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ELEKTROTEHNIKI ODJEL
Zagreb 2004/2005.
SADRAJ
PRIMJER PROGRAMSKOG ZADATKA IZ EEP POSTROJENJA........................................ 3
1
PRORAUN ....................................................................................................................... 4
1.1
VODOVA.................................................................................................................... 4
1.2
GENERATORA.......................................................................................................... 4
1.3
TRANSFORMATORA............................................................................................... 5
2
EKVIVALENTNE SHEME ............................................................................................... 5
2.1
DIREKTNI SUSTAV ................................................................................................. 5
2.2
INVERZNI SUSTAV ............................................................................................... 10
2.3
NULTI SUSTAV ...................................................................................................... 15
3
PRORAUN STRUJA KRATKOG SPOJA .................................................................... 20
3.1
JEDNOPOLNI KRATKI SPOJ ................................................................................ 20
3.2
DVOPOLNI KRATKI SPOJ .................................................................................... 20
3.3
DVOPOLNI KRATKI SPOJ SA ZEMLJOSPOJEM ............................................... 20
3.4
TROPOLNI KRATKI SPOJ ..................................................................................... 21
4
RASPODJELA STRUJA U EKVIVALENTNIM SHEMAMA ZA ZADANO MJESTO
KS I MJERODAVNI KS .......................................................................................................... 21
5
STRUJE FAZA R, S i T.................................................................................................... 24
JEDNOPOLNI KS ................................................................................................................ 24
TROPOLNI KS ..................................................................................................................... 24
5.1
STRUJE FAZE R ...................................................................................................... 24
5.1.1
Struje vodova..................................................................................................... 24
5.1.2
Struje transformator sabirnica ........................................................................ 25
5.2
STRUJE FAZE S ...................................................................................................... 25
5.2.1
Struje vodova..................................................................................................... 25
5.2.2
Struje transformator sabirnica ........................................................................ 25
5.3
STRUJE FAZE T ...................................................................................................... 25
5.3.1
