Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Supervised By
Dr. Tohur Ahmed.
Professor
Department of Civil Engineering,
Rajshahi University of Engineering
& Technology.
Rajshahi-6201.
Submitted by
Md. Shahoriaz Al Mani.
Roll: 100021.
Acknowledgements
My almost gratitude to ALLAH, the Almighty without his mercy and blessing this work would
not been possible. I am grateful and would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor,
Professor Dr. Tohur Ahmed, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajshahi University of Engineering
& Technology, for giving me this opportunity all his effort, time and patience in helping me to
complete this thesis. This thesis would not be possible without his guidance and encouragement.
He patiently guided me through the process of making the abstract idea and program.
I also gradually acknowledge towards my Teachers, my friends and well-wishers who helped me
suggested me with a view to accomplishing the work.
The author acknowledges the sacrifice of parents and others of the family that has enabled him to
attain this level.
RUET, Rajshahi
Author
January, 2016
ii
Abstract
Nowadays most of the Civil Engineering Structural problem is solved with the help of computer
because manually solving problem is not only time consuming and laborious but also it is difficult
to find out the required economical section and optimum requirement of reinforcing bar. Reason
for developing this computer program is to Building a software which is reliable for Civil
Engineers to design various structural component in simple, fast and easy to operate without any
complication. The program has four module beam, column, footing and stair. All the design is
performed as per ACI code and all the units are in FPS unit.
This computer program has been developed by using Microsoft Visual Studio 2015 with C sharp
(C#) programming Language.
iii
Content
Page No.
Acknowledgement
ii
Abstract
ii
Content
iv
List of Figures
vi
Chapter-1
Chapter-2
Introduction
1.1 General
2.1 General
2.2 Safety
10
11
11
iv
Chapter-3
11
12
2.6 Loads
14
14
14
14
15
17
17
19
20
3.1 Beam
20
3.1.1 Introduction
20
20
21
24
3.2 Column
25
3.2.1 Introduction
25
25
27
29
30
34
34
36
3.3 Footing
37
3.3.1 Introduction
37
37
39
39
Chapter-4
Chapter-5:
3.4 Stair
40
3.4.1 Introduction
40
40
42
43
44
4.1 General
44
44
4.2.1 Introduction
44
45
46
46
4.2.1 Introduction
46
47
47
4.4.1 Introduction
47
48
48
4.5.1 Introduction
48
48
50
5.1 Conclusion
50
5.2 Recommendation
50
References
Appendix A
51
Computer Program
52
vi
Fig. No.
List of Figures
Page No.
Fig. 3-1:
20
Fig. 3-2:
21
Fig. 3-3:
Column Types
26
Fig. 3-4:
26
Fig. 3-5:
27
Fig.3-6:
29
Fig. 3-7:
30
Fig. 3-8:
32
Fig. 3-9:
35
Fig. 3-10:
Footing Types
38
Fig. 3-11:
Types of Staircases
40
Fig. 3-12:
41
Fig. 3-13:
42
Fig. 3-14:
43
Fig. 4-1:
45
Fig. 4-2:
46
Fig 4-3:
47
Fig 4-4:
48
Fig. 4-5:
49
vii
Chapter-1
Introduction
1.1 General
RCC (Reinforced Cement Concrete) is a construction technology which evolved with the
evolution of different structural materials in the 18th century during the Industrial
Revolution. Industrial Revolution brought in new technology which helped in the
manufacture of various materials. Now a Days Reinforced concrete structures are one of
the most popular structure systems. Many Civil Engineering students are using reinforced
concrete structure systems for their designs. But there are many cases where they design
structurally questionable buildings because they are trying to express their design ideas
with limited knowledge about Reinforced Concrete Design. Frequently the structural
member design would not be their primary focus.
Although there is the possibility that excessive structural considerations may disturbing
their search for unique designs, basic structural calculation is important for design.
Structurally sound solutions can make their design concepts closer to reality. Unfortunately
most Civil Engineering Institute concentrate their curriculum on visual design education
rather than a balanced education of design and structure. The balanced education does not
mean equal class time for structural and design classes. But it is essential that students can
at least discriminate that their design has a reasonable structure. Many students use the
commonly available books on structural graphic standards as a reference. But they are not
applicable to many different conditions.
Furthermore, reinforced concrete structures need a lot of calculations and different
condition inputs because it is a composite material of concrete and steel. The Reinforced
Concrete Structure Design program (RCSD), which has been developed for this thesis, can
help Civil Engineering students and users to analyze their designs and understand structural
fundamentals. Although there are many reinforced concrete structure programs, most
programs are targeting advanced level users who have a background in structural
engineering. The RCSD program is for beginner level users such as Civil Engineering
undergraduate and graduate students with limited knowledge about structures. For this, it
provides a graphical input method and a step-by-step calculation procedure to help users.
With this program, it is possible for the user to design basic structural parts such as slab,
beam, column and footing. Also the program is based on the American Concrete Institute
Code. The ultimate goal of this program is that users can analyze their own designs using
this program and determine structural proportions of their design idea.
The rapid development of the computer in the last decade has resulted in rapid adoption of
Computer Structural Design Software that has now replaced the manual computation. This
has greatly reduced the complexity of the analysis and design process as well as reducing
the amount of time required to finish a project.
1.2 Statement of the Study
This study involves the development of design software for Beam, Column, Footing and
Staircase.
1.3 Objective of the Study
1. To make the design Calculation simple, easier and rapid.
2. To get knowledge and to use the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318-05).
3. To develop a software for the design of several structural element (Beam, Column,
Stair, Footing) according to the provision & procedure of the American Concrete
Institute Code (ACI 318-05).
4. To get economical section without any arithmetic mistakes.
1.4 Computer software
Software is a program that enables a computer to perform a specific task, as opposed to the
physical components of the system (hardware).
This includes application software such as a word processor, which enables a user to
perform a task, and system software such as an operating system, which enables other
software to run properly, by interfacing with hardware and with other software. Practical
computer systems divide software into three major classes: system software, programming
software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.
Computer software has to be "loaded" into the computer's storage (such as a hard drive,
memory, or RAM). Once the software is loaded, the computer is able to execute the
software. Computers operate by executing the computer program. This involves passing
instructions from the application software, through the system software, to the hardware
which ultimately receives the instruction as machine code. Each instruction causes the
computer to carry out an operation moving data, carrying out a computation, or altering the
control flow of instructions.
1.5 Software Engineering
Software engineering is the study and an application of engineering to the design,
development and maintenance of software.
Typical formal definitions of software engineering are:
Research, design, develop, and test operating systems-level software, compilers and
network distribution software for medical, industrial, military, communications,
aerospace, business, scientific, and general computing applications.
A software engineer is a licensed professional engineer who is schooled and skilled in the
application of engineering discipline to the creation of software. A software engineer is
often confused with a programmer, but the two are vastly different disciplines. While a
programmer creates the codes that make a program run, a software engineer creates the
designs the programmer implements. By law no person may use the title engineer (of any
type) unless the person holds a professional engineering license from a state licensing board
and are in good standing. A software engineer is also held accountable to a specific code
of ethics.
1.6 Structural Design
Structural design is the methodical investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of
structures. The basic objective in structural analysis and design is to produce a structure
capable of resisting all applied loads without failure during its intended life. The primary
purpose of a structure is to transmit or support loads. If the structure is improperly designed
or fabricated, or if the actual applied loads exceed the design specifications, the device will
probably fail to perform its intended function, with possible serious consequences. A wellengineered structure greatly minimizes the possibility of costly failures
1.7 Structural design process
A structural design project may be divided into three phases, i.e. planning, design and
construction.
Planning: This phase involves consideration of the various requirements and factors
affecting the general layout and dimensions of the structure and results in the choice of one
or perhaps several alternative types of structure, which offer the best general solution. The
primary consideration is the function of the structure. Secondary considerations such as
aesthetics, sociology, law, economics and the environment may also be taken into account.
In addition there are structural and constructional requirements and limitations, which may
affect the type of structure to be designed.
