hat itferen types of workers Ancient essere Africa > Building the Great Pyramid, about 2550 0.0. ‘You are an overseer working to build the tomb ofthe pharaoh or ruler. Many laborers and skilled craftspeople will be weeded to complete the pyramid in time What problems might you face In building a pyramid? ! What are the ac vantages of Trnshing the oc the quarry? at the pyramia? "Ettieaemeoes Mediterranean § you have already earned about considering what ad ths sort egypt wl ip prepare YOU whee ‘the answers to the following questions: . chapter. Record in your noteboo = What do + study the "3 they tell you abou Egypt's and and «what do you want to Fearn about Eve ready know about Egy? villzations developed in places that ater see areata or trade oF both ‘veding highway. Faring ‘of 3 gat ciation i Egy 1008, ‘pe and Lome yt are niteseal ergs a For almost 3,000 years, rd Oe oft Krad prot red et | most dazziing of all was Ramses |! (RAM: a om sa 179 8G AB se Epa eo ea i anges cer 88 Aorta et ans EPL PEES fori funeral mas st Teader of Egypt's golden age sad 0 rest statue of Ramses 1 tater ou area professional moumer, a person whose job is to cry at funerals. In the past, you've helped to bury some important people but never a pha n! Your white mourning robe is spotless. You spent hours preparing the wreath of flowers to crown your head No one remembers any other pharaoh. Ramses I! ruled Egypt when your grandparents were children, Some people thought he would liv forever. Now he’s dead and headed for his tomb in the Valley of the Kings, The ceremony b at his temple at Abu Simbel, At that temple, four 66 foot statues of Ramses II guard the entrance, Inside the secret chambers, priests preserved the phataoh's body for burial Next, a royal barge carried Ramses‘ casket on the Nile River. Inside is the pharaoh's mummy, we: Hundreds of i ped in orange linen and wearing a gold mask nt Egyptians are waiting at the tomb, Its time to begin the procession. You Line up with other mourners behind a group of slaves carrying Ramses’ most important possessions, There is his sword! Could it be the one he carried into battle when he fought Egypt's enemy, the Hittites? Who will stop the Hittites now? Tearing your hair and beating your chest. you wail your song of sorrow “Great lord of our empire! Provider of lasting pea Builder of temples that reach forthe sun! Don' leave us! Without you, we are fatherless children!” Sometimes you fake your cies at als, but today you mean every ‘word. Trembling with fear, you wonder what will happen now. 1 READING: Reading Aloud What parts ofthis tory benefit mast fom being read with appropriate intonation and expression? 2. WRITING: Narration Suppose you are waiting to hear Ramses son, the new pharaoh, speak forthe fst time. Write a brie scene in which you discuss your hopes and Eaypt with others in the crowd> MAIN IDEAS ‘The Nile River helped Egypt develop a civilization. ‘The fertile land provided everything Egyptians needed. ‘The Nile and other resources influenced Egypt's econorny > TAKING NOTES Reading Skill Understanding Cause a ing causes and effec nd Effect ssi helo yo fe main ies i this lesson. tessn lok forthe effects ofeach vet Ie in the chart. Record them on a chart of yo Effects | | Follow ‘understand the ‘ac Lotus Pendants This ee ce belonged to an Eytan fing. The pendants atthe bot os buds The Loti, 3 mal iy that grows inthe le Av isa symbol of Eat New agricultural eohriaes 2 Mary land resouroes GI statute ananook page HE £6.26 pesrbe she Sade inthe ease Sha ie vale. (cE fe2a Locate and deve te Meyer a8 seuss ME maior setnge that supported physi pe settement and eaty $22 Tepe igus ht chaste ie reaction oe BP Tens a NAMES Gift of the Nile |=" that was very important to you? How did it affect your life? The Nile River was so important to Egypt that 2,500 years ago, an ancient Greek historian called Egypt “the gift of the Nile.” i f ESSENTIAL QUESTION Why was the Nile River important? The Greek historian knew what he was talking about, The Nile River fed Egyptian civilization for hundreds of years 1 The Nile is 4,160 miles long—the world’s longest river. It begins near the equator in Africa and flows north to the Mediterranean Sea. In the south it churns with cataracts. A eataract (KATeuheRAKr) is @ waterfall. Near the sea the Nile branches into a delta, A delta is an area near a river's mouth where the water deposits fine soil called silt. n the delta, the Nile divides into many streams. The river is called the upper Nile in the south and the lower Nile in the north, For centuries, heavy rains in Ethiopia ised the Nile to flood every summer. The floods deposited rich soil along the Niles shores. This soil was fertile, which means it was good for growing crops. Unlike the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile River flooded at the same time every year, so farmers could predict when to plant their crops, The Mle valley Fertile land in Eoypt stretches along the Nile and then gives way to desert.AS 9 result Egypt was 2Land ‘The ancient E yptians lived in narrow ed Land, Blac La cof he Ne Tey ald he eon the bands of nd on eee ol thatthe lds dost black an eau of en dese beyond he FT BN ed ad was ht ay ne ame gt eh ore ya Te ur meh say Dut ean Margy nota he Newer ST lesert acted as a barrier to keep out ‘as swampy and lacked good close to home. Isolation ‘The harsh ds ‘enemies, The Mediterranean coast hurbors. For these reasons, early ERY (GELUEEID What the ods ofthe Ne iver provide for farm pptians staye es? Land of Plenty ESSENTIAL QUESTION How did Egyptians a ratched for white birds called ibises south, When the birds se the land around the Nile? ach year, Egyptian farmers ws Fa {(EvEsbInseuhz), which flew up from Mediserrancan S# paren pues aes ile Dota The Nile sis state no “GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER IWTERPRETING MAPS Movement How did the drecion Me ind ape ofthe Ne cents fi wade grow between yp 2nd reg tothe south? 