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thp cacbon
thp d ct c S
thp d ct c S v P
thp Mn (1,00 1.765%)
thp Mn (1.75%)
thp Ni
thp Ni-Cr
4xxx
5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx
9xxx
xxBxx
xxLxx
thp Mo
thp Cr
thp Cr-V
thp W -Cr
thp Ni-Cr-Mo
thp Si-Mn
thp B
thp cha P
Mun bit thnh phn c th phi tra bng. V d thp 1038 c 0,35-0,42%C; 0,60-0,90%Mn;
%P 0,040; %S 0,050 cho cc bn thnh phm rn, thanh, dy, cn nng, cn tinh v ng khng rn;
thp 5140 c 0,38-0,43%C; 0,70-0,90%Mn; %P 0,035; %S 0,040; 0,15-0,3%Si; 0,70-0,90%Cr
Nu thp c bo m thm ti th ng sau k hiu c thm ch H, v d 5140 H, 1037 H.
i vi thp dng c thng dng h thng ca AISI (American iron and steel institute) c
k hiu bng mt ch ci ch c im ca thp v ch th t quy c:
M
T
H
A
thp gi mlpen
thp gi volfram (tungsten)
Thp lm khun dp nng (hot word)
Thp lm khun dp ngui hp kim trung bnh t ti, ti
trong khng kh
D
Thp lm khun dp ngui, crm v ccbon cao
O
Thp lm khun dp ngui ti du (oil hardening)
S
Thp lm dng c chu va p (shock resisting)
L
Thp dng c c cng dng ring hp kim thp (low-alloy)
P
Thp lm khun p (nha) c cacbon thp
W
Thp dng c cacbon ti nc (water-hardening)
i vi thp khng g, tiu chun ca AISI khng nhng thnh hnh M m cn c nhiu
nc a vo tiu chun ca mnh, n c k hiu bng ba ch s trong bt u bng 2 hoc 3 l
thp auxtenit, bng 4 l thp ferit hay mactenxit.
ln hn 99% Al
Al-Cu
Al-Mn
Al-Si
5xxx
6xxx
7xxx
8xxx
Al-Mg
Al-Si-Mg
Al-Zn
Al-nguyn t khc
Ngoi cc t chc tiu chun trn, M cn hng chc cc t chc khc cng c k hiu ring
v vt liu kim loi, do vy vic phn bit chng rt kh khn. Xut pht t mun c mt k hiu
thng nht cho mi thnh phn c th, SAE v SATM t 1967 a ra h thng s thng nht UNS
(Unified Numbering System) trn c s ca nhng s trong cc k hiu truyn thng. UNS gm 5 con
s v ch ng u ch loi vt liu, y ch gii thiu mt s: A nhm, C - ng, F gang, G
thp cacbon v thp hp kim, H thp bo m thm ti, S thp khng g v chu nhit, T thp
dng c.
Trong s nm con s s c nhm ba - bn con s (u hay cui) ly t cc k hiu
truyn thng k trn (tr gang, thp dng c).
V d, UNS G 10400 xut pht t AISI/SAE 1040 (thp 0,40%C), UNS A 91040 xut pht t
AA 1040 (hp kim nhm bin dng c 99,40% Al).
Nht Bn ch dung mt tiu chun JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards), vi c im l dung
hon ton h o ng quc t, c th l ng sut theo MPa.
Tt c cc thp u c bt u bng ch S.
Thp cn thng dng c k hiu bng s ch gii hn bn ko hay gii hn chy thp nht
(tu tng loi). SS thp cn thng c tc dng chung, SM thp cn lm kt cu hn, nu thm ch
A l SMA thp chng n mn trong kh quyn, SB thp tm lm ni hi.
Thp cacbon ch to my: SxxC hay SxxCK trong xx ch phn vn cacbon trung bnh
(ch K cui l loi c cht lng cao: lng P, S khng ln hn 0,025%).