Design: This phase involves a detailed consideration of the alternative solutions defined in
the planning phase and results in the determination of the most suitable proportions,
dimensions and details of the structural elements and connections for constructing each
alternative structural arrangement being considered.
Construction: This phase involves mobilization of personnel; procurement of materials
and equipment, including their transportation to the site, and actual on-site erection. During
this phase, some redesign may be required if unforeseen difficulties occur, such as
unavailability of specified materials or foundation problems.
1.8 Engineering Design Process
The engineering design process is a series of steps that engineers follow to come up with a
solution to a problem. Many times the solution involves designing a product (like a machine
or computer code) that meets certain criteria and/or accomplishes a certain task.
Define the criteria and constraints of a design problem with sufficient precision to
ensure a successful solution, taking into account relevant scientific principles and
potential impacts on people and the natural environment that may limit possible
solutions.
Do Background Research
Specify Requirements
Brainstorm, Evaluate
Choose Solution
and
Based on results and data
make design changes,
Solution
Test Solution
Solution Meets
Requirements
Communicate Result
Engineers do not always follow the engineering design process steps in order, one after
another. It is very common to design something, test it, find a problem, and then go back
to an earlier step to make a modification or change to your design. This way of working is
called iteration.
1.9 Reason for developing this Software
Beam, column, footing, stair are the important elements of the whole building. Engineers
should have to be careful and sincere to give an economic design within minimum time.
This software will serve following purpose;
1. It will not only give accurate result but also save time and money.
2. Design can be completed quickly, hence saving time it will increase the efficiency
of an engineer.
3. It will reduce the error due to arithmetic mistakes some error of mathematic number
and minimize the amount of manually handled data.
4. Various types of building elements and mist of the cases, the engineers perform the
design from their experience, which is not accurate and not economical. This
software will reduce the labor and time and will ensure economical design.
1.10 Reason for using Visual Studio 2015 and C Sharp
C# (C Sharp) is an elegant, simple, type-safe, object-oriented language that allows
enterprise programmers to build a breadth of applications. It is a user friendly language. C#
is better than C++ because
It has a huge standard library with so much useful stuff that's well-implemented and
easy to use.
It allows you to treat class-methods' signatures as free functions (i.e. ignoring the
statically typed this pointer argument), and hence create more dynamic and flexible
relationships between classes.
applications and web services. Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development
platforms such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation,
Windows Store and Microsoft Silverlight. It can produce both native code and managed
code. It has easy code navigation, fast builds, and quick deployment. Visual Studio
increases productivity and makes it easy to do work alone or as part of a larger team. Visual
C# is an implementation of the C# language by Microsoft. Visual Studio supports Visual
C# with a full-featured code editor, compiler, project templates, designers, code wizards, a
powerful and easy-to-use debugger, and other tools. The .NET Framework class library
provides access to many operating system services and other useful, well-designed classes
that speed up the development cycle significantly.
Chapter-2
Reinforced Concrete Structure
2.1 General
Concrete is one of the most popular materials for buildings because it has high compressive
strength, flexibility in its form and it is widely available. The history of concrete usage
dates back for over a thousand years. Contemporary cement concrete has been used since
the early nineteenth century with the development of Portland cement. Despite the high
compressive strength, concrete has limited tensile strength, only about ten percent of its
compressive strength and zero strength after cracks develop. In the late nineteenth century,
reinforcing materials, such as iron or steel rods, began to be used to increase the tensile
strength of concrete. Today steel bars are used as common reinforcing material. Usually
steel bars have over 100 times the tensile strength of concrete; but the cost is higher than
concrete. Therefore, it is most economical that concrete resists compression and steel
provides tensile strength. Also it is essential that concrete and steel deform together and
deformed reinforcing bars are being used to increase the capacity to resist bond stresses.
Advantages of reinforced concrete can be summarized as follows (Hassoun, 1998).
1. It has a relatively high compressive strength.
2. It has better resistance to fire than steel or wood
3. It has a long service life with low maintenance cost
4. In some types of structures, such as dams, piers, and footing, it is the most
economical structural material.
5. It can be cast to take any shape required, making it widely used in precast structural
components.
Also, disadvantages of reinforced concrete can be summarized as follows:
1. It has a low tensile strength (zero strength after cracks develop).
2. It needs mixing, casting, and curing, all of which affect the final strength of
concrete.
3. The cost of the forms used to cast concrete is relatively high. The cost of form
material and artisanry may equal the cost of concrete placed in the forms.
8
4. It has a lower compressive strength than steel (about 1/10, depending on material),
which requires large sections in columns of multistory buildings.
5. Cracks develop in concrete due to shrinkage and the application of live loads.
2.2 Safety
A structure must be safe against collapse; strength of the structure must be adequate for all
loads that might act on it. If we could build buildings as designed, and if the loads and their
internal effects can be predicted accurately, we do not have to worry about safety. But there
are uncertainties in:
Actual loads;
Finally, we would like to have the structure safe against brittle failure (gradual failure with
ample warning permitting remedial measures is preferable to a sudden or brittle failure).
2.3 Building Code Requirement for Structural Concrete
Buildings must be designed and constructed according to the provisions of a building code,
which is a legal document containing requirements related to such things as structural
safety, fire safety, plumbing, ventilation, and accessibility to the physically disabled. A
building code has the force of law and is administered by a governmental entity such as a
city, a county, or for some large metropolitan areas, a consolidated government. Building
codes do not give design procedures, but specify the design requirements and constraints
that must be satisfied. Of particular importance to the structural engineer is the prescription
of minimum live loads for buildings. While the engineer is encouraged to investigate the
actual loading conditions and attempt to determine realistic values, the structure must be
able to support these specified minimum loads. Many countries have their own structural
design codes, codes of practice or technical documents which perform a similar function.It
is necessary for a designer to become familiar with local requirements or recommendations
in regard to correct practice. In this chapter some examples are given, occasionally in a
simplified form, in order to demonstrate procedures. They should not be assumed to apply
to all areas or situations. However, the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and other model
codes are adapted by jurisdictions, such as Cities, or States as governing codes. Material
and methods are tested by private or public organizations. They develop, share, and
disseminate their result and knowledge for adoption by jurisdictions. The American
Concrete Institute (ACI) is leading the development of concrete technology. The ACI has
published many references and journals. Building Code Requirement for Structural
Concrete (ACI 318 Code) is a widely recognized reinforced concrete design and
construction guide. Although the ACI Code does not have official power of enforcement,
it is generally adapted as authorized code by jurisdictions not only in United States but also
many countries. The ACI318 Code provides the design and construction guide of reinforced
concrete. ACI has been providing new codes depending on the change of design methods
and strength requirement.
2.4 Safety Provisions of the ACI Code
Load factors are applied to the loads, and a member is selected that will have enough
strength to resist the factored loads. In addition, the theoretical strength of the member is
reduced by the application of a resistance factor. The criterion that must be satisfied in the
selection of a member is
Factored Strength Factored Load
In this expression, the factored load is actually the sum of all working loads to be resisted
by the member, each multiplied by its own load factor. For example, dead loads will have
load factors that are different from those for live loads. The factored strength is the
theoretical strength multiplied by a strength reduction factor. Equation (1.3) can therefore
be written as
Nominal Strength X Strength Reduction Factor Load X Load Factors
Since the factored load is a failure load greater than the actual working loads, the load
factors are usually greater than unity. On the other hand, the factored strength is a reduced,
usable strength and the resistance factor is usually less than unity. The factored loads are
the loads that bring the structure or member to its limit.
10
WSD method is easier to explain and use than other method but this method is being
replaced by the Ultimate Strength Design method. ACI 318 Code treats the WSD method
just in a small part.
The working stress method may be expressed by the following:
f allowable stresses (fallowable)
(1)
where, f = an elastically computed stress, such as by using the flexure formula f = Mc/I for
beam.
fallow = A limiting stress prescribed by a building code as a percentage of the compressive
strength fc for concrete, or of the yield stress f y for the steel reinforcing bars.
