withstand cycling IN-657 (50Cr-48Ni-1.5Cb)
without cracking or severe warping. Thus, a leading
This more recent development is a columbium
application is for quenching fixtures. It is also useful in
(niobium) modification of the 50Cr-50Ni alloy also with
carburizing and cyaniding equipment. Typical applicahigh resistance to fuel oil ash corrosion but with creep
tions in which it gives excellent service include nitriding,
and stress-rupture properties superior to those of the
carburizing and hardening fixtures (quenched with the
50Cr-50Ni alloy. IN-657 is used in petroleum refinery
work), heat-treating boxes, retorts and burner parts.
heaters, marine and land-based boilers in such applications as convection section tube sheets; it is produced
by several U.S. and European foundries under license
from Inco.*
Operating Conditions
Related Property
3. Temperature cycling
Thermal fatigue properties
a. Range of temperature cycling
b. Frequency of temperature cycling
c. Rate of temperature change
4. Type of atmosphere or other corrosive Oxidation resistance
conditions
Carburization resistance
Sulfidation resistance
Surface stability
5. Size and shape of part
Temperature gradients
Fabrication data
8. Cost
9. Ease of replacement
The governing economic consideration in the selection of heat-resistant alloy castings is the cost per hour
at operating temperatures. Equipment downtime can
result in a loss of production that is far more expensive
than the cost of the alloy involved. Ease of replacement
TABLE II
Room Temperature Mechanical Properties of Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings
PROPERTY
Tensile Strength, ksi
As-Cast
Aged
HA
HF
Type I Type II
HH
HH
HC
HD
HE
95
2
107
70
115
85
95
90
92
100
85
86
80
92
HK
IN519
HL
HN
80
90
75
85
75
82
68
71
70
75
52
38
40
19
13
11.5
HI
Yield Strength
(0.2% offset), ksi
As-Cast
Aged
65
2
81
65
80
48
45
55
45
50
50
55
40
45
45
65
50
50
35
Elongation in 2 in., %
As-Cast
Aged
23
2
21
2
18
16
20
10
38
25
25
11
15
8
12
6
17
10
25
Brinell Hardness
As-Cast
Aged
180 1
220 2
190
190
200
270
165
190
185
200
180
200
180
200
170
190
24 hours
at
1400 F
Furnace
Cooled
27
24 hours
at
1400 F
Furnace
Cooled
27
Aging Treatment
Modulus of Elasticity
in Tension, ksi x 103
23
192 160
27
27
HP
HT
27
50Cr- IN
50Ni 657
HW
HX
70
73
68
84
65
73
80
87
40
45
40
43
36
52
36
44
50
54
10
5
9
5
4
4
9
9
15
28
180
200
170
190
185
205
176
185
HU
Annealed
Normalized at 1825 F and tempered at 1250 F.
0.2% Proof Stress
4
Minimum
2
3
HIGH-TEMPERATURE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES
In common with all metals, the load-carrying ability of
heat-resistant casting alloys decreases as the temperature increases. However, the fall-off in strength is less
pronounced than it is with less highly alloyed materials.
At elevated temperatures, metals under stress are
subject to slow plastic deformation as well as to elastic
deformation. Therefore, time becomes a critical factor
and conventional tensile tests do not furnish values that
are useful in design. The data required are those indicating the load which will produce no more than an allowable percentage of elongation at a specified temperature in a given period of time. Thus, the factors of time
and deformation as well as stress and temperature are
involved in high-temperature strength properties.
Creep Strength
The slow plastic deformation that occurs under load
at elevated temperatures is known as creep. In the
design of furnace parts, experience indicates that a
creep rate of 0.0001% per hr is satisfactory for compari-
son of alloys, and Table III shows the data on this basis.
This is sometimes expressed as 1 % creep in 10,000 hr.
It should be kept in mind that when creep is expressed
in the latter terms it does not mean that this rate of creep
can be expected to continue in every instance for 10,000
hours without failure.
Figure 1 and Table III compare the creep strengths
of representative heat-resistant alloy castings.
Creep values that are obtained under constant load
and constant temperature conditions are applicable to
design, however, safety factors should always be incorporated. The safety factor will depend on the degree to
which the application is critical.
Stress-Rupture Properties
Stress-rupture properties determined under constant
load at constant temperature are useful in approximating
the life of the alloy (time to fracture) under the specific
conditions and also for comparing alloys which are
subject to loading that might produce failure in a
relatively short time.
30
TABLE III
Elevated Temperature Properties of Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings
PROPERTY
Short-Time
Tensile
Strength, ksi, at
1000 F
1200 F
1400 F
1600 F
1800 F
2000 F
HA
HC
HD
HE
HF
Type l Type II
HH
HH
HI
HK
IN-519
HL
HN
HP
HT
HU
HW
50
30.4
18.7
20.2
11.9
6.2
43
26
14.5
7.5
42.4
35
18.8
11
6
40
19.6
10
45
20.5
10.7
32
19
10
866
4
79
681
2
36
23
15
8
20
17.5
6.9
36
4
46
1
29
2
15
20
28
40
48
40
126
44
31
52
166
154
151
192
8
4.5
2
0.5
0.15
8.5
5.0
2.2
0.6
6
3
1.4
6.4
3.2
1.6
0.6
184
6.51
2.52
0.53
16
8.9
4.4
2.1
15
8
4.5
10
6
3.6
13
6.7
3.5
1.7
304
14.51
7.22
3.83
1.65
36
23
15
60
38
21
33
18.5
9
60.5
37.4
21.5
10.9
5.5
38
26
37.5
23.3
12.4
5.6
391
2
23
3
15
Short-Time Yield
Strength (0.2%
Offset), ksi, at
1000 F
1200 F
1400 F
1600 F
1800 F
2000 F
42
31.5
25
15.5
17
13.5
6.3
32.2
19.8
16
7.3
24.4
14.7
8.7
5.0
1
20
2
13
3
9
14.5
9.6
4.9
29
17.5
11.0
6.2
28
26
15
8
6.2
Elongation in
2 in., %, at
1000 F
1200 F
1400 F
1600 F
1800 F
2000 F
14
18
40
10
16
16
18
30
45
14
16
18
31
6
12
12
16
42
55
321
432
373
37
51
55
15
27
46
69
5
10
26
28
Creep Stress
0.0001%/hr, ksi, at
1000 F
1200 F
1400 F
1600 F
1800 F
2000 F
2150 F
16
3.1
1.3
0.75
0.36
3.5
1.9
0.9
0.2
4
2.4
1.4
0.4
18
6.8
3.9
3
1.7
1.1
0.3
18
6.3
3.9
2.1
0.8
6.6
3.6
1.9
0.8
0.15
10.2
6.0
2.5
0.65
8.61
4.52
1.83
7.0
4.3
2.2
6.3
2.4
1.0
5.8
2.8
1.0
Stress to Rupture
in 100 hr, ksi, at
1000 F
1200 F
1400 F
1600 F
1800 F
2000 F
37
3.3
1.7
0.85
10
5
2.5
11
5.3
2.5
33
13.5
7.2
35
14
6.8
3.2
1.4
15.5
9.2
4.7
2.2
141
92
53
15.0
9.2
5.2
11
5.6
2.9
10
5.9
2.8
1470 F
1650 F
3
1830 F
14
6.4
3.1
1.5
1290 F
2010 F
6
1110 F
10
50Cr-50Ni IN-657
446
4
40
361
2
18
67
13
7.5
4.1
1.9
HX
Ductility
An accurate comparison of hot ductility of heatresistant casting alloys is difficult since there is no generally accepted reference test. Total elongation values
on both creep and stress-rupture tests are often used
as criteria. Also, the elongation in short-time hightemperature tensile tests is commonly used in specifications as an indication of high-temperature ductility. In
many applications where castings are handled at normal
temperatures, room temperature ductility is a consideration. Heat treating to remove sigma phase by
heating castings to 1800 F and cooling to below 1200 F
improves ductility.
Figure 1 Creep Strength of Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings (HT curve is included in both
graphs for ease of comparison).
11
12
13
DESIGN DATA
The curves shown in Figure 5 are constructed to
indicate the values of allowable stress that result from
applications of code criteria to the short-time tensile,
creep, and stress-rupture properties of the heatresistant alloys, HF, HH-II, HK and HN. The ASME
Boiler Code allowable stresses for wrought compositions are included in two of the graphs to offer a comparison.
HIGH-TEMPERATURE CORROSION
RESISTANCE
High-temperature equipment is exposed to many different atmospheres and corrosive conditions and an
important requirement of heat-resistant alloys is surface
film stability. No single alloy will show satisfactory resistance to all of the high-temperature environments.
