JaceAllen

Period1
English
AnnotatedBibliography

DepartmentofPublicHealthDentistry,BapujiDentalCollegeandHospital.June
7,2012

Dr.Lakshminarayanshareshisthoughtsonprocrastination,Definedasavoluntary,
irrationaldelayofbehaviorandthatitoccursathighratesinstudentperformance.The
studiesthatwereconductedamongthestudentsatthecollegeshowedthathighlevels
ofprocrastinationcourtedbelowaveragescoresandviceversaamongthosewithlow
procrastinationscores.Dr.Lakshminarayanalsorecordedthedifferencesbetween
gender.Thedifferencewasgreat,butnotspecifiedinthearticlesotheinformationon
whichgenderismorelikelytoprocrastinateisunknowninthesestudies.Thestudy
included209participants,allrangingfromsecond,third,andfourthyearstudents.
Althoughthesestudiesshowedthemorepopularbeliefonthecorrelationbetweenone
another,EllisandKnaushavefoundthatthesestudieshavebeennotbeenconsistent.

"DifferentiatingProcrastinatorsfromEachOther:AClusterAnalysis."
National
CenterforBiotechnologyInformation
.U.S.NationalLibraryofMedicine.Web.24
Nov.2015.

Inthisarticle,thereasonsbehindprocrastinationareanxietyandstress,exacerbationof
illness,andpoorperformanceinschoolandwork.Theauthorsindictthatitisunknown
whatthepercentageofprocrastinatorsthereareamongsubgroupssuchascollege
students.Accordingtotherandomizedscreening,therearenowfiveknownsubgroups
ofprocrastination,

"Mildprocrastinators"(24.93%),"Averageprocrastinators"(27.89%),
"Welladjustedprocrastinators"(13.94%),"Severeprocrastinators"(21.69%),and
"Primarilydepressed"(11.55%).Nowthesestudieshavefueledmoreresearchintopics
suchasdepressioninordertolearnhowprocrastinationinterfereswithonesqualityof
life.Procrastinationmaynotcauseanyofthisbutthatswhythesestudieshavebeen
conducted.

Ferrari,JosephR.,andJuanFranciscoDazMorales."ProcrastinationAnd
MentalHealthCoping:ABriefReportRelatedToStudents."
Individual
DifferencesResearch
12.1(2014):811.
AcademicSearchPremier
.Web.18
Nov.2015.


JoeR.Ferrariisapsychologyprofessorwhoworksinthescienceandhealth
departmentinacollegefromtheNewYorkarea.Oneofhismanystudiesincludesthe
scrutinizingofprocrastinationanditsconnectiontomentalhealth.Somemaysaythat
procrastinationissolelybasedonthelackofselfdecisionandnotconnectedtomental
healthwhatsoever,butMr.Ferrariindicatesthatthetendencytoputimportantthingsoff
andtheamountofstressandanxietyproducedbypooradjustmentcauses,those
subjected,toprocrastinate.Fromhisstudyonmenandwomenranginginagefrom
1833forwomenand1221formen,nonprocrastinatorscomparedtocompulsive
procrastinatorsshowedthatthereisalargedisparityinpersonality,assertiveness,and
expressingfeelings.Thosewhodoprocrastinateshowedmuchlowerpositiveactions
fromthosewhodont.Ferraribelievesthattheserecordswereallrelevanttoastudent's
progressionanddevelopmentintheclassroom.

Jackson,Todd,KarenE.Weiss,andJesseJ.Lundquist."DoesProcrastination
MediateTheRelationshipBetweenOptimismAndSubsequentStress?."
Journal
OfSocialBehavior&Personality
15.5(2000):203212.
AcademicSearchPremier
.
Web.1Dec.2015.

Mr.Toddtookonehundredandseventythreestudentsfromaliberalartsschoolin
Wisconsinandtestedtheirlevelsofstress,procrastination,andoptimismincontrastwith
eachother.Researchshowedthatprocrastinationdidnotpredictstressinanindividual
asmuchasitwashypothesized.Although,optimismdidcontributetobothstressand
procrastination.Itwasfoundthatstressiscorrelatedwithprocrastination,but
procrastinationdoesnotleadtostress.

