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  • Introduction To Stratigraphy: Establishing Relationships Between Rocks

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    Muhammad Shafaat Awan
    38 Ansichten15 Seiten
    This document provides an introduction to stratigraphy and techniques for correlating rock formations. It discusses how formations are defined and can be subdivided. Correlation establishes equivalency between formations and is accomplished through physical stratigraphy techniques like lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy, as well as biostratigraphy using fossils. Chronostratigraphy establishes timelines using markers like ash layers. Index fossils that existed for short periods can indicate the age of rock layers.

    Originalbeschreibung:

    startigraphy

    Originaltitel

    Strat i Graphy i

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    This document provides an introduction to stratigraphy and techniques for correlating rock formations. It discusses how formations are defined and can be subdivided. Correlation establishes equivalency between formations and is accomplished through physical stratigraphy techniques like lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy, as well as biostratigraphy using fossils. Chronostratigraphy establishes timelines using markers like ash layers. Index fossils that existed for short periods can indicate the age of rock layers.

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    38 Ansichten15 Seiten

    Introduction To Stratigraphy: Establishing Relationships Between Rocks

    Hochgeladen von

    Muhammad Shafaat Awan
    This document provides an introduction to stratigraphy and techniques for correlating rock formations. It discusses how formations are defined and can be subdivided. Correlation establishes equivalency between formations and is accomplished through physical stratigraphy techniques like lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy, as well as biostratigraphy using fossils. Chronostratigraphy establishes timelines using markers like ash layers. Index fossils that existed for short periods can indicate the age of rock layers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Als PPT, PDF, TXT herunterladen oder online auf Scribd lesen
    Markieren Sie unangemessene Inhalte
    von 15

    Introductiontostratigraphy

    Establishingrelationshipsbetween
    rocks

    Formationamappablegroupofrockswith
    characteristicsthatenableyoudistinguishit
    fromunitsaboveandbelow
    Formationscanbesubdividedinto
    Members
    FormationscanbegroupedintoGroups
    Ex:TrentonGroup
    GlensFallsFormation
    LarabeeMember

    Acrosssectionoftherocksthatcomprisepartofthe
    GrandCanyon

    IftheTapeatsSsrepresentsashorelinesand,thenyoucanseethatassealevel
    changedandthebeachmoved,theTapeatsisadifferentageatdifferentlocationsin
    Arizona.Rockformationsdonotrepresenttime.

    Howdowecorrelaterocks?
    correlation=establishingequivalency
    PhysicalStratigraphy:
    1.Lithostratigraphy=establishingsimilarityof
    rocktype=thesameenvironmentandresulting
    rock.NOTamatterofestablishingageorage
    equivalency
    2.Magnetostratigraphy=usingsimilarmagnetic
    polaritytoestablishageequivalency(becausethe
    samerocksthatrecordastrongmagnetismarethose
    thatcanbedatedbyradiometricdecay)
    3.SequenceStratigraphy=sealevelcurves

    Biostratigraphy=usingfossilstoestablishageequivalency
    1.zonesorbiozonesthetimeintervalbetween
    thefirstandlastappearanceofafossilorfossils
    2.positionwithinevolutionarylineagesfor
    traitsthatchangegraduallyovertimeyoucantell
    theageofthefossilbearingrocklayer
    3.Indexfossilafossilthatexistedforashortperiod
    oftimeinearthhistory;itspresenceindicatesan
    intervaloftime
    Chronostratigraphy=establishingisochrons,ortime
    lines.Thisisusuallyaccomplishedthroughtheuseof
    markerbedsthatrepresentageologicinstantintime,
    likeavolcanicashlayer.

    Lithostratigraphic
    correlation
    practice

    Theunconformitysurfacecanbeconsideredanisochron(an
    horizonofequaltime)

    Magnetostratigraphyisbasedon
    theideaofcorrelatingrocks
    basedonthesequenceofpolarity
    reversalstheyrecord.Shownhere
    isthepolarityreversalrecordof
    thepast69Ma.Eachperiodof
    normalandreversedpolarityis
    termedachron.Thesechrons
    weredeterminedbysamplinglong
    continuousrecordsofsediment
    thatarewelldatedbyfossils.
    theagesofthevariouspolarity
    reversalsarethenknown.
    Theverybestuseofmagnetostrat
    igraphyisthatitenablesyouto
    correlatefrommarinetonon
    marineenvironments,somethingno
    othercorrelationtechniquepermits.

    anexampleofusingmagnetostratigraphytocorrelate,inthiscase,coresofocean

    floorsedimentaroundAntarctica.Pairedverticalcolumnsshowlithologiesand
    polarityofthesediment.Greeklettersstandforfossilrangezones.Horizontallines
    betweencoresshowthecorrelation.NotethatthecorrelationisNOTlithology.

    Anexampleofhowrangezonesareusedtoestablishtheageof
    rocklayers.Herearethedistributionsoffossilgraptolitesin
    Silurianrocks.Youcanseethatthereisahorizonwherethefauna
    changesitscomposition(arrowspointingdownwardaregraptolite
    speciesthatexistedupuntilthistime;arrowspointingupwardare
    graptolitespeciesthatexistfromthattimeonward)Thisisthezone
    boundary.Somespeciesexistforlongtimeperiods.Thetwo
    graptolitespeciesforwhichthezonesarenamedareshown.

    Techniquesofbiostratigraphy:
    Rangezones.InAtherange
    istheintervaloftimewhenthe
    speciesexisted.InBthe
    range=theintervaloftime
    whentwospeciesoverlapped.
    InCrange=theintervalof
    timewhenonespeciesexisted
    buttheotherdidnot.

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