High-temperature corrosive conditions may involve
simple oxidizing or reducing atmospheres or they may be
complicated by sulfur compounds in the products of
combustion. Oxidizing flue gases are slightly more corrosive than air if the sulfur concentration is low. Corrosive attack by reducing flue gases is similar to that of an
oxidizing gas if the sulfur content is not greater than 100
ppm. At higher sulfur concentrations, attack by reducing
gas is much more severe. The high nickel alloys, types
HN to HW, give good service under oxidizing and reducing conditions if the sulfur content of the gas is low.
Types HH and HL, for example, should be considered
for service in sulfur-bearing atmospheres.
Cyclic heating under reducing conditions increases
metal loss in alloys containing from 10 to 50% nickel.
Under oxidizing conditions, cyclic heating has little effect in alloys containing more than 20% nickel.
14
15
con content should be kept on the high side. Carburization resistance of types HH and HK is improved with
silicon content above 1.6%.
the castings also pick up carbon. The same effect occurs in any high-temperature carbon-bearing atmosphere under reducing conditions. Some alloys absorb
from 0.30 to 2% carbon within a period of several
months when used in a carburizing application. A large
increase in carbon pickup leads to volume changes
which can cause warpage and distortion. The additional
carbon also leads to difficulties if repair welding of the
casting is necessary. Increasing the nickel content reduces the effect of increased carbon content on the
mechanical properties of heat-resistant alloys. Hence,
the nickel-chromium-iron grades HP to HX are preferred
because they withstand thermal fatigue and shock loading at higher carbon levels than alloys with less nickel.
TABLE IV
Physical Properties of Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings
Property
HA
Density, lb/cu in.
0.279
Mean Coefficient of
Linear Thermal Expansion,
-6
in./in./ F x 10
70 - 212 F
6.1
70 - 1000 F
7.1
70- 1200 F
7.5
70 - 1400 F
70 - 1600 F
70 - 1800 F
70 - 2000 F
1200 - 1600 F
1200 - 1800 F
Specific Heat,
Btu/Ib/ F at 70 F
0.11
Specific Electrical
Resistance,
microhm-cm at 70 F
70
Thermal Conductivity,
Btu/hr/sq ft/ft/F
At 212 F
15.0
At 1000 F
15.7
At 1400 F
At 1500 F
At 2000 F
Melting Point (approx), F 2750
Magnetic Permeability Ferro-
HC
0.272
6.3
6.4
6.6
7.0
7.4
7.7
8.7
9.3
0.12
HD
0.274
7.7
8.0
8.3
8.6
8.9
9.2
10.3
10.6
68- 212 F
68- 930 F
3
68-1470 F
4
68-1650 F
5
68-1830 F
16
1110 F
1470 F
75 F
aCalculated
8
9.6
9.9
10.2
10.5
10.8
11.1
12.2
12.5
9.9
10.1
10.3
10.5
10.6
10.7
11.5
-
0.12
0.14
0.12
77
81
85
80
12.6
17.9
20.3
24.2
2725
12.6
17.9
20.3
24.2
2700
8.5
12.4
14.6
18.2
2650
Ferro- 1.3-2.5
Type
II
Type l
HE
HF
HH
HH
HI
0.277 0.280 0.279 0.279 0.279
9.5
9.7
9.9
10.2
10.5
10.7
11.4
11.7
0.12
9.5
9.7
9.9
10.2
10.5
10.7
11.4
11.7
0.12
9.9
10.0
10.1
10.3
10.5
10.8
11.0
12.0
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.2
10.4
11.4
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.7
9.9
10.1
10.5
10.7
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.9
10.1
10.2
11.0
HT
HU
0.286 0.290
50Cr- IN
HW HX 50Ni 657
0.294 0.294 0.291a 0.288
9.2
9.5
9.8
10.0
10.3
10.6
11.4
11.9
7.9
8.8
9.1
9.3
9.6
9.8
10.0
10.8
11.0
7.0
7.9
8.2
8.5
8.7
9.0
9.3
10.0
10.3
8.8
9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.7
10.5
10.6
7.8
8.1
8.5
8.8
9.2
9.5
10.7
11.3
5.91
7.42
8.33
8.34
8.25
-
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11 0.11
0.11
978
99.1
102
100
105
112
116
988
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.2
7.9 8.2
8.2 7.5
7.5
7.0
7.0
6
12.3 12.0 12.0
12.0
11.8 12.9 12.2 11.0
11.0
10.8
10.8
14.6 14.1 14.1
14.1
14.2
14.7 13.2
13.2
12.9
12.9
7
14.8
17.5 17.5 17.5
18.6
19.3 17.0
17.0
16.3
16.3
2550 2500 2500 2550 2550 2490 2600 2500
2450
2450
2450
1.00 1.0-1.9 1.0-1.05 1.0-1.7 1.02
1.01 1.10 1.02-1.25 1.10-2.00 1.102.00
7.2
11.1
13.3
17.0
2350
16.0
7.2
11.1
13.3
17.0
2350
2.0
8.2
6
13.4
7
15.5
2400
-
85
0.13
7.21
9.12
9.33
9.44
9.55
-
HP
0.284
0.11 0.12
75-85 75-85
0.12
INHK
519 HL
HN
0.280 0.286 0.279 0.283
90
94
Industrial Applications
of Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings
Typical Applications
AERONAUTICAL
The high temperatures encountered in aircraft power plants
and afterburners have been controlled by the use of heatresistant alloy castings.
Afterburner parts
Gun blast tubes
CEMENT
In kiln processes, heat, corrosion and abrasion are constantly attacking operating equipment. High-alloy castings
resist high temperatures, corrosive gases and abrasives and
reduce breakage, shut-down time and rapid wear.
Burner nozzles
Conveyors
Cooler lifters
Dampers
Kiln chains
Typical Applications
Kiln end rings
Kiln feed chutes
Kiln shell segments
Slurry feed pipes
CONTINUOUS CAST CHAIN
Alloy: HH (25Cr-12Ni)
Weight: 50 Ib
Use: Cement Kiln
LEHR ROLLS
Alloy: HF (19Cr-9Ni)
Weight: 1040 Ib
Size: 8 in. O.D., 6 in. I.D., 168 in. long
Use: Supports glass without bending at operating temperature of
1500 F.
Typical Applications
Trays
Molds
Fixtures
Hangers
Burning tools
Brick supports
Suspension bars
Hearth plates
Kilns and furnaces
Lehr rolls
17
MUFFLER ASSEMBLIES
Alloy: HT (35Ni-15Cr)
Size: Each casting 24 in. long, wall thickness in.
Use: Handle hot gases (1750-1800 F) of glassmaking furnace.
HEAT TREATING
The advantages of high-alloy castings have been frequently
demonstrated in heat-treating equipment. High temperatures,
heavy loads, thermal shock and the continuous operation of
heat-treating furnaces require the use of heat-resistant alloy
Typical Applications
Trays
Boxes and baskets
Retorts
Fixtures
Conveyor belts and chains
Furnace hearths
Furnace hearth supports
Roller rails
Grates
Roller conveyors
Screw conveyors
Skid rails
Hot fans
Molten metal pots
Furnace muffles
Radiant tubes
Dampers
Heat exchangers
18
RIVETLESS CHAIN
Alloy: HW (60Ni-12Cr)
Weight: 5 lb each
Size: 5 in. x 6 in. x 1in.
Use: Convey parts through hardening
furnace operating at 1650 F.
TRAY
Alloy: HU (39Ni-18Cr)
Weight: 40 lb
Use: Roller rail furnace
19
20
21
22
Typical Applications
Beams and channels
Tube sheets
Pumps
Tubes
Valves
Tube supports and wall ties
Pistons
Heater tubes
Retorts
Fittings
Roof tube hangers
Burners and nozzles
Dampers
U-BEND RETURN
Alloy: HK-40 (25Cr-20Ni)
Weight: 45 Ib
Size: 4 in. O.D. x 10 in. center to center
Use: Ethylene converter furnace
23
TUBE SUPPORTS
Alloy: HH (25Cr-12Ni)
Weight: 6 Ib
Use: Petrochemical industry
24
REDUCING ELBOW
Alloy: HK-40 (25Cr-20Ni)
Weight: 10 Ib
Size: I.D. reduction 4 in. to 1 in.