Thp hp kim ch to my gm h thng ch v s:
+ Bt u bng SCr thp Cr, SMn thp Mangan, SNC thp niken-crm, SNCM
thp nikel-crm-mlpen, SCM thp crm-mlpen, SACM thp nhm-crm-mlpen, SMnC
thp mangan-crm;
+ Tip theo l ba ch s trong hai ch s cui cng ch phn vn cacbon trung bnh.
Thp d ct c k hiu bng SUM, thp n hi SUP, thp ln SUJ v s th t.
Thp dng c bt u bng SK v s th t:
SKx thp dng c cacbon
SKHx thp gi
KSx thp lm dao ct v khun dp ngui
SKD v SKT thp lm khun dp nng, c p lc.
Thp khng g c k hiu bng SUS v s tip theo trng vi s ca AISI, thp chu nhit
c k hiu bng SUH.
Gang xm c k hiu bng FCxxx, gang cu FCDxxx, gang do li en FCMBxxx, li
trng FCMWxxx, peclit FCMPxxx, cc s xxx u ch gii hn bn.
Cc hp kim nhm v ng c nhm ly s theo AA v CDA vi pha trc c A (ch nhm),
C (ch ng).
Php v c c tiu chun AFNOR (Association Franccaise de NORmalisation) v DIN
(Deutsche Institut fur Normalisierung), chng c nhiu nt ging nhau.
Php, c cng nh cc nc trong lien minh chu u EU ang trn qu trnh nht th ho kinh
t cng nh tiu chun. Hin nay cc nc trong EU dung chung tiu chun EN 10025 90 v thp
cn thong dng lm kt cu xy dng vi cc mc Fe 310, Fe 360, Fe 430, Fe 510, Fe 590 (s ch
bn ko theo MPa).
Thp cacbon ch to my c k hiu theo s phn vn cacbon trung bnh. V d, vi thp
c khong 0,35%C AFNOR k hiu l C35 hay XC35 (mc sau c dao ng thnh phn hp hn), DIN
k hiu C35 hay CK35.
Thp hp kim thp (loi khng c nguyn t no vt qu 5%) c k hiu theo trt t sau:
- Hai ch s u biu th lng cacbon trung bnh theo phn vn;
- Lit k cc nguyn t hp kim: DIN dng chnh k hiu ha hc, cn AFNOR dng
cc ch ci: C cho crm, N cho niken, M cho mangan, S cho silic, D cho molipden, W cho volfram, V
cho vanadi;
- Lit k lng cc nguyn t hp kim theo trt t, sau khi nhn s phn trm vi 4 (i vi
Mn, Si, Cr, Co, Ni) v vi 10 (i vi cc nguyn t cn li). V d: 34 CD4 ca AFNOR v 34CrMo 4
ca DIN c khong 0.34%C, khong 1% Cr v khong 0.10%Mo.
