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TACHEOMETRIC SURVEY
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr. Sc (Nagoya Univ.,
Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat,
Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax :
+6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
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INTRODUCTION
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DEFINITION
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METHODS OF
TACHEOMETRY
Stadia System,
Electronic Tacheometry,
Subtense Bar System, and
Optical Wedge System.
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STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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From the diagram, triangles AOB, aOb are similar
Line of Sight
Horizontal
OX U AB
ox V
ab
U
V
f
U
ff
V
AB
ff
ab
S
ff
i
CS K
f
S f
i
STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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STADIA SYSTEM
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Let the actual distance between upper and
lower
stadia be S and the required projection of it
at
right angles
to
IQCs
be
s
but s1 s cos
D
1 1K ,
Now
S D cos
Cs cos 2 k cos
Also
V D sin
Cs cos sin k sin
Sc sin 2
k sin
2
In practice,
s 100 s cos 2
V 50s sin 2
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STADIA SYSTEM
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The diference in height between
The two points is given by:
H HI V CL
And the Relative Level (R.L) of
The points is given by
RL RLA HI V CL
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ELECTRONIC
TACHEOMETRIC
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ELECTRONIC
TACHEOMETRIC
S D cos
RL RLA HI V HT
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DETAILING &
BOOKING
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DETAILING &
BOOKING
Figure above shows a part of the traverse with three stations A, B and C a
Some features in the area. The following observation procedure is adopted
For detailing.
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DETAILING &
BOOKING
Procedure
Set up the instrument at a station (say station
B), centre and level it accurately.
Measure the height of instrument (HI) from the
top of the peg at the station to the centre of the
trunion of the instrument.
Orientate the instrument correctly with respect
to a reference line (traverse line, BA) whose
bearing from the station is already known by
traversing.
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DETAILING &
BOOKING
Procedure cont.,
Take the pole reading held vertical on the nearest
available temporary benchmark (TBM) to
determine the reduced level of the instrument
station.
Located the detail points around the traverse
station (B) as given below:
Observe the horizontal angle between the reference line
and the line from the instrument station towards the
point of interest.
Observe the vertical angle and the pole readings.
Repeat the steps above for all the points of interest.
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WORK EXAMPLE 1
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WORK EXAMPLE 2
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The following observations obtained from tacheometry survey.
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ACCURACY AND
TYPES OF ERRORS
Staf readings
Tilt of the pole or staf
Vertical angle, and
Horizontal angle
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PLOTTING OF
TACHEOMETRIC
DATA
PLOTTING OF
TACHEOMETRIC
DATA
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Type of Maps
Maps produced or normally used by
engineers may fall into one of the
following three categories:
Topographic maps 1:50,000 to 125,000 which
shows natural and cultural features of an area.
Plans 1:10,000 or larger, which shows
boundaries and main features like roads,
bridges and main buildings.
Detail survey plans (construction plans) at
1:1,000 1:250
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PLOTTING OF
TACHEOMETRIC
DATA
Plotting Methods
Can be carried out manually, or by employing
computer aided design (CAD) systems.
The procedure consists fundamentally of
plotting individual points, regardless of which
method is used.
Lines are drawn from point to point to show the
features.
Points can be plotted in diferent ways using
distances and directions, and lines can be scaled
and plotted directly.
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PLOTTING OF
TACHEOMETRIC
DATA
Plotting Methods
There are two main methods of plotting
details as discussed below:
Plotting by Coordinates
Plotting by Angle/bearing and Distances.
PLOTTING OF
TACHEOMETRIC
DATA
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Map Layout
The surveyed area should be plotted to fit
neatly in the centre of a map sheet at the
largest possible scale.
North Direction
Every map must display a north line for orientation
purpose.
Title of Map
Place title of the map where it is balanced on the sheet.
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PLOTTING OF
TACHEOMETRIC
DATA
Map
Layout
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CONTOURING AND
CROSS-SECTIONS
Mohd Effendi Daud (Dr. Sc)
B.Surv (UTM, Malaysia) Msc (UTM, Malaysia), Dr. Sc (Nagoya Univ.,
Japan)
(Geomatic Division)
Faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering,
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Batu Pahat,
Johor, MALAYSIA.
Phone : +6074537363; +60197853740; Fax :
+6074537060
E-mail : effendi@uthm.edu.my
Web: http://www.fkass.uthm.edu.my/
With Wisdom, We Explore
CONTOURING
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CONTOURING
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CONTOURING
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CONTOURING
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CONTOURING
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CONTOURING
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Production of contours
There are TWO types of contouring
method:
Direct Methods, and
Indirect Method:
from random spot heights
from a grid of spot heights
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CONTOUR
INTERPOLATION &
PLOTTING
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PROFILE AND
CROSS-SECTIONS
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PROFILE AND
CROSS-SECTIONS
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