Struje vodova..................................................................................................... 25
5.3.2
Struje transformator sabirnica ........................................................................ 25
6
STRUJE GENERATORA ODNOSNO PRIMARA TRANSFORMATORA.................. 26
6.1
JEDNOPOLNI KS .................................................................................................... 26
6.2
TROPOLNI KS ......................................................................................................... 26
6.2.1
Struje generatora G1 .......................................................................................... 26
6.2.2
Struje generatora G2 .......................................................................................... 26
6.2.3
Struje generatora G3 .......................................................................................... 26
6.2.4
Struje generatora G4 .......................................................................................... 26
7
TROPOLNA SHEMA RASPODJELA STRUJA U MREI ZA VRIJEME
TROPOLNOG KRATKOG SPOJA ......................................................................................... 27
D
G1
LDE
T1
B
LAD
LBD
T4
G2
T2
LAC
G4
LBC
T3
G3
Ostali podaci:
Element
G1, G2
G3
G4
T1, T2
T3
T4
Vodovi
Veliina
S
U
Xd
Xi
S
U
Xd
Xi
S
U
Xd
Xi
S
U1/U2
Xk
S
U1/U2
Xk
S
U1/U2
Xk
lAD
lAC
lBC
lBD
lDE
Jedinica
MVA
kV
%
%
MVA
kV
%
%
MVA
kV
%
%
MVA
kV/kV
%
MVA
kV/kV
%
MVA
kV/kV
%
km
km
km
km
km
Primjer 0
25
10
17
4,5
70
10
28
15
35
10
38
8
25
10/110
10
70
10/110
11
35
10/110
9
60
110
85
70
70
D
1 PRORAUN
1.1
VAD
VODOVA
Xd = Xi = l * Xv = 60 km * 0,4 /km = 24
X0 = 3 Xd = 3 * 24 = 72
VAC
VBC
Xd = Xi = l * Xv = 85 km * 0,4 /km = 34
X0 = 3 Xd = 3 * 34 = 102
VBD
Xd = Xi = l * Xv = 70 km * 0,4 /km = 28
X0 = 3 Xd = 3 * 28 = 84
VDE
Xd = Xi = l * Xv = 70 km * 0,4 /km = 28
X0 = 3 Xd = 3 * 28 = 84
G1
G2
1.2
GENERATORA
Xd =
X d U 2
17 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 82,28
100 S
100
25 10 6 VA
Xi =
X i U 2 4,5 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 21,78
100 S
100
25 10 6 VA
X d U 2
17 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
Xd =
= 82,28
100 S
100
25 10 6 VA
X i U 2 4,5 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
Xi =
= 21,78
100 S
100
25 10 6 VA
G3
X d U 2
28 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
Xd =
= 48,4
100 S
100
70 10 6 VA
X i U 2
15 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
Xi =
= 25,92
100 S
100
70 10 6 VA
G4
Xd =
X d U 2
38 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 131,37
100 S
100
35 10 6 VA
Xi =
X i U 2
8 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 27,65
100 S
100
35 10 6 VA
1.3
TRANSFORMATORA
T1
Xd = Xi = X0 =
X k U 2
10 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 48,4
100 S
100
25 10 6 VA
T2
Xd = Xi = X0 =
X k U 2
10 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 48,4
100 S
100
25 10 6 VA
T3
Xd = Xi = X0 =
X k U 2
11 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 19,01
100 S
100
70 10 6 VA
T4
Xd = Xi = X0 =
X k U 2
9 (110 10 3 ) 2 V 2
= 31,11
100 S
100
35 10 6 VA
2 EKVIVALENTNE SHEME