OCT
45
40X
X15
20X13
08X18H90
Y10
X12
P18
GB
45
40Cr
GCr15
2X13
0Cr18Ni9
T10
Cr12
W18Cr4V
UNS
G10450
G51400
G52986
S42000
S30200
T72301
T30403
T12001
CT34
GX28-48
GC50-2
CT2
C30
B50
A2
HT300
QT500-7
F12803
F33800
AISI/SAE
1045
5140
42100
420
304
W109
D3
T1
----------ASTM
----------36
No40
8055-06
JIS
S45C
SCr440
SUJ2
SUS420J1
SUS304
SK4
SKD1
SKH2
AFNOR
X45
42C4
100C6
Z20C13
Z7CN18.09
Y1-90
Z200C12
Z80WCV
18-04-01
SS330
FC300
FCD500
F3360
FGL300
FGS500-7
DIN
C45
42C4
100C6
X20Cr13
X15Cr-Ni18
10
C105W1
X210C12
S 18-0-1
Fe360
GG30
GGG50
BS
06A45
530A40
535A99
420S29
304S31
BD3
BT1
Fe360
260
B500/7
PH LC
1 - Thnh phn ha hc ca cc mc thp cacbon cht lng thng phn nhm B
2 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca nhm thp kt cu cacbon cht lng tt
3 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca thp xy dng hp kim thp
4 - Thnh phn ha hc ca cc thp thm cacbon
5 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp ha tt
6 - Thnh phn ha hc ca thp n hi
7 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca thp d ct
8 - Mt s loi thp dng c chnh ca M (Tiu chun SAE/AISI)
9 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp dng c hp kim thp
10 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s loi thp gi
11 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp khun dp ngui
12 - Thnh phn ha hc ca mt s thp khun dp nng
13 - Thnh phn ha hc v c tnh ca mt s loi thp khng g
14 - Mt s mc gang thng dng (Theo tiu chun ASTM)
15 - K hiu, cng dng ca mt s ng (TCVN 1659-75)
16 - Thnh phn, k hiu ca mt s latng theo TCVN v CDA
17 - Thnh phn, k hiu ca mt s brng theo TCVN v CDA
18 - K hiu v trng thi gia cng hp kim nhm ca Nga, M v Canada
19 - Tiu chun k hiu hp kim nhm theo Aluminum Association
20 - Bng quy i thnh phn, k hiu mt s HK nhm theo TCVN v Aluminum Association (AA)
C, %
Mn, %
BCT31
BCT33
BCT34
BCT38
BCT42
BCT51
BCT61
0.23
0.06-0.12
0.09-0.15
0.14-0.22
0.18-0.27
0.28-0.37
0.38-0.49
0.25-0.50
0.25-0.50
0.30-0.65
0.40-0.70
0.50-0.80
0.50-0.80
Si
0.05
0.05
0.07
0.07
-
Si trong thp, %
Na lng
Lng
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.12-0.30
0.05-0.17 0.15-0.35
0.05-0.17 0.15-0.35
S, %
P, %
Khng qu
0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
0.05
0.04
C, %
Mn, %
320
200
33
60
131
340
210
31
55
143
380
230
27
55
149
420
250
25
50
163
460
280
23
50
170
500
300
21
45
179
540
320
20
45
207
580
340
19
40
217
610
360
16
40
229
640
380
14
35
241
660
390
13
255
690
410
12
35
255
710
420
10
30
255
730
430
9
30
269
1100
900
7
30
285
1100
950
6
30
285
1150 1000
6
30
302
cng
sau , HB
C8 0.05-0.12 0.35-0.65
