MADE EASY A HANDBOOK ON MECHANICAL ENGINEERING [9] 3. Newton’s Law of Viscosity _ 0,00 = Bay at 7 = shear stress coefficient of viscosity or absolute viscosity or dynamic viscosity rc " du Here, gy = Velocity gradient do at Rate of angular deformation or Rate of shear strain * For newtonian fluid, coefficient of viscosity remain constant. 4. Viscosity/Kinematic Viscosity Due to viscosity a fluid offer resistance to flow (i) Dynamic Viscosity (uy): © Its SI unit is pascal-second or N-sec/m2 * Its CGS unit is Poise = Dyne-sec/cm? * 1 poise = 0.1 N-s/m? (ii) Kinematic Viscosity Dynamic viscosity (11) ~ “Mass density (p) © Its SI unit is m?/s * Its CGS unit is cm/s or stoke * 1 stoke = 104 m/s Points to remember: © Viscosity of liquids decreases with temperature whereas viscosity of gases increases with increase in temperature. * Liquids with increasing order of viscosity are gasoline, water, crude oil, castor oil. ® Viscosity of water at 1°C is 1 centipoise & Viscosity of liquids is due to cohesion and molecular momentum transfer.[22] FLUID MECHANICS & FLUID MACHINES MADE EASY ¢ For steady, incompressible density will be constant thus ou ov ow UW 0 ox oy oz 10. Total Acceleration of fluid yoy ye yy Ot ou ox oy oz ot Convective acceleration Temporal or local acceleration ov... wv. ov U—+V—+W—+— ox ay az at Total Acceleration = Covective acceleration with respect to space + local acceleration with respect to time ¥ Type of flow Convective Temporal Acceleration | Acceleration Steady & uniform 0 0 Steady & non-uniform Exists. 0 Unsteady & uniform 0 Exists Unsteady & non-uniform | Exists — Exists. 11. Rotational Component/Vorticity/Circulation ¢ Rotational component (@) i jk o=1/2 2 a ox ody az uovow o, = 1 vm x" alay az For irrotational flow @, = © 0 © Vorticity (6) = 2x rotational component © Circulation (I) Itis line integral of tangential component of velocity around a closed curve. T = Vorticity x Area