148 » Chapter 5 arrived, the annual flood waters would soon follow. After the waters drained away, farmers could plant seeds in the fertile soil Agricultural Techniques By about 2400 nc, farmers used technology to expand their farmland. Working together, they dug irrigation canals that carried river water to dry areas. ‘Then they used a tool called a shadut (shaheDOOF) to spread the water across the fields. These innovative, or new, techniques gave them more farmland. Egyptian Crops Ancient Egyptians grew a large variety of foods. They wete the first to grind wheat into flour and to mix the flour with yeast and water to make dough rise into bread. They grew vegetables such as lettuce, radishes, asparagus, and cucumbers. Fruits included dates, figs grapes, and watermelons Shad ody Egyptians also grew the materials for ther clothes. They \were the first to weave fibers from flax plants into a fabric called linen, Lightweight linen cloth was perfect for hot The word inen has Egyptian days, Men wove linen wraps around their waists, multiple meanings Women wore loose, sleeveless dresses. Egyptians also wove marsh grasses into sandals. Egyptian Houses Egyptians built houses using bricks made of mud from the Nile mixed with chopped straw. hey placed narrow windows high in the walls to reduce bright sunlight. Egyptians often painted walls white to reflect the blazing heat. They wove sticks and palm trees to make roofs. Inside, woven reed mats covered the dirt floor. Most Egyptians slept on mats covered with linen sheets. Wealthy citizens enjoyed bed frames and cushions. Egyptian nobles had fancier homes with tree-lined courtyards for shade. Some had a pool filled with lotus blossoms and fish. Poorer Egyptians simply went to the roof to cool off after sunset They often cooked, ate, and even slept outside. Tnen oth {CED what agricultural techniques did ancient Egyptians use? 2 Shodut A chad is twas used ot water from the Nile o canals. Some Egyptians stil use “Vocabulary Suategy Sheets and tablets ae often ald linens because they used to ‘only be made fomGeography Shapes Egyptian Life ESSENTIAL QUESTION What economic activites developed in Egy? Feypt’s economy depended on farming. However, the natural resources ofthe area allowed rother economic activities to develop too. Mining ‘the Egyptians vid the richest gold mines in Aiea set a he eis, Veins (long sts) 0 cP ing and Hunting ‘The Nile had fish and other wie that Egyptians wanted. To goon the river EBYpUANS MAE lightweight rafts by binding together seeds They sed cei se nets to harpoons to catch fish, One ancient painting fr iy to hit ash with wooden bam ano fore adventurous hunters speared hippopotamuses ane crocodiles along the Nile. Fgyptians also captured aa Wi re They used boomerangs to knock down flying ducks ane net TH orang saciid sick ha urs 10 he eT who threvr it) 0» Chapter Transportation and Trade Eventually, Egyptians equipped their reed boats with sails and oars. The Nile then became a highway. The river’ current was slow, so boaters used paddles to go faster when they traveled north with the current. Going south, they raised a sail and let the winds that blew in that direction push them. ‘The Nile provided so well for Egyptians that sometimes they hhad surpluses, or more goods than they needed. They began to trade with each other, Ancient Egypt had no money, so people exchanged goods that they grew or made. This method of trade is called bartering. Turquoise Jewelry (EEUU How cid geography affect Egyp’s economy? ‘Ths bracelet has, ‘rqucse and other Lean Ceny precious stones. 7 + The Nile River created a fertile land in a desert + The Egyptians used technology to expand their farms and grow many crops. + Ancient Egyptians also mined, fished, hunted, and traded. Why It Matters Now... Ancient Egyptians invented many things we use today, such as yeast bread, turquoise jewelry, and linen clothes. AON) Sia Terms & Names ‘1. Eiplain the importance of Main ideas 3. Why id Eat develop along he Nile? (62.1) etorct sit nen 4. How di iigaton canals expand farmland in eis ertie Ey? (62.2) sour uetaz 5. How cid trade along the Mle come about? (62.6) ferstanding Cause and Effect Use your tial Thinking Sipe Charo answer the follwing quesdon ‘6. Making inferences How did climate affect the How nw ager tecniqus make the daly ves of Egyptians? (6.21) Egyptians more prosperous? (6.2.2) 7. Drawing Conclusions Analyze the gifts of thet in terms of novation and atl eduranc. (6.2.1) Making a Sketch Create a sketch showing the diferent ypes of economic activites that tok Place in ancient Eypt (6.2.2) Ancient Egypt + 151Life on the Nile River purpose: To en about theif of Purpose Tes on the le vee oe, boats that they sailed up and Shown below, the simple boat eld everything the ‘ders needed fr tei vip onthe We 4. TALK ABOUT IT What were Same ofthe advantages of being an Egyptian wader? What were fame ofthe disadvantages? 2. WRITE ABOUT IT Imagine