Use: Reformer tube assemblies
BURNER DIFFUSER
Alloy: HX (66Ni-17Cr)
Weight: 27 Ib
Use: Petrochemical industry
CENTRIFUGALLY-CAST
FURNACE TUBE
Alloy: HK-40 (25Cr-20Ni)
Weight: 245 Ib
Size: 4 in. O.D. x 3 in. I.D. x 156 in. long
Use: Furnace tube section
POWER PLANTS
Because of the higher operating temperatures being used
in superheater and boiler units, extensive use is being
made of heat-resistant cast alloys. The proper use of
high-alloy castings avoids costly shutdowns and reduces
maintenance requirements
BURNER NOZZLES
Alloy: HE (29Cr-9Ni)
Weight: 10 to 15 lb each
Use: Burners operating at temperatures up to 1800 F
Typical Applications
Tube supports
Hanger bolts
Brick and tile supports
Dampers
Nozzles
Beams
Burner diffusers
Valve bodies
25
Typical Applications
Baffles
Furnace beams and rails
Conveyor parts
Furnace doors and frames
Dampers
Retorts
Radiant tubes
Recuperators
Skid rails
Muffles
FURNACE DRUM
Alloy: HK-40 (25Cr-20Ni)
Weight: 10,000 Ib
Size: 60 in. major O.D.
Use: Turn-down roll in steel mill furnace for normalizing sheet.
GUIDES
Alloy: HH (25Cr-20Ni)
Weight: 2 and 14 Ib
Use: Steel rod mill guides
REFRACTORY-LINED BLOWPIPES
Alloy: HP (35Ni-26Cr)
Weight: 600 Ib (pipe)
Size: 10 in. O.D. barrel with 14 in. O.D. bell ends
Use: Steel mill blast furnace
COOLER GRATES
Alloy: HH (25Cr-12Ni)
Weight: 20 to 40 Ib
Use: Iron ore pelletizing and cement kiln
26
Typical Applications
Rabble arms
Feed spouts
Plows
Rabbles
Air arms
Chains
Hearth plates
Lute rings
Grate
Seal plates
Dampers
Furnace tubes
GRATE BARS
Alloy: HH (25Cr-12Ni)
Weight: 12 Ib
Use: Iron ore sintering and pelletizing furnace
Part ll
Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings
The corrosion-resistant casting alloys are those compositions capable of performing satisfactorily in a large
variety of corrosive environments. They are composed
principally of nickel, chromium and iron; sometimes also
containing other elements. Castings made of these alloys offer two basic advantages:
1.
2.
TABLE V
Compositions of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, %
Alloy
Type
ASTM
(or other)
Specification
AISI
(or other)
Wrought
Comparative
UNS
No.
Ni
Cr
Mo
Cu
C
Max
Mn
Max
Si
Max
Other
CA-15
CA-40
CA-6NM
CA-6N1
CB-30
CB-7Cu-1
12Cr
12Cr
12Cr-4Ni
12Cr-7Ni
20Cr
17Cr-4Ni
A296, A487
A296
A296,A487
A296
A296
A747
410
420
442
17-4PH2
J91150
J91153
J91540
J91803
1.0
1.0
3.5-4.5
6.0-8.0
2.0
3.6-4.6
11.5-14.0
11.5-14.0
11.5-14.0
10.5-12.5
18-22
15.5-17.7
0.5
0.5
0.40-1.0
2.5-3.2
0.15
0.20-0.40
0.06
0.06
0.30
0.07
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.50
1.00
0.70
1.50
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.00
CB-7Cu-2
15Cr-5Ni
A747
15-5PH2
4.5-5.5
14.0-15.5
2.5-3.2
0.07
0.70
1.00
CC-50
CD-4MCu
CE-30
CF-3
CF-8
28Cr
26Cr-5Ni
29Cr-9Ni
19Cr-10Ni
19Cr-9Ni
446
312
304L
J92615
J93423
J92500
4.0
4.75-6.0
8-11
8-12
26-30
25-26.5
26-30
17-21
1.75-2.25
2.75-3.25
0.50
0.04
0.30
0.03
1.00
1.00
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.00
2.00
2.00
CF-20
CF-3M
CF-8M
CF-8C
19Cr-9Ni
19Cr-10Ni
19Cr-10Ni
19Cr-10Ni
A296
A296
A296
A296, A351
A296, A351
MIL-S-867
A296
A296, A351
A296, A351
A296, A351
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Cb 0.20-0.35; N 0.05
max; Fe bal
Cb 0.20-0.35: N 0.05
max; Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
304
302
316L
316
347
J92600
J92602
J92800
J92900
J92710
8-11
8-11
9-13
9-12
9-12
18-21
18-21
17-21
18-21
18-21
2.0-3.0
2.0-3.0
0.08
0.20
0.03
0.08
0.08
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.00
2.00
1.50
1.50
2.00
CF-16F
CG-8M
19Cr-10Ni
19Cr-10Ni
303
J92701
9-12
18-21
1.50
0.16
1.50
2.00
CH-20
CK-20
25Cr-12Ni
25Cr-20Ni
317
309
J93000
J93402
9-13
12-15
18-21
22-26
3.0-4.0
0.08
0.20
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.00
Fe bal
Fe bal
CN-7M
IN-8623
CW-12M1
20Cr-29Ni
A296
A296
MIL-S-867
A296, A351
A296, A351
AMS 5365
A296, A351
A296, A494
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
Cb 8XC min, 1.0 max
or Cb-Ta 9XC min,
1.1 max; Fe bal
Se 0.20-0.35; Fe bal
310
J94202
J95150
19-22
27.5-30.5
23-25
bal
23-27
19-22
20-22
15.5-20.0
2.0-3.0
4.5-5.5
16.0-20.0
3.0-4.0
0.20
0.07
0.07
1.50
1.50
1.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.12
1.00
1.50
Fe bal
Fe bal
Fe bal
W 5.25 max; V 0.40
max; Fe 7.50 max
CY-401
Ni-Cr-Fe
A296, A494
INCONEL4
alloy 600
bal
bal
14.0-17.0
20-23
8.0-10.0
0.40
0.06
1.50
1.00
3.00
0.75
bal
1.25
1.0
1.50
2.00
bal
bal
bal
1.00
1.00
26.0-33.0
26.0-33.0
2.4
Alloy Casting
Institute
Designation
Alloy 6253
1
CZ-100
M-351
Ni
Ni-Cu
Ni-Mo
Ni-Si
N-12M
A296, A494
A296, A494
QQ-N-288
A296, A494
Nickel 200
MONEL4
alloy 400
ASTM designation
Trademark of Armco Steel Corporation
0.35
0.12
1.50
1.00
0.50-1.25
Fe 11.0 max
Cb 3.15-4.50;
Fe 5.0 max
Fe 3.0 max
2.00
Fe 3.50 max
1.00
V 0.60 max; Fe 6.0 max
8.5-10.0 W 1 max
INCO designation
Trademark of the INCO family of companies
Note: ASTM A.296 will be replaced by two new standards, A 743 and A 744 in the 1978 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. A 743 will cover the martensitic and ferritic types and A 744 the
austenitic types. A 296 will appear in the 1978 Book of Standards but will be dropped in the 1979 Book.
