Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AN OVERVIEW
Later
on
2.
3.
4.
Selection of tanks
Fixed Roof
Floating Roof.
Dome Roof
Horton Spheres
Selection of tanks
Additional aspects that have an impact on the choice of tank
type:
Building Cost
Selection of tanks
Cost for storage capacity
Selection of tanks
TVP, IBP or density restrictions for floating
roof.
True Vapour Pressure (TVP)
(at ambient or product
temperature, whichever is highest)
Density
Selection of tanks
The Bottom
Bottom plates function as a membrane and transfer the
liquid pressure directly on to the tank foundation.
They are made of 10-15 mm thick rectangular steel plates,
which are interconnected by overlaps.
Tank bottoms may have conical shape or inverted cone
shape, also known as "Apex down". Bottoms are coned
downwards towards the center with a sump of adequate
size at the center of the tank bottom and a siphon drain.
The Shell
The tank shell is made of a number of courses, normally
1.5 to 2.5 m wide. The plate thickness gradually decrease
upwards due to the reduction in horizontal loading of the
liquid pressure.
o Mountings
Non- Pressure
Fixed roof tanks
Work at atmospheric
pressure.
Design
internal
pressure 75 mm of
water column.
Design vacuum 25
mm of water column.
Low Pressure
fixed roof tanks
Design
internal
pressure 200 mm of
water
Design vacuum of 60
mm of water column.
Open Vents
The tank breathes - in air when the tank pressure
is lower than the atmospheric pressure and
breathes - out when tank pressure is greater than
the set pressure.
Open vents are of goose neck type, covered with
a 4 to 8 mesh screen. Normal venting takes the
form of free- flow atmospheric vent which allow
unimpeded flow of vapors out of, and of air into
the tank and, at the same time, prevent rain and
airborne dust from getting into the tank.
Bottom Drains
Drains are provided in all tanks for draining water
and also for emptying out the tank for cleaning.
Apex down tank bottom have one drain connection
located at the lowest point near the center of the
tank in addition to normal circumferential drains.
Roof Types
Single Deck
o
o
o
o
o
o
Double Deck
o
o
o
WEATHER
SEAL
ROLLING LADDER
(SELF LEVELING TYPE)
EARTHING CABLE
RIM
VENT
MAN
ENTRANCE
PONTOON
ENTRANCE
LSHH
BREATHER
VENT
EMERGENCY
DRAIN
SUPPORT LEG
ROOF COMPARTMENT
LOWER PLATE OF ROOF
SUMP DRAIN
6"x4" SWING
JOINT ROOF
DRAIN
LI
TG
OUTLET
BOTTOM OF THE TANK
PROTECTED WITH CATHODIC
PROTECTTION SYSTEM
INLET
SUMP TO COLLECT
SETTLED WATER
DATUM PLATE
MANHOLE
ROOF DRAIN
OUT LET
SUMP DRAIN
OUT LET
Roof Drains
Rain falling on to a floating roof must be led away
to the outside of the tank.
o The water is directed from roof via a metal pipe
with swivel joints to an outside gate valve near
bottom of the shell.
o Flow of product via drain to the roof is prevented by
NRV in the roof drain.
o
Rim Vent
Wind Girder
Open tanks reinforced with stiffening ring called
Wind Girders to maintain roundness when tank
is subjected to wind loads.
o Can also be used as walkways, in which case the
width of the girder is more than 0.6m, moreover it
should not be less than 1 m from top of the shell
with handrails on the open side.
o This primary wind girder is located at or near the
top of the tank.
o Secondary wind girder are sometimes required for
both floating and fixed roof tanks, to prevent
buckling of the tank shell under wind and/or
vacuum condition
o
Bund Wall
Advantages:
Conservation of vapor.
Promote cleanliness of product.
Reduce internal corrosion.
Permit highly volatile products to be stored at
atmospheric pressure.
Propeller
Spheres
Product having high pressure such as LPG and
1. Safety valves
2. Level indicator
3. Level switches and interlocks
4. ROV ( Remote operated valve )
5. Pressure gauge
6. Temperature indicator
7. Vapour balancing line
8. Combustible gas detectors.
9. Heat detectors.
Operational stages
o
o
o
o
Overfilling
Over pressurizing
Collapse due to vacuum in the tank
Water in hot oil tanks.
Sinking of the floating roof
Tank fire during mechanical works.
Lightning
Static Electricity
Lack of attention.
Errors in level indicators.
Wrong setting of valves.
Change of service.
Gravity filling
Absence of philosophy of safe fillings
heights.
Failure of manual dip measurement
Lightening
In case of floating roof tank, small rim fires
have been caused by vapor leaking through the
seals. The source of ignition was atmosphere
electricity due to lightning in the rainy season.
Static Electricity
Inhalation:
General
Maintenance Procedures
Isolation of Tanks:
Emptying liquids
Once the tank has been isolated, the next step is to remove
its contents. This is usually achieved by pumping away to
another tank or drain.
Removal of sludge from tank bottom
The tank sludge may be flammable or toxic or pyrophoric.
Specific procedures must be developed safely dispose off the
type of sludge encountered in each case.
Preparation for entry and hot work
Ventilation of the tank should be established
The atmosphere should be shown to be free of flammable or
toxic gas
Repeat gas test shall be done
Interfaced with:
o PA system: Toxic/ flammable gas and fire alarm
automatically connected to the PA system.
o Beacons: High intensity visible beacons automatically
blink if alarms generated
o ESD System: Actuate the ESD as per system logic.
o Sprinkler system: Automatic actuation of DVs as per logic
and can be actuated from control room.
o
o
o
o
o
ESD System
Is a triple modulator redundant system dedicated
for plant safety
Communicates with DCS like any other DCS
control processor
Works on simple ladder logic generated based on
cause and effect charts
All cause are connected as inputs to ESD
Out puts of the logic will be desired effect for plant
safety, which are driven to the field equipment.
o
o
o
o
o
Interface with:
data
Objectives: