Matthew Bridgeman

Primary Sources
Amin, Osama Shukir Muhammed. Law Code Tablet of King Hammurabi from Nippur. N.d.
Ancient.eu, n.p.
Mark, Joshua J. "Mesopotamia." Ancient History Encyclopedia. N.p., 2 Sept. 2009. Web. 04
Dec. 2015.
A website dedicated to giving high quality history information and
education to enthusiasts around the world. This article was written by a published
and peer-reviewed writer that often writes articles for historical magazines. This
source is important because it details the allies and enemies Hammurabi made to
help expand his empire.
Picture of Hammurabi-age Archers Using Composite Bows. N.d. N.p.
Picture of Hammurabi-age Slingshot Pellets. N.d. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts.

Secondary Sources
Editors of Time-Life Books. Mesopotamia: The Mighty Kings. Alexandria, VA: Time-Life, 1995. Print.
Published by a peer-reviewed organization dedicated to writing about
ancient history in all forms, this book details some information about Hammurabis life.
Specifically, it talks about what happened before Hammurabi started his conquest and his
ultimate motivation for starting it. This book is important because it gave us key
information about Hammurabis motivation for conquest.

"Hammurabi's Code: An Eye for an Eye." Ushistory.org. Independence Hall Association, 2014
Web. 29 Oct. 2015.
Published by an non profit organization aimed to educate about the
Revolutionary and Colonial eras of American history. This source gave a more
indepth summary of Hammurabis code.
Web. 29 Oct. 2015
"The History of Ancient Mesopotamia: The First Civilization." Atlas of World History.
TimeMaps, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.
An article from TimeMaps, a non-profit website founded by peerreviewed history teachers/writers. This helped me get an insight into
Hammurabis life and some motivation for his exploits.
Horne, Charles F. "Ancient History Sourcebook: Code of Hammurabi, C. 1780 BCE." Internet
History Sourcebooks. Ed. Paul Halsall. Trans. L, W. King. Fordham University, Mar.
1998. Web. 05 Nov. 2015.
Online collaborative textbook written by accomplished and cited
authors for the purpose of providing free education on Modern and Ancient

History. This document goes into detail about the coming up of and rationale
behind Hammurabis code.
"John Castricum on Hammurabi's Expansion." Telephone interview. 10 Jan. 2016.
Interview with a pastor who studied Hammurabi and his political
relations to Israel. Although not the most learned on Hammurabis expansion, he
gave us good insights as to his impact on the world, especially on people like
Israelites. This interview is helpful because it gives us insight as to why
historically Hammurabis conquest of Mesopotamia is important: because it
inevitably helped the spread of Hammurabis code into places like the 10
commandments.
"Larsa". Encyclopdia Britannica. Encyclopdia Britannica Online.
Encyclopdia Britannica Inc., 2015. Web. 03 Dec. 2015
An article from Encyclopedia Britannica, an encyclopedia that
promotes knowledge and free learning. This article was written by The Editors
of Encyclopedia Brittanica (names not given because anonymity is one of their
policies) who write articles that have been written, reviewed, or revised by
experts. This article is important because of the important notion that
Hammurabis expansion was fueled by a want to destroy all his enemies.
Lendering, Joana. "Babylonian Empire." Livius.org. N.p., 31 July 2015. Web. 03 Dec. 2015.
An article from Livius.org, a non-profit website founded by a
scholar with intentions to spread historical knowledge to the greater public. The
article was written by scholar/teacher/peer reviewed writer Jona Lendering. The
article helped because it highlighted the very end of Hammurabis expansion, and
his final wars on his conquest.
Mieroop, Marc Van De. King Hammurabi of Babylon: A Biography. Malden, MA: Blackwell
Pub., 2005. Print.
Book written by a seasoned and peer-reviewed writer/professor of
Ancient Near East History at Columbia University, New York. This book has lots
of primary sources of letters sent between from Hammurabi to other kings of citystates

Renger, Johannes M. "Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C)." Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C). The Latin
Library, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2015.
Published by a Peer-Reviewed Professor of Assyriology at the
University of Berlin. This source gave me an in-depth look at the timeline of
Hammurabis conquest across Mesopotamia.

Garsche Roble

Primary Sources
Cuneiform Tablets from Mesopotamia. N.d. N.p.
"Herodotus' Description of Babylon and the Babylonians." Herodotus' Description of Babylon
and the Babylonians. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Dec. 2015.
The source by Sam Houston State University, which is classified as
a Doctoral Research University by the Carnegie Commission on Higher
Education, is a primary source that describes Babylon and the Babylonians based
on Herodotuss point of view. The source is relevant to the research topic because
it talks about talks about Babylons defense, relating partially to Hammurabis
military.
List of Kings of Larsa. N.d. N.p.
Royal Head, Known as the "Head of Hammurabi" N.d. Louvre Museum, Paris, France.
Tablet, Letter of Hammurabi to Sin-iddinam. N.d. British Museum, London, UK.

Secondary Sources
Adams, Robert McCormick. "Old Babylonian Networks of Urban Notables." CDLJ 2009:7.
N.p., 26 Oct. 2009. Web. 10 Nov. 2015.
Written by Robert McCormick Adams, an anthropologist who
received a Distinguished Service Award from the Society for American
Archaeology in 1996, the source goes into detail about Hammurabis intentions
when creating the Code of Hammurabi. The Code of Hammurabi is analyzed,
showing the advantages and disadvantages of the code. The source is significant
because it explains the usefulness of the Code of Hammurabi, one of
Hammurabis major motivations into ruling Mesopotamia.
"Babylon." Babylon. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.
The source, funded by the Department of Defense Legacy
Resource Program, explains Hammurabis success in ruling Mesopotamia, the
importance of the Code of Hammurabi,and the problems with Hammurabis
successors. The information presented by the source is useful for our research
because it details how Hammurabi became successful as a king, why the Code of
Hammurabi is significant to Mesopotamia as a whole, and what Hammurabi had
done that no other king accomplished. The source relates to Hammurabis
motivation that led to his expansion on Mesopotamia.

"Hammurabi." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2004. Encyclopedia.com. 1 Nov. 2015

Owned by a company which focuses on education for students in a
variety of countries, the source takes information from the Encyclopedia of World
Biography to explain his successes in western Asia and the usefulness of the Code

of Hammurabi. The article explains some of Hammurabis motivation for

expanding into Expansion.
"Hammurabi." New World Encyclopedia, . 28 Jan 2014, 21:49 UTC. 29 Oct 2015, 18:51
The article details how Hammurabi expanded his empire of
Babylon and what the Code of Hammurabi was used for. The article also shows
Hammurabis influences after Babylon was conquered, showing Hammurabis
motivation.
"Interview with Solange Baumann on Hammurabi's Conquest." E-mail interview. 10 Jan. 2016.
Interview with a woman who majored and taught egyptology. Her
course included relations with Hammurabi and Mesopotamia, and so she recalled
how Hammurabis conquest impacted Egypt. Also notable was the effect that
Hammurabis code had on people like Napoleon Bonaparte, showing the
significance and impact of Hammurabis conquest.
Lenzi, Alan. "Mesopotamia - Babylon by Alan Lenzi." Mesopotamia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04
Nov. 2015.
The source was written by Alan Lenzi, a specialist in the study of
first-millennium ancient Near Eastern religious traditions. In the article, Lenzi
explains the connection of Babylon and the Hebrew bible and answers the reason
why Babylonians destroyed Jerusalem and exiled its people. Overall, the source
gives information as to how Mesopotamia was influenced by Babylon. The source
shows some detail about Hammurabis expansion into Mesopotamia.
Sasson, Jack M. "King Hammurabi of Babylon." King Hammurabi of Babylon. Hendrickson,
1995. Web. 10 Nov. 2015.
The article was written by Jack M. Sasson, a retired professor of
classical studies from Vanderbilt University. The article describes the changes that
Hammurabi brought to Babylon, how he became the king of Babylon, and how he
ruled as a king. This connects to our topic because it explains Hammurabis
contribution to influencing Mesopotamia. The source describes how
Hammurabis allies helped expand Babylon into Mesopotamia
as well as his motivation.

