inside jaws (measure internal diameter)

main scale

vernier scale
outside jaws
(measure
external diameter)
object

anvil

Positive zero error

main
scale
vernier
scale
measures depth zero error = +0.06 cm
Negative zero error
main
scale
vernier
scale
zero error = (0.10 0.07) cm
= 0.03 cm

Main scale reading = 1.6 cm

Vernier scale reading = 0.05 cm
= 1.65 cm
Size of object

ball
bearing
spindle

Positive zero error

sleeve (with main scale)

ratchet knob

lock

thimble scale

45

40

zero error = + 0.04 mm zero error = 0.06 mm

frame

Main scale reading = 7.50 mm

Vernier scale reading = 0.37 mm
Size of ball bearing = 7.87 mm

Negative zero error

10

40
35

Length of
pendulum,
(cm)

Time for 10 oscillations, t (s)

Mean, t

Period of
oscillation,
t
T = (s)
10

T 2 (s 2 )

t1

t2

10.0

6.2

6.4

6.3

0.63

0.40

20.0

8.9

8.9

8.9

0.89

0.79

30.0

10.7

10.9

10.8

1.08

1.17

40.0

12.4

12.6

12.5

1.25

1.56

50.0

14.0

14.0

14.0

1.40

1.96

Title of the graph

y-axis is labelled
Responding
variables
Suitable
even scale

Coordinates
are plotted
with a small
cross mark ( )

Best adjusted
straight line
Manipulated variables

Suitable
even scale

x-axis is labelled

Post office

Darrens
house

s1

s2

SMK Seri Perak

Time interval, t
= 4 dot-spaces 0.02 s
= 0.08 s
direction
of motion
Initial velocity, u
1.0 cm
=
= 50.0 cm s1
0.02 s

Time for 1 dot-space (1 tick)

1
=
= 0.02 s
50

Final velocity, v
1.4 cm
=
= 70.0 cm s1
0.02 s

Object at
rest

When a stationary
bus starts to
move with forward
acceleration, the
passengers lurch
backwards.

Object in
motion

When a moving bus

stops suddenly, the
passengers lurch
forwards.

Type of collision

Situation

Important formula

Elastic
uA uB
v A vB
mA uA uB mB mA vA vB mB
mA
mB mA
mB
mA

uA uB

mB mA

v A vB

uA uB
mA uA uB mB mA
mA
mB mA

Inelastic

mA

uA uB

v
v
v

mB mA

mB
mB
mB
mB

Momentum is conserved:
mAuA + mBuB = mAvA + mBvB
Kinetic energy is conserved:
1
1
mAuA2 + mBuB2
2
2
1
1
2
= mAvA + mBvB2
2
2
Momentum is conserved:
mAuA + mBuB = (mA + mB )v
Kinetic energy is NOT
conserved.

Explosion

at rest
at rest

vB
vA at rest
vB
vA
mAvA
mA
mA

mB
mB
vB
mB

mAvA + mBvB = 0

spring balance
measure the
gravitational
attraction
(weight)
on the object

m
mg
Earth

T2

T2

T1

T1

F1
30
30
F2

2
T2

T1
W

T2
W

flowerpot

T1

Factors

Less stiff

More stiff

Small k

Big k

Long spring

Short spring

Thin wire

Thick wire

Big diameter

Small diameter

Copper wire

Steel wire

Series

Parallel

Value of spring
constant, k

Length of spring

Diameter of wire

Diameter of coil

Type of material

Arrangement of
spring

INPUT

OUTPUT

object
being lifted

input
force, F1
acting on the
surface area,
A1 of the small
piston and
produces
high pressure

piston
cylinder
fluid
high pressure is transmitted

a high output
force, F2 is
produced
because of
the large surface
area of the piston,
A2 which
is acted by
high pressure

purged air

equal
pressure

buoyant
force
weight
floating

buoyant force

vent
valve
opens
water
enters
the ballast
tank
diving
SZ-43(b)

SZ-43(a)

weight

buoyant force

compressed
air

rising
SZ-43(c)

weight

The fast flowing

gas produces a
region of low
pressure.

The high atmospheric

pressure causes the
air to be sucked in
and mixed with the
gas.

3
The mixture of gas
and air produces
a complete
combustion.

air from atmosphere

flows in
gas supply

Temperature
(C)

F
Gas
D

boiling point
melting point

B
Solid

solid heating

solid melting

melting begins

C Liquid

Solid +
Liquid

Liquid + Gas

liquid heating

liquid boiling

melting completes boiling begins

gas heating
boiling completes

Time (s)

Temperature
(C) A

condensation
point
freezing
point

Gas

Gas + Liquid

Liquid

gas
cooling

gas condensing

liquid
cooling

condensation begins

condensation
completes

Liquid +
Solid
liquid freezing

freezing begins

E
Solid
solid cooling

freezing completes

F
Time (s)

Boyles law
Temperature = constant
Action

Decrease in volume

Before

After

Result

Pressure increase

Relationship

Formula

P1V1 = P2V2

Pressure law

Charles law

Volume = constant

Pressure = constant

Increase in temperature

Increase in temperature

Pressure increase

Volume increase

P1
P2
=
T1
T2

V1
V2
=
T1
T2

normal
incident ray
i

reflected ray
r

i
r

apparent
depth, d
real
depth, D

refracted ray
D

C
incident ray

semicircular glass block

protractor

reflected ray
ray box

semicircular
glass block

incident
ray
ray box

protractor

A
totally refracted ray

uv

Image is formed
Image is formed
behind the lens
behind the lens
i
ho
i

ho

Image is formed
Image is formed
on the same side
i

on the same side

of the lens of the lens

uv

Image is formed
Image is formed
behind the lens
behind the lens
i
ho
i

ho

Image is formed
Image is formed
on the same side
i

on the same side

of the lens of the lens

Camera

Shutter opens to allow light from

the object to pass through the
lens to the film.

The position of the lens can

be adjusted to focus the light
from the object to form a
sharp image on the film.

object
Focusing ring changes
the distance between
the lens and the film.

image

Image formed is
real, inverted and
diminished.

lens
shutter

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2013

First published 2013
ISBN 978 983 47076 0 6
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T)

Light sensitive film

for recording the
image.

film cassette