2.1
DIREKTNI SUSTAV
D
XDE
A
XG1
XT1
XAD
XDB
E
B
XT4
XG2
XT2
XAC
XG4
XCB
XT3
XG3
C
G
28
XDE
82,28
XG1
48,4
XT1
82,28
XG2
48,4
XT2
48,4
XG3
24
28
XAD
XDB
44
34
XAC
XCB
E
B
31,11
XT4
131,37
XG4
19,01
XT3
C
G
130,68 A
X1
130,68
24
28
XAD
XDB
44
X2
162,48
X4
34
XAC
XCB
X3 67,41
Slika 2.2 b)
X 12 =
A
65,34
X1 X 2
130,68 130,68
=
= 65,34
X 1 + X 2 130,68 + 130,68
24
28
XAD
XDB
XAB
X12
XAC
44
162,48
X4
XCB
34
X3 67,41
XAC3
XCB3
Slika 2.2 c)
X 12 = X 1 + X 2 +
X1 X 2
X3
X 13 = X 1 + X 3 +
X1 X 3
X2
X 23 = X 2 + X 3 +
X2 X3
X1
X AC 3 = X AC + X 3 +
X AC X 3 X AC X CB + X 3 X CB + X AC X 3
=
X CB
X CB
44 34 + 67,41 34 + 44 67,41
= 198,64
34
X X 3 X CB X AC + X 3 X AC + X CB X 3
= X CB + X 3 + CB
=
X AC
X AC
X AC 3 =
X CB 3
34 67,41
= 153,49
44
X X CB X AC X 3 + X CB X 3 + X AC X CB
+ AC
=
X3
X3
X CB 3 = 34 + 67,41 +
X AB = X AC + X CB
X AB = 44 + 34 +
44 34
= 100,19
67,41
24
28
XAD
65,34
X12
XDB
162,48
X4
100,19
XAB
XAC3
XCB3
198,64
153,49
Slika 2.2 d)
X 1A =
X 12 X AC 3
65,34 198,64
=
= 49,16
X 12 + X AC 3 65,34 + 198,64
X 4B =
X 4 X CB 3
162,48 153,49
=
= 78,92
X 4 + X CB 3 162,48 + 153,49
X1 =
X 12 X 13
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X2 =
X 12 X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X3 =
X 13 X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
24
28
XAD
XDB
100,19
XAB
XB
XA
XC
X1A
X4B
49,16
78,92
P
Slika 2.2 e)
XA =
X 1 A X AB
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
49,16 100,19
= 21,57
49,16 + 100,19 + 78,92
X 4 B X AB
XB =
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
XA =
78,92 100,19
= 34,63
49,16 + 100,19 + 78,92
X1A X 4 B
XC =
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
XB =
XC =
49,16 78,92
= 16,83
49,16 + 100,19 + 78,92
24
28
XAD
XDB
XA
XB
21,57
34,63
XC 16,83
G
P
Slika 2.2 f)
XB' 62,63
XC 16,83
G
P
Slika 2.2 g)
'
'
X AB =
XA XB
'
'
XA + XB
'
45,57 62,63
= 26,37
45,57 + 62,63
XAB'
43,2
26,37
Xd
XC 16,83
110
3
V
P
Slika 2.2 i)
P
Slika 2.2 h)
2.2
INVERZNI SUSTAV
D
XDE
A
XG1
XT1
XAD
XDB
E
B
XT4
XG2
XT2
XAC
XG4
XCB
XT3
XG3
C
P
Slika 2.3: Ekvivalentna shema inverznog sustava
28
D
21,78
XG1
21,78
XG2
48,4
XT1
48,4
XT2
25,92
XG3
XDE
24
28
XAD
XDB
44
34
XAC
XCB
E
B
31,11
XT4
27,65
XG4
19,01
XT3
10
70,18
X1
70,18
24
28
XAD
XDB
44
X2
58,76
X4
34
XAC
XCB
X3 44,93
P
Slika 2.3 b)
X 12 =
A
35,09
X1 X 2
70,18 70,18
=
= 35,09
X 1 + X 2 70,18 + 70,18
24
28
XAD
XDB
XAB
X12
XAC
44
58,76
X4
XCB
34
X3 44,93
XAC3
XCB3
P
Slika 2.3 c)
X 12 = X 1 + X 2 +
X1 X 2
X3
X 13 = X 1 + X 3 +
X1 X 3
X2
X 23 = X 2 + X 3 +
X2 X3
X1
11
X AC X 3 X AC X CB + X 3 X CB + X AC X 3
=
X CB
X CB
X AC 3 = X AC + X 3 +
44 44,93
= 147,07
34
X X 3 X CB X AC + X 3 X AC + X CB X 3
+ X 3 + CB
=
X AC
X AC
X AC 3 = 44 + 44,93 +
X CB 3 = X CB
34 44,93
= 113,68
44
X X CB X AC X 3 + X CB X 3 + X AC X CB
+ AC
=
X3
X3
X CB 3 = 34 + 44,93 +
X AB = X AC + X CB
X AB = 44 + 34 +
44 34
= 111,3
44,93
24
XAD
35,09
28
XDB
X12
58,76
X4
111,3
XAB
XAC3
XCB3
147,07
113,68
P
Slika 2.3 d)
X 1A =
X 12 X AC 3
35,09 147,07
=
= 28,33
X 12 + X AC 3 35,09 + 147,07
X 4B =
X 4 X CB 3
58,76 113,68
=
= 38,73
X 4 + X CB 3 58,76 + 113,68
X1 =
X 12 X 13
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X2 =