*See ASTM Specification A 296
27
TABLE VI
Room Temperature Mechanical Properties of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings
CA- CA
CBCBCDPROPERTY CA-15 CA-40 6NM -6N CB-30 7Cu-1 7Cu-2 CC-50 4MCu CE-30 CF-3 CF-8 CF-20 CF-3M
Tensile
Strength,
ksi
200
1352
1153
1004
Yield
1501 1651 1005 1356 607
Strength
1152 1252
(0.2% offset) 1003 1133
ksi
754 674
Elongation
in 2 in., %
71
172
223
304
11
102
143
184
Brinell
Hardness
2602 3102
2253 2673
1854 2124
Modulus of
Elasticity,
ksi x 103
29
29
12a
12a
170
15012b
14512c
13512d
12512e
14512a
14012b
11512c
11012d
9712e
170
15012b
14512c
13512d
12512e
14512a
14012b
11512C
11012d
9712e
512a
912b
912c
912d
1012e
512a
912b
912c
912d
1012e
8a
70
108
95 8b
10
95
9711
77
11
77
11
77
11
80
11
11
77
11
82
11
88
11
76
11
69
11
60
72
Alloy
CY-40 625
65-90
10
70
CZ100
50-65
M-35
10
65-85
N-12M
10
726
65 8a
60 8b
829
4510
6311
3611 3711
3611
3811
4211
3811
4011
4411
5011
3811
3211
25
466
466
2 8a
15 8b
259
1510
1811
6011 5511
5011
5511
5011
3911
5211
4511
3811
3711
4811
40
46
20-1010
50-2510
66
15020010
90
10
130
12517010
23
21.5
23
31112b
27712c
26912d
26912e
29 29.5 29
28.5
80
11
CF-8M
31112b 193 8b
27712c
26912d
26912e
29
206 30-1510
19011
29
25
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
28
29
24
10
11
TABLE VII
Physical Properties of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings
CACBCBCDPROPERTY CA-15 CA-40 6NM CA-6N CB-30 7Cu-1 7Cu-2 CC-50 4MCu CE-30
Density, Ib/cu in. 0.275 0.275 0.278 0.280 0.272 0.280 0.269a 0.272 0.280 0.277
Specific Heat,
Btu db/F at 70
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.12
0.11
0.14
F
Mean Coefficient
of Linear Thermal
Expansion,
in./in./F x 106
70 - 212 F
5.5
5.5
6.0
5.7
6.0
5.9
6.3
70 - 1000 F
6.4
6.4
7.0
6.21
6.5
6.4
6.9
9.6
70 - 1200 F
7.0
9.9
70 - 1300 F
6.7
6.7
6.7
70 - 1400 F
10.2
70 - 1600 F
10.5
Specific
Electrical
Resistance
microhm
cm at 70 F
78
76
78
76
77
77
75
85
Thermal
Conductivity,
Btu/hr/sq
ft/ft/F
at 212 F
14.5
14.5
14.5
12.8
9.9
12.6
8.8
8.5
at 1000 F
16.7
16.7
16.7
14.5
17.9
13.4
12.4
Melting Point
_
(approx), F
2750
2725
2750
2725
2750
2725 2700 2650
Ferro FerroMagnetic
Ferro- Ferro- FerroFerro- Ferro- over
Magnetic Magnetic
Permeability
Magnetic Magnetic Magnetic
Magnetic Magnetic 1.5
1
70-600 F
Data from wrought equivalent
aCalculated
2
28
CF20
CF3M
IN862
0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.11
0.11
8.9
9.7
-
8.9
9.7
-
8.9
-
7.1
7.8
8.2
8.5
8.8
8.9
-
82
82
9.2
12.1
_
2650
1.203.00
9.3 9.0
10.3 9.9
-
8.9
9.7
-
8.6
9.5
-
8.3
9.4
-
8.6
9.7
-
82
84
90
89.6
116
129
21
53
9.2 9.2 9.4 9.4 9.3 9.4 9.4 8.2 7.9 12.1
12.1 12.1 12.3 12.3 12.8 12.3 12.3 12.0 11.8 -
8.7
6.3
10.0
34
15.5
2600 2575 2600 2550 2600 2550 2550 2600 2600 2650
1.001.50- 1.50- 1.20- 1.00- 1.501.011.30 1.01 3.00 250 1.80 2.00 3.00 1.71 1.02 1.10
71
72
1.00
TABLE VIII
Heat Treatment of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings
Alloy Casting
Institute Designation
CA-15
CA-40
CA-6NM
CA-6N
CB-30
CB-7Cu-1
CB-7Cu-2
CC-50
CD-4MCu
CE-30
CF-3
CF-8
CF-20
CF-3M
CF-8M
CF-8C
CF-16F
CG-8M
CH-20
CK-20
CN-7M
IN-862
CW-12M
CY-40
Alloy 625
Cz-100
M-35
N-12M
Anneal at
Harden at
1450-1650 F
1450-1650 F
1450-1500 F
1
1900 F
1450 F, min
1925 F
1925 F
1450 F, min
2050 F, min4
2000-2050 F
1900-2050 F
1900-2050 F
2000-2100 F
1900-2050 F
1950-2100 F
1950-2050 F
1950-2050 F
1900-2050 F
2000-2100 F
2000-2150 F
2050 F, min
2150 F
2200-2250 F
2150 F
2100-2150 F
1800-1850 F
1800-1850 F
1900-1950 F
-
Temper at
600
600
600
800
F, max or 1100-1500 F
F, max or 1100-1500 F
F, max or 1100-1500 F
2
F
900-1150 F3
3
900-1150 F
-
Quench
air cool
air cool
air cool
air cool
air or furnace cool
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water, oil or air
water
water
water
water
EFFECT OF CONSTITUENTS
Chromium
A chromium content of at least 11.5% is required to
provide surface passivity under oxidizing conditions and
to form an inert adherent surface film rich in chromium
oxide which is highly resistant to attack. A higher chromium content broadens the range of oxidizing conditions under which passivity is maintained. The chromium content of corrosion-resistant castings ranges
from 12 to 28% in the ACI alloys.
Nickel
The addition of nickel supplements the passivating
effect of chromium under oxidizing conditions and also
increases the resistance of the alloys to attack under
reducing conditions. Nickel in sufficient concentration
results in a desirable austenitic structure and preserves
this structure through the many heat treatments to
which castings may be subjected during production and
subsequent fabrication. In the higher nickel alloys,
nickel provides increased resistance to most reducing
29
Molybdenum
Molybdenum has specific beneficial effects in improving resistance to sulfuric, phosphoric and hydrochloric
acids. It also reduces the tendencies toward pitting in
sea water and other chloride solutions. In the ACI alloys,
the molybdenum content ranges from none to 30%.
Other Elements
Although chromium, nickel and molybdenum have
the greatest influence on the properties of corrosionresistant castings, other alloying elements also have
their effects.
Carbon can have a detrimental effect on corrosion
resistance by combining with chromium to form a carbide. This undesirable effect can be eliminated by:
(a) Holding the carbon content below 0.03%.
(b) Introducing columbium or titanium to form carbides of these elements instead of the harmful
chromium carbide.
(c) Heating the alloy to a temperature sufficiently
high to dissolve the carbon and cooling rapidly
enough to hold the carbon in solution.
Columbium is added as a stabilizer to prevent precipitation of chromium carbides.
Copper acts in the same manner as molybdenum to
improve resistance to sulfuric and phosphoric acids.
Selenium in small quantities improves machinability
but it reduces corrosion resistance somewhat.
Silicon also contributes to resistance to reducing
acids such as sulfuric, but impairs resistance to nitric
acid. The silicon content of cast corrosion-resistant alloys
is higher than that of the wrought alloys because this
element contributes the fluidity required to obtain
satisfactory casting characteristics. However, silicon is a
promoter of ferrite formation and, as a consequence,
tends to cause the formation of small amounts of ferrite in
the austenitic matrix. As one result, silicon increases the
resistance of cast corrosion-resistant alloys to chloride
ion stress-corrosion cracking.
CORROSIVE ATTACK
Corrosion is a complex phenomenon in which numerous variables influence not only the severity but also the
type of attack. Therefore, it is not possible to make
specific recommendations for alloy selection in a general publication. Certain limitations on the use of
corrosion-resistant alloy castings and suggestions for
counteracting them are discussed below. Table IX is
included to serve as a guide in selecting candidate
alloys for an environment. Where corrosion data on cast
30
Pitting Corrosion
Stainless steels are subject to localized loss of passivity and subsequent pitting by the action of chloride
ions which penetrate the passive surface films. The
incidence of such pitting is determined by the competition between the chloride ions which destroy passivity
and dissolved oxygen or other oxidizing substances
which passivate the surface. It is affected also by the
composition of the alloy and the exposure conditions.
Favorable factors are the presence of molybdenum and
a high nickel content represented, for example, by the
51% Ni-17% Mo-16.5% Cr compositions which is usually resistant to pitting by chloride solutions even under
adverse conditions. Favorable environmental factors are
a plentiful supply of oxygen or other oxidizing agent or,
conversely, no oxygen at all, a high alkalinity and low
temperature, a medium to high flow rate and freedom
from deposits. The most unfavorable condition is represented by exposure beneath deposits to a stagnant
solution containing some dissolved oxygen. Turbulence
associated with high velocity flow is generally beneficial.
Sensitization
When an austenitic stainless steel containing more
than 0.03% carbon, which is not stabilized by the presence of columbium or titanium, is heated in the 9001400 F range, chromium carbide will precipitate at the
grain boundaries. The localized depletion of chromium
may make the alloy susceptible to intergranular attack in
environments in which it ordinarily shows good
resistance. Sensitization can usually be avoided by
keeping the carbon content at 0.03% or less, by adding
small quantities of columbium or titanium, or by heating
to 2000 F for one hour per inch of thickness followed by
quenching in water.
Magnetic Properties
The Alloy Casting Institute grades containing up to
4% nickel are all magnetic, as is the CE-30 grade. AIl
other grades fall within the austenitic alloy class, because of their compositions, and are substantially nonmagnetic. A small amount of magnetic ferrite is desirable to facilitate weld repair although this ferrite may not
be detected by a magnet. Occasionally, when the chromium is on the high side of the specification and the
nickel is on the low side, an unbalanced condition will
develop in austenitic alloys that results in the formation
of a two-phase alloy composed of austenite and ferrite
The presence of ferrite in the structure will cause the
alloy to be slightly magnetic. This two-phase structure
will have corrosion resistance in practically all environments equivalent to that of the single-phase austenitic
structure. An exception is in ammonium carbamate solutions such as are encountered in urea production.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking
Under the combined effects of tensile stress and corrosion by specific environments (most commonly concentrated chlorides), certain stainless steel compositions are subject to stress-corrosion cracking. Nickel
has the greatest effect on resistance to this form of
attack. Resistance to such cracking is improved by increasing the nickel content above the 8% level of the
common CF-8 grade.
