CONTENTS Unit-I: Fluid Mechanics .. Unit-Il: Heat and Mass Transfer Unit-III: Basic Thermodynamics... Unit-4V: Power Plant Engineering... Unit-V: Refrigeration & Air-conditioning. Unit-VI: Internal Combustion Engine..... Unit-VII: Theory of Machines... Unit-VIII: Machine Design..... ee Ooo Unit-IX: Strength of Materials... Unit-X: Material Science & Production Engineering... Unit-XI: Industrial Engineering 9000A Handbook on Mechanical Engineering Fluid Mechanics & Fluid Machines CONTE! FV. IMMOGUCTION «oss eseeeetesteseeseeenesiesniesieeieeisietsetentieieeieee 87D 2. Manometry 10-12 3. Hydrostatic Force 13-16 4, Buoyancy and Floatation ccc. 17°18 5. Fluid Kinematics... conse a we 19-24 6. Fluid Dynamics & Flow Measurements 25-31 7. Viscous Flow of Incompressible Fluid .. we we . 32-37 8. Flow Through Pipes «0.0.0.0... we we . 38 - 46 9. Vortex Motion a sees cies eeeeeieeneennenn + 47-48 10. Boundary Layer Theory 49-53 V1. Turbulent FIOW oe. eseeeeesneeeeeesieeeeeeerenetseteeretsees OF = 57 12. Dimensional Analysis . ceseeeeeees ceseeeeeees 58 - 60 13. Impact of Jets 61-66 14. Hydraulic Turbine oe oe siete OF = 75 15. Hydraulic PUMP 0. ceeseee tees esesesee reece eset, 16> BSMADE EASY A HANDBOOK ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING [9] 3. Newton’s Law of Viscosity _ 0,00 = Bay at 7 = shear stress coefficient of viscosity or absolute viscosity or dynamic viscosity rc " du Here, gy = Velocity gradient do at Rate of angular deformation or Rate of shear strain * For newtonian fluid, coefficient of viscosity remain constant. 4. Viscosity/Kinematic Viscosity Due to viscosity a fluid offer resistance to flow (i) Dynamic Viscosity (uy): © Its SI unit is pascal-second or N-sec/m2 * Its CGS unit is Poise = Dyne-sec/cm? * 1 poise = 0.1 N-s/m? (ii) Kinematic Viscosity Dynamic viscosity (11) ~ “Mass density (p) © Its SI unit is m?/s * Its CGS unit is cm/s or stoke * 1 stoke = 104 m/s Points to remember: © Viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature whereas viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature. * Liquids with increasing order of viscosity are gasoline, water, crude oil, castor oil. ® Viscosity of water at 1°C is 1 centipoise & Viscosity of liquids is due to cohesion and molecular momentum transfer.[22] FLUID MECHANICS & FLUID MACHINES MADE EASY ¢ For steady, incompressible density will be constant thus ou ov ow UW 0 ox oy oz 10. Total Acceleration of fluid yoy ye yy Ot ou ox oy oz ot Convective acceleration Temporal or local acceleration ov... wv. ov U—+V—+W—+— ox ay az at Total Acceleration = Covective acceleration with respect to space + local acceleration with respect to time ¥ Type of flow Convective Temporal Acceleration | Acceleration Steady & uniform 0 0 Steady & non-uniform Exists. 0 Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists Unsteady & non-uniform | Exists — Exists. 11. Rotational Component/Vorticity/Circulation ¢ Rotational component (@) i jk o=1/2 2 a ox ody az uovow o, = 1 vm x" alay az For irrotational flow @, = © 0 © Vorticity (6) = 2x rotational component © Circulation (I) Itis line integral of tangential component of velocity around a closed curve. T = Vorticity x Area