C10 0.07-0.14 0.35-0.65
C15 0.12-0.19 0.35-0.65
C20 0.17-0.24 0.35-0.65
C25 0.22-0.30 0.50-0.80
C30 0.27-0.35 0.50-0.80
C35 0.32-0.40 0.50-0.80
C40 0.37-0.45 0.50-0.80
187
C45 0.42-0.50 0.50-0.80
197
C50 0.47-0.55 0.50-0.80
207
C55 0.52-0.60 0.50-0.80
217
C60 0.57-0.65 0.50-0.80
217
C65 0.62-0.70 0.50-0.80
229
C70 0.67-0.75 0.50-0.80
229
C75 0.72-0.80 0.50-0.80
241
C80 0.77-0.85 0.50-0.80
241
C85 0.82-0.90 0.50-0.80
255
Ghi ch:
- Cc mc u cha 0.17-0.37 %Si;
- Mu th c ng knh v chiu dy nh hn 80 mm;
- dai va p cc thp th trng thi ha tt;
- C tnh ca cc thp C75, C80, C85 cng th trng thi ha tt (Ti va ram cao)
ak,
kJ/m2
900
800
700
600
500
400
-
Si
Mn
Cr
19Mn
09Mn2
14Mn2
17MnSi
14CrMnSi
0.16-0.22
0.12
0.12-0.18
0.14-0.20
0.11-0.16
0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4
0.2-0.4
0.4-0.6
0.4-0.7
0.7-1.1
1.5-1.8
1.2-1.7
1.2-1.6
0.9-1.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
<0.3
0.5-0.8
15CrSiNiCu
0.12-0.18
0.4-0.7
0.4-0.7
0.6-0.9
35CrSi
18Mn2Si
0.30-0.37
0.16-0.20
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9
0.8-1.2
1.2-1.6
<0.3
<0.3
khc
0.5-0.8Ni
0.2-0.4Cu
C tnh
b,
0.2,
MPa MPa
490
340
470
340
470
340
520
350
500
350
,
%
22
21
21
23
22
350
21
600
600
14
14
C
0.07-0.14
0.17-0.24
0.12-0.18
0.17-0.23
0.12-0.18
0.17-0.23
0.09-0.16
0.09-0.15
0.14-0.20
0.17-0.23
0.22-0.29
0.24-0.32
0.23-0.29
Khc
0.06-0.12V
0.03-0.04Mo
0.03-0.09Ti
0.03-0.09Ti
0.03-0.09Ti
0.20-0.30Mo
C40
C45
40Cr
40CrB
40CrMnB
30CrMnSi
40CrNi
40CrNiMo
C
0.37-0.44
0.42-0.49
0.36-0.44
0.37-0.45
0.37-0.45
0.28-0.35
0.36-0.44
0.37-0.44
40CrMnTiB
0.38-0.45
0.80-1.10
Mc thp
0.7-1.0
<0.4
<0.3
Khc
0.002-0.005B
0.15-0.25Mo
0.03-0.09Ti
0.002-0.005B
38CrNi3MoV
0.33-0.42
1.20-1.50
<0.8
<0.4
3.0-3.4
0.35-0.45Mo
0.1-0.2V
C
0.67-0.75
0.62-0.70
0.57-0.65
0.55-0.65
0.46-0.54
0.56-0.64
0.56-0.64
Khc
0.1-0.2V
1.4-1.7Ni
C
0.08-0.16
0.15-0.25
0.25-0.35
0.35-0.45
P
0.08-0.15
0.06
0.06
0.05
b, MPa
420-570
460-510
520-670
600-750
C tnh
, % , %
22
36
20
30
15
25
14
20
HB
160
168
185
207
-W1
0.6-1.4
-W2
0.6-1.4
-S1
-S2
-O1
-O2
-A2
-A4
-D2
Mn
Cr
V
W
W thp ti nc
-
0.25
Cng dng
Mo
Co
Khc
0.4
2Si
L ko si, trc cn
nh
S- Thp chu va p
0.5
1.5
2.5
0.55
0.8
Thp lm vic nhit thp (O, A, D):
O Thp ti du
0.9
1.0
0.5
0.9
1.6
A- Thp ti trong khng kh
1.0
5.0
1.0
1.0
2.0
1.0
1.0
D Thp cacbon v crm
1.5
12.0
1.0 1.0
-D3
2.25
ngui, calip,
-H10
-H21
12.0
1.0
H Thp lm vic nhit cao
0.40
3.25
0.4
2.5
0.35
3.5
0.9
-
-H42
0.60
-T1
-T6
0.75
0.80
12
-M1
-M2
-M30
0.80
0.90
0.80
5.0
Dng c ct nhanh,
c tnh chng mi
mn rt cao
-P1
-P2
0.17
0.10
4.0
2.0
8.0
T- Thp gi h volfram
4.0
1.0 18.0