Although cast austenitic stainless steels are often
considered to be similar to their wrought counterparts,
there is a difference. There is usually a small amount of
MARTENSITIC ALLOYS
CA-15 (12Cr-1Ni)
This alloy contains the minimum content required to
attain surface passivity under oxidizing conditions. It
has good resistance to many mildly corrosive environments that are oxidizing in character. It also has good
resistance to velocity effects in solutions for which it is
suitable. The alloy is used widely for seats and discs in
valves in steam service and for parts of turbines exposed to high velocity steam
CA-40 (12Cr-1Ni)
This is the cutlery type of stainless steel which, by
virtue of its higher carbon content, can be hardened to a
greater depth than type CA-15. It has good corrosion
resistance to many environments, is tough and has
good resistance to abrasion. It is used for chipper
blades, cutter blades, cylinder liners, grinding plugs,
shredder sleeves and steam turbine parts.
CA-6NM (12Cr-4Ni)
This is an iron-chromium-nickel-molybdenum alloy
that is hardenable by heat treatment. In general corrosion resistance, it is similar to CA-15 and has been
widely substituted for CA-15 because of easier processing through the foundry cleaning room. Among uses are
compressor wheels, diaphragms, hydraulic turbine
CA-6N (12Cr-7Ni)
This is a higher nickel content modification of CA-15
which has an excellent combination of strength, toughness and weldability. It has moderately good corrosion
resistance.
31
AUSTENITIC ALLOYS
CE-30 (29Cr-9Ni)
This alloy also is resistant to a number of highly
oxidizing corrosives and is particularly used for pumps,
valves and fittings handling sulfite liquors in the paper
industry and some acid slurries in the metallurgical industries. Because of its high chromium content, the
alloy can be made with a higher carbon content than the
CF type alloy without suffering the injurious effects of
carbide precipitation. For the same reason, it may be
used in place of the CF alloys where they must be
welded without subsequent heat treatment. While often
used in the as-cast condition, ductility and corrosion
resistance of the CE alloy may be improved somewhat
by quenching from about 2000 F. Uses include digester
necks and fittings, circulating systems, fractionating
towers, pump bodies and casings.
CF Alloys (19Cr-9Ni)
The austenitic alloys containing about 19% chromium, 9% nickel and less than 0.20% carbon constitute
by far the most widely used group of corrosion-resistant
stainless alloys. These alloys are used for handling a
wide variety of corrosive solutions in the chemical, textile, petroleum, pharmaceutical, food and numerous
other process industries. In the chemical industry, they
are particularly useful in handling oxidizing solutions
such as nitric acid and peroxides and mixtures of acids
such as sulfuric and phosphoric with oxidizing salts
such as ferric, cupric, mercuric and chromic salts.
These stainless alloys are resistant to most organic
acids and compounds as encountered in the food, dairy
and pharmaceutical industries. They also are resistant
to most waters including mine, river, boiler and tap
waters. They are resistant to sea water under the high
velocity conditions associated with pumping but are
subject to severe pitting attack in stagnant or slow moving sea water.
The limitation of the CF alloys is that most halogen
acids and halogen acid salts tend to destroy their surface passivity. Thus, they are subject to considerable
attack in such media as hydrochloric acid, acid chloride
salts, wet chlorinated hydrocarbons, wet chlorine and
strong hypochlorites.
For best resistance to corrosion, this alloy is produced
in the low carbon CF-3 and CF-8 grades and should be
solution annealed to prevent intergranular attack in
severely corrosive media. Heat treated CF-3 castings can
be field welded or hot formed without subsequent resolution annealing, a major advantage in many applications.
Columbium (niobium) or columbium plus tantalum
are sometimes added to produce carbide-stabilized CF8C alloy which, after heat treating, can be field welded or
used at elevated temperatures without the precipitation of
chromium carbides and resultant susceptibility to
intergranular attack of chromium depleted regions.
The addition of molybdenum as in grades CF-3M and
CF-8M considerably increases the resistance of the
CF-alloys to such corrosive media as sulfuric, sulfurous
32
CK-20 (25Cr-20Ni)
This alloy is somewhat similar to the CE and CH types
but has higher nickel content. It is sometimes made with a
columbium, or columbium plus tantalum addition, to
minimize the effect of carbide precipitation. It is used in
the pulp and paper industry to handle sulfite solutions.
Uses include digesters, filter press plates and frames,
mixing kettles and return bends.
CN-7M (29Ni-20Cr)
This designation covers a group of complex nickel
chromium-copper-molybdenum alloys containing more
nickel than chromium. The increased nickel content
together with the addition of copper and molybdenum
give the alloy especially good resistance to sulfuric acid
and to many reducing chemicals. It has good resistance
to dilute hydrochloric acid and to hot chloride salt solutions. The alloy also has excellent resistance to nitric
and phosphoric acids. Uses include filter parts, heat
exchanger parts, mixer components, pickling hooks and
racks, steam jets and ventilating fans; pumps and valves
represent a major part of CN-7M applications.
CN-7MS (24Ni-19Cr-3Mo-2Cu)
The CN-7MS modification of CN-7M was developed
for improved castability and weldability. Its corrosion
resistance is substantially equivalent to the CN-7M
alloy.
IN-862 (24Ni-21Cr-5Mo)
This alloy was developed as an alternative to CN-7M
for service in sea water. With its increased molybdenum
content, it has better resistance to pitting and crevice
corrosion than CN-7M but its corrosion resistance in
sulfuric acid environments is lower. It has excellent
casting and welding properties, thus giving it advantages in production and repair compared with CN-7M.
PRECIPITATION HARDENABLE ALLOYS
CB-7Cu-1 (16Cr-4Ni-3Cu)
This complex chromium-nickel-copper alloy can be
hardened by a precipitation heat treatment after solution
annealing. It is not intended for use in the solution
annealed condition. The alloy can be used in service
requiring corrosion resistance and high strength at temperatures up to 600 F. In the precipitation hardened
condition, its corrosion resistance approaches that of the
CF-8 alloy under certain conditions.
CB-7Cu-2 (15Cr-5Ni-3Cu)
This complex chromium-nickel-copper alloy can be
hardened by a precipitation hardening heat treatment
after solution annealing. It is not intended for use in the
solution annealed condition. It has a superior combination of strength, toughness and weldability with moderately good corrosion resistance.
NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS
CZ-100 (95Ni min)
Cast nickel is outstanding for maintaining the purity of
a wide range of drugs, foods and chemicals. It is widely
used for the manufacture of caustics and for handling
caustics in processes where low iron and copper content
in the equipment is important.
M-35 (63Ni-30Cu)
This alloy shows good resistance to attack in reducing
environments. It is widely used in handling sulfuric,
hydrochloric and organic acids in the marine, petroleum, chemical, power, sanitation, plastics, steel and
food processing industries.
CY-40 (74Ni-15Cr)
This nickel-base alloy has a superior combination of
corrosion resistance under a wide variety of conditions
plus high levels of strength, ductility and weldability. It
protects product purity much as nickel does, but is more
*Trademark of the INCO family of companies
resistant to oxidizing conditions. It is stronger and harder than nickel, and as tough. Industries in which it is
used are: dairy, chemical, pharmaceutical, nuclear, petroleum and food processing. Its corrosion resistance to
nitric acid, fatty acids, ammonium hydroxide solutions
and oxidizing conditions in general is superior to nickel.
This alloy is particularly useful in handling corrosive
vapors above 1470 F.
TABLE IX
Corrosion Data
Corrosive Medium
CA-15
Acetic Acid
5%
10%
15%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
80%
99.9%
Acetic Anhydride
90%
Acetic Acid Vapors
30%
100%
Aluminum Acetate
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum Sulfate
5%
10%
Saturated
Alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate)
10%
Saturated
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chloride
1%
10%
20%
50%
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfate
1%
5%
10%
Saturated
Bromine Liquid (Dry)
Bromine Liquid (H2O Saturated)
Bromine Water (Dilute)
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hypochlorite
Chlorine Gas (Moist)
Copper Sulfate
Ethylene Glycol
Fatty Acids
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Sulfate
CD4MCu
CF-3 CF-3M
CE-30 CF-8 CF-8M CF-8C CF-16F
CF-20
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
5
4
5
4*
5
5
4
5
4*
5
5
4
5
4*
5
5
4
5
4*
2
3
1
4
3
3
4
2
5
4*
3
4
2
5
4*
2
3
1
5
3
3
4
2
5
4*
3
4
2
5
4*
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
1
1
1
2
3
5
2
3
5
1
1
1
2
3
5
2
3
5
5
5
3
3
5
5
3
3
5
5
2
2
5
5
2
2
1
2
1
1
3
4
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
4
1
1
3
4
2
2
2*
3*
5
5
2
2*
3*
5
5
2
2*
3*
5
5
2
2*
3*
5
5
2
1*
2*
2*
3*
1
1*
2*
4*
4*
1
1*
2*
4*
4*
1
1
2*
3*
3*
1
1*
2*
4*
4*
1
1*
2*
4*
4*
1
3
3
4
5
5
5
3
3
4
5
5
5
3
3
4
5
5
5
3
3
4
5
5
5
1
1
1
2
4
5
1
2
2
3
5
5
1
2
2
3
5
5
1
1
1
2
4
5
1
2
2
3
5
5
1
2
2
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
3
3
1
2
2
1
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
2
2
1
2
2
300 F 300 F 300 F 300 F 600 F 400 F 400 F 600 F 400 F 400 F
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
2
3
3
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
1
2
2
1
2
2
LEGEND
34
4. Good resistance to 70 F.
5. Not recommended.
*Subject to pitting.
