Equations for Primary FRCA

Pharmacology
C: concentration
t: time
Bioavailability

Bioavailability =

AUCORAL
AUCIV

AUC: area under concentration time curve

Exponential Function

dC
dC
C or
= K .C
dt
dt
e = 2.718 or

1
= 0.37
e

C = CO .e Kt
(for a negative exponential relationship)
CO is the concentration at t = 0
K: rate constant
Pharmacodynamics

D: free drug
R: unoccupied receptors
DR: drug occupied receptors
KD: dissociation constant
KD =

[ D][ R]
[ DR]

affinity =

1
KD

Enzyme Kinetics

V =

Vmax [ S ]
K m + [S ]

V: initial velocity
Vmax: maximum initial velocity
Km: concentration at which the initial velocity is half the maximal initial velocity
S: substrate
Pharmacokinetics

Cl: clearance
Vd: volume of distribution
: time constant
K: rate constant
D: dose
Vd =

D
C0

1
K el

Vd
Cl

t 1 = log e 2
2

Loading dose = Vd.C p

Ma int enance dose =C p .Cl
Three Compartment Model
C p = A.e t + G.e t + B.e t

A/ B/ G/: kinetic constants

Physics and Measurement: Pressure & Fluids

Pressure

Pr essure =

force
area

Absolute pressure = gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure

Fluids

Q: flow
d: tube diameter
P: pressure
: viscosity
l: length of tube
v: fluid velocity
p: density
Laminar flow. Hagen-Poiseuille Equation

Q=

Pd 4
128l

Reynolds Number

vpd

Turbulent Flow

Q P

1
Q
l

1
Q
p

Bernoullis Equation

1 2
pv + P = K
2
P: potential energy

Physics and Measurement: Gas Laws

P: pressure V: volume T: temperature K: constant

Boyles Law: PV = K
Charles Law:
3rd Law:

V
=K
T

P
=K
T

PV
=K
T
PV = nRT

n: number of moles
R: universal gas constant

Physics and Measurement: Electricity

V: potential difference (volts)
I: current (amps)
R: resistance (ohms)
V = IR

Power

Power (watts) = VI = I 2 R
Charge

Q = amperes( A) sec onds( s)

Q: charge (coulombs)
Capacitance

C=

Q
V

C: capacitance (farads)
Defibrillator

Stored Energy =

1
1
CV 2 = QV
2
2

Resistors

Parallel:

1
1
1
=
+ ...
RT R1 R2

Series: RT = R1 + R2 ...
Wheatstone Bridge:

R1 R3
=
R2 R4

Physics and Measurement: Other

Tension

T: tension
R: radius
P: pressure gradient
Tube: P =

T
r

Sphere: P =

2T
r

Work

Work done = force X distance

Unit of work= Nm
Humidity

Relative humidity =

actual vapour pressure

saturated vapour pressure

Linear Function

y = Mx + C
M: gradient of a straight line
C: y axis intercept

Light

Lambert-Bouguer law
I = I O e ad

I: transmitted light
IO: incident light
a: extinction coefficient for the solution
d: thickness
Lambert-Beer law

Absorbance = cd
: molar extinction coefficient
c: molar concentration
d: thickness

Physics and Measurement: Statistics

Variance = SD

(x x)
=

n 1

Standard Error of the Mean =

SD
n 1

SD: standard deviation

Physiology: cellular
Diffusion
Q = kp

A
(C1 C2 )
T

Q: rate of diffusion
kp: permeability constant permeability
A: area of membrane
T: thickness of membrane

so lub ility
MW

C1 C2: concentration gradient

Total Blood Volume (VBL)

VPL 100
(100 Hct )

VPL: volume plasma

Hct: haematocrit
Measurement of Fluid Compartments

volume of compartment =

mass of indicator
concentration in compartment

Osmotic Pressure (vant Hoff equation)

= RTC
: osmotic pressure
R: universal gas constant
T: absolute temperature
C: osmolality (mosm/kg H2O)
Plasma Osmolality
Plasma Osmolality (mosm/kg H 2O) = 2 [Na] + [glucose] + [urea]

Gibbs-Donnan
[cation] A [anion] A = [cation]B [anion]B

Nernst Equation

For example, sodium:

capillary wall potential (mV) =

R: universal gas constant

T: absolute temperature
F: Faraday constant
Z: valency
Int: interstitial c: capillary
Starling Forces

RT
[ Na ]int
log e
FZ Na
[ Na ]C

Pressure Gradient = (PC + Int ) ( PInt + C )

Rate of Filtration = K (PC + Int ) ( PInt + C )

: colloid osmotic pressure

P: hydrostatic pressure
Int: interstitial c: capillary

Physiology: Cardiac
SV: stroke volume
CO: cardiac output
SVR: systemic vascular resistance (dynes.s/cm5)
BP: blood pressure (mmHg)
MAP: mean arterial blood pressure
HR: heart rate
CVP: central venous pressure (mmHg)
Stroke Volume
SV = EDV ESV

Ejection Fraction =

SV
EDV

EDV: end diastolic volume

ESV: end systolic volume
Cardiac Output
CO = HR SV

Cardiac Index =

CO
BSA

BSA: body surface area

Systemic Vascular Resistance

SVR =

MAP CVP
80
CO

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure

MAP CVP = CO SVR

QT interval corrected (QTc)

QT
RR

QTc =

R-R: interval between two consecutive R waves

Fick Method

V O2
CO =
(CaO2 CvO2 )

VO2: oxygen uptake

CaO2: oxygen content of arterial blood
CvO2: oxygen content of venous blood

Physiology: Respiratory

V : volume of gas per unit time

V: volume of gas
D: dead space
C: content
P: pressure or partial pressure
Ventilation
VT = VA + VD

V CO2
VA =
K
PACO2

Bohr equation

VD PACO2 PECO2
=
VT
PACO2
(for physiological dead space)
Alveolar Gas Equation

PAO2 = PIO2

PACO2
R

R: respiratory quotient R =

V CO2

VO2
Venous to Arterial Shunt

QS

QT

Cco2 Cao2
Cco2 Cvo2

Q: volume of blood per unit time

S: shunt T: total c: end capillary
Compliance

compliance =

V
P

1
1
1
=
+
CR CL CW
CR: respiratory system compliance
CL: lung compliance
CW: wall compliance
Oxygen Content

Content (ml O2 / g Hb) = (1.39 [Hb]

Po2: partial pressure in kPa

Physiology: Other
Clearance

U xV
Px
Cx: clearance of x (ml/min)
Ux: urine concentration of x
Px: plasma concentration of x
V: urine flow (ml/min)
Cx =

pK

% sat
) + (0.023 Po2 )
100

pK = log K
k=

[ H + ][ A ]
[ HA]

Henderson-Hasselbach

[conjugate base]
[acid ]
[ HCO3 ]
pH = pK + log
[ H 2CO 3 ]

pH = pK + log

pH = pK + log

[ HCO3 ]
0.23 Pco2

Cerebral Perfusion Pressure

CPP = MAP ( ICP + CVP)