4.5
1.5 20.0
M- Thp gi h W v Mo
4.1
1.0 1.5 8.0
4.0
2.0 6.0 5.0
2.0
1.25 2.0 0.8
P Thp lm khun p Polyme
2.0
0.2
2.6
-
0.5Ni Dng c p n
1.25Ni nha,
Si
<0.35
<0.35
1.20-1.60
<0.30
W
4.5-5.5
Mo
Co
1.4-1.4
2.0-2.6
1.5-1.9
1.7-2.1
4.3-5.1
1
1
1
5.0-5.5
1
1.8-2.4
2.0-2.6
2.0-2.6
4.3-5.1
4.3-5.1
1.8-2.4
3.4-4.1
1.7-2.1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5.0-5.5
5.0-6.0
9.5-10.5
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
5.0-6.0
100CrWMn
100CrWSiMn
210Cr12
160Cr12Mo
130Cr12V
110Cr6WV
40CrSi
40CrW2Si
Mn
0.8-1.1
0.6-0.9
0.35
0.35
0.35
0.45
0.40
0.40
Si
0.4
0.65-1.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.35
1.2-1.6
0.6-0.9
Khc
0.05-0.15V
0.4-0.6Mo
0.7-0.9V
0.5-0.8V
-
W (Mo)
(0.15-0.3)
0.4-0.7
(0.15-0.3)
7.5-8.5
4.5-5.5
1.6-2.2
Ni (Si)
1.4-1.8
1.4-1.8
(0.8-1.2)
V
0.2-0.5
0.6-0.9
0.6-0.9
Trng
thi
C tnh,
MPa
0.2
b
,
%
Cr
Ni
Khc
<0.15
>0.15
0.75-0.95
12.5
13.0
17.0
Ti v
ram
400oC
700
1375
1900
1000
1760
1950
20
10
3
<0.08
<0.12
<0.20
13.0
17.0
25.0
0.2Al
<0.25N
275
345
350
450
650
560
25
25
20
<0.15
<0.08
<0.08
<0.03
<0.08
17.0
19.0
17.0
17.0
18.0
7.0
9.0
12.0
12.0
11.0
2.5Mo
2.5Mo
Nb hoc
Ta 10%C
275
250
290
260
275
750
580
580
550
655
50
55
50
50
45
17.0
7.0
1.2Al
Ha gi
1150
1650
Loi Mactenxit
410
420
440B
Loi Ferit
405
430
446
Loi Austenit
301
304
316
316-L
347
K hiu
tiu chun
Gii hn
bn ko min
Gii hn
chy min
ksi
ksi
MPa
do
min, %
cng
max, HB
Mc tng ng
theo tiu chun Lin
X c
MPa
Gang xm
No.20B* A48
20
138
No.25B
A48
25
172
C 8-36
No.30B
A48
30
207
C 1-40
No.35B
A48
35
241
C 4-44
No.40B
A48
40
276
C 8-48
No.45B
A48
45
310
C 2-52
No.50B
A48
50
345
C 5-56
No.55B
A48
55
379
C 8-60
No.60B
A48
60
414
Gang cu
32510
A 47-84
50
32.5
10
156
35018
A 47-84
53
35
18
156
22010
A47M-90
340
220
10
156
40010
A220-88
60
40
10
149-197
45008
A220-88
65
45
8
156-197
45006
A220-88
65
45
6
156-207
50005
A220-88
70
50
5
179-229
60004
A220-88
80
60
4
197-241
70003
A220-88
85
70
3
217-269
80002
A220-88
95
80
2
241-285
90001
A220-88
105
90
1
269-231
280M10
A220M-88
400
280
10
149-197
B 0-10
310M8
A220M-88
450
310
8
156-197
310M6
A220M-88
450
310
6
156-207
340M5
A220M-88
480
340
5
179-229
B 5-5
410M4
A220M-88
550
410
4
197-241
480M3
A220M-88
590
480
3
217-269
550M2
A220M-88
650
550
2
241-285
620M1
A220M-88
720
620
1
269-231
Gang do
0-40-18
A 536-84
60
414
40
276
18
5-45-12
A 536-84
65
448
45
310
12
0-55-06
A 536-84
80
552
55
379
6.0
10-70-03 A 536-84
100
689
70
483
3.0
10-90-02 A 536-84
120
827
90
621
2.0
Ghi ch: Sau cc k hiu mc gang c th c cc ch ci A, B, C, S ph thuc vo ng knh mu
th, y, B ng vi mu c ng knh l 30.5 mm.