X 12 X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X3 =
X 13 X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
12
24
28
XAD
XDB
111,3
XAB
XB
XA
XC
X1A
X4B
28,33
38,73
P
Slika 2.3 e)
XA =
X 1 A X AB
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
28,3 38,73
= 17,67
28,3 + 111,3 + 38,73
X 4 B X AB
XB =
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
XA =
38,73 111,3
= 24,16
28,3 + 111,3 + 38,73
X 1A X 4 B
XC =
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
XB =
XC =
28,3 38,73
= 6,15
28,3 + 111,3 + 38,73
24
28
XAD
XDB
XA
XB
17,67
24,16
XC 6,15
Slika 2.3 f)
13
XB' 52,16
XC 6,15
Slika 2.3 g)
'
XA XB
'
X AB =
'
'
XA + XB
'
41,67 52,16
= 23,16
41,67 + 52,16
XAB'
23,16
29,31
Xi
XC
6,15
P
Slika 2.3 i)
P
Slika 2.3 h)
14
2.3
NULTI SUSTAV
D
XDE
XT1
XAD
XDB
XT4
XAC
XCB
XT3
C
P
Slika 2.4: Ekvivalentna shema nultog sustava
D
48,4
72
84
XDE
E
B
XT1
XAD
84
XDB
132
XAC
102
XCB
31,11
XT4
19,01
XT3
C
P
Slika 2.4 a): Ekvivalentna shema nultog sustava s reaktancijama
A
48,4
72
84
XAD
XDB
XAB
X1
XAC
132
31,11
X4
XCB
102
X3 19,01
XAC3
XCB3
P
Slika 2.4 b)
15
X 12 = X 1 + X 2 +
X1 X 2
X3
X 13 = X 1 + X 3 +
X1 X 3
X2
X2 X3
X1
X CB + X 3 X CB + X AC X 3
X CB
X 23 = X 2 + X 3 +
X AC X 3 X AC
=
X CB
X AC 3 = X AC + X 3 +
132 19,01
= 175,61
102
X X 3 X CB X AC + X 3 X AC + X CB X 3
+ X 3 + CB
=
X AC
X AC
X AC 3 = 132 + 19,01 +
X CB 3 = X CB
102 19,01
= 135,7
132
X X CB X AC X 3 + X CB X 3 + X AC X CB
+ AC
=
X3
X3
X CB 3 = 102 + 19,01 +
X AB = X AC + X CB
X AB = 132 + 102 +
132 102
= 942,25
19,01
72
XAD
48,4
X1
84
XDB
31,11
X4
942,25
XAB
XAC3
XCB3
175,61
135,7
P
Slika 2.4 c)
X 1A =
X 4B =
X 1 X AC 3
48,4 175,61
=
= 37,94
X 1 + X AC 3 48,4 + 175,61
X 4 X CB 3
31,11 135,7
=
= 25,3
X 4 + X CB 3 31,11 + 135,7
16
72
84
XAD
XDB
942,25
XAB
XB
XA
XC
X1A
X4B
37,94
25,3
P
Slika 2.4 d)
XA =
37,94 942,25
= 35,53
37,94 + 942,25 + 25,3
X 4 B X AB
XB =
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
X 12 X 13
X1 =
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X2 =
X 12 X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
X3 =
X 13 X 23
X 12 + X 13 + X 23
XA =
25,3 942,25
= 23,7
37,94 + 942,25 + 25,3
X 1A X 4 B
XC =
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
XB =
XC =
X 1 A X AB
X 1 A + X AB + X 4 B
72
37,94 25,3
= 0,95
37,94 + 942,25 + 25,3
84
XAD
XDB
XA
XB
35,53
23,7
XC 0,95
Slika 2.4 e)
17
XB' 107,7
XC 0,95
Slika 2.4 f)
'
'
X AB =
XA XB
'
'
'
107,53 107,7
= 53,8
107,53 + 107,7
XA + XB
X0 = XAB + XC = 53,8 + 0,95 = 54,75
Z0 = j 54,75
D
54,75
X0
XAB'
53,8
P
XC
0,95
Slika 2.4 h)
Slika 2.4 g)
X i 29,31
=
= 0,53 < 1 mjerodavan je tropolni kratki spoj
X 0 54,75
18
Slika 2.5: Podruja omjera = Zi/Zd i = Zi/Z0 u kojima se pojavljuju najvee struje za
razliite vrste kratkog spoja
19
110
3
190,52
3E& d
3
=
= j1,497 kA
=
=
Z& d + Z&i + Z& 0 j 43,2 + j 29,31 + j 54,75 j127,26
= I& = 0
T
1
E& d
I&d = I&i = I&0 = I&R =
3
Z& d + Z&i + Z& 0
3.2
I&S + I&T = 0
110
3
&
3 Ed
110
3
I&S = I&T =
=
=
= j1,517 kA
&
&
Z d + Z i j 43,2 + j 29,31 j 72,51
I&S = I&d a 2 a
I&d = I&i =
3.3
E& d
;
Z& d + Z& i
I&T = I&d a a 2
I&0 = 0
I&R = 0
=
I&S = E& d
2