2.5.3 The Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
The Ultimate Strength Design method, also called Strength Design Method (SDM), is
based on the ultimate strength, when the design member would fail. Since 1971 the ACI
Code has been totally a strength code with strength meaning ultimate. Select concrete
dimensions and reinforcements so that the member strength are adequate to resist forces
resulting from certain hypothetical overload stages, significantly above loads expected
actually to occur in service. The design concept is known as strength design. Based on
strength design the nominal strength of a member must be calculated on the basis of
inelastic behavior of material. In other words, both reinforcing steel and concrete behave
in elastically at ultimate strength condition.
The strength design method may be expressed by the following,
Strength provide Strength required to carry factored loads
where the strength provided such as moment strength is computed in accordance with
rules and assumptions of behavior prescribed by a building code, and the strength
required is that obtained by performing a structural analysis using the factored loads. The
design procedure is roughly as follows:
Multiply the working loads by the load factor to obtain the failure loads.
12
Determine the cross sectional properties needed to resist failure under these loads. (A
member with these properties is said to have sufficient strength, and would be at the verge
of failure when subjected to the factored loads.)
Proportion your members that have these properties.
Basic Assumptions for Concrete in Ultimate Strength Design method (ACI):
l. Sections perpendicular to the axis of bending that arc plane before bending remains plane
after bending.
2. A perfect bond exists between the reinforcement and the concrete such that the strain in
the reinforcement is equal to the strain in the concrete at the same level.
3. The strains in both the concrete and reinforcement are assumed to be directly
proportional to the distance from the neutral axis (ACI 10.2.2).
4. Concrete is assumed to fail when the compressive strain reaches 0.003 (ACI 10.2.3).
5. The tensile strength of concrete is neglected (ACI 10.2.5).
6. The stresses in the concrete and reinforcement can be computed from the strains using
stress-strain curves for concrete and steel, respectively.
7. The compressive stress-strain relationship for concrete may be assumed to be
rectangular, trapezoidal, parabolic, or any other shape that results in prediction of strength
in substantial agreement with the results of comprehensive tests (ACI 10.2.6). ACI 10.2.7
outlines the use of a rectangular compressive stress distribution which is known as the
Whitney rectangular stress block.
8. Reinforcing steel will yield when strain is equal to Ey and stress after yield is always fy.
2.6 Loads
Loads that act on structures can be divided into three general categories:
13
2.6.1 Dead Loads: Dead loads are those that are constant in magnitude and fixed in location
throughout the lifetime of the structure such as: floor fill, finish floor, and plastered ceiling
for buildings and wearing surface, sidewalks, and curbing for bridges.
2.6.2 Live Loads: Live loads are those that are either fully or partially in place or not
present at all, may also change in location; the minimum live loads for which the floors and
roof of a building should be designed are usually specified in building code that governs at
the site of construction
2.6.3 Environmental Loads: Environmental Loads consist of wind, earthquake, and snow
loads. Such as wind, earthquake, and snow loads.
The load factors are 1.7 for live load and 1.4 for dead load. Other factors are given in Table
Table 2-1: Factored load combinations for determining required strength U
Condition
Basic
Winds
Earthquake
Earth pressure
Settlement, creep, shrinkage, or
temperature change effects
2.7 Required Strength
The required strength U is expressed in terms of factored loads, or related internal moments
and forces. Factored loads are the loads specified in the general building code multiplied
by appropriate factors. The factor assigned is influenced by the degree of accuracy to which
the load effect can be determined and the variation which might be expected in the load
during the lifetime of the structure. Dead loads are assigned a lower load factored than live
load because they can be determined more accurately. Load factors also account for
variability in the structural analysis used to compute moments and shears. The code gives
14
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Where,
D= Dead Load
L= Live Load
E =Earthquake Load
W= Wind Load
T= Self-Straining force such as Creep, Shrinkage & Temperature Effect
H=Load due to the weight & lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
15
Lr = Roof Load
R= Rain Load
S= Snow Load
F= Lateral fluid pressure Load
Due Regard is to be given to sign in determining U for combinations of loadings, as one
type of loading may produce effects of opposite sense to that produced by another type.
The load combinations with 0.9D are specifically included for the case where a higher dead
load reduces the effects of other loads. The loading case may also be critical for tension
controlled column sections. In such a case a reduction in axial load and an increase in
moment may result in critical load combination.
Except for
The load factor on L in Equation (3) to (5) shall be permitted to be reduced to 0.5 except
for garages, areas occupied as places of public assembly, and all areas where the live load
L is greater than 100 lb/ft2.
Where wind load W has not been reduced by a directionality factor, it shall be permitted
to use 1.3W in place of 1.6W in Equations (4) and (6)
Where earthquake load E is based on service-level seismic forces, 1.4E shall be used in
place of 1.0E in Equations (5) and (7).
The load factor on H shall be equal to zero in Equation (6) and (7) if the structural action
due to H counteracts that due to W or E. Where lateral earth pressure provides resistance
to structural actions from other forces. It shall not be included in H but shall be included in
the design resistance.
2.8 Design Strength
The strength of a particular structural unit calculated using the current established
procedures is termed nominal strength. For example, in the case of a beam the resisting
moment capacity of the section calculated using the equations of equilibrium and properties
of concrete and steel is called the nominal moment capacity Mn of the section.
16
The purpose of the strength reduction factor f are (MacGregor, 1976; and Winter, 1979):
To allow for under-strength members due to variations in material strengths and
dimensions
To permit for inaccuracies in the design provisions
To reflect the degree of ductility and required probability of the member under the load
effects being considered
To reflect the importance of the member in the structure.
Strength Reduction Factors, F, of the ACI CodeTension controlled sections
..0.90
Bearing on Concrete
Plain Concrete
.0.65
...0.55
c) For longitudinal reinforcing bars in a beam, not less than 6/5 inch or 30 mm or less than
the diameter of the bar.
d) For tensile, compressive shear or other reinforcements in a slab or wall not less than 3/5
inch or 15 mm, not less that the diameter of such bar.
e) For any other reinforcement not less than 3/5 inch or 15 mm, not less than the diameter
of such bar.
f) For footings and other principal structural members in which the concrete is deposited
directly against the ground, cover to the bottom reinforcement shall be 3 inch or 75 mm. If
concrete is poured on a layer of lean concrete, the bottom cover maybe reduced to 2 inch
or 50 mm.
g) For concrete surfaces exposed to the weather or the ground after removal of forms, such
as retaining walls, grade beams, footing sides and top etc. not less than 2 inch or 50 mm.
h) Increased cover thickness shall be provided as indicated on the drawings, for surfaces
exposed to the action of harmful chemicals (or exposed to earth contaminated by such
chemicals), acid, alkali, saline atmosphere, sulphorone, smoke etc.
i) For liquid retaining structures, the minimum cover to all steel shall be 8/5 inch or 40 mm
or the diameter of the main bar, whichever is greater. In the presence of sea water and oils
and waters of a corrosive character the covers, shall be increased by 2/5 inch or 10 mm.
j) Protection to reinforcement in case of concrete exposed to harmful surroundings may
also be given by providing a dense impermeable concrete with approved protective
coatings. In such a case the extra cover mentioned in (b) & (i) above may be reduced.
k) The correct cover shall be maintained by cement mortar cubes (blocks) or other approved
means. Reinforcements for footings, grade beams and slabs on a sub-grade shall be
supported on re-cast concrete blocks as approved by EIC. The use of pebbles or stones shall
not be permitted.
l) The minimum clear distance between reinforcing bars shall by in accordance with IS:
456 2000 or as shown in drawing.