Cu99.99
Cu
99.99
Hm lng %
Bi
Pb
O
0.0005 0.001
-
P
0.001
Tng
0.01
Cu99.97
99.97
0.001
0.004
0.002
0.03
Cu99.95
99.95
0.001
0.004
0.02
0.002
0.5
Cu99.90
99.90
0.001
0.005
0.05
0.1
Cu99.90
99.90
0.001
0.005
0.01
0.04
0.1
STT
Mc
ng dng
Lm dy dn in
Lm dy dn hoc ch to
hp kim cht lng cao
Nh Cu99.97
Lm dy dn in ch to
brng khng Sn
Nh Cu99.90
K hiu
TCVN
LCuZn30
LCuZn40
LCuZn29Sn1
LCuZn38Al1Fe
LCuZn29Sn1Pb3
LCuZn27Ni18
Thnh phn, %
CDA
260
280
464
770
30Zn
40Zn
29Zn-1Sn
38Zn1AlFe
29Zn1Sn3Pb
27Zn18Ni
Thnh phn, %
5Sn-0.1P
5Sn-5Zn-5Pb
5Al
9Al-4Fe
30Pb
1.9Be-0.2Co
ngha
Hp kim nhm bin dng
mm
Ti v ha gi t nhin
Ti v ha gi nhn to
Bin cng
Bin cng khng hon ton
Bin cng mnh
Ti, ha gi t nhin, bin cng
Ti, bin cng, ha gi nhn to
Ti, bin cng 20%, ha gi nhn
M, Canada
K hiu
ngha
Hp kim nhm bin dng v c
F
Trng thi phi th
O
v kt tinh li
H
Trng thi bin dng
H11
Bin dng vi mc bin cng nh
H12
H14
H16
H18
to
T1
T2
T4
T5
T6
Hp kim nhm c
Ha gi nhn to sau c
Ti
Ti, ha gi mt phn
Ti, ha gi ha bn cc i
H19
H2X
H3X
T1
T3
T4
T7
T8
Ti, ha gi n nh
Ti, ha gi bin mm (qua ha gi)
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
Hp kim nhm c
H thng hp kim
Loi k hiu
Al sch cng nghip
100.0
Al-Cu
200.0
Al-Si-Mg v Al-Si-Cu
300.0
Al-Si
400.0
Al-Mg
500.0
Al-Zn
700.0
Al-Sn
800.0
20 - Bng quy i thnh phn, k hiu mt s HK nhm theo TCVN v Aluminum Association (AA)
H hp kim
Al sch
Al cng nghip
Al-Cu
Al-Cu-Mg
Al-Mn
Al-Mg
Al-Mg-Si
Al-Zn-Mg
Al-Zn-Mg-Cu
Al-Cu
Al-Si-Cu
Al-Si-Mg
Al-Si-Mg-Cu
K hiu
Thnh phn
TCVN
AA
Hp kim bin dng
Al 99.60
1060
99.60 Al
Al 99.00
1100
99.00 Al
AlCu4.4Mg0.5Mn0.8
2014
4.4Cu-0.5Mg-0.8Mn
AlCu4.4Mg1.5Mn0.6
2024
4.4Cu-1.5Mg-0.6Mn
AlMn1.2
3004
1.2Mn-0.12Cu
AlMg1.4
5050
1.4Mg
AlMg1Si0.6
6061
1Mg-0.6Si-0.2Cr-0.3Cu
AlZn4.5Mg1.4
7005
4.5Zn-1.4Mg-0.12Cr-0.4Mn-0.15Zr
AlZn5.6Mg2.5Cu4.6
7075
5.6Zn-2.5Mg-1.6Cu
Hp kim c
AlCu4.5
295.0
4.5Cu-1Si
AlSi5.5Cu4.5
308.0
5.5Si-4.5Cu
AlSi7Mg0.3
356.0
7Si-0.3Mg
AlSi12Mg1.3Cu4Mn0.6 12Si-1.3Mg-2Cu-0.6Mn-1Ni-0.2Ti