Katz,Idit,KerenEliot,andNoaNevo."'I'llDoItLater':TypeOfMotivation,
SelfEfficacyAndHomeworkProcrastination."
Motivation&Emotion
38.1(2014):
111119.
AcademicSearchPremier
.Web.24Nov.2015.

Fifthgradersatanelementaryschoolweretestedontheirselfefficacyandmotivationon
doinghomework.Researchwasfoundthatprocrastinationdependsonhowastudentis
motivatedtodowork.Katzindicatesthatthereisnotmuchtobedonewithchanging
onesworkethicandthatmotivationiskeywhendoingwork,Autonomousmotivation
bothmediatesandmoderatestherelationsbetweenselfefficacyand
procrastination
.
Theseresultshighlighttheimportanceofstudents'typeofmotivationforhomework.
Katzsuggeststhatstudentsmustadoptamoreefficientstyleofmotivationtoexceland
progressintheclassroom.Lowmotivationinastudentshowslowdriveacademically.
Whilehighmotivationshowswellontestscoresandstudentstendtosetmoredifficult
goalsforthemselvesbecausetheyenjoytheirownperformance.

Kruglanski,Arie."ExperienceofTimebyPeopleontheGo."
ExperienceofTime
byPeopleontheGo
.Web.1Dec.2015.

Inthisstudy,Kruglanskitalksaboutthetypeoflocomotion.Thetypesoflocomotion
determineapersonsperceptionoftimeandthepasttothefuture.Forexample,
Kruglanskitalksaboutthehighlocomotors,

Highlocomotorsactquickly,multitaskand
refrainfromprocrastination,thusconservingtimeasa
resource.
Thesetypesofpeople
aremoregearedtowardsthefuturesotheyprepareforthebetterandPeaceofmind
aspectofdoingworkearlyorontime.TheyalsofeelLittleguiltoverpastwrongdoings
andrefrainfromlettingsaidpastinterferewiththepresent.

LOWINGER,ROBERTJAY,etal."TheImpactOfAcademicSelfEfficacy,
AcculturationDifficulties,AndLanguageAbilitiesOnProcrastinationBehaviorIn
ChineseInternationalStudents."
CollegeStudentJournal
48.1(2014):141152.
AcademicSearchPremier
.Web.24Nov.2015.

Acollegestudentjournalconductedastudyonprocrastinationinthreedifferent
universitiesintheUnitedstates.Thestudyconsistedof264Chineseinternational
studentsbothmaleandfemale.Thoughnodisparitybetweengendersmadeoneless
susceptibletoprocrastination,thereweredifferencesinwhyonewouldprocrastinate.
Maleswhoprocrastinatedwerehomesickandfeltdiscrimination.Whilethefemalewho
procrastinatedwererenderedtoselfefficacy,languageability,andcultureshockand
stress.Lowingerstatesthatthoughthereweredifferencesfoundincomparingboth
gendershesaid,Therewerenosignificanteffectswithacademic
procrastination
for
age(F=.15,p=.70),maritalstatus(F=.16,p=.69),undergraduate/graduatestatus(F=.16,
p=.69),orlengthoftimeintheUnitedStates(F=1.57,p=.21).

"Procrastination."
AcademicSkillsCenter:StudySkillsLibrary
.Web.1Dec.
2015.

Inthisarticle,theprocrastinatorhimself/herselfisdiscussedbasedontheir
characteristicsandexamplestowhytheyprocrastinate.Procrastinatorsusuallytendto
havecommonthreadswitheachothersuchaslowselfconfidence,stubbornness,and
troublewithcopingunderpressure.Thesethingsholdbackonestruepotentialinthe
classroomorintheworkspaceduetostressfulfeelingssuchasthefeelingofbeing
inadequate.Alsostatedinthisarticlearetheprosofovercomingprocrastination.These
benefitsincludebutarenotlimitedtofeelingstrengthandachievement,controlover

oneslife,andoverallpeaceofmind.Overcomingprocrastinationallstartswiththe
individualandtheiractionstowardsbenefitingthemselvesthroughsteadfast,hardwork.