**Dilute concentrations.
TABLE IX
Corrosion Data
Corrosive Medium
Fluosilicic Acid
Formic Acid
5%
10%
50%
100%
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Lactic Acid
5%
10%
100%
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Sulfate
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Sulfate
Nitric Acid
5%
20%
40%
50%
65%
100%
Oxalic Acid
5%
10%
25%
50%
Phosphoric Acid (Pure)
5%
10%
25%
50%
85%
Potassium Sulfate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Hydroxide
< 20%
20-30%
30-50%
50-70%
70-80%
Sulfuric Acid
5-10%
10-20%
20-40%
40-60%
60-75%
75-85%
85-90%
90-100%
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulfate
CF-3 CF-3M
CF-8 CF-8M CF-8C CF-16F
CF-20
5
4
5
5
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
3
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
1
1
1
2
5
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
3
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
3
5
5
5
5
5
3
5
3
5
5
5
3
5
2
5
3
5
5
5
3
5
2
5
1
2
2
4*
2
4*
2
1
2
3
3
5
2
4*
2
3
2
3
3
5
2
4*
2
3
1
2
2
5
1
4*
2
2
2
3
3
5
2
4*
2
3
2
3
3
5
2
4*
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
3
3
4
4
4
5
2
2
3
3
3
4
2
2
3
3
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
4
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
3
4
4
5
3
4
4
5
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
2
3
3
4
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
3
4
5
3
3
5
5
5
4
4
5
3
3
5
5
5
4
4
5
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
4*
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
4*
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
2*
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
3*
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
3*
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2*
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
3*
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
3*
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
2
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
2
2
3
4
4
3
2
2
3*
1
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
3
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
3
5
4
3
3
5
5
5
5
3
2
3*
2
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
3
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
3
5
4
NOTE:
It is not the purpose of this table to make specific recommendations. It should be used simply as a guide to indicate the most suitable candidate
alloys. The effects of contamination, velocity, aeration, etc., will all tend to alter the rating of an alloy exposed to a corrosive environment.
35
TABLE IX
Corrosion Data
Corrosive Medium
Acetic Acid
5%
10%
15%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
80%
99.9%
Acetic Anhydride
90%
Acetic Acid Vapors
30%
100%
Aluminum Acetate
Aluminum Chloride
Aluminum Hydroxide
Aluminum Sulfate
59%
10%
Saturated
Alum (Aluminum Potassium Sulfate)
10%
Saturated
Ammonium Bicarbonate
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammonium Chloride
1%
10%
20%
50%
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Sulfate
1%
5%
10%
Saturated
Bromine Liquid (Dry)
Bromine Liquid (H2O Saturated)
Bromine Water (Dilute)
Calcium Chloride
Calcium Hypochlorite
Chlorine Gas (Moist)
Copper Sulfate
Ethylene Glycol
Fatty Acids
Ferric Chloride
Ferric Sulfate
Ferrous Sulfate
CH-20 CK-20
Alloy
625
Ni-Si
Alloy
CZ-100
M-35
CY-40
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
5
4*
3
4
2
5
4*
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
1
2
1
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
4
2
2
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
5
3
3
5
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
3
5
2
2
3
5
2
2
3
4
2
2
1*
2*
4*
4*
1
1*
2*
4*
4*
1
1*
2*
2*
2*
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1*
1*
1*
2*
1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
5
1
2*
2
2*
1
1
2
2
3
5
1
2
2
3
5
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
5
2
5
5
4
2
400 F
5
5
3
5
2
5
5
4
2
400 F
5
5
3
5
2
5
5
2
1
600 F
5
3
3
5
5
3
2
2
3
2
5
5
4
3
1
3
3
5
5
5
5
3
4
5
5
5
4
3
1
4
3
1
1
1
4
1
1
4
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
400 F 400 F 600 F+ 600 F+ 600 F+ 600 F 400 F
5
5
5
5
2
4
5
3
3
2
5
2
2
5
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
LEGEND
36
4. Good resistance to 70 F.
5. Not recommended.
*Subject to pitting.
**Dilute concentrations.
TABLE IX
Corrosion Data
Corrosive Medium
Fluosilicic Acid
Formic Acid
5%
10%
50%
100%
Hydrochloric Acid
Hydrobromic Acid
Hydrofluoric Acid
Hydrogen Peroxide
Lactic Acid
5%
10%
100%
Magnesium Chloride
Magnesium Sulfate
Nickel Chloride
Nickel Nitrate
Nickel Sulfate
Nitric Acid
5%
20%
40%
50%
65%
100%
Oxalic Acid
5%
10%
25%
50%
Phosphoric Acid (Pure)
5%
10%
25%
50%
85%
Potassium Sulfate
Sodium Carbonate
Sodium Chloride
Sodium Hydroxide
<20%
20-30%
30-50%
50-70%
70-80%
Sulfuric Acid
5-10%
10-20%
20-40%
40-60%
60-75%
75-85%
85-90%
90-100%
Zinc Chloride
Zinc Sulfate
Alloy
CH-20 CK-20 CN-7M N-12M CW-12M 625
Ni-Si
Alloy
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
2
2
3
3
5
5
5
2
1
1
1
1
5
5
4
2
2
2
3
3
2
2
4
5
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
4
3
4
3
2
2
3
3
5
5
4
5
2
2
2
2
3**
5**
4
3
1
1
1
1
3**
5
1
4
2
2
2
2
4**
5
4
2
2
3
3
5
2
4*
2
3
2
3
3
5
2
4*
2
3
1
1
1
4*
1
3*
2
1
3
4
4
1
1
1
4
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1*
1
3*
2
2
3
4
4
1
1
3
5
2
3
3
3
1
2
2
5
2*
2
2
2
1
2
2
5
2*
2
2
2
2*
2
3*
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
4
1
1
1
1
2
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
2
3
3
4
5
2
3
3
3
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
4
2
3
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
3*
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
3*
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1*
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
2
1
2*
1
2
2
5
5
1
2
2
5
5
1
1
1
270 F
270 F
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
4
4
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
3
5
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
4
3
5
4
2
1
2
1
2
1
3
1
3
2
3
2
2
2
225 F 250 F
2*
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2*
1
1
2
3
4
4
4
3
2
2*
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
5
5
5
4
1
1
3
3
3
4
5
5
3
3
2*
3
NOTE:
It s not the purpose of this table to make specific recommendations. It should be used simply as a guide to indicate the most suitable candidate
alloys The effects of contamination, velocity, aeration, etc., will all tend to alter the rating of an alloy exposed to a corrosive environment.
37
Industrial Applications
of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings
AERONAUTICAL
Although the greatest use for high alloys in this industry
is for engine parts required to withstand high temperatures,
there are applications for the corrosion-resistant grades in
components that must resist both corrosive and erosive
effects to insure dependable operation.
BALL VALVE
Alloy: CF-8 (19Cr-9Ni)
Use: Cryogenic ball valve for service on advanced rocket engine.
Typical Applications
Fuel jets
Fuel valves
Engine supports
CONTROL VALVE
Alloy: CB-30 modified
Use: Aircraft fuel control valve subject to high rate fuel impingement on 2000
mph aircraft.
ARCHITECTURAL
The cast chromium-nickel alloys are used as ornaments
and other components in the architectural treatment of
buildings, bridges, etc. Where these will be exposed to a
marine environment, the molybdenum-containing austenitic
grades have the most satisfactory resistance to corrosion.
38
Typical Applications
Ornaments
Hand rail fittings
Nozzles
Vessels
Piping and fittings
Conveyors
Petroleum
Cast corrosion-resistant alloys of all types are used extensively in the petroleum industry to withstand the corrosive
effects of moist sulfur and carbon dioxide-bearing gases, sour
crudes, sulfuric acid and caustic treating equipment, phosphoric acid, salt water and the many forms of organic acids
produced as by-products during the refining operations.