18
19
Chapter-3
Review of Structural Design on the ACI Code
3.1 Beam
3.1.1 Introduction
Beams are structural elements carrying transverse external loads that cause bending
moment, shear forces and in some cases torsion across their length. Concrete is strong in
compression and very weak in tension. Steel reinforcement is used to take up tensile
stresses in reinforced concrete beams. When the bending moment acts on the beam, bending
strain is produced. The resisting moment is developed by internal stresses. Under positive
moment, compressive strains are produced in the top of beam and tensile strains in the
bottom. Concrete is a poor material for tensile strength and it is not suitable for flexure
member by itself. The tension side of the beam would fail before compression side failure
when beam is subjected a bending moment without the reinforcement. For this reason, steel
reinforcement is placed on the tension side. The steel reinforcement resists all tensile
bending stress because tensile strength of concrete is zero when cracks develop. In the
Ultimate Strength Design (USD), a rectangular stress block is assumed (Fig. 3-1).
beam serves as the flange of a T-beam and the supporting beam below slab is the stem or
web. For positive applied bending moment, the bottom of section produces the tension and
the slab acts as compression flange. But negative bending on a rectangular beam puts the
stem in compression and the flange is ineffective in tension. Joists consist of spaced ribs
and a top flange.
The reinforcement ratio, , must be less than a value determined with a concrete strain of
0.003 and tensile strain of 0.004 (minimum). When the strain in the reinforcement is 0.005
or greater, the section is tension controlled. (For smaller strains the resistance factor reduces
to 0.65 because the stress is less than the yield stress in the steel.)
21
b. Maximum Reinforcement:
Based on the limiting strain of 0.005 in the steel, x(or c) = 0.375d so
= 1 (0.375d) to find As-max
The values of 1 are presented in the following Table 4.1:
c. Minimum Reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement is provided even if the concrete can resist the tension, in order to
control cracking.
Minimum required reinforcement:
3
200
where:
fy is the yield strength in psi
bw is the width of the web of a concrete T-Beam cross section
d = the effective depth from the top of a reinforced concrete beam to the centroid of the
tensile steel.
22
ii.
When the web is in tension the minimum reinforcement required is the same as for
rectangular sections with the web width (bw) in place of b.
When the flange is in tension (negative bending), the minimum reinforcement required is
the greater value of6
or =
where:
fy is the yield strength in psi
bw is the width of the web of a concrete T-Beam cross section
23
Rectangular Beam
1. Assume the depth of beam using the ACI Code reference, minimum thickness
unless consideration the deflection.
2. Assume beam width (ratio of with and depth is about 1:2).
3. Compute self-weight of beam and design load.
4. Compute factored load
5. Compute design moment (Mu).
6. Compute maximum possible nominal moment for singly reinforced beam
(Mn).
7. Decide reinforcement type by Comparing the design moment (Mu) and the
maximum possible moment for singly reinforced beam (Mn). If Mn is less
than Mu, the beam is designed as a doubly reinforced beam else the beam can
be designed with tension steel only.
8. Determine the moment capacity of the singly reinforced section.(concrete-steel
couple)
9. Compute the required steel area for the singly reinforced section.
10. Find necessary residual moment, subtracting the total design moment and the
moment capacity of singly reinforced section.
T-shape Beam
1. Compute the design moment (Mu).
2. Assume the effective depth.
3. Decide the effective flange width (b) based on ACI criteria.
4. Compute the practical moment strength (Mn) assuming the total effective
flange is supporting the compression.
5. If the practical moment strength (Mn) is bigger than the design moment (Mu),
the beam will be calculated as a rectangular T-beam with the effective flange
width b. If the practical moment strength (Mn) is smaller than the design
moment (Mu), the beam will behave as a true T-shape beam.
24
6. Find the approximate lever arm distance for the internal couple.
7. Compute the approximate required steel area.
8. Design the reinforcement. 9. Check the beam width.
9. Compute the actual effective depth and analyze the beam.
3.2 Column
3.2.1 Introduction
Columns support primarily axial load but usually also some bending moments. The
combination of axial load and bending moment defines the characteristic of column and
calculation method. A column subjected to large axial force and minor moment is design
mainly for axial load and the moment has little effect. A column subjected to significant
bending moment is designed for the combined effect. The ACI Code assumes a minimal
bending moment in its design procedure, although the column is subjected to compression
force only. Compression force may cause lateral bursting because of the low-tension stress
resistance. To resist shear, ties or spirals are used as column reinforcement to confine
vertical bars. The complexity and many variables make hand calculations tedious which
makes the computer-aided design very useful.
3.2.2 Types of Columns
Reinforced concrete columns are categorized into five main types; rectangular tied column,
rectangular spiral column, round tied column, round spiral column, and columns of other
geometry (Hexagonal, L-shaped, T-Shaped, etc.).
Fig. 3-3 shows the rectangular tied and round spiral concrete column. Tied columns have
horizontal ties to enclose and hold in place longitudinal bars. Ties are commonly No. 3 or
No.4 steel bars. Tie spacing should be calculated with ACI Code.
25
26
27
members is not much affected by variations in concrete strength, since it depends primarily
on the yield strength of the steel, while the strength of axially loaded members depends
strongly on the concrete compressive strength. Because the cylinder strength of concrete
under site conditions is less closely controlled than the yield strength of mill-produced steel,
a larger occasional strength deficiency must be allowed for. This is particularly true for
columns, in which concrete, being placed from the top down in a long, narrow form, is
more subject to segregation than in horizontally cast beams. Moreover, electrical and other
conduits are frequently located in building columns; this reduces their effective cross
sections, often to an extent unknown to the designer, even though this is poor practice and
restricted by the ACI Code. Finally, the consequences of a column failure, say in a lower
story, would be more catastrophic than those of a single beam failure in the same building.
For high eccentricities, as the eccentricity increases from eb to infinity (pure bending), the
ACI Code recognizes that the member behaves progressively more like a flexural member
and less like a column. As described in Chapter 3, this is acknowledged in ACI Code 9.3.2
by providing a linear transition in from values of 0.65 and 0.75 to 0.90 as the net tensile
strain in the extreme tensile steel t increases from fy/Es (which may be taken as 0.002 for
Grade 60 reinforcement) to 0.005.
At the other extreme, for columns with very small or zero calculated eccentricities, the ACI
Code recognizes that accidental construction misalignments and other unforeseen factors
may produce actual eccentricities in excess of these small design values. Also, the concrete
strength under high, sustained axial loads may be somewhat smaller than the short-term
cylinder strength. Therefore, regardless of the magnitude of the calculated eccentricity, ACI
Code 10.3.6limits the maximum design strength to 0.80cfJP 0 for tied columns (with =
0.65) and to 0.85P0 for spirally reinforced columns (with = 0.75), where P0 is the
nominal strength of the axially loaded column with zero eccentricity.
The effects of the safety provisions of the ACI Code are shown in Fig.3-2.and represents
the actual carrying capacity, as nearly as can be predicted. The smooth curve shown
partially dashed, then solid, then dashed, represents the basic design strength obtained by
maximum design load stipulated in the ACI Code for small eccentricities, i.e., large axial
loads, as just discussed. At the other end, for large eccentricities, i.e., small axial loads, the
28
considered to behave elastically up to a low stress of about fc If the load on the column is
3
increased to reach its ultimate strength, the concrete will reach the maximum strength and
the steel will reach its yield strength, fy, The nominal load capacity of the column can be
written as follows:
P0= 0.85fcAn + Astfy
Where, An and Ast= the net concrete and total steel compressive areas, respectively.
An = Ag Ast
29
30
= tan1
31
32
the failure surface can be described either by a set of curves defined by radial planes passing
through the Pn axis, such as shown by case (c), or by a set of curves defined by horizontal
plane intersections, each for a constant Pn, defining load contours.
The nominal ultimate strength of a section under biaxial bending and compression is a
function of three variables Pn,Mnx and Mny which may also be expressed as Pn acting at
eccentricities ey=Mnx/Pn and ex= Mny/Pn With respect to the X and Y axis.
Constructing such an interaction surface for a given column would appear to be an obvious
extension of uniaxial bending analysis. In Fig. 3-8(c), for a selected value of , successive
choices of neutral axis distance c could be taken. For each, using strain compatibility and
stress-strain relations to establish bar forces and the concrete compressive resultant, then
using the equilibrium equations to find Pn, Mnx, and Mny one can determine a single point
on the interaction surface. Repetitive calculations, easily done by computer, then establish
sufficient points to define the surface. The triangular or trapezoidal compression zone, such
as shown in Fig. 3-8(c), is a complication, and in general the strain in each reinforcing bar
will be different, but these features can be incorporated.