RelationshipBetweenProcrastinationandAcademicPerformanceAmonga
GroupofUndergraduateDentalStudentsinIndia:
DepartmentofPublicHealthDentistry,BapujiDentalCollegeandHospital.June
7,2012

Dr.Lakshminarayanshareshisthoughtsonprocrastination,Definedasavoluntary,
irrationaldelayofbehaviorandthatitoccursathighratesinstudentperformance.The
studiesthatwereconductedamongthestudentsatthecollegeshowedthathighlevels
ofprocrastinationcourtedbelowaveragescoresandviceversaamongthosewithlow
procrastinationscores.Dr.Lakshminarayanalsorecordedthedifferencesbetween
gender.Thedifferencewasgreat,butnotspecifiedinthearticlesotheinformationon
whichgenderismorelikelytoprocrastinateisunknowninthesestudies.Thestudy
included209participants,allrangingfromsecond,third,andfourthyearstudents.
Althoughthesestudiesshowedthemorepopularbeliefonthecorrelationbetweenone
another,EllisandKnaushavefoundthatthesestudieshavebeennotbeenconsistent.

Ridder,De,andKroese."HealthBehaviorProcrastination:ANovelReasoned
RoutetowardSelfregulatoryFailure."
NCBI
.PubMed,1Nov.2015.Web.1Nov.
2015.

Indiscussionoffailureandthecontributingfactors,RidderandKroesebothagreethat
procrastinationistheoneofthebiggestcontributors.Theybothagreethatthereisa
levelofpersonalsetbackandlackofinteresttocompleteagiventask.Beingseenas
onlyapersonalchoicethanaactualmentalblock,ithasnotreceivedlittletono
professionalattentioninthementalhealthfield.Thisnoveltalksaboutthe
intentionbehaviorgapanditsrelationshipbetweenprocrastination.Bothauthorsspeak
onthemanytheoreticalandpracticalreasoningsbehindtheact.Norealevidenceshows
whywedoit.

Sims,CeriM."SelfRegulationCoachingToAlleviateStudentProcrastination:
AddressingTheLikeabilityOfStudyingBehaviours."
InternationalCoaching
PsychologyReview
9.2(2014):147164.
AcademicSearchPremier
.Web.24Nov.
2015.


Liketheotherscholarsthathavestudiedthissubject,Simsbelievesthatprocrastination
hasacontrolledsideandanuncontrolledside.Thoughwemayseeitasachoice,
procrastinationhasmorethanneveroccurredinpeoplewithahigherlevelofanxiety,
stress,anddepression.Simssuggeststhattheleveloflikeabilityisanobviousfactor
whenataskisgiven.Whethersomeonelikesthetaskathandornotwillideallyshow
theirlevelofprocrastination.Onesweakselfcontrolwhendistractedisoneofthese
factorswhenatworkordoingatask.

University,Princeton."UnderstandingandOvercomingProcrastination."
PrincetonUniversity
.TrusteesofPrincetonUniversity2014.Web.1Dec.2015.

Inthisarticle,itisstatedthat,Formostpeopleprocrastination,irrespectiveofwhatthey
say,isNOTaboutbeinglazypage(1).Procrastinationisactuallyalmosttheoppositeof
justthataccordingtothearticle.Whenweprocrastinate,wetendtodoworkfora
mediumtolongperiodoftimeonatasksoideally,thisisnotlazy,sowhyisitsobad?
Whenweprocrastinate,wetendtodothingsquickandwithintheminimumboundaries
insteadofapproachingataskwithaplaninmind.Thiscausesustodopoorlyonsaid
taskandnotgivemuchefforttowardsitthereof.Avoidingprocrastinationcanbeas
simpleasfallingintoit.Selfawareness,smarttimemanagement,motivation,andstaying
motivatedareallkeyfactorstowardsavoidingprocrastination.