Typical Applications
Valves
Pumps
Heater tubes
Pipe fittings
Nozzles
CENTRIFUGALLY-CAST FLANGE
Alloy: CH-20 modified with free ferrite controlled at 5-15% (25Cr-12Ni)
Weight: 150 Ib
Size: 4 in. 2500 Ib welding neck flange @ 14 in. flange O.D. x 3 in. thick x 4
in. neck O.D. x 7 in. O.A.L.
Use: Hydrocracker refinery unit
PRESSURE VESSEL
Alloy: CK-20 (25Cr-20Ni)
Weight: 8,900 Ib
Use: Dissolver vessel in chemical processing plant.
PROCESS PIPING
Alloy: CF-3M (19Cr-10Ni-2Mo)
Weight: 1400 Ib
Size: 16 in. O.D. x in. wall; flange 26 in. O.D.
Use: Acetic acid processing
39
PUMP COMPONENTS
Alloy: CF-8 (19Cr-9Ni) and CF-8M (19Cr-9Ni-2Mo)
Parts: Housings, gears, impellers
Use: Pumps in a variety of applications primarily in
the Chemical Processing Industry.
All parts are investment castings
PUMP
Alloy: CG-8M (Modified)wetted parts
Size: 16 in.
Use: Flash cooler service in
phosphoric acid plant.
GATE VALVE
Alloy: CF-8M (19Cr-9Ni-2Mo)
Weight: Body casting, 1603 lb;
bonnet casting, 414 Ib
Use: Wedge gate valve for chemical
plant service.
40
Nozzles
Disintegrators
Screw spindles
Screens
Pipe fittings
Filters
Pharmaceutical
The CF alloys (19Cr-9Ni) are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and in the fine chemical industry in corrosive
as well as in relatively non-corrosive environments for maintaining purity and color of the products. Stainless steels are
used in processing Vitamin C, acid solutions containing chloroform, ammonium sulfate, sodium sulfite and to resist organic
acids from protein extraction and biological mediums.
Plating
The austenitic stainless steels are used in the electroplating
industry for equipment to handle alkaline cyanide copper plating
baths, sulfuric acid copper plating baths and some chromic acid
plating baths. They are employed in pumps and valves in
equipment used for the storage and handling of 66 B sulfuric
acid. The stainless steels are not suitable for handling nickel
chloride and other type plating baths. Tests should be conducted in solutions of this type to determine the suitability of
alloys such as N-12M and CW-12M.
The austenitic stainless steels are used in equipment for
handling the nitric-phosphoric bright-dip solution for aluminum.
Typical Applications
Valves
Pumps
Filters
Fittings
Typical Applications
Pumps
Valves
Agitators
Nozzles
41
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Alloy: CF-8M (19Cr-9Ni-2Mo)
Weight: Upper half 1175 lb; lower half 3000 lb
Size: 57 in high x 645/8 in. wide x 58 in. deep
Use: Pump for handling 14,800 gpm of caustic, corrosive paper stock ("white water").
CENTRIFUGE BOWL
Alloy: CG-8M (19Cr-10Ni-3Mo)
Weight: 1679 Ib
Size: 28 in. O.D., 78 in. long
Use: Centrifuges in municipal
sewage treatment plant.
VERTICAL PUMP
Alloy: CF-8M (19Cr-9Ni-2Mo)wetted parts
Size: 24 in.
Use: Liquid end of pump handling 20,000 gpm acid contaminated water.
42
TURBINE PUMP
Alloy: CF-8M (19Cr-9Ni 2Mo)
wetted parts
Use: Dewatering service in gold
mine.
PUMP
Alloy: CF-8M (19Cr-9Ni-2Mo)
Weight: 450 Ib
Size: 6 in. x 8 in.1800 rpm
Use: Sulfuric acid leaching of copper silicate ores at ambient
temperature. Sulfuric acid strength 1-2%.
43
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Alloy: CF-8M (Modified)
Weight: Top casing, 1600 lb; lowercasing, 2380 lb
Use: Handling acidic river water in steel plantafter 22 years, pump
showed no sign of corrosion.
MARINE
Although CF-type alloy castings have to be used selectively
in the marine field because of their susceptibility to pitting
corrosion, they have applications where, because of velocity
conditions, this form of deterioration cannot develop. The
chromium-nickel type (CF-8) steels have been used successfully
for propellers on tugs and other types of work-boats that are in
relatively constant service.
The CF-3M, CF-8M and CN-7M alloys are frequently used
for components in salt water pumps and valves. These alloys
have also been used successfully in equipment which is
exposed to a marine atmosphere.
Typical Applications
Ship propellers
Salt water pumps
PROPELLER
Alloy: CF-3 (19Cr-9Ni)
Weight: 22,660 Ib
Size: 15 ft O.D.
Use: Workboat
44
Control mechanisms
Reactor components
Power Plants
The use of chromium-nickel stainless steels for components in power plant equipment has increased the ability of
this industry to meet the ever increasing demand for more
industrial power. These alloys have made it possible for
power plant engineers to design equipment for operation at
increased pressures and temperatures.
In nuclear power plants, the chromium-nickel stainless
steels are used to avoid contamination of the coolants by
metallic corrosion products that would become radioactive.
CENTRIFUGALLY-CAST PIPE
Alloy: CF-8A (19Cr-9Ni)
Weight: 11,500 Ib (front piece)
Size: 32 in. O.D., 184 in. long (front piece)
Use: Nuclear reactor coolant loop pipe for pressurized water
reactor. Meets requirements of ASME Sec. III.
Typical Applications
Feed water heating equipment
Boiler water deaerator heaters
Valve components (feed water, steam, condensate, fuel oil)
Pump components (feed water, condensate, fuel oil)
Hydraulics
In the hydraulics field, the good resistance to
abrasion and cavitation of the chromium-nickel alloys is
of more significance than their corrosion resistance.
This property makes it possible to design smaller
diameter equipment that will convey large volumes at
higher velocity than it would be possible with other
alloys that do not have this inherent characteristic.
Typical Applications
Pumps
Valves
Torque tubes
CENTRIFUGALLY-CAST TUBE
Alloy: CF-8 (19Cr-9Ni)
Weight: 410 Ib
Size: 8.2 in. O.D. x 5 in. I.D. x 56 in. long
Use: Nuclear control rod drive latch housing.
CENTRIFUGALLY-CAST FLANGES
Alloy: CF-8M with controlled ferrite (19Cr-10Ni-2Mo)
Weight: 1500 Ib
Size: up to 24 in. pipe size
Use: Nuclear piping flowmeter flanges
Nozzles
Piping and fittings
45
CENTRIFUGALLY-CAST BEARINGS
Alloy: CF-3A (19Cr-9Ni)
Weight: 800-900 Ib
Size: 331/2 in. flange O.D. x 28 in. barrel
O.D. x 25 5 / 8 in. I.D. x 17 in. long
Use: Hydrostatic bearings for nuclear
recirculating pumps.
46
FLOWMETER NOZZLES
Alloy: CF-8M with controlled ferrite (19Cr-10Ni-2Mo)
Weight: 975 Ib
Size: 243/8 in. flange x 16 in. barrel O.D. x 1 in. wall
x 341/8 in. long
Use: Venturi-style flowmeter bodies for use inside main water
recirculating in nuclear power plants.
CHECK VALVE
Alloy: CF-8 (19Cr-9Ni)
Weight: 450 Ib
Size: 6 in. pipe size
Use: Nuclear water service handling
demineralized water in the
primary loop of a pressurized
light water reactor.
47
48
Part III
Fabrication Data
For Heat and Corrosion-Resistant Alloys
Cutting lubricants are essential for all machining operations on these castings. For best results, a continuous and abundant supply of cutting fluid should be fed to
the tool and thereby act also as a coolant. All lubricants
should be removed completely from the machined parts
that are to be subjected to high temperatures, either
during subsequent fabrication or in service. For high
speed steel tools, sulfurized cutting oils are the preferred cutting lubricants. A lubricant of soluble oil and
water is used with cemented carbide tools.
MACHINING
High-alloy castings are more difficult to machine than
carbon steel because of the characteristics built into
them for heat and corrosion-resistant service. With
proper tools and coolants, however, all necessary machining can be performed under conditions of comparatively slow speeds and moderate feeds.
Single point tool grind angles for high speed steel are
shown in Figure 6.