The main difficulty, however, is that the neutral axis will not, in general, be perpendicular
to the resultant eccentricity, drawn from the column center to the load Pn- For each
successive choice of neutral axis, there are unique values of Pn, Mnx, and Mny and only for
special cases will the ratio of Mn/Mnx be such that the eccentricity is perpendicular to the
neutral axis chosen for the calculation. The result is that, for successive choices of c for any
given , the value of in Fig.3-8(c) and d will vary. Points on the failure surface established
in this way will wander up the failure surface for increasing Pn, not representing a plane
intersection, as shown for case (c) in Fig. 3-8(d).
In practice, the factored load Pu and the factored moments Mux and Muy to be resisted are
known from the frame analysis of the structure. Therefore, the actual value of
=arctan(Muy/Mux) is established, and one needs only the curve of case (c), Fig. 8.16d, to
test the adequacy of the trial column. Alternatively, simple approximate methods Bresler
load contour method and Reciprocal method are widely used.
33
2
1
) +(
) =1
0
0
Where,
Mnx=Pney;
Mnx0=Mnx; when Mny = 0.
Mny=Pnex;
Mny0=Mny. When, Mnx = 0.
The exponents 1 and 2 are exponents depending on column dimensions, amount and
distribution of steel reinforcement, stress-strain characteristics of steel and concrete,
amount of concrete cover, and size of lateral ties or spiral.
3.2.5.2 Bresler reciprocal method
A simple, approximate design method developed by Bresler has been satisfactorily verified
by comparison with results of extensive tests and accurate calculations It is noted that the
column interaction surface in Fig. 3-9(d) can, alternatively, be plotted as a function of the
axial load Pn and eccentricities ex =Mny/Pn and ey =Mnx/Pn, as is shown in Fig. 3-9(a). The
surface S1 of Fig. 3-9(a), can be transformed into an equivalent failure surface S2, as shown
in Fig.3-9(b), where ex and ey are plotted against 1/Pn rather than Pn. Thus, ex = ey = 0
corresponds to the inverse of the capacity of the column if it were concentrically loaded P0,
and this is plotted as point C. For ey = 0 and any given value of ex, there is a load Pny0
(corresponding to moment Mny0) that would result in failure. The reciprocal of this load is
plotted as point A. Similarly, for ex = 0 and any given value of ev, there is a certain load
Pnx0 (corresponding to moment Mnx0) that would cause failure, the reciprocal of which is
point B. The values of Pnx0 and Pny0 are easily established, for known eccentricities of
loading applied to a given column, using the methods already established for uniaxial
bending, or using design charts for uniaxial bending.
34
P P0 P0 P0
35
Where,
Pn = approximate value of nominal load in biaxial bending with eccentricities ex and ey
Pnyo = nominal load when only eccentricity ex is present (ey = 0)
Pnxo = nominal load when only eccentricity ey is present (ex = 0)
P0 = nominal load for concentrically loaded column.
Test result indicate that above equation may be inappropriate when small values of axial
load are involvef such as when Pn/P0 is in the range of 0.06 or less.For such cases the
member should be desined for flexure only.
3.2.3 Design Procedures
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
36
3.3 Footing
3.3.1 Introduction
The foundation of a building is the part of a structure that transmits the load to ground to
support the superstructure and it is usually the last element of a building to pass the load
into soil, rock or piles. The primary purpose of the footing is to spread the loads into
supporting materials so the footing has to be designed not to be exceeded the load capacity
of the soil or foundation bed. The footing compresses the soil and causes settlement. The
amount of settlement depends on many factors. Excessive and differential settlement can
damage structural and nonstructural elements. Therefore, it is important to avoid or reduce
differential settlement. To reduce differential settlement, it is necessary to transmit load of
the structure uniformly. Usually footings support vertical loads that should be applied
concentrically for avoid unequal settlement. Also the depth of footings is an important
factor to decide the capacity of footings. Footings must be deep enough to reach the
required soil capacity.
3.3.2 Types of Footings
The most common types of footing are strip footings under walls and single footings under
columns. Common footings can be categorized as follow:
1. Individual column footing (Fig 3-6a): This footing is also called isolated or single
footing. It can be square, rectangular or circular of uniform thickness, stepped, or
37
sloped top. This is one of the most economical types of footing. The most common
type of individual column footing is square of rectangular with uniform thickness.
2. Wall footing (Fig3-6b): Wall footings support structural or nonstructural walls.
This footing has limited width and a continuous length under the wall.
3. Combined footing (Fig3-6e): They usually support two or three columns not in a
row and may be either rectangular or trapezoidal in shape depending on column. If
a strap joins two isolated footings, the footing is called a cantilever footing.
38
used, piles are not used, or differential settlement must be reduced through the entire
footing system.
5. Pile footing (Fig3-6g): Pile footings are thick pads used to tie a group of piles
together and to support and transmit column loads to the piles.
3.3.3 Design Consideration
Footing must be designed to carry the column loads and transmit them to the soil safety
while satisfying code limitation. The design procedure must take the following strength
requirements into consideration:
The area of the footing based on the allowable bearing soil capacity
One-way shear
Dowel requirements
39
3.4 Stair
3.4.1 Introduction
Staircase is an important component of a building providing access to different floors and
roof of the building. It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate
landing slabs between the floor levels. Different types of staircases can be made by
arranging stairs and landing slabs. Staircase, thus, is a structure enclosing a stair.
3.4.2 Types of Staircases
There are different types of Stairs, which depend mainly on the type and function of the
building and on the architectural requirements. Some of the common types of staircases
based on geometrical configurations:
40
42
43
Chapter 4
Reinforced Concrete Structure Designer (RCSD)
4.1 General
RCSD is a computer program for reinforced concrete structure design according to the ACI
Code. It includes beam, column, stair and footing design. Its main purpose is to help
architecture students who do not have enough structural background but need a structural
calculation to design their building. So this program is developed with easy to use interface
based on ACI Code procedures. RCSD provides step by step calculations and is composed
of separate modules for beam, stair, column and footing design. The step by step design
method is considered one of the best methods to help beginning users, like civil engineering
students. For example, users do not need to input the all required data at once. The program
asks the minimum required data and provides default-input data. The user can use the
default data or select other data.
The modular RCSD program structure also has the advantage that each module is
executable separately and the user can add other modules. RCSD is programmed using
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015. Visual Studio is much easier to learn than other languages
and provides good graphic user interface (GUI). Each module is composed of multiple
pages that have been organized using Microsoft Tabbed Control Dialog Component. Each
module is executed step by step along the tabs. Tabs are divided into frames for better
organization of different category of input and output data.
RCSD is a computer program for reinforced concrete structure design according to the ACI
Code. It includes beam, column, stair and footing design. Its main purpose is to help
architecture students who do not have enough structural background but need a structural
calculation to design their building. So this program is developed with easy to use interface
based on ACI Code procedures. RCSD provides step by step calculations and is composed
of separate modules for beam, stair, column and footing design. The step by step design
method is considered one of the best methods to help beginning users, like civil engineering
students. For example, users do not need to input the all required data at once. The program
asks the minimum required data and provides default-input data. The user can use the
default data or select other data.
44
The modular RCSD program structure also has the advantage that each module is
executable separately and the user can add other modules. RCSD is programmed using
Microsoft Visual Studio 2015. Visual Studio is much easier to learn than other languages
and provides good graphic user interface (GUI). Each module is composed of multiple
pages that have been organized using Microsoft Tabbed Control Dialog Component. Each
module is executed step by step along the tabs. Tabs are divided into frames for better
organization of different category of input and output data.
4.2 Beam Module
4.2.1 Introduction
RCSD provides single and double reinforced beam design method in one module in both
WSD and USD method.
4.2.2 Rectangular Beam Design Module
The beam design module has INPUT, RESULT and REINFORCEMENT DETAIL. The
INPUT tab contain Material Strength, Moment, Shear and Dimension.
