HELMINTHOLOGY

2. Trematodes

HY

Trematodes
(flukes)

General Morphology &

Classification

HY

Morphology
Leaf-like, except
blood flukes
(Schistosoma sp.)
Unsegmented
Hermaphrodite,
except blood flukes
Suckers
GIT:
Incomplete
No anus

Body cavity absent

Operculated eggs,
except blood flukes
HY

Classification
Blood flukes:
Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma mansoni
Shistosoma
haematobium

Liver flukes:

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Opistorchis viverrini
Clonorchis sinensis

Intestinal flukes:
Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes
heterophyes
Metagonimus
yokogawai
Echinostoma sp.
Gastrodiscoides
hominis

Lung fluke:
Paragonimus
westermani
HY

Blood flukes

Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium

HY

General Morphology
More silindrical than other
trematodes
Separated sex (not
hermaphrodite), but
always in pair
Oral and ventral suckers
Male is bigger than
female, gynaecophoric
canal
Species differentiated by:
Male: number of testes
Female: location of ovary
HY

Schistosoma sp.
Life cycle

Infective stage: bifurcated tail

cercaria
HY

Schistosoma japonicum
Morphology
Male:
Fine tuberculated
cuticle
6-8 testes

Female: middle-part
ovary

HY

Schistosoma japonicum
Morphology
1. Ovary
2. testes

HY

Schistosoma japonicum
Morphology
Oral sucker

Ventral sucker

Gynechoporic
canal

HY

10

Schistosoma japonicum
Eggs

Short ovoid
Not
operculated
Lateral knob1
Content:
miracidium2
2

HY

11

Schistosoma mansoni
Morphology
Male:
tuberculated cuticle
8-9 testes

Female: ovary
posterior

HY

12

Schistosoma mansoni
Morphology
1. Testes: 8-9
2. Ovary: posterior

HY

13

Schistosoma mansoni
Eggs

Elongated,
150x60 m
Not
operculated
Lateral spine1
Content:
miracidium2

2
HY

14

Schistosoma haematobium
Morphology
Male:

smooth cuticle
4-5 testes1

Female: ovary
anterior2

1
HY

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Schistosoma mansoni
Eggs
Elongated,
150x60 m
Not operculated
Terminal spine1
Content:
miracidium2
2

1
HY

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Schistosoma haematobium
In bladder section

HY

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Comparison of Schistosomas eggs

Lateral
knob
S.
aponicum

Lateral
spine
S. mansoni
HY

Terminal
spine
S.
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haematobium

Table of blood flukes

Intermediate host

Infective stage
Habitat
Diagnostic stage

Morphology

S.haematobium

S. mansoni

S. japonicum

Snail (Bulinus)

Snail (Biomphalaria)

Snail
(Onchomelania)

Cercaria

Cercaria

Cercaria

Urinary Vein

Mesentric Vein

Mesentric vein

Eggs (terminal spine)

in urine

Eggs (lateral spine) in

feces

Eggs (lateral knob) in

feces

Ovary (posterior)
testes 4-5, smooth
cuticles

Ovary ( anterior)
testes 8-9, rough cuticles

Ovary (middle)
testes 6-8, fine
tuberculated cuticles

HY

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Liver flukes

Fasciola hepatica
Fasciola gigantica
Opistorchis viverrini
Clonorchis sinensis
HY

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Fasciola hepatica
Life cycle
Infective stage:
metacercaria on
water plants
Diagnostic
stage:
unembryonated
eggs in feces

HY

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Fasciola hepatica
Morphology
Coned
anterior1
2 branched
testes2

HY

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Fasciola hepatica
Eggs
Operculated (red arrow)
Fresh stool: unembryonated eggs
In water: embryonated eggs

HY

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Fasciola gigantica
Morphology
Resembles
Fasciola
hepatica, only
coneless

HY

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Fasciola gigantica
Morphology

HY

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Clonorchis sinensis & Opistorchis viverrini

Life cycle
Infective
stage:
metacercaria
in fish
Diagnostic
stage:
embryonated
eggs in feces

HY

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Clonorchis sinensis
Morphology
2 branched
testes

HY

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Opistorchis viverrini
Morphology

Lobulated
testes
HY

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C. sinensis & O. viverrini

Eggs
2

Ovoid

Operculated1
3

Tiny knob at posterior

end2
Content: miracidium3

1
1

HY

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C.sinensis & O. viverrini

Comparison

HY

30

Intestinal flukes

Fasciolopsis buski

HY

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Fasciolopsis buski
Life cycle
Infective stage:
metacercaria on
water plants
Diagnostic
stage:
unembryonated
eggs in feces

HY

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Fasciolopsis buski
Morphology

Leaf-like
The largest intestinal flukes in human
Ventral sucker= 4x oral sucker
Operculated eggs

HY

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Fasciolopsis buski
Morphology
1. Oral sucker
2. Ventral
sucker (4x
oral sucker)
3. Uterine
4. Vitelline
gland
5. Branched
testes

1
2

HY

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Fasciolopsis buski
Eggs

1. Operculated1
2. Fresh stool: unembryonated eggs2
3. In water: embryonated eggs
HY

35

Lung flukes

Paragonimus westermani

HY

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Paragonimus wetermani
Life cycle
Infective stage:
metacercaria in
crustacean
Diagnostic
stage:
unembryonated
eggs in sputum
or feces

HY

37

Paragonimus wetermani
Morphology
Oral
sucker
Intestine
Uterus

Dark-brown
appearance
Bilaterally-located
branched testes

Ovary
testes
Vitelline
gland
HY

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Paragonimus wetermani
Eggs
Golden-brown
eggs
Operculated
In sputum or
fresh stool:
unembryonated
eggs

HY

39

Thank you

HY

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