TABLE X
Machining and Welding of Heat-Resistant Alloy Castings
HA
MACHINING
Rough Turn
Speed, sfm
Feed, ipr
Finish Turning
Speed, sfm
Feed, ipr
Drilling
Speed, sfm
Feed, ipr
Tapping
Speed, sfm
Remarks
WELDING
Electrode Type
HC
HD
HE
HF
HH
HI
HK
HL
HN
HP
HT
HU
HW
HX
40-50
40-50
40-50
30-40
25-35
25-35
25-35
25-35
30-40
35-45
35-45
40-45
40-45
40-45
40-45
.010-.030 .025-.035 .025-.035 .020-.025 .015-.020 .015-.020 .015-.020 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .025-.035 .025-.035 .025-.035 .025-.035
80-100 80-100
80-100
60-80
50-70
50-70
50-70
50-70
60-80
70-90
70-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
80-90
.005-.010 .010-.015 .010-.015 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .010-.015 .010-.015 .010-.015
35-70
40-60
40-60
30-60
20-40
20-40
20-40
20-40
30-60
40-60
40-60
40-60
40-60
40-60
40-60
10-25
10-25
10-25
10-25
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-25
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-15
5-15
15 17
15 17
15 17
17
16 17
16 17
16 17
16 17
17
16 17
16 17
16 17
16 17
16 17
E505-18 E446-15 E446-15 E312-15 E308-15 E309-15 E310-15HC E310-15 E310-15HC E330-15 E310-15 E330-15
Oxy-acetylene Flame
1
Character
Preheat and Interpass
450-550
Temperature, F
Post Heat Treatment, F
2
5
Annealing Treatment, F 1625
446 Bare 327 Bare 312 Bare 308 Bare 309 Bare 309 Bare 310 Bare 310 Bare 330 Bare
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
S
S
M
M
60-100
Not. Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req.
1550 A. C. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req.
3
4
4
4
As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast As-Cast
Notes for Table X with Table XI on page 50.
49
TABLE XI
Machining and Welding of Corrosion-Resistant Alloy Castings
CA-15
MACHINING
Rough Turn
Speed, sfm
Feed, ipr
Finish Turning
Speed, sfm
Feed, ipr
Drilling
Speed, sfm
Feed, ipr
Tapping
Speed, sfm
Remarks
CA-40
CA6NM
CB-30
CC-50
CD4MCu
CE-30
CK-20 CN-7M
80-100
50-70
80-100 80-100 80-100 80-100
60-80
50-70
50-70
50-70
50-70
50-70
60-80
90-110
50-70
50-70
50-70
90-110
.003-.010 .015-.020 .005-.010 .010-.015 .010-.015 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010 .005-.010
35-70
30-60
20-50
30-60
40-60
20-40
30-60
20-40
20-40
20-40
20-50
20-50
30-60
30-80
20-50
10-25
10-20
10-20
10-25
10-25
10-20
10-25
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-25
15-30
12
13
14
14
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
E410-15
E410-15
E442-15 E446-15
20-50
20-40
30-60
10-20
10-20
10-20
10-25
15
15
15
E312-15 E308L-15 E308-15 E308-15 E316L-15 E316-15 E347-15 E308-15 E317-15 E309-15 E310-5
E320-15
400-600 400-600 500-600 600-800 350-400 Not. Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. Not Req. 400-500
1125112511001450- 1650 A. C. 2050
1950- Not Req. 19502000- Not Req. 195019502000195020002WQ1950
1400 A.C. 1400 A.C. 1150 A.C. 1500 A.C.
20507
20507
21007
21007
20507
21007
2050
21007
21507
20507
2050 F.C.
14501450155015501450to 17501500 F.C.
1500
F.C.
1650 F.C. 1650 F.C. 1500 F.C.
1900
8
or A.C.
A.C.
18001850
oil
or air
600 max
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
10
S slightly rich in acetylene; excess acetylene feather should project " beyond tip of
inner core.
Heat to original draw temperature, hold sufficiently long to insure uniform heating
throughout section, then air cool.
3
When castings are repeatedly heated and cooled in service, properties may be
improved by heating at 1900 F for six hours, then furnace cooling.
4
When castings are repeatedly heated and cooled in service, properties may be
improved by heating at 1900 F for twelve hours, then furnace cooling.
5
For improved strength, castings are normalized by heating to 1825 F, air cooling to
below 1300 F, followed by tempering at 1250 F.
6
Drilling feeds:
Drill Diameter
Feed, ipr
001-.002
Under 1/ 8
1/ 8 -
002-.004
.004-.007
.007-.015
015-.025
Over 1
V very rich in acetylene; excess acetylene feather should project 1" beyond tip of inner
core.
M medium rich in acetylene; excess acetylene feather should project " beyond tip of
inner core.
19502150
11
-1
19502050
11
180019001850
1950
oil
oil
or air
or air
600 max 600 max
10
50
CF-8
40-50
25-35
40-50
40-50
40-50
40-50
30-40
25-35
25-35
25-35
25-35
25-35
30-40
45-55
25-35
25-35
25-35
45-55
010-.030 .030-.040 .010-.030 .020-.030 .025-.035 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025 .020-.025
WELDING
Electrode Type
Oxy-acetylene
Rod Type
Preheat and
Interpass
Temperature, F
Post Heat
Treatment, F
Annealing
Treatment, F
Not Req.
A.C.
F.C.
CF-3
Figure 6Tool Bit Angles for High Speed Steel Tools for Machining
Stainless Steel Castings.
WELDING
All of the common welding methods can be used on
high-alloy castings. Information on pre-heat and postheat treatments are given for the heat-resistant alloys in
Table X and for corrosion-resistant alloys in Table XI.
The metal-arc process is used in most cases, especially
for the corrosion-resistant alloys, while oxy-acetylene
welding is usually limited to the heat-resistant types.
Oxy-acetylene welding is not normally used for
corrosion-resistant castings because carbon pick-up is
possible if the flame is not correctly adjusted. Carbon
pick-up would decrease the corrosion-resistance of the
chromium-nickel alloys. In the relatively tougher heatresistant alloys, this limitation does not exist and oxyacetylene welding can be employed. Inert-gas welding
with tungsten or consumable electrodes is common in
the repair welding of investment castings. Submerged
arc welding is confined mainly to fabrication of
corrosion-resistant alloys. Flash welding is utilized in
special applications, such as the joining of tubular
sections.
1.
A. Arc Welding The electrical resistance of nickelchromium and chromium-nickel castings is about six
times that of carbon steel, and the melting point of the
alloys is approximately 100 F lower. This combination
of greater resistance and lower melting point permits
these alloys to be arc welded using lower currents than
those required for welding carbon steels. Particular care
must be exercised with the corrosion-resistant types to
have the welding groove well cleaned and free of grease
or dirt, for any contamination of the weld might result in
carbon pick-up. When welding heat-resistant alloys of
the nickel-chromium group, the work must be kept clean
of lubricants and marking crayons that contain sulfur or
lead; otherwise cracking may result. Weaving of the
bead should be avoided because a large puddle promotes weld cracking unless bead width is limited to 3
times the electrode diameter.
Welding Current Reverse polarity D.C. is most
commonly used for welding the nickel-chromium and
chromium-nickel alloys. Table XII lists suggested electrical settings and electrode sizes for these alloys of
different thicknesses. (In general, these alloys require
about 10% less current than the carbon steels.)
Electrode Selection The electrode selected to weld a
corrosion-resistant cast alloy should deposit the same
alloy content as the casting. To accomplish this, the
electrode core and coating are adjusted to compensate
for melting losses that occur during welding. Particular
care should be exercised with the corrosion-resistant
cast alloys of low carbon content to assure that the
electrode does not add more carbon.
For the heat-resistant alloys, welding electrodes capable of depositing high carbon weld metal help prevent
cracking. The varying levels of silicon present in the
several heat-resisting alloy compositions, sometimes
require an adjustment of the carbon introduced into the
weld deposit by the electrode. This is done by the electrode manufacturer to maintain the proper carbonsilicon ratio in the weld deposit and thus eliminate cracking.
Lime coated electrodes are usually preferred for
welding high-alloy castings. All welding slag must be
removed after welding, for when service temperatures
approach the melting point of the slag, severe metal
attack can occur.
51
TABLE XII
TABLE XIII
Casting
Thickness
at Weld,
in.
Under 1/16
1/16-7/64
7/64-3/16
3/16-1/2
1/2 and above
52
carbon steel because of their greater electrical resistance and lower melting points.
Electrode
Diameter,
In.
1/16
5/64
3/32
1/8
5/32
3/16
Amperes
25-40
35-55
45-70
70-105
100-140
130-180
Arc Volts,
max
22
23
24
25
25
26
Casting
Thickness
at Weld.
in
Under 1/16
1/16-9/64
9/64-3/16
3/16- 1/2
1/2 and above
Electrode
Diameter,
in
Amperes
Volts
5/64
3/32 or 1/8
1/8 or 5/32
5/64 or 3/16
3/16
25-40
50-90
90-125
100-150
125-175
20-22
22-24
22-24
23-27
26-29