45
46
47
48
49
Chaptre-5
Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion
This simplified reinforced concrete structure design program for civil engineering students,
based on the American Concrete Institute Code (ACI 318), is expected to help engineering
students to design sound concrete structures. The ultimate goal of this program is to assist
students in the reinforced concrete structures design and guide them to design structurally
safe buildings. ACI Code is the most common code of Reinforce Concrete structure design,
but it is difficult to use for beginner users. This program will help engineers in determining
the economical size and reinforcement requirement of a structural members such as Beam,
column, Footing and Stairs within short times per American Concrete Institute Code (ACI
318). The main purpose of this program is to provide as much basic information to users.
RCSD does not restrict user to use just one answer but provides many possibility of
structural member design for a set of building condition. Thus each calculation was divided
into several steps, provide typical image for better understanding, popup window is
provided to help to get economical section.
5.2 Recommendations
RCSD has four design module Beam (Rectangular, T-beam), Column (Uniaxial, Biaxial
and spiral), Individual column footing and Stair. There has not been enough time to actually
test this program with students actual design and to get feedback and add assist buttons.
Several improvements can be made to this software such as:
1. Add Three Dimensional (3D) graphical output. Most students are familiar with 3Dcomputer graphics such as Autodesk AutoCAD. If this software uses the 3d graphic
output, it will be really helpful to students to understand the structure and
connection between structural members.
2. Adding more design modules would give high degree acceptance such as Slab
(One-way solid slab, Two-way slab), Shear wall, Pile foundation, Mat foundation,
wall footing design etc.
3. Different types of unit conversions can be added.
4. Printing the result with reinforcement details can be added.
5. The software can be improve from suitable logic in future.
6. The design should be analyzed repeatedly and thoroughly.
I am hoping that another student will improve this software and develop it to make it an
easier and more useful program.
50
REFERENCES
[1] ACI Committee 318, Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and
Commentary, ACI 318-05 and ACI 318R-05, American Concrete Indtitution 2005.
[2] ACI Committee 315, Details and Detailing of Concrete Reinforcement, ACI 315-99
(Revised 05), American Concrete Institute, 2005.
[3] Nilson, Arthur H., Darwin, David and Dolan, Charles W., Design of Concrete
Structures, 14th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, 2009.
[4] Simplified Design of Reinforced Concrete-3rd Edition by Henry Parker.
[5] Phil M Fergution Reinforced Concrete Fundamentals Fourth edition, John, Wiley &
Sons, Inc. 1983.
[6] Jack C. McCormac & Russell H. Brown Design of Reinforced Concrete Ninth
Edition, John, Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2014.
[7] Winter-Urquhrat O Rourke-Nilson Design of Concrete Structures Seventh Edition
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York.
[8] Computer Aided Design of Various Structural Members Using Visual Studio 2010 by
MD. TARIQUL ISLAM, Roll No: 090012, Department of Civil Engineering, RUET, 2014.
[9] Reinforced Concrete Structure Design Assistant Tool for Beginners developed by
Kang-Kyu Choi for the faculty of the School of Architecture University of Southern
California, 2002
51
Appendix A
Computer Program
Beam Module
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
Rectangular Beam Design
WSD Method
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
System.Linq;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class Rectangular_Beam_WSD : Form
{
public Rectangular_Beam_WSD()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
Double M, h, b, d, de, As,
s,fy,fs,fy2,fc2,fc,fc1,bn,ab,j,k,R,n,r,Mc,M1,M2,As1,As2,fs1,As3,s3,s2;
private void btnResult_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fc2 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
fy2 = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
b = double.Parse(txtBW.Text);
h = double.Parse(txtBH.Text);
M = double.Parse(txtM.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
fy = 1000 * fy2;
fc1 = 1000 * fc2;
fc = .45 * fc1;
fs = .4 * fy;
n = 29000000 / (57000 * Math.Sqrt(fc1));
r = (fs / fc);
k = n / (n + r);
j = 1 - (k / 3);
R = .5 * fc * j * k;
ab = (3.1416 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8)) / 4;
d = Math.Sqrt((M * 12000) / (R * b));
de = h - 1.5-.375 - (bn / 8);
if(de>d)
{
groupBox1.Visible = true;
As = (M*12000) / (fs * j * de);
52
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
Rectangular Beam Design
USD Method
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
53
using System.ComponentModel;
using System.Data;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class Rectangular_Beam_USD : Form
{
public Rectangular_Beam_USD()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double a;
double fc1, fy, Pb, R, Pmax, d, b, M, SRF, d1,fy2,fc2, a2, a3, vu, vc,
s,bn,ab,As1,M1,M2,As2,As3;
double[] a1 = new double[20];
double[] As = new double[20];
private void btnResult_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fc2 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
fy2 = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
b = double.Parse(txtBW.Text);
d = double.Parse(txtBH.Text);
M = double.Parse(txtM.Text);
vu = double.Parse(txtS.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
SRF = .75;
fy = 1000 * fy2;
fc1 = 1000 * fc2;
ab = (3.1416 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8)) / 4;
Pb = .85 * .85 * (fc1 / fy) * (87000 / (87000 + fy));
Pmax = .75 * Pb;
vc = (2 * Math.Sqrt(fc1) * b * d) / 1000;
R = Pmax * fy * (1 - (.59 * Pmax * fy) / fc1);
s = ((SRF - .1) * .22 * fy * d) / ((vu - (SRF - .1) * vc) * 1000);
d1 = Math.Sqrt((M * 12000) / (R * SRF * b));
if (d > d1)
{
groupBox1.Visible = true;
a = 3;
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
{
As[i] = ((M) / (.9 * fy * (d - (a / 2)))) * 12000;
a1[i] = (As[i] * fy) / (.85 * fc1 * b);
a2 = a1[i];
a3 = a2 - a;
if (a3 <= .25)
{
lblResult.Text = "Reinforcement Area(sq-in)=" + As[i] +
"\n" + "Number of Mainbar:" + Math.Round((As[i] / ab)) +
"\n" + " Spacing of distribution Reinforcement(in):" +
Math.Round(s).ToString();
txtAs.Text = Math.Round(As[i] / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtd.Text = d.ToString() + "in";
txtb.Text = b.ToString() + "in";
txts2.Text= Math.Round(s).ToString()+"in";
break;
}
a = a2;
}
54
}
else if (d < d1)
{
groupBox2.Visible = true;
MessageBox.Show("DEPTH check is not ok. Either increase section or CLICK ok to
design it as a Doubly Reinforced beam");
//Tension Zone area
As1 = Pmax * b * d;
a = (As1* fy) / (.85 * fc1 * b);
M1 = (.9 * As1 * fy * (d - .5 * a));
M2 = (M*12000) - M1;
// copression zone
As2 = (M2 / (.9 * fy * (d - 2.5)));
As3 = As1 + As2;
lblResult.Text = "Tension Zone Reinforcement Area(sq-in)=" + As3.ToString() +
"\n" + "Number of Mainbar:" + Math.Round(As3 / ab).ToString() +
"\n" + " Compression Zone Reinforcement Area(sq-in):" + As2.ToString() + "\n" +