Z& d Z& i + Z& i Z& 0 + Z& d Z& 0 2 3 j 43,2 j 29,31 + j 29,31 j 54,75 + j 43,2 j 54,75
7634,48 j 2792,13
j87,93 240,426
I&S = 31,754
=
= 1,45 + j 0,53 =
1266,19 1604,72 2365,2
5236,11
I& = 1,54 20,07 o kA
S
I&T = E& d
2
Z& d Z& i + Z& i Z& 0 + Z& d Z& 0 2 3 j 43,2 j 29,31 + j 29,31 j 54,75 + j 43,2 j 54,75
j87,93 + 240,426
7634,48 j 2792,13
I&T = 31,754
=
= 1,45 + j 0,53 =
1266,19 1604,72 2365,2
5236,11
I& = 1,5420,07 o kA
T
I&0 =
0
E& d Z& i
Z& d Z& i + Z& i Z& 0 + Z& d Z& 0
20
3.4
110
&
E
3
= d =
= j1,47 = 1,47 90 o kA
&
j 43,2
Zd
= I& a 2 = 1,47 90 o 1240 o = 1,47150 o kA
I&S
R
&I = I& a = 1,47 90 o 1120 o = 1,4730 o kA
T
R
&I + I& + I& = 0
R
E&
I&d = I&R = d
Z& d
I&i = 0
1
I&0 = (I&R + I&S + I&T ) = 0
3
j43,2
j26,37
d
G
110
3
d = -j1,47kA
d = -j1,47kA
j16,83
d = -j1,47kA
G
Slika 4.1
Slika 4.2
Za tropolni KS vrijedi:
110
E&
I&R = d = 3 = j1,47 = 1,47 90 o kA
j 43,2
Z& d
2
I&S = I&R a = 1,47 90 o 1240 o = 1,47150 o kA
I& = I& a = 1,47 90 o 1120 o = 1,4730 o kA
T
I&i = 0
1
I&0 = I&R + I&S + I&T = 0
3
21
I&1 = j1,47kA
D
j45,57
j62,63
3
1
ili
j16,83
G
P
U
38,76kV
I&3 = AD' =
= j 0,62kA
j 62,63
ZB
Slika 4.2 a)
j24
j28
AD
DB
j21,57
C
1A
j49,16
U
43,075kV
I&5 = 1 A =
= j 0,876kA
&
Z1 A
j 49,16
j78,92
U
46,21kV
I&6 = 4 B =
= j 0,586kA
&
Z4B
j 78,92
U
3,136kV
I&4 = AB =
= j 0,031kA
Z& AB
j100,19
j24
j28
AD
4B
Slika 4.2 b)
j16,83
j34,63
AB
A
4B
j100,19
DB
j100,19
AB
1A
j49,16
4B
j78,92
P
Slika 4.2 c)
22
A
j65,34
12
j24
DB
j162,48
4
j100,19
52
j28
AD
AB
AC3
61
51
j198,64
62
CB3
j153,49
Slika 4.2 d)
j162,48
= j 0,586kA 0,514 = j 0,301kA
j153,49 + j162,48
j153,49
= I&6
= I&6 I&61 = j 0,586kA ( j 0,301kA) = j 0,285kA
j153,49 + j162,48
j 65,34
= I&5
= j 0,876kA 0,247 = j 0,217 kA
j 65,34 + j198,64
j198,64
= I&5
= I&5 I&51 = j 0,876kA ( j 0,217 kA) = j 0,659kA
j 65,34 + j198,64
I&61 = I&6
I&62
I&51
I&52
j130,68 A
1
j130,68
G2
j24
j28
AD
DB
G1
AB
AC
4
B
j44
j162,48
CB
j34
62
3 j67,41
AC3
51
61
CB3
Slika 4.2 e)
23
1 = -j1,47 kA
2 = -j0,85 kA
3 = -j0,62 kA
A = -j0,19 kA
B = -j0,33 kA
62 = -j0,29 kA
G1 = -j0,33 kA
G2 = -j0,33 kA
C = -j0,52 kA
P
Slika 4.3: Jednopolna shema sustava
Provjera rezultata:
I&1 = I&G1 + I&G 2 + I&C + I&62 = j 0,33kA j 0,33kA j 0,52kA j 0,29kA = j1,47kA
I&1 = I&2 + I&3 = j 0,85kA j 0,62kA = j1,47kA
5 STRUJE FAZA R, S i T
JEDNOPOLNI KS
I&R = 3 I&d
I&S = I&T = 0
TROPOLNI KS
I&R = I&d
I&S = I&R a 2
I& = I& a
T
5.1
STRUJE FAZE R
AC
I&B C
I&
A D
24
G1
5.2
62
STRUJE FAZE S
STRUJE FAZE T
25
JEDNOPOLNI KS
1
I&d = I&R
3
TROPOLNI KS
I&R'' = 0,886 I&d + j 0,5 I&d
I&S'' = 0,886 I&d + j 0,5 I&d
I&'' = jI&
T
I&d = I&R
Red.br.
KS
Zd()
Zi()
Z0()
j 43,2
j 29,31
j 54,75
Zi /Z0
- vrsta
KS
0,53 3pks
Id (kA)
1pKS
(IR-kA)
2pKS
(IS-kA)
2pzKS
(IS-kA)
3pKS
(IR-kA)
-j 1,47
-j 1,497
-j 1,517
1,45+j0,53
-j 1,47
I&
i =1
=0
26
D
-j1,47
-1,03 +j1,05
0,23 +j1,45
0,165+j0,286
-j0,33
-j0,85
-j0,62
0,165-j0,286
-0,23+j0,24
-0,59+j0,61
-0,43+j0,44
-0,33
0,03+j0,19
0,13+j0,84
0,10+j0,61
0,165+j0,286
-j0,33
-j0,19
-j0,33
0,165-j0,286
-0,23+j0,24
-0,13+j0,14
-0,23+j0,24
-0,33
0,03+j0,19
0,03+j0,19
0,05+j0,33
0,26+j0,45
-j0,52
0,26-j0,45
-0,36+j0,37
-0,52
0,08+j0,51
0,145+j0,25
0,145+j0,25
-0,2+j0,21
0,145-j0,25
0,04+j0,29
-0,29
27