Brian Gildea
Primary Sources
Adams, John Paul. "THE GILGAMESH EPIC." THE GILGAMESH EPIC. California State
University, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.
The Epic of Gilgamesh posted on a college site is the first great
work of literature ever found. It is important because its comparable to the code
of Hammurabi as theyre both very influential written recordings the
mesopotamian era. Gives a better view of a mesopotamian mindset, that can help
to understand Hammurabis motivation for conquering and expanding
"Code of Hammurabi." Britannica School. Britannica School, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.
This article gave an overview of what the Code of Hammurabi
was, and what topics were covered in the laws. It relates to exchange because it's
how the people Hammurabi conquered were governed. Hammurabi wanted to
spread his code, his own form of justice to the people of mesopotamia. Therefor
relates to motivation
Victory Stele from Narim-Sin. N.d. Louvre Meuseum, Paris, France.
Yarrim-Addu. "Letters to Zimri-Lim of Mari regarding Hammurabi and Eshnunna." Letter to
Zimri-Lim. N.d. MS. N.p.

Secondary Sources
"The Avalon Project : Code of Hammurabi." The Avalon Project : Code of Hammurabi. Trans.
L. W. King. Lillian Goldman Law Library, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.
Published by a Well respected university, this source gives the
Code of Hammurabi, fully translated. The translation was done by Leonard
William King, a Highly respected Assyriologist with many published works who
taught Assyrian and Babylonian archaeology at King's College for many years. It
relates to exchange because it's how the people Hammurabi conquered were
governed.
"The Babylonian Empire." The Babylonian Empire. The Latin Library, n.d. Web. 19 Nov. 2015.
The source covers some of the topics already covered with the
addition of Babylonian Literature. The ability to read and write allowed for proper
communication between other city-states of Mesopotamia during encounters.
Relates to his motivation in the Code of Hammurabi, but also due to literature of
the period and its effects.

Greene, Joseph. "Joseph Greene of the Harvard University Semetic Museum Interviewed by
Brian Gildea." Telephone interview. 11 Jan. 2016.
"Hammurabi." Britannica School. Britannica School, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2015.
Written by Johannes M. Renger an Assyriologist who acquired his
doctorate from The University of Heidelberg, a well respected University and one
of the oldest in Europe. He was also a professor of Ancient Near Eastern Studies
at the Free University of Berlin for 26 years. This Article gave a good overview of
a wide range of subjects of Hammurabis life. This source relates to encounter and
exchange between Hammurabi and other Mesopotamian city-states. Explains
some of his motivation for expanding, how his military was handed down to him
with a legacy of using it to control the Euphrates. This legacy he then expanded to
be all of mesopotamia.
"Interview with Joseph Greene on Hammurabi's Conquest." Telephone interview. 11 Jan. 2016.
Interview with a museum curator of one of Harvards historical
museums. This interview is important because Greene offered a different experts
opinion on the conquest of Hammurabi. The important thing from this interview
was that Greene said Hammurabis expansion was not as important as the fact that
it was written down somewhere. His significance lies within the fact that his
actions were similar to those of a more modern ruler, such as Caesar of Rome, so
historians could infer that this kind of hubris was present in humans long before
history began.
Map of Mesopotamia in 1200 BCE. Digital image. History of Mesopotamia. Google, 2 July
2012. Web. 2 Jan. 2016.
Roaf, Michael. Mesopotamia and the Ancient Near East. Arlington, VA: Stonehenge, 1992.
Print.
This book, written by Michael Roaf, a British assyriologist who
graduated from the University College of London, wrote his doctoral thesis at
Oxford. Also from 1981 to 1985 he was director of the British School of
Archaeology in Iraq, then taught at the University of California Berkeley, and
currently is the Professor of Near Eastern Archaeology at the University of
Munich. The book gives insight into some of Hammurabis exchanges with other
city states of the time. Which is important because exchange is part of the topic.
Relates to all the aspects.