"Number of Mainbar:" + Math.Round(As2 / ab).ToString();
txtAs1.Text = Math.Round(As3 / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtAs2.Text = Math.Round(As2 / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtd1.Text = d.ToString() + "in";
txtb1.Text = b.ToString() + "in";
txts1.Text = Math.Round(s).ToString()+"in";
}
}
}
}
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
T Beam Design
USD Method
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
System.Linq;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class T_Beam_WSD : Form
{
public T_Beam_WSD()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double fc1, fy, b, h, M, bn,fc3,fy2, hf, bw, p, n,d,
k,fs,fc,As1,As,p1,p2,z,jd,fc2,Mc,As2,ab;
private void btnResult_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fc3 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
fy2 = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
b = double.Parse(txtFW.Text);
55
h = double.Parse(txtBH.Text);
M = double.Parse(txtM.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
bw = double.Parse(txtWW.Text);
hf = double.Parse(txtFT.Text);
fy = 1000 * fy2;
fc1 = 1000 * fc3;
fc = .45 * fc1;
fs = .4 * fy;
d= h - 2.5;
n = 29000000 / (57000 * Math.Sqrt(fc1));
As1 = (M*12000) / (fs*(d-.5*hf));
p = As / (b * d);
ab = (3.1416 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8)) / 4;
p1 = p * n;
k = ((p1 + .5 * (hf / d) * (hf * d)) / (p1 + hf / d));
p2 = k * d;
if(p2>hf)
{
pictureBox1.Visible = true;
MessageBox.Show("T Beam is ensured");
z = (3 * k * d - 2 * hf) / (2 * k * d - hf);
jd = d - z;
As2 = (M*12000) / (fs * jd);
fc2 = (M*12000) / (((2 * k * d - hf) / (2 * k * d)) * b * hf * jd);
if(fc2>fc)
{
groupBox1.Visible = true;
Mc = fc2 * (((2 * k * d - hf) / (2 * k * d)) * b * hf * jd);
As = (Mc) / (2 * fs * jd);
lblResult.Text = "Steel Area (Sq-in)=" + As.ToString() + "\n" +
"Number of main Reinforcement=" + Math.Round((As / ab));
txtAs.Text = Math.Round(As / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtd1.Text = d.ToString() + "in";
txtb.Text = b.ToString() + "in";
txthf.Text = hf.ToString() + "in";
txtbw.Text = bw.ToString() + "in";
}
else
{
groupBox1.Visible = true;
As = As2;
lblResult.Text = "Steel Area (Sq-in)=" + As.ToString() + "\n" +
"Number of main Reinforcement=" + Math.Round((As / ab));
txtAs.Text = Math.Round(As / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtd1.Text = d.ToString() + "in";
txtb.Text = b.ToString() + "in";
txthf.Text = hf.ToString() + "in";
txtbw.Text = bw.ToString() + "in";
}
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("T-Beam is NOT ENSURED ,Beam is act as a Retangular Beam");
As = As1;
lblResult.Text = "Steel Area (Sq-in)=" + As.ToString() + "\n" +
"Number of main Reinforcement=" + Math.Round((As / ab));
groupBox2.Visible = true;
txtAs2.Text = Math.Round(As / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtd2.Text = d.ToString() + "in";
txtb1.Text = bw.ToString() + "in";
56
}
}
}
}
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<
T Beam Design
USD Method
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
System.Linq;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class T_Beam_Design_USD : Form
{
public T_Beam_Design_USD()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double fc1, fy, b, d, M, bn, ab, bw,fy2,fc2, hf,a,a2,As,As1,Asf,Mf,Mw,a3,a4,a5;
double[] a1 = new double[20];
double[] Asw = new double[20];
private void btnResult_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fc2 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
fy2 = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
b = double.Parse(txtFW.Text);
d = double.Parse(txtD.Text);
M = double.Parse(txtM.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
bw = double.Parse(txtWW.Text);
hf = double.Parse(txtFT.Text);
ab = (3.1416 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8)) / 4;
fc1 = 1000 * fc2;
fy = 1000 * fy2;
a4 = hf;
As1 = (M*12000) / (.9 * fy * (d - .5 * a4));
a5 = (As1 * fy) / (.85 * fc1 * b);
// Flenge Area and Moment
Asf = (.85 * (fc1 / fy) * (b - bw) * hf);
Mf = .9 * Asf * fy * (d - .5 * hf);
//Web's Reinforcement Area
Mw = M * 12000 - Mf;
if (a5 > hf) // T Beam Ensure
{
57
groupBox1.Visible = true;
a = 3;
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
{
Asw[i] = (Mw) / (.9 * fy * (d - (a / 2)));
a1[i] = (Asw[i] * fy) / (.85 * fc1 * bw);
a2 = a1[i];
a3 = a2 - a;
if (a3 <= .25)
{
As = Asw[i] + Asf;
lblResult.Text = "Reinforcement Area(sq-in)=" + (As).ToString() + "\n" +
"Number of Reinforcement=" + Math.Round(As / ab).ToString();
txtAs.Text = Math.Round(As / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtd1.Text = d.ToString() + "in";
txtb.Text = b.ToString() + "in";
txthf.Text = hf.ToString() + "in";
txtbw.Text = bw.ToString() + "in";
break;
}
a = a2;
}
}
else if (a5 < hf)
{
MessageBox.Show("The Beam will act as a RECTANGULAR Beam");
groupBox2.Visible = true;
a = 3;
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++)
{
Asw[i] = (Mw) / (.9 * fy * (d - (a / 2)));
a1[i] = (Asw[i] * fy) / (.85 * fc1 * b);
a2 = a1[i];
a3 = a2 - a;
if (a3 <= .25)
{
lblResult.Text= "Reinforcement Area(sq-in)=" + (Asw[i]) + "\n" +
"Number of Reinforcement=" + Math.Round(Asw[i] / ab);
txtAs2.Text = Math.Round(Asw[i] / ab).ToString() + "#" + bn.ToString();
txtd2.Text = d.ToString() + "in";
txtb1.Text = bw.ToString() + "in";
break;
}
a = a2;
}
}
}
}
}
58
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
Tied Column
USD Method
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
System.Linq;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class Tied_Column_Uniaxial : Form
{
public Tied_Column_Uniaxial()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double fc1, dl, ll, fy, b, h, d, pg, pu, Ag,M, h1, a, c, c1, fs, Ast, As1,Mo, Pb,
Mb, Md, bn, ab;
private void btnSubmit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fc1 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
fy = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
dl = double.Parse(txtDL.Text);
ll = double.Parse(txtLL.Text);
M = double.Parse(txtM.Text);
b = double.Parse(txtCH.Text);
h = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
pg = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
ab = (3.1416 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8));
pu = 1.2 * dl + 1.6 * ll;
Ag = pu / (.85 * .7 * (.85 * fc1 + .01 * pg * fy));
h1 = Ag / b;
if (h> h1)
{
//Effective depth of Column d
d = h - 2;
a = pu / (.85 * fc1 * b);
c = a / .85;
c1 = .003 / (.003 + fy / 29000);
//Balanced failure condition fs=fy ,As1=Ast/2
Ast = (pg * Ag) / 100;
fs = fy;
As1 = Ast / 2;
Pb = (.85 * fc1 * a * b) - (As1 * fs) + (As1 * fy);
Mb = Pb * .5 * (h - a) + As1 * fs * (.5 * h - 2.5) + As1 * (d - h / 2);
// overturning moment
Mo = .4 * As1 * fy * d;
// Design Moment
Md = (((pu * (Mb - Mo)) / Pb) + Mo)*12;
59
if(Md < M)
{
lblResult.Text = "Steel area (sq-in)=" + Ast.ToString() + "\n" + "Number of bar:"
+ Math.Round(Ast / ab).ToString();
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Please Change The SECTION");
}
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("please Change the section of the column");
}
}
}
}
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<
Tied Column Biaxial
USD Method
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
System.Linq;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class Tied_Column_Biaxial : Form
{
public Tied_Column_Biaxial()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double P, Mx, My, b,fc1,fy, h, ex, ey, m, Po,px,py, bn, ab, As,Ast, Fa, Fb, n, c1,
c2, Ix, Iy, Sutx, Suty, Pn, pg;
private void btnSubmit_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fc1 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
fy = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
P = double.Parse(txtTL.Text);
Mx = double.Parse(txtMx.Text);
My = double.Parse(txtMy.Text);
b = double.Parse(txtCW.Text);
h = double.Parse(txtCH.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
pg = double.Parse(txtpg.Text);
ab = (3.1416 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8));
// Reciprocal Method
60
ex = (Mx * 12 / P);
ey = (My * 12 / P);
m = fy / (.85 * fc1);
Po = (.34 * (1 + .01 * pg * m) * fc1 * b * h)/1000;
// Condition fa/Fa+fb/Fb=1
Fa = .34 * fc1 * (1 + .01 * pg * m);
Fb = .45 * fc1;
As = .01 * pg * b * h;
n = Math.Round((29 * 1000000) / (57000 * Math.Sqrt(fc1)));
Ix = b * h * h * h / 12 + 2 * As * (2 * n - 1) * (h / 2 - 2.5) * (h / 2 - 2.5);
Iy= h * b * b * b / 12 + 2 * As * (2 * n - 1) * (b / 2 - 2.5) * (b / 2 - 2.5);
c1 = h / 2;
c2 = b / 2;
Sutx = Ix / c1;
Suty = Iy / c2;
px = ((1 - Mx * 12 / Sutx) * b * h * Fa) / 1000;
py = ((1 - My * 12 / Suty) * b * h * Fa) / 1000;
// Bresler Equation
Pn = (1 / (1 / px + 1 / py - 1 / Po))*1000;
if (Pn>P)
{
Ast = .01 * pg * b * h;
lblResult.Text = "Reinforcement area (sq-in)=" + Ast.ToString() + "\n" + "Design
Load(kip)=" + Pn.ToString() + "\n" +
"Number of Bar:" + Math.Round(Ast / ab).ToString();
groupBox1.Visible = true;
txtAs.Text= Math.Round(Ast / ab).ToString()+"#"+bn.ToString();
txtb.Text = b.ToString() + "inch";
txth.Text = h.ToString() + "inch";
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Design isNOT OK, Please change the section");
}
}
}
}
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<Spiral Column
USD Method
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
System.Linq;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class Spiral_Column_Design_USD : Form
{
public Spiral_Column_Design_USD()
61
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double fc, fy, Dl, Ll,
Pu, Ac;
Pg, Ag, D, D1, Ag1, Pc, Ps, As, bnb, ab, dc, Ps1, Ps2, s,
}
}
}
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<
Footing Design
USD Method
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
62
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows.Forms;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class Design_Square_Footing : Form
{
public Design_Square_Footing()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double fc1, fy, W, D, dl, ll,M, a, q, qu, b, c,a3,b3,c3,Asmin,As1,x3,x4, d, b1,
x1,p,s,
x2, A, A1, As, h, L, L1,n, bn, ab, m, Vu, Vc;
private void btnResult_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fc1 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
fy = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
W = double.Parse(txtSW.Text);
D = double.Parse(txtDF.Text);
dl = double.Parse(txtDL.Text);
ll = double.Parse(txtLL.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
b1 = double.Parse(txtCW.Text);
q = double.Parse(txtSP.Text);
ab = (3.1416 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8)) / 4;
A1 = (dl + ll) / (q - W * .001 * D);
L1 = Math.Sqrt(A1);
//length& Width
L = Math.Ceiling(L1*20)/20;
A = L * L;
qu = ((1.2 * dl + 1.6 * ll)) / A; // ksf
//punching Shear
//For equilibrium Vu=Vc
// Vu=A*qu-((b1+d)/12)*(b1*d)/12))*qu
//Vc=4*.9*Math.Sqrt(fc1)*(4*(b1+d)*d)
// Critical Depth d calculation
m = (16 * .75 * Math.Sqrt(fc1) * 144) / qu;
a = m + 1;
b = b1 * m + 2 * b1;
c = (-144 * A + b1 * b1);
p = b * b - 4 * a * c;
// quadratic equation is a second order of polynomial
equation in
a
single variable
// x = [ -b +/- sqrt(b^2 - 4ac) ] / 2a
if (p > 0)
{
x1 = (-b + System.Math.Sqrt(p)) / (2 * a);
x2 = (-b - System.Math.Sqrt(p)) / (2 * a);
if (x1 < 0 && x2>0)
{
d = x1 *(-1);
}
else if (x2 < 0 && x1>0)
{
d = x2 *(-1);
}
}
// Beam Shear Check
Vu = (L / 2 - b1 / 24 - d / 12) * L * qu;
63
64
<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
<<<<<
Stair Design
WSD Method
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
>>>>>
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
using
System;
System.Collections.Generic;
System.ComponentModel;
System.Data;
System.Drawing;
System.Linq;
System.Text;
System.Windows.Forms;
System.Windows.Forms.Design;
namespace Reinforce_Concrete_Structure_Design
{
public partial class Stair_Design_WSD : Form
{
public Stair_Design_WSD()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
double fc1, fy, t, T, R, nt, As, Ast, s, s1, E0, Vmax, Vd, Vall, bn, w, ww, Mmax,
LL, DL, n, R1, k, j, ba, fc, fs, r,
w2, wt, wl, l1, r1, Ra, L, fl, de, d1, l2, r2, wr, Vd1, Vall1;
private void btnResult_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
fy = double.Parse(txtYS.Text);
fc1 = double.Parse(txtCS.Text);
t = double.Parse(txtWT.Text);
T = double.Parse(txtTW.Text);
R = double.Parse(txtRW.Text);
LL = double.Parse(txtLL.Text);
DL = double.Parse(txtDL.Text);
bn = double.Parse(txtBN.Text);
l2 = double.Parse(txtLeL.Text);
r2 = double.Parse(txtRL.Text);
nt = double.Parse(txtNT.Text);
ba = .7854 * (bn / 8) * (bn / 8);
fc = .45 * fc1;
fs = .4 * fy;
n = (29000 / (57 * (Math.Sqrt(fc1))));
r = (fs / fc);
k = n / (n + r);
j = 1 - (k / 3);
R1 = .5 * fc * j * k;
l1 = (5 / 12) + l2;
r1 = (5 / 12) + r2;
// total Length
L = l1 + r1 + (nt * T) / 12;
//total flight
fl = (nt * T) / 12;
// load calculation
ww = (t / 12) * 150;
//load for step portion
65
w = ww * (Math.Sqrt(T * T + R * R)) / T;
//wt of flange
w2 = .5 * (R / 12) * 150;
wt = w + w2 + LL + DL + 11.25;
//wt on landing
wl = ww + 11.25 + LL;
wr = 11.25 + LL;
//Moment calculation
Ra = (wl * l1 * (l1 / 2) + wr * r1 * (r1 / 2 + (fl + l1)) + wt * fl * (l1 + fl /
2)) / L;
Mmax = Ra * L / 2 - wl * l1 * (L / 2 - l1 / 2) - wt * (L / 2 - l1) * .5 * (L / 2 l1);
d1 = Math.Sqrt(Mmax / R1);
de = t - (3 / 4) * .5*(bn / 8);
if (de > d1)
{
MessageBox.Show("Depth Check is ok");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Depth Check is not ok");
}
//Reinforcement calculation
As = (Mmax * 12) / (fs * j * de);
s = Math.Round((ba * 12) / As);
//distribution Reinforcement
Ast = .0018 * 12 * t;
s1 = Math.Round((.11 * 12) / Ast);
E0 = (3.1416 * bn * 12) / (bn / 8);
//Shear Check
Vmax = Ra;
Vd = Vmax / (E0 * j * de);
Vall = 3.4 * Math.Sqrt(fc1) / (bn / 8);
if (Vall > Vd)
{
MessageBox.Show("Shear check is ok");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Shear check is not Ok");
}
// Bond check
Vd1 = Ra / (12 * de);
Vall1 = 11 * Math.Sqrt(fc1);
if (Vall1 > Vd1)
{
MessageBox.Show("Bond check is ok");
}
else
{
MessageBox.Show("Bond check is not ok");
}
pictureBox1.Visible = true;
groupBox1.Visible = true;
txtMR.Visible = true;
txtMR2.Visible = true;
txtDR.Visible = true;
txtDR2.Visible = true;
lblResult.ext = "Main Reinforcement Area(Sq-in)=" + As.ToString() + "\n" +
"Number of reinforcement =" + Math.Round(As/ ba).ToString() + "\n" + "Distribution
reinforcement Area(Sq-in)=" + Ast.ToString() +
"\n" + "Number of reinforcement =" + Math.Round(Ast / ba).ToString();
66
txtMR.Text = As.ToString();
txtMR2.Text = As.ToString();
txtDR.Text = Ast.ToString();
txtDR2.Text = Ast